A communication device between a new energy vehicle charging port and a host
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- JIANGSU LONGFENG ELECTRONICS CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-29
Smart Images
Figure CN117621833B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of electric vehicle component technology, and in particular to a communication device between a new energy vehicle charging port and a host computer. Background Technology
[0002] Electric vehicles connect to external charging stations via AC / DC charging ports to supply power to the vehicle's battery. During charging, users typically leave the vehicle. To check if the battery is fully charged, they must enter the vehicle and turn the key to the "ACC" or "ON" position to view the information on the dashboard, which is cumbersome. Furthermore, when inserting the charging gun, users want to confirm connection and check remaining battery level and estimated charging time. While the charging station usually provides a notification when the connection is successful, more detailed information like remaining battery level still requires entering the vehicle and viewing the dashboard. To address this, some manufacturers have designed indicator functions using lights to show charging status, allowing users to monitor the charging progress from outside the vehicle. However, this method is not very intuitive and only meets basic charging display needs, failing to satisfy personalized requirements and enhance the vehicle's overall performance.
[0003] Therefore, the present invention provides a communication device between the charging port and the host of a new energy vehicle. Summary of the Invention
[0004] This invention provides a communication device between a charging port and a host computer for new energy vehicles. The device enables real-time communication between the charging port and the host computer, providing an intuitive display of the charging status. It can also accurately obtain and present results even in situations with poor network signal, thus meeting the personalized needs of customers and the product capabilities of automobiles.
[0005] This invention provides a communication device between a charging port and a host computer of a new energy vehicle, comprising:
[0006] The information acquisition module is used to collect charging status information from the charging port of new energy vehicles and battery status information from the batteries of new energy vehicles.
[0007] The information analysis module is used to establish the power information of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods based on the charging status information and the battery status information.
[0008] The fault analysis module is used to analyze the fault level of the new energy vehicle during this charging. When the fault level is greater than a preset level threshold, the charging status information and the battery status information are parsed to establish the fault information for this charging.
[0009] The communication transmission module is used to transmit the power information and the fault information to the host of the new energy vehicle for display via the Lin bus.
[0010] In one feasible approach
[0011] Also includes:
[0012] A display module is installed on the host computer and is used to display charging information and fault information.
[0013] In one feasible approach
[0014] The information collection module includes:
[0015] The status acquisition unit is used to acquire the current current characteristics of the charging port of the new energy vehicle. When the current current characteristics are consistent with the preset charging characteristics, it is determined that the new energy vehicle is in a charging state.
[0016] The charging acquisition unit is used to acquire the real-time output current of the charging port of the new energy vehicle and establish the charging status information of the charging port of the new energy vehicle when the new energy vehicle is in the charging state.
[0017] The battery acquisition unit is used to establish battery status information of the new energy vehicle battery based on the real-time power level of the battery.
[0018] In one feasible approach
[0019] The information analysis module includes:
[0020] The data parsing unit is used to establish the charging change value of the new energy vehicle battery in different unit charging time periods based on the battery status information, and to establish the discharge change value of the new energy vehicle charging port in different unit charging time periods based on the charging status information.
[0021] The list creation unit is used to create a list of charging current changes based on the charging change value corresponding to different unit charging time, and to create a list of discharge current changes based on the discharge change value corresponding to different unit charging time.
[0022] The efficiency analysis unit is used to establish the charging efficiency of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods based on the charging current change list and the discharge current change list, and to establish the power consumption efficiency of the new energy vehicle battery in different unit charging time periods based on the battery status information.
[0023] The power analysis unit is used to establish corresponding compensation parameters and consumption parameters based on the charging efficiency and the power consumption efficiency, and to use the compensation parameters and consumption parameters to correct each charging change value contained in the charging flow change list to obtain the power information of the new energy vehicle corresponding to different unit charging time periods.
