Metal uniaxial tensile specimen load back-calculation measurement method and system

Abstract

The application provides a metal uniaxial tensile specimen load backstepping measurement method and system, and relates to the technical field of material fracture failure analysis. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: first, collecting the morphology data of the first fracture surface and the morphology data of the second fracture surface of the uniaxial tensile specimen, then establishing the first fracture three-dimensional model and the second fracture three-dimensional model according to the morphology data of the first fracture surface and the morphology data of the second fracture surface. Next, the tensile process inversion is carried out according to the first fracture three-dimensional model and the second fracture three-dimensional model, and the fracture coincidence plastic volume corresponding to multiple moments in the tensile process is determined. Finally, the external load corresponding to each moment in the multiple moments is determined according to the fracture coincidence plastic volume corresponding to the multiple moments, and the load displacement curve is determined. In this way, in the case that the metal material is fractured and only the fracture is left, the external load of the metal material can also be determined, and the accuracy of determining the external load of the metal material is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of material fracture failure analysis technology, specifically to a method and system for reverse load measurement of uniaxial tensile specimens of metal. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, metallic materials are widely used in important fields such as aerospace and petrochemicals. Fracture failures of metallic materials not only seriously threaten safety but also severely restrict their widespread application. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the fracture failure of metallic materials, analyze their stress patterns and loads, and conduct accurate evaluations.

[0003] Existing related technologies mainly utilize experiments to obtain the external load when metallic materials undergo fracture failure. For example, specimens can be prepared and tensile tests can be conducted according to GB / T228.1 "Metallic materials, tensile testing—Part 1: Test method at room temperature" to obtain the corresponding load-displacement curves. However, this method ignores the fact that in real-world fracture failure, only a fracture surface may remain for failure analysis. This results in the inability to accurately determine the external load on the metallic material when only a fracture surface remains. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is that when a metal material fails and only a fracture surface remains, it is impossible to accurately determine the external load on the metal material.

[0005] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a method and system for reverse-calculation of load on a uniaxial tensile metal specimen. The specific technical solution is as follows:

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for load inversion measurement of a uniaxial tensile specimen, comprising: firstly, acquiring morphological data of a first fracture surface and a second fracture surface of the uniaxial tensile specimen, wherein the morphological data characterizes the shape of the fracture surface, and the first and second fracture surfaces are the fracture surfaces generated by the uniaxial tensile specimen through a uniaxial tensile test. Then, establishing a first three-dimensional model and a second three-dimensional model of the fracture surface based on the morphological data of the first and second fracture surfaces, respectively. Next, performing tensile process inversion based on the first and second three-dimensional models of the fracture surface to determine the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments during the tensile process. Finally, determining the external load corresponding to each moment in the multiple moments based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface, and determining the load-displacement curve.

[0007] This method can back-calculate the load on a uniaxial tensile metal specimen based on fracture morphology analysis, thereby determining the external load on the metal tensile specimen. It is also well-suited for experiments with missing or incomplete data. Even when a metal material has fractured and only a fracture surface remains, the external load on the metal material can still be determined, thus improving the accuracy of determining the external load on the metal material.

[0008] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one alternative implementation, the morphological data includes: elevation data of the fracture surface. In this implementation, the three-dimensional model of the fracture surface can be more accurately established based on the elevation data of the fracture surface, thereby improving the accuracy of determining the external load on the metallic material.

[0009] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one alternative implementation, the tensile process is inverted based on the first fracture three-dimensional model and the second fracture three-dimensional model, including: keeping the position of the first fracture three-dimensional model unchanged, and moving the second fracture three-dimensional model towards the direction of the first fracture three-dimensional model at a uniform loading rate of the uniaxial tensile test.

[0010] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one alternative implementation, based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple time points, the formula for calculating the external load at each of the multiple time points is as follows:

[0011]

[0012]

[0013] Among them, F i Let U be the external load at time i. i Let L be the fracture plasticity at time i. i Let V be the displacement at time i, ΔU be the change in plastic fracture energy between time i and time i-1, and V be the displacement at time i. i Let ε be the plastic volume of the fracture surface at time i. f For fracture strain, ε y For yield strain, ε t For strain at different times, K is the hardening coefficient and n is the hardening exponent.

