A non-explosive mechanized underhand drift filling continuous mining method

Abstract

This invention provides a non-explosive mechanized downward-entry continuous mining method. The ore body is divided into intermediate sections and sub-sections according to height, with multiple layered access stops within each section. During mining, a method is employed where medium-deep holes are first drilled and enlarged to create a free cutting face, followed by cutting and ore extraction using a cantilever mining machine. No pillars or intermediate pillars are left within the ore body. Mine transport equipment is used for ore extraction, and mining proceeds layer by layer from top to bottom. This method abandons conventional blasting ore extraction, has a high degree of mechanization, and all personnel operate under mechanical protection. The process has good continuity and solves the problems of low cutting head efficiency and high wear in cantilever mining machines. The stope has a large production capacity, and the mining process is safe, efficient, and low-cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of mining engineering technology, specifically relating to a non-explosive mechanized downward-passing continuous mining method with backfilling. Background Technology

[0002] Cantilever mining machines (tunnel boring machines) are widely used in the coal industry and tunnel engineering due to their high tunneling efficiency, playing a key role in promoting the full mechanization of the coal and tunnel industries. With the advancement of manufacturing technology, cantilever mining machines are gradually being applied in non-coal mines, especially in the field of metal ore body mining.

[0003] Chinese invention patent CN114687741B discloses a two-step non-explosive mechanical rock-breaking and backfilling mining method for gently dipping ore bodies. The stopes are arranged perpendicular to the strike of the ore body, with first-step and second-step stopes spaced alternately, without pillars between them. The stopes are mined in two steps: first, the first-step stope is mined and the goaf is backfilled; then, the second-step stope is mined and the goaf is backfilled. During stope backfilling, a tunneling machine attitude adjustment chamber is used to adjust the working attitude of the cantilever tunneling machine. The cantilever tunneling machine completes the non-explosive mechanical cutting of ore. This patent is suitable for mining gently dipping thin to medium-thick ore bodies with low ore hardness. Chinese invention patent CN114687740B discloses a non-explosive mechanical rock breaking and upward horizontal layered filling mining method along the strike of the ore body. The stope is arranged along the strike of the ore body, and the stope is divided into multiple mining zones by leaving inter-pillars. After the pre-cutting engineering is completed, mining begins. The stope is filled and mined layer by layer from bottom to top. A cantilever tunneling machine is used to cut the non-explosive ore. This patent is suitable for mining ore bodies with low rock hardness.

[0004] Currently, cantilever mining machines are mainly used for mining ore bodies with low rock hardness. The cutting head is the direct contact component between the cantilever mining machine and the ore. During tunneling operations, the cutting head rotates, driving the cutting teeth mounted on the cutting head tooth seat to penetrate and break the rock. When the hardness coefficient of the surrounding rock in a metal ore is high, the cutting head often slips on the rock surface and cannot advance due to the difficulty in cutting and breaking the hard rock. Alternatively, due to the continuous friction between the cutting head and the hard rock for a long time, the cutting teeth wear out quickly and the force is uneven when cutting, which affects the tunneling efficiency and makes mechanical failures more likely. This limits the application of cantilever mining machines in hard rock ore bodies.