[0024] In one feasible approach
[0025] The fault analysis module includes:
[0026] A signal generation unit is configured to establish a first state signal based on the charging state information, establish a second state signal based on the battery state information, divide the first state signal into several first sub-signals based on the unit charging time period, and divide the second state signal into several second sub-signals.
[0027] The signal analysis unit is used to acquire the first signal value corresponding to each first sub-signal, mark the first signal value in the first state signal, generate a first target state signal, acquire the second signal value corresponding to each second sub-signal, mark the second signal value in the second state signal, and generate a second target state signal.
[0028] The sampling analysis unit is used to perform synchronous sampling on the first target state signal and the second target state signal a preset number of times, obtain the first sampling result and the second sampling result corresponding to each synchronous sampling, and obtain the result difference between the first sampling result and the second sampling result corresponding to each synchronous sampling.
[0029] The rating establishment unit is used to establish a normal label for the corresponding result difference when the result difference is within a preset result difference range, and to establish an abnormal label otherwise. It also obtains the ratio of the number of normal labels to the number of abnormal labels and generates the fault rating of the new energy vehicle for this charging.
[0030] In one feasible approach
[0031] The fault analysis module also includes:
[0032] The first charging analysis unit is used to parse the charging status information when the fault level is greater than a preset level threshold, and obtain the first charging amount corresponding to the charging port of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods.
[0033] The second charging analysis unit is used to parse the battery status information and obtain the second charging amount of the new energy vehicle battery corresponding to different unit charging time periods.
[0034] The first fault analysis unit is used to determine that the charging pile corresponding to the new energy vehicle has malfunctioned when the first charging amount is less than a preset charging amount threshold, and to generate fault information.
[0035] The second fault analysis unit is used to determine that the charging pile corresponding to the new energy vehicle has malfunctioned and generate fault information when the first charging amount is greater than a preset charging amount threshold and the second charging amount is less than a preset charging amount threshold.
[0036] In one feasible approach
[0037] The communication transmission module includes:
[0038] A node establishment unit is used to establish a first Lin master node, a second Lin master node, and a third Lin master node associated with the Lin bus;
[0039] A node matching unit is used to connect the information analysis module to the first Lin master node, the fault analysis module to the second Lin master node, and the host to the third Lin master node.
[0040] A transmission link establishment unit is used to establish a first transmission link based on the first Lin master node and the third Lin master node, and to establish a second transmission link based on the second Lin master node and the third Lin master node;
[0041] An information transmission unit is used to transmit the power information to the host for display based on the first transmission link, and to transmit the fault information to the host for display based on the second transmission link.
[0042] In one feasible approach
[0043] Also includes:
[0044] An emergency alert module is used to generate alert information based on the fault information and transmit it to the host computer of the new energy vehicle for display.
[0045] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: To meet the personalized needs of customers and the product capabilities of automobiles, while avoiding information delays caused by network instability, the charging status of each charging port and the battery status of the new energy vehicle are first collected. This allows the establishment of power information corresponding to different charging time periods for the new energy vehicle. Then, the power information can be transmitted to the host for display via the LIN bus. At the same time, the fault level of the new energy vehicle during this charging is analyzed. If the fault level is higher than a preset threshold, fault information for this charging is established and transmitted to the host for display. In this way, not only can the charging status of the vehicle be analyzed in real time, but also whether a fault has occurred during the charging process. Furthermore, the use of the LIN bus for information transmission effectively avoids information delays and improves the user experience.
[0046] Other features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objects and other advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the structures particularly pointed out in the written description, claims, and drawings.
[0047] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description
[0048] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:
[0049] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the composition of a communication device between a new energy vehicle charging port and a host in an embodiment of the present invention;
[0050] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the fault analysis module of a communication device between a new energy vehicle charging port and a host in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation
[0051] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.
[0052] Example 1
[0053] This embodiment provides a communication device between the charging port and the host of a new energy vehicle, such as... Figure 1 As shown, it includes:
[0054] The information acquisition module is used to collect charging status information from the charging port of new energy vehicles and battery status information from the batteries of new energy vehicles.