[0014] Secondly, a load inversion measurement system for uniaxial tensile specimens of metal is provided, comprising: a uniaxial tensile testing apparatus, a fracture morphology acquisition device, and a data processing device. The uniaxial tensile testing apparatus is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on the uniaxial tensile specimen to generate a first fracture surface and a second fracture surface. The fracture morphology acquisition device is used to acquire morphology data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface, respectively, and the morphology data is used to characterize the shape of the fracture surface. The data processing device is used to perform tensile process inversion based on the three-dimensional models of the first and second fracture surfaces to determine the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments during the tensile process. The data processing device is also used to determine the external load corresponding to each moment in the multiple moments based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments, and to determine the load-displacement curve.

[0015] In conjunction with the second aspect, in one alternative implementation, the topographic data includes: elevation data of the fracture surface.

[0016] In conjunction with the second aspect, in one alternative implementation, during the tensile process inversion based on the first fracture three-dimensional model and the second fracture three-dimensional model, the data processing device is specifically used to: keep the position of the first fracture three-dimensional model unchanged, and move the second fracture three-dimensional model towards the direction closer to the first fracture three-dimensional model at a uniform loading rate of the uniaxial tensile test.

[0017] In conjunction with the second aspect, in one alternative implementation, based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple times, the external load corresponding to each of the multiple times is determined, and the calculation formula for the external load is determined by the data processing device as follows:

[0018]

[0019]

[0020] Among them, F i Let U be the external load at time i. i Let L be the fracture plasticity at time i. i Let V be the displacement at time i, ΔU be the change in plastic fracture energy between time i and time i-1, and V be the displacement at time i. i Let ε be the plastic volume of the fracture surface at time i. f For fracture strain, ε y For yield strain, ε t For strain at different times, K is the hardening coefficient and n is the hardening exponent.

[0021] In conjunction with the second aspect, in one alternative implementation, the aforementioned fracture morphology acquisition device includes: a laser scanner and a scanning electron microscope. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 A schematic flowchart illustrating the load inverse measurement method for a uniaxial tensile specimen of metal provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0023] Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the inversion of the stretching process provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the load-displacement curve provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the metal uniaxial tensile specimen load back-calculation measurement system provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The embodiments will now be described in detail, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description relates to the drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements. The embodiments described below do not represent all embodiments consistent with this application. They are merely examples of systems and methods consistent with some aspects of this application as detailed in the claims.

[0027] Currently, metallic materials are widely used in important fields such as aerospace and petrochemicals. Fracture failures of metallic materials not only seriously threaten safety but also severely restrict their widespread application. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the fracture failure of metallic materials, analyze their stress patterns and loads, and conduct accurate evaluations.

[0028] Existing related technologies mainly utilize experiments to obtain the external load when metallic materials undergo fracture failure. For example, specimens can be prepared and tensile tests can be conducted according to GB / T228.1 "Metallic materials, tensile testing—Part 1: Test method at room temperature" to obtain the corresponding load-displacement curves. However, this method ignores the fact that in real-world fracture failure, only a fracture surface may remain for failure analysis. This results in the inability to accurately determine the external load on the metallic material when only a fracture surface remains.

[0029] To address the aforementioned issues, this application provides a method and system for reverse-calculating the load of a uniaxial tensile specimen. This method can reverse-calculate the load of a uniaxial tensile specimen based on fracture morphology analysis, thereby determining the external load of the specimen. It is also well-suited for experiments with missing or incomplete data. Even when a metal material fractures and only a fracture surface remains, the external load of the metal material can still be determined, thus improving the accuracy of determining the external load.

[0030] The solutions provided in the embodiments of this application will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0031] For details, see Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of the load back-calculation measurement method for uniaxial tensile specimens of metal provided in an embodiment of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 1 As shown, the method for reverse load measurement of a metal uniaxial tensile specimen provided by the present invention includes the following steps S101-S104:

[0032] S101. Collect the morphology data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface of the uniaxial tensile specimen respectively. The morphology data is used to characterize the shape of the fracture surface. The first fracture surface and the second fracture surface are the fracture surfaces produced by the uniaxial tensile specimen through the uniaxial tensile test.

[0033] Specifically, firstly, a uniaxial tensile test can be performed on a uniaxial tensile specimen using a uniaxial tensile testing device, and the uniaxial tensile specimen will produce a fracture surface, with the two fracture surfaces being the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface, respectively.