[0005] Metal ore deposits typically consist of stable, hard rock strata with indistinct joints and poor stability, limiting the continuous application of mechanized equipment. Traditional blasting methods pose significant safety threats to workers during blasting disturbances and increase support costs. Given the increasing national and industry focus on mining safety, mechanized mining has become an inevitable trend in metal ore extraction. However, mechanized mining of metal ore bodies requires resolving the conflicting issues of mining safety and efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the problems of low tunneling efficiency, high wear of cutting heads, and high consumption of cutting teeth in mechanized mining of hard rock metal ores in existing technologies, this invention provides a non-explosive mechanized downward-entry backfilling continuous mining method. This method involves drilling medium-deep holes and enlarging them to form a free cutting face before cutting and excavating the ore. Mining transport equipment is used to remove the ore, and mining is carried out in layers from top to bottom. This method aims to alleviate the problems of high wear of cutting heads and high consumption of cutting teeth in cantilever mining machines, improve tunneling efficiency, achieve continuous and efficient mining of the ore body, and ensure safe and low-cost operations.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A non-explosive mechanized down-pass filling continuous mining method includes the following steps: S1, the ore body is divided into several intermediate sections, with no top or bottom pillars left in the intermediate sections; each intermediate section is further divided into multiple sub-sections, and each sub-section is further divided into multiple layers; within each layer, mining areas are arranged along the strike of the ore body. S2, construction, mining, and cutting project, arranges the middle section transport roadway, middle section cross-vein roadway, chute, inclined ramp, segmented connecting roadway, segmented roadway, and layered connecting roadway in the lower footing of the ore body, excavates the return air filling girder from the end of the middle section cross-vein roadway along the upper footing of the ore body, and arranges several access roads from the layered connecting roadway along the strike or perpendicular to the ore body. S3, after the cutting is completed, the backfilling and mining of the aforementioned route is carried out layer by layer from top to bottom; during the mining process, a mining method is adopted in which medium-deep holes are drilled first, the holes are enlarged to form a free cutting face, and then the ore is cut off, without leaving any pillars or intermediate pillars in the ore body; the mining method is completed through any of the following steps: S3.a, rock drilling equipment is used to handle the cutting free face and cantilever mining machine to cut the ore. First, the rock drilling equipment enters the end of the access road through the layered connecting tunnel, drills a medium-deep hole in the middle of the working face of the access road, and enlarges the hole to form the cutting free face. After the enlargement is completed, it exits the current access road and enters the drilling operation of the next mining access road. Then, the cantilever mining machine enters the end of the access road through the layered connecting tunnel, and uses the cutting head of the cantilever mining machine to cut the ore from the cutting free face. After the cutting free face is completed, the cantilever mining machine exits the current access road, and the rock drilling equipment re-enters the current access road to continue drilling to form the next section of the cutting free face. At the same time, the cantilever mining machine enters the next mining access road to cut the ore. The operation is carried out in a cycle until the current access road is mined out. S3.b, a cantilever mining machine with its own drill bit is used for cutting the free face and cutting the ore; the cantilever mining machine enters the end of the access road from the layered connecting road, and uses the cantilever mining machine's own drill bit to drill a medium-deep hole in the middle of the access working face, and enlarges the hole to form the cutting free face; the cutting head of the cantilever mining machine is used to cut the ore from the cutting free face. S4, ventilation is carried out during the mining process, and support is provided according to the roof and surrounding rock conditions. The cantilever mining machine is equipped with mining transportation equipment to remove ore. After the access road is mined out, the equipment is removed, and a filling pipe is installed at the access road to complete the filling operation. S5, the approach is intermittently mined, repeating S3~S4, to complete the mining of the entire layered ore body, and then moving to the next layer for mining until the mining of the entire middle section of the ore body is completed.

[0008] This invention addresses the mining of metal ore bodies. After the pre-cutting and preparation work is completed, the working face at the end of the access road is pre-treated during the mining process. A device with a deep-hole drilling capability is used to drill a deep hole in the middle of the working face, and the hole is enlarged to form a free face for cutting, creating favorable conditions for efficient cutting by the cantilever mining machine. The device with the deep-hole drilling capability can be a rock drilling machine or a cantilever mining machine with a built-in drill bit, both commercially available products. When using a rock drilling machine to drill the free face, the rock drilling machine and the cantilever mining machine work alternately, alternating within the layered connecting tunnel. When using a cantilever mining machine with a built-in drill bit, the drill bit and the cutting head of the cantilever mining machine work sequentially. The cantilever mining machine mines from the end of the access road along the access road direction. After mining a single access road, the cantilever mining machine retreats to the end of the access road to mine the second access road. Mining proceeds every other access road, followed by backfilling.

[0009] Furthermore, in step S1, the middle section has a height of 60-100m and is divided into 3-5 segments with a height of 12-20m. Each segment is responsible for 3-5 layers.