[0055] The information analysis module is used to establish the power information of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods based on the charging status information and the battery status information.
[0056] The fault analysis module is used to analyze the fault level of the new energy vehicle during this charging. When the fault level is greater than a preset level threshold, the charging status information and the battery status information are parsed to establish the fault information for this charging.
[0057] The communication transmission module is used to transmit the power information and the fault information to the host of the new energy vehicle for display via the Lin bus.
[0058] In this example, the charging status information represents the information corresponding to the data generated by the charging port during the charging process;
[0059] In this example, the battery status information represents the data generated by the battery during the charging process;
[0060] In this example, the unit charging time period is 5 minutes;
[0061] In this example, the power information represents the change in the power of the new energy vehicle within a unit charging time period;
[0062] In this example, the fault level indicates the level of charging fault that occurs when a new energy vehicle is charging. Generally, there are five levels of fault (low level, low-medium level, medium level, medium-high level, and high level). The higher the level, the greater the fault.
[0063] In this example, the preset level threshold is level 3;
[0064] In this example, the Lin bus is a low-cost serial communication network defined for automotive distributed electronic systems.
[0065] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: To meet the personalized needs of customers and the product capabilities of automobiles, while avoiding information delays caused by network instability, the charging status of each charging port and the battery status of the new energy vehicle are first collected. This allows the establishment of power information corresponding to different charging time periods for the new energy vehicle. Then, the power information can be transmitted to the host for display via the LIN bus. At the same time, the fault level of the new energy vehicle during this charging is analyzed. If the fault level is higher than a preset threshold, fault information for this charging is established and transmitted to the host for display. In this way, not only can the charging status of the vehicle be analyzed in real time, but also whether a fault has occurred during the charging process. Furthermore, the use of the LIN bus for information transmission effectively avoids information delays and improves the user experience.
[0066] Example 2
[0067] Based on Embodiment 1, the communication device between the charging port and the host of the new energy vehicle further includes:
[0068] A display module is installed on the host computer and is used to display charging information and fault information.
[0069] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: By setting up a display module, users can easily view charging information and fault information at any time.
[0070] Example 3
[0071] Based on Embodiment 1, the communication device between the charging port and the host of the new energy vehicle, wherein the information acquisition module includes:
[0072] The status acquisition unit is used to acquire the current current characteristics of the charging port of the new energy vehicle. When the current current characteristics are consistent with the preset charging characteristics, it is determined that the new energy vehicle is in a charging state.
[0073] The charging acquisition unit is used to acquire the real-time output current of the charging port of the new energy vehicle and establish the charging status information of the charging port of the new energy vehicle when the new energy vehicle is in the charging state.
[0074] The battery acquisition unit is used to establish battery status information of the new energy vehicle battery based on the real-time power level of the battery.
[0075] In this example, the preset charging features are pre-set features used to present the corresponding characteristics when a new energy vehicle is charging.
[0076] In this example, the charging status includes: first charge and multiple charges.
[0077] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In order to improve the efficiency of information transmission and reduce latency, the current current characteristics of the new energy vehicle are obtained to analyze whether it is in a charging state. When it is in a charging state, the charging status information is established based on the real-time output current, and the battery status information is established based on the real-time power level. This achieves the purpose of synchronous acquisition, effectively avoids data disorder, and saves the time of data processing.
[0078] Example 4
[0079] Based on Embodiment 1, the information analysis module of the communication device between the charging port and the host of the new energy vehicle includes:
[0080] The data parsing unit is used to establish the charging change value of the new energy vehicle battery in different unit charging time periods based on the battery status information, and to establish the discharge change value of the new energy vehicle charging port in different unit charging time periods based on the charging status information.
[0081] The list creation unit is used to create a list of charging current changes based on the charging change value corresponding to different unit charging time, and to create a list of discharge current changes based on the discharge change value corresponding to different unit charging time.