[0034] For example, the dimensional parameters of the uniaxial tensile specimen can be determined according to GB / T228.1 "Metallic materials, tensile testing—Part 1: Test methods at room temperature" and the requirements of practical applications. The uniaxial tensile testing apparatus can be, for example, a universal testing machine.

[0035] Since the fracture morphology of a uniaxial tensile specimen can reflect the entire process of fracture of a metallic material under environmental and load conditions, morphological analysis of the fracture surface of a uniaxial tensile specimen allows for better study of mechanical properties, a deeper understanding of the fracture nature, and accurate determination of the fracture failure type. Furthermore, fracture morphology analysis can improve the accuracy and reliability of inferences based on external loads.

[0036] Therefore, in this embodiment of the application, firstly, the morphological data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface of the uniaxial tensile specimen are collected respectively, and the morphological data is used to characterize the shape of the fracture surface.

[0037] In some embodiments, the topographic data of the first fracture surface and the topographic data of the second fracture surface can be collected by devices such as laser scanners and scanning electron microscopes. The topographic data may include the elevation data of the fracture surface.

[0038] S102. Based on the morphological data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface, establish the three-dimensional model of the first fracture surface and the three-dimensional model of the second fracture surface, respectively.

[0039] Furthermore, based on the morphological data of the first and second fracture surfaces collected in S101, after data preprocessing, three-dimensional modeling, and other processing steps, a three-dimensional model of the first and second fracture surfaces can be established.

[0040] S103. Perform tensile process inversion based on the three-dimensional model of the first fracture surface and the three-dimensional model of the second fracture surface to determine the overlapping plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments during the tensile process.

[0041] Specifically, the tensile process inversion can simulate the process of a uniaxial tensile specimen changing from an initially intact uniaxial tensile specimen to a fractured uniaxial tensile specimen based on the three-dimensional model of the first fracture surface and the three-dimensional model of the second fracture surface. It can also simulate the reverse process of a fractured uniaxial tensile specimen changing back to an initially intact uniaxial tensile specimen.

[0042] The loading rate during the tensile process can be the uniform loading rate used in S101 when performing a uniaxial tensile test on a uniaxial tensile specimen; for example, this loading rate could be 2 mm / min. Furthermore, multiple time points are determined based on this loading rate, and the corresponding fracture overlap plastic volumes at these multiple time points are further determined. This fracture overlap plastic volume is the plastic volume of the overlapping portion of the first and second fracture three-dimensional models.

[0043] In some embodiments, the tensile process inversion in S103 specifically includes: keeping the position of the first fracture three-dimensional model unchanged, and moving the second fracture three-dimensional model toward the first fracture three-dimensional model at a uniform loading rate of the uniaxial tensile test.

[0044] S104. Based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple times, determine the external load corresponding to each time point in the multiple times, and determine the load-displacement curve.

[0045] Specifically, in the embodiments of this application, the external load corresponding to each of the multiple times can be determined based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple times, through the plastic fracture energy equation, and the principle that the work done by the external force is equal to the microscopic plasticity.

[0046] In some embodiments, in S104, when determining the external load corresponding to each of the multiple time points based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surfaces, the formula for calculating the external load is as follows:

[0047]

[0048]

[0049] Among them, F i Let U be the external load at time i. i Let L be the fracture plasticity at time i. i Let V be the displacement at time i, ΔU be the change in plastic fracture energy between time i and time i-1, and V be the displacement at time i. i Let ε be the plastic volume of the fracture surface at time i. fFor example, the fracture strain can be determined as 0.22 ε using a stress-strain curve. y For example, the yield strain can be determined as 0.03 by the stress-strain curve. ε t For each moment of strain, for example, it can be obtained from the stress-strain curve at each moment of the uniaxial tensile process. K is the hardening coefficient, and n is the hardening exponent, both of which can be obtained by fitting the true stress-plastic strain curve and the Hollomon formula.

[0050] The load inversion measurement method for uniaxial tensile specimens of metal provided in this application embodiment is adopted. The method includes: first, acquiring morphological data of the first and second fracture surfaces of the uniaxial tensile specimen; then, establishing a first three-dimensional model and a second three-dimensional model of the fracture surface based on the morphological data of the first and second fracture surfaces, respectively; next, performing tensile process inversion based on the first and second three-dimensional models of the fracture surface to determine the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments during the tensile process; finally, determining the external load corresponding to each moment in the multiple moments based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface, and determining the load-displacement curve.