[0010] Furthermore, in step S2, the mining preparation and cutting project of the footwall of the ore body includes: arranging a ramp in the footwall of the ore body; arranging a mid-section transport roadway along the strike of the ore body; excavating a mid-section cross-cut roadway perpendicular to the strike of the ore body from the mid-section transport roadway into the hanging wall of the ore body; excavating a return air filling well along the hanging wall of the ore body from the end of the mid-section cross-cut roadway; excavating a chute upward from the mid-section transport roadway; excavating a segmented connecting roadway perpendicular to the direction of the ore body from the ramp; excavating a segmented roadway along the strike of the ore body from the segmented connecting roadway; and excavating a layered connecting roadway perpendicular to the direction of the ore body from the segmented roadway.

[0011] Furthermore, in step S2, when the access route is arranged along the strike of the ore body, the route length is 50-100m, the width is 4-6m, and the height is 3-6m, consistent with the height of the stratum. For ore bodies with relatively large thickness, the access route is arranged perpendicular to the strike of the ore body, with a length of 20-50m, a width of 4-6m, and a height of 3-6m, consistent with the height of the stratum. The access route width and stratum height can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the thickness of the ore body and the stability of the surrounding rock.

[0012] Further, in step S3, the depth of the cutting free face is 10 to 50 m, the diameter is 0.3 to 0.5 m, and the depth and diameter of the cutting free face are adjusted according to the size of the cutting head, the drift arrangement and the cutting process; in step S3.a, the rock drilling equipment is one of a medium-deep hole rock drilling jumbo and a down-the-hole drill.

[0013] Further, in step S4, in the ventilation operation, fresh air flow enters the drift stoping working face through the ramp, the sublevel connecting roadway, the sublevel drift and the slice connecting roadway, the polluted air after cleaning the working face is extracted by the local fan and then returns to the return air filling raise, then passes through the upper sublevel drift, and finally merges into the return air filling raise to be discharged to the surface.

[0014] Further, in step S4, according to the condition of the surrounding rock of the roof, bolt and mesh support is carried out by using a bolting jumbo in some unstable sections.

[0015] Further, in step S4, the mining transportation equipment includes a scraper loader and a trackless transport truck; the scraper loader follows 3 to 5 m behind the boom-type mining machine, the cut ore is loaded into the trackless transport truck by the scraper loader, and is transported by the trackless transport truck to the ore pass for ore output, so as to realize continuous ore breaking by the mining machine and ore transfer and transportation.

[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, the scraper loader is a belt-type scraper loader.

[0017] Further, in step S4, after the stoping of the drift is completed and before the filling operation is carried out, the residual ore in the drift is first cleaned and leveled, a metal mesh is laid at the bottom of the drift, and the metal mesh is fixedly connected with the upper roof filling body by using hanging rebars; when carrying out the filling operation, the filling pipe is erected from the return air filling raise to the highest central point of the roof at the drift entrance, a steel-concrete composite slab wall is used as a filling retaining wall at the drift entrance, and a water drainage inspection hole is reserved on the partition wall; during filling, a 1:4 cemented tailings filling material is used for the first-stage filling of the bottom plate to construct an artificial false roof, and then a 1:10 cemented tailings filling material is used for the second-stage upper filling to the roof, so as to ensure stoping safety.

[0018] Further, in step S4, the mesh size of the metal mesh is 300mm×300mm, which is laid by using steel bars with a diameter φ of 10mm to 14mm.

[0019] Further, the transformation and distribution facilities and ventilation facilities supporting the boom-type mining machine are arranged in the slice connecting roadway or the sublevel connecting roadway, and do not enter the drift.