[0082] The efficiency analysis unit is used to establish the charging efficiency of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods based on the charging current change list and the discharge current change list, and to establish the power consumption efficiency of the new energy vehicle battery in different unit charging time periods based on the battery status information.
[0083] The power analysis unit is used to establish corresponding compensation parameters and consumption parameters based on the charging efficiency and the power consumption efficiency, and to use the compensation parameters and consumption parameters to correct each charging change value contained in the charging flow change list to obtain the power information of the new energy vehicle corresponding to different unit charging time periods.
[0084] In this example, the charging change value represents the change in battery capacity under the influence of charging within a unit charging time period;
[0085] In this example, the discharge change value represents the change in the amount of electricity received by the charging port under the action of charging within a unit charging time period;
[0086] In this example, the charging current change list represents the statistical results of the battery current change over different unit charging time periods;
[0087] In this example, the discharge current variation list represents the statistical results of the current variation from the charging port to the battery during different unit charging time periods;
[0088] In this example, power consumption efficiency represents the ratio between the electricity consumed by a new energy vehicle in standby mode and the current total electricity consumption;
[0089] In this example, the compensation parameter and the consumption parameter are used to correct each charging change value in the charging flow change list, which means adjusting the charging amount corresponding to the unit charging time period according to the compensation parameter, adjusting the power consumption corresponding to the unit charging time according to the consumption parameter, and finally calculating the charging change value in a unified manner.
[0090] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: To make the detection results more consistent with the actual charging process, charging and discharging change values corresponding to different unit charging time periods are first established based on battery status information and charging status information. This leads to the creation of corresponding charging current change lists and discharging current change lists, further determining charging efficiency and power consumption efficiency. The corresponding charging change values are then adjusted using charging efficiency and power consumption efficiency. Finally, the power information of new energy vehicles corresponding to different unit charging time periods can be obtained. This comprehensive and multi-faceted analysis improves the effectiveness of the analysis and yields power information that closely reflects reality.
[0091] Example 5
[0092] Based on Embodiment 1, the communication device between the charging port and the host of the new energy vehicle, the fault analysis module, such as... Figure 2 As shown, it includes:
[0093] A signal generation unit is configured to establish a first state signal based on the charging state information, establish a second state signal based on the battery state information, divide the first state signal into several first sub-signals based on the unit charging time period, and divide the second state signal into several second sub-signals.
[0094] The signal analysis unit is used to acquire the first signal value corresponding to each first sub-signal, mark the first signal value in the first state signal, generate a first target state signal, acquire the second signal value corresponding to each second sub-signal, mark the second signal value in the second state signal, and generate a second target state signal.
[0095] The sampling analysis unit is used to perform synchronous sampling on the first target state signal and the second target state signal a preset number of times, obtain the first sampling result and the second sampling result corresponding to each synchronous sampling, and obtain the result difference between the first sampling result and the second sampling result corresponding to each synchronous sampling.
[0096] The rating establishment unit is used to establish a normal label for the corresponding result difference when the result difference is within a preset result difference range, and to establish an abnormal label otherwise. It also obtains the ratio of the number of normal labels to the number of abnormal labels and generates the fault rating of the new energy vehicle for this charging.
[0097] In this example, dividing the first state signal into several first sub-signals according to the unit charging time period and dividing the second state signal into several second sub-signals means dividing the first state signal into several first sub-signals with a duration consistent with the unit charging time period and dividing the second state signal into several second sub-signals with a duration consistent with the unit charging time period.
[0098] In this example, the preset number of times is 5;
[0099] In this example, the preset result difference range is: the difference between the first sampling result and the second sampling result is no greater than 0.5;
[0100] In this example, the more exception tags there are, the higher the fault level.
[0101] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: To avoid unnecessary trouble caused by charging failures, the fault level is analyzed in real time during charging. First, a first state signal and a second state signal are established using charging status information and battery status information. The corresponding first sub-signal and second sub-signal are obtained through signal segmentation. The signal value corresponding to each sub-signal is further analyzed, and the signal value is marked in the corresponding original signal. Then, the generated target signal is sampled, and the fault level is analyzed by analyzing whether the difference between the sampling results is within the preset difference range. This method can improve the effectiveness of fault analysis. The analysis is performed by sampling and comparing multiple times, which reduces the randomness of the analysis results.