[0051] The method provided in this invention for obtaining tensile fracture morphology data is simple, and no assumptions are made about the parameters of the metal material in the quantitative back-calculation measurement based on the fracture morphology. Therefore, this invention is universally applicable to different metal materials. Furthermore, this method can back-calculate the load on a uniaxial tensile metal specimen based on fracture morphology analysis, thereby determining the external load of the metal tensile specimen. It also has good applicability for experiments with missing or incomplete data. Even when only a fracture surface remains after the metal material has fractured, the external load of the metal material can be determined more accurately.

[0052] In some embodiments, the external load and load-displacement curve of the uniaxial tensile specimen are determined using the load-back measurement method for metal uniaxial tensile specimens provided in embodiments S101-S104 above, wherein the specimen dimensions of the uniaxial tensile specimen are shown in Table 1.

[0053] Table 1. Specimen dimensions of uniaxial tensile specimens

[0054] 102mm 30mm

[0055] The material parameters of the uniaxial tensile specimens are shown in Table 2.

[0056] Table 2 Material parameters of uniaxial tensile specimens

[0057] 0.3 700MPa 0.28 0.03 0.22

[0058] In the process of inverting the tensile process based on the three-dimensional models of the first and second fracture surfaces, Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the tensile process inversion provided in an embodiment of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 2 As shown, while keeping the position of the first fracture three-dimensional model 201 unchanged, the second fracture three-dimensional model 202 is moved at a uniform loading rate of uniaxial tensile test.

[0059] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the load-displacement curve provided in an embodiment of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 3 As shown, the load-displacement curve is determined according to the steps S103-S104 above. It can be seen that the method provided by the embodiments of this application can accurately determine the external load of a metal material when the metal material has fractured and only a fracture surface remains.

[0060] This application also provides a system for reverse-calculation of load on a uniaxial tensile specimen of metal. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the metal uniaxial tensile specimen load inverse measurement system provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 As shown, the system 400 includes: a uniaxial tensile testing device 401, a fracture morphology acquisition device 402, and a data processing device 403.

[0061] The uniaxial tensile testing device 401 is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a uniaxial tensile specimen so that the uniaxial tensile specimen produces a first fracture surface and a second fracture surface.

[0062] The fracture morphology acquisition device 402 is used to acquire morphology data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface respectively. The morphology data is used to characterize the shape of the fracture surface.

[0063] In some embodiments, the fracture morphology acquisition device 402 includes: a laser scanner and a scanning electron microscope.

[0064] In some embodiments, the topographic data includes: elevation data of the fracture surface.

[0065] The data processing device 403 is used to perform tensile process inversion based on the first fracture surface three-dimensional model and the second fracture surface three-dimensional model, and determine the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments during the tensile process. The data processing device 403 is also used to determine the external load corresponding to each moment in the multiple moments based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple moments, and determine the load-displacement curve.

[0066] In some embodiments, during the tensile process inversion based on the first fracture three-dimensional model and the second fracture three-dimensional model, the data processing device 403 is specifically used to: keep the position of the first fracture three-dimensional model unchanged, and move the second fracture three-dimensional model toward the direction closer to the first fracture three-dimensional model at a uniform loading rate of the uniaxial tensile test.

[0067] In some embodiments, based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at multiple times, the external load corresponding to each of the multiple times is determined, and the data processing device 403 determines the calculation formula for the external load as follows:

[0068]

[0069]

[0070] Among them, F i Let U be the external load at time i. i Let L be the fracture plasticity at time i. i Let V be the displacement at time i, ΔU be the change in plastic fracture energy between time i and time i-1, and V be the displacement at time i. i Let ε be the plastic volume of the fracture surface at time i. f For fracture strain, ε y For yield strain, ε t For strain at different times, K is the hardening coefficient and n is the hardening exponent.

[0071] The load inversion measurement system for uniaxial tensile specimens of metals provided in this application embodiment is employed. The uniaxial tensile testing device can collect morphological data of the first and second fracture surfaces of the uniaxial tensile specimen. A data processing device can then establish three-dimensional models of the first and second fracture surfaces based on the morphological data. The data processing device can also perform tensile process inversion based on the first and second fracture surface models to determine the coincident plastic volume at multiple moments during the tensile process. Finally, the data processing device can determine the external load at each moment based on the coincident plastic volume at multiple moments and determine the load-displacement curve. Thus, the load inversion measurement system for uniaxial tensile specimens of metals can perform load inversion based on fracture morphology analysis, thereby determining the external load of the metal tensile specimen. It has good applicability for experiments with missing or incomplete data, and can more accurately determine the external load of the metal material when only a fracture surface remains after fracture failure.