[0020] Compared with existing technologies, the advantages of this invention are that it replaces the blasting method of mining metal deposits. By pre-treating the working face of the access stope to form a cutting free face and cutting the ore with a cantilever mining machine, and transporting the ore with mining equipment (slag rake + trackless transport truck), mechanized support and paste filling of voids, continuous ore cutting and parallel operation are achieved. This process abandons the conventional blasting method, has a high degree of mechanization, and all personnel work under mechanical protection. The process has good continuity and solves the problems of low cutting head entry efficiency and high wear of mining machine. The stope has a large production capacity, and the mining process is safe, efficient and low cost.

[0021] Instruction manual illustrations Figure 1 This is a front view schematic diagram of the mineral block arrangement in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 2 This is a side view of the ore block arrangement in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 3 This is a top view of the mineral block arrangement in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 4 This is a front view of the working face of the approach in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 5 This is a side view of the working face of the approach in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] In the diagram: 1-Cantilever mining machine; 2-Access road; 3-Sectional connecting roadway; 4-Sectional level roadway; 5-Inclined ramp; 6-Intermediate haulage level roadway; 7-Intermediate through roadway; 8-Return air filling shaft; 9-Sectional connecting roadway; 10-Pass chute; 11-Cutting free face; Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and thoroughly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in the embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other. For ease of description, the terms "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" appearing below only indicate that they correspond to the upper, lower, left, and right directions of the accompanying drawings themselves, and do not limit the scope of the present invention.

[0028] Example 1 Taking a certain metal mine as an example, a trial mining operation was conducted using the non-explosive mechanized downward-entry backfilling continuous mining method provided by this invention, such as... Figures 1-5 As shown, it includes the following steps: S1. Divide the ore body into a plurality of sublevels, with a sublevel height of 60~100m, without leaving top pillars or bottom pillars; divide 3~5 sections within the sublevel, with a section height of 12~20m, and divide 3 slices within each section; arrange stopes along the strike of the ore body within the slice.

[0029] S2. Construct development and cutting works: arrange a ramp 5 in the footwall of the ore body, arrange a sublevel haulage drift 6 along the strike of the ore body, excavate a sublevel cross-cut 7 from the sublevel haulage drift 6 perpendicular to the strike of the ore body towards the hanging wall of the ore body, excavate a return air and filling raise 8 from the end of the sublevel cross-cut 7 along the hanging wall of the ore body, excavate an ore pass 10 upward from the sublevel haulage drift 6, excavate a section connection drift 9 from the ramp 5 in the direction perpendicular to the ore body, excavate a section drift 4 from the section connection drift 9 along the strike of the ore body, excavate a slice connection drift 3 from the section drift 4 in the direction perpendicular to the ore body, arrange a plurality of drifts 2 from the slice connection drift 3 along the strike of the ore body, wherein the drift 2 has a length of 50~100m, a width of 4~6m, and a height of 3~6m, which is consistent with the height of the slice where it is located.

[0030] S3. After the completion of development and cutting, perform filling and stoping of the drifts 2 in slices from top to bottom; during the stoping process, adopt the mining method of first drilling medium-deep holes and reaming to form a cut free face 11, and then cutting and caving ore, without leaving point pillars or intermediate pillars in the ore body; specifically, a boom-type mining machine 1 with a built-in drill bit is used to perform the treatment of the cut free face 11 and the cutting and caving of ore; the boom-type mining machine 1 enters the end of the drift 2 through the slice connection drift 3, uses its built-in drill bit to drill medium-deep holes in the middle of the working face of the drift 2, and performs reaming to form the cut free face 11; the cutting head of the boom-type mining machine 1 starts cutting and caving ore on the working face from the cut free face 11; the boom-type mining machine 1 performs stoping from the end of the drift 2 along the direction of the drift 2, after the stoping of a single drift 2 is completed, the boom-type mining machine 1 retreats to the end of the drift 2 to perform stoping of the second drift 2, and the drifts 2 are mined in an alternate manner (one mined while the adjacent one is left), the power transformation and distribution facilities and ventilation facilities supporting the boom-type mining machine 1 are arranged in the slice connection drift 3 or the section connection drift 9, and do not enter the drifts 2; the cut free face 11 has a depth of 10~50m and a diameter of 0.3~0.5m; the boom-type mining machine 1 with a built-in drill bit is a product of China Railway Engineering Equipment Group Co., Ltd.