[0102] Example 6
[0103] Based on Embodiment 1, the fault analysis module of the communication device between the charging port and the host of the new energy vehicle further includes:
[0104] The first charging analysis unit is used to parse the charging status information when the fault level is greater than a preset level threshold, and obtain the first charging amount corresponding to the charging port of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods.
[0105] The second charging analysis unit is used to parse the battery status information and obtain the second charging amount of the new energy vehicle battery corresponding to different unit charging time periods.
[0106] The first fault analysis unit is used to determine that the charging pile corresponding to the new energy vehicle has malfunctioned when the first charging amount is less than a preset charging amount threshold, and to generate fault information.
[0107] The second fault analysis unit is used to determine that the charging pile corresponding to the new energy vehicle has malfunctioned and generate fault information when the first charging amount is greater than a preset charging amount threshold and the second charging amount is less than a preset charging amount threshold.
[0108] In this example, the preset charging threshold is 30KW.
[0109] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In order to further improve the fault analysis process, when a fault occurs, the first charging amount and the second charging amount corresponding to the unit charging time period are obtained in a timely manner, and then a preset power threshold is used for comparison. The location of the fault is determined by the comparison result, and then fault information is generated for users to view, so that users can make corresponding adjustments in a timely manner.
[0110] Example 7
[0111] Based on Embodiment 1, the communication transmission module of the new energy vehicle charging port and host communication device includes:
[0112] A node establishment unit is used to establish a first Lin master node, a second Lin master node, and a third Lin master node associated with the Lin bus;
[0113] A node matching unit is used to connect the information analysis module to the first Lin master node, the fault analysis module to the second Lin master node, and the host to the third Lin master node.
[0114] A transmission link establishment unit is used to establish a first transmission link based on the first Lin master node and the third Lin master node, and to establish a second transmission link based on the second Lin master node and the third Lin master node;
[0115] An information transmission unit is used to transmit the power information to the host for display based on the first transmission link, and to transmit the fault information to the host for display based on the second transmission link.
[0116] In this example, the Lin master node represents the point in the Lin bus used to send information.
[0117] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In order to further improve the efficiency of information transmission and avoid information disorder, a Lin master node is first established in the Lin bus. Then, the analysis module, fault module, and host are connected to different nodes respectively. Then, a transmission link is established. Finally, the power information and fault information are transmitted to the host for display through the transmission link, realizing independent transmission and improving transmission efficiency.
[0118] Example 8
[0119] Based on Embodiment 1, the communication device between the charging port and the host of the new energy vehicle further includes:
[0120] An emergency alert module is used to generate alert information based on the fault information and transmit it to the host computer of the new energy vehicle for display.
[0121] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: By setting up an emergency reminder module, users are reminded to correct faults in new energy vehicles in a timely manner to ensure normal charging.
[0122] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Therefore, if these modifications and variations fall within the scope of the claims of this invention and their equivalents, this invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.