[0072] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, only the division of the above functional modules is used as an example. In actual applications, the above functions can be assigned to different functional modules as needed, that is, the internal structure of the device can be divided into different functional modules to complete all or part of the functions described above.

[0073] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0074] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," and "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise explicitly limited. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0075] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0076] Similar parts between the embodiments provided in this application can be referred to mutually. The specific implementation methods provided above are only a few examples under the overall concept of this application and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this application. For those skilled in the art, any other implementation methods extended from the solution of this application without creative effort shall fall within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A method for reverse-calculation of load on a uniaxial tensile metal specimen, characterized in that, include: The morphological data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface of the uniaxial tensile specimen are collected respectively. The morphological data is used to characterize the shape of the fracture surface. The first fracture surface and the second fracture surface are the fracture surfaces produced by the uniaxial tensile specimen through the uniaxial tensile test. Based on the morphological data of the first fracture surface and the second fracture surface, a three-dimensional model of the first fracture surface and a three-dimensional model of the second fracture surface are established respectively. Based on the first three-dimensional fracture model and the second three-dimensional fracture model, the tensile process is inverted to determine the overlapping plastic volume of the fracture at multiple moments during the tensile process. Based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at the multiple time points, determine the external load corresponding to each of the multiple time points, and determine the load-displacement curve; The external load is determined based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at the multiple time points, and the calculation formula for the external load at each of the multiple time points is as follows: ; ; in, Let be the external load at time i. Let be the fracture plasticity at time i. Let be the displacement at time i. Let be the change in plastic fracture energy between time i and time i-1. Let be the plastic volume of the fracture surface at time i. For fracture strain, For yield strain, To adapt to different situations. The hardening coefficient, This is the hardening index.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The topographic data includes: elevation data of the fracture surface.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The tensile process inversion based on the first three-dimensional fracture model and the second three-dimensional fracture model includes: Keeping the position of the first fracture surface three-dimensional model unchanged, the second fracture surface three-dimensional model is moved towards the first fracture surface three-dimensional model at a uniform loading rate of the uniaxial tensile test.

4. A load inverse measurement system for a uniaxial tensile metal specimen, characterized in that, The method applied to any one of claims 1-3 comprises: a uniaxial tensile testing apparatus, a fracture morphology acquisition apparatus, and a data processing apparatus; wherein, The uniaxial tensile testing apparatus is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a uniaxial tensile specimen, so that the uniaxial tensile specimen produces a first fracture surface and a second fracture surface. The fracture surface morphology acquisition device is used to acquire morphology data of the first fracture surface and morphology data of the second fracture surface, respectively, and the morphology data is used to characterize the shape of the fracture surface. The data processing device is used to perform tensile process inversion based on the first fracture three-dimensional model and the second fracture three-dimensional model to determine the fracture coincidence plastic volume at multiple moments during the tensile process. The data processing device is further configured to determine the external load corresponding to each of the plurality of times based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surface at the plurality of times, and to determine the load-displacement curve. The data processing device determines the external load corresponding to each of the multiple time points based on the coincident plastic volume of the fracture surfaces. The calculation formula for the external load is as follows: ; ; in, Let be the external load at time i. Let be the fracture plasticity at time i. Let be the displacement at time i. Let be the change in plastic fracture energy between time i and time i-1. Let be the plastic volume of the fracture surface at time i. For fracture strain, For yield strain, To adapt to different situations. The hardening coefficient, This is the hardening index.

5. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The topographic data includes: elevation data of the fracture surface.

6. The system according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, In the tensile process inversion based on the first three-dimensional fracture model and the second three-dimensional fracture model, the data processing device is specifically used for: Keeping the position of the first fracture surface three-dimensional model unchanged, the second fracture surface three-dimensional model is moved towards the first fracture surface three-dimensional model at a uniform loading rate of the uniaxial tensile test.

7. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The fracture morphology acquisition device includes: a laser scanner and a scanning electron microscope.

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