[0031] S4. During the process of tunneling and ore caving by the boom-type mining machine 1, a belt-type scraper loader is arranged to follow behind the boom-type mining machine 1, with a distance of 3-5m between them, the ore transported by the belt of the boom-type mining machine 1 is loaded into a trackless transport truck by the scraper loader, and then transported by the truck to the ore pass 10 for ore output, so as to realize continuous ore caving and ore transfer and transportation of the boom-type mining machine 1.

[0032] S5, ventilation operations are carried out during the mining process. Fresh air enters the mining face of access road 2 through inclined ramp 5, segmented connecting roadway 9, segmented horizontal roadway 4, and layered connecting roadway 3. The sludge from cleaning the working face is extracted by a local fan and returned to the return air filling shaft 8, then through the upper segmented horizontal roadway 4, and finally discharged to the surface through the return air filling shaft 8. The access road 2 mining area is supported according to the roof surrounding rock conditions. For some unstable sections, anchor bolt trolleys are used for anchor bolt and anchor mesh support. After the mining of access road 2 is completed and before the filling operation, the remaining ore in access road 2 is first cleaned and leveled. At the bottom of access road 2, a diameter of Metal mesh is laid with steel bars of φ10mm~14mm, with a mesh size of 300mm×300mm, and is fixedly connected to the upper roof filling body with hanging rods. During the filling operation, the filling pipe is erected from the return air filling well 8 to the highest point in the center of the roof of the access road 2, and a steel-concrete composite panel wall is used as the filling retaining wall at the access road 2, with drainage inspection holes left on the partition wall. During filling, 1:4 tailings cemented filling material is used as the first stage filling base plate to construct an artificial false roof, and then 1:10 tailings cemented filling material is used for the second stage upper filling to connect with the roof, so as to ensure the safety of mining.

[0033] S6, repeat S3~S5 to complete the mining of the entire layered ore body, then move to the next layer for mining until the mining of the entire middle section of the ore body is completed.

[0034] The above embodiments should be understood as being used only to more clearly illustrate the present invention, and not as limiting the scope of the present invention. After reading the present invention, those skilled in the art can make some modifications or alterations to the methods and techniques disclosed above without departing from the scope of the present invention, resulting in equivalent embodiments. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A non-explosive mechanized downward-pass filling continuous mining method, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, the ore body is divided into several intermediate sections, with no top or bottom pillars left in the intermediate sections; each intermediate section is further divided into multiple sub-sections, and each sub-section is further divided into multiple layers; within each layer, mining areas are arranged along the strike of the ore body. S2, Construction preparation and cutting project, arrange the middle section transport level roadway (6), middle section cross-vein roadway (7), chute (10), inclined ramp (5), segmented connecting roadway (9), segmented level roadway (4), and layered connecting roadway (3) in the lower footing of the ore body, excavate the return air filling grate (8) from the end of the middle section cross-vein roadway (7) along the upper footing of the ore body, and arrange several access roads (2) from the layered connecting roadway (3) along the strike or perpendicular to the strike of the ore body; S3, after the cutting is completed, the backfilling and mining of the approach (2) is carried out layer by layer from top to bottom; during the mining process, a mining method is adopted in which medium-deep holes are drilled first, the holes are enlarged to form a cutting free face (11), and then the ore is cut off. No pillars or columns are left in the ore body; the mining method is completed through any of the following steps: S3.a, rock drilling equipment is used to process the cut-off free face (11) and the cantilever mining machine (1) to cut the ore; first, the rock drilling equipment enters the end of the access road (2) through the layered connecting tunnel (3), drills a medium-deep hole in the middle of the working face of the access road (2), and enlarges the hole to form the cut-off free face (11). After the enlargement is completed, it exits the current access road (2) and enters the drilling operation of the next mining access road (2); then, the cantilever mining machine (1) enters the access road (2) through the layered connecting tunnel (3). At the end of the working face, the cutting head of the cantilever mining machine (1) is used to cut the ore from the cutting free face (11); when the cutting free face (11) is completed, the cantilever mining machine (1) exits the current route (2), and the rock drilling equipment re-enters the current route (2) to continue drilling to form the next cutting free face (11). At the same time, the cantilever mining machine (1) enters the next mining route (2) to cut the ore; the cycle alternates until the current route (2) is mined out. S3.b, a cantilever mining machine (1) with its own drill bit is used to cut the free face (11) and cut the ore; the cantilever mining machine (1) enters the end of the access road (2) through the layered connecting road (3), and uses the drill bit of the cantilever mining machine (1) to drill a medium-deep hole in the middle of the working face of the access road (2), and enlarges the hole to form the free face (11); the cutting head of the cantilever mining machine (1) is used to cut the ore from the free face (11) to the working face; S4, ventilation is carried out during the mining process, and support is provided according to the condition of the roof and surrounding rock. The cantilever mining machine (1) is equipped with mining transportation equipment to produce ore; after the mining is completed, the equipment is removed from the access road (2), and a filling pipe is installed at the entrance of the access road (2) to complete the filling operation. S5, the approach (2) is intermittently mined, repeating S3~S4, to complete the mining of the entire layered ore body, and then moving to the next layer for mining until the mining of the entire middle section of the ore body is completed.

2. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the middle section has a height of 60-100m. The middle section is divided into 3-5 segments with a height of 12-20m. Each segment is responsible for 3-5 layers.

3. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, when the access route (2) is arranged along the direction of the ore body, the length of the access route (2) is 50~100m, the width is 4~6m, and the height is 3~6m, which is consistent with the height of the layer. When the access route (2) is arranged perpendicular to the direction of the ore body, the length is 20~50m, the width is 4~6m, and the height is 3~6m, which is consistent with the height of the layer.

4. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the depth of the cut free surface (11) is 10~50m and the diameter is 0.3~0.5m; in step S3.a, the rock drilling equipment is one of a medium-deep hole drilling rig or a down-the-hole drill.

5. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the ventilation operation involves fresh airflow entering the working face of the access road (2) through the ramp (5), segmented connecting road (9), segmented horizontal roadway (4), and layered connecting roadway (3). The polluted air after cleaning the working face is extracted by the local fan and returned to the return air filling well (8), then through the upper segmented horizontal roadway (4), and finally merged into the return air filling well (8) and discharged to the surface.

6. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, depending on the condition of the surrounding rock of the roof, anchor bolt trolleys are used to provide anchor bolt and anchor mesh support for certain unstable sections.

7. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the mining transportation equipment includes a scraper and a trackless transport truck; the scraper follows the cantilever mining machine (1) for 3-5m, and the cut ore is loaded into the trackless transport truck by the scraper and transported to the ore pass (10) for ore extraction by the trackless transport truck.

8. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, after the mining of the access road (2) is completed, before the backfilling operation, the remaining ore of the access road (2) is cleaned and leveled. A metal mesh is laid at the bottom of the access road (2), and the metal mesh is fixedly connected to the upper roof backfill body using lifting rods. When the backfilling operation is carried out, the backfilling pipe is erected from the return air backfilling well (8) to the highest point in the center of the roof of the access road (2), and a steel-concrete composite panel wall is used as a backfilling retaining wall at the access road (2). A drainage inspection hole is left on the backfilling retaining wall. When backfilling, a 1:4 tailings cemented backfilling material is used as the first stage backfilling base plate to construct an artificial false roof. Then, a 1:10 tailings cemented backfilling material is used for the second stage upper backfilling connection.

9. The mining method according to claim 8, characterized in that, In step S4, the metal mesh has a mesh size of 300mm×300mm and is made of steel bars with a diameter of φ of 10mm to 14mm.

10. The mining method according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, The power distribution and ventilation facilities that are matched with the cantilever mining machine (1) are set in the layered connecting road (3) or the segmented connecting road (9) and do not enter the access road (2).

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