Claims
1. A communication device between a charging port and a host computer of a new energy vehicle, characterized in that, include: The information acquisition module is used to collect charging status information from the charging port of new energy vehicles and battery status information from the batteries of new energy vehicles. The information analysis module is used to establish the power information of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods based on the charging status information and the battery status information. The information analysis module includes: The data parsing unit is used to establish the charging change value of the new energy vehicle battery corresponding to different unit charging time periods based on the battery status information, and to establish the discharge change value of the new energy vehicle charging port corresponding to different unit charging time periods based on the charging status information. The list creation unit is used to create a list of charging current changes based on the charging change values corresponding to different unit charging times, and to create a list of discharging current changes based on the discharging change values corresponding to different unit charging times. The efficiency analysis unit is used to establish the charging efficiency of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods based on the charging current change list and the discharge current change list, and to establish the power consumption efficiency of the new energy vehicle battery in different unit charging time periods based on the battery status information. The power analysis unit is used to establish corresponding compensation parameters and consumption parameters based on the charging efficiency and the power consumption efficiency, and to use the compensation parameters and consumption parameters to correct each charging change value contained in the charging flow change list to obtain the power information of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods. A fault analysis module is used to analyze the fault level of the new energy vehicle during this charging process. When the fault level is greater than a preset threshold, the charging status information and battery status information are parsed to establish fault information for this charging process. The fault analysis module includes: A signal generation unit is configured to establish a first state signal based on the charging state information, establish a second state signal based on the battery state information, divide the first state signal into several first sub-signals based on the unit charging time period, and divide the second state signal into several second sub-signals. The signal analysis unit is used to acquire the first signal value corresponding to each first sub-signal, mark the first signal value in the first state signal, generate a first target state signal, acquire the second signal value corresponding to each second sub-signal, mark the second signal value in the second state signal, and generate a second target state signal. The sampling analysis unit is used to perform synchronous sampling on the first target state signal and the second target state signal a preset number of times, obtain the first sampling result and the second sampling result corresponding to each synchronous sampling, and obtain the result difference between the first sampling result and the second sampling result corresponding to each synchronous sampling. The rating establishment unit is used to establish a normal label for the corresponding result difference when the result difference is within a preset result difference range, and to establish an abnormal label otherwise. It also obtains the ratio of the number of normal labels to the number of abnormal labels and generates the fault rating of the new energy vehicle for this charging. A communication transmission module is used to transmit the power information and the fault information to the host computer of the new energy vehicle for display via a Lin bus; the communication transmission module includes: A node establishment unit is used to establish a first Lin master node, a second Lin master node, and a third Lin master node associated with the Lin bus; A node matching unit is used to connect the information analysis module to the first Lin master node, the fault analysis module to the second Lin master node, and the host to the third Lin master node. A transmission link establishment unit is used to establish a first transmission link based on the first Lin master node and the third Lin master node, and to establish a second transmission link based on the second Lin master node and the third Lin master node; An information transmission unit is used to transmit the power information to the host for display based on the first transmission link, and to transmit the fault information to the host for display based on the second transmission link.
2. The communication device between the charging port and the host of a new energy vehicle as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: A display module is installed on the host computer and is used to display charging information and fault information.
3. The communication device between the charging port and the host of a new energy vehicle as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The information collection module includes: The status acquisition unit is used to acquire the current current characteristics of the charging port of the new energy vehicle. When the current current characteristics are consistent with the preset charging characteristics, it is determined that the new energy vehicle is in a charging state. The charging acquisition unit is used to acquire the real-time output current of the charging port of the new energy vehicle and establish the charging status information of the charging port of the new energy vehicle when the new energy vehicle is in the charging state. The battery acquisition unit is used to establish battery status information of the new energy vehicle battery based on the real-time power level of the battery.
4. The communication device between the charging port and the host of a new energy vehicle as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fault analysis module also includes: The first charging analysis unit is used to parse the charging status information when the fault level is greater than a preset level threshold, and obtain the first charging amount corresponding to the charging port of the new energy vehicle in different unit charging time periods. The second charging analysis unit is used to parse the battery status information and obtain the second charging amount of the new energy vehicle battery corresponding to different unit charging time periods. The first fault analysis unit is used to determine that the charging pile corresponding to the new energy vehicle has malfunctioned when the first charging amount is less than a preset charging amount threshold, and to generate fault information. The second fault analysis unit is used to determine that the charging pile corresponding to the new energy vehicle has malfunctioned and generate fault information when the first charging amount is greater than a preset charging amount threshold and the second charging amount is less than a preset charging amount threshold.
5. The communication device between the charging port and the host of a new energy vehicle as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: An emergency alert module is used to generate alert information based on the fault information and transmit it to the host computer of the new energy vehicle for display.