A two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on blockchain

Abstract

The two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on the blockchain comprises a target communication area, a blockchain, a spectrum management organization, a base station and a sensing device; before joining the blockchain, each user needs to perform identity registration authentication to the spectrum management organization, and obtain system parameters, an identity and a public and private key pair; in the blockchain consensus process, on one hand, the consensus nodes are grouped for consensus by using the characteristics of the alliance chain, and on the other hand, an aggregated signature method based on the SM9 algorithm is introduced, so that the user identity privacy security is guaranteed, the certificate management problem is solved, the communication overhead and delay are greatly reduced, and the group intelligence spectrum sensing efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of wireless communication technology, specifically relating to a two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on blockchain. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing number of smart terminal devices, spectrum resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Cognitive radio technology can significantly improve spectrum utilization through spectrum sharing, and spectrum sensing is a crucial component of cognitive radio technology. Crowdsourced spectrum sensing is a novel sensing method that utilizes the collective sensing capabilities of intelligent devices, providing us with fundamental data for real-time acquisition of spectrum usage information. However, crowdsourced spectrum sensing not only faces the problem of malicious users uploading false sensing data, thus affecting the accuracy of spectrum sensing results, but also faces trust and security issues with centralized crowdsourced sensing platforms.

[0003] As a distributed and decentralized technology, blockchain can build trust and consensus in peer-to-peer networks through consensus mechanisms. This makes blockchain a potential application in solving data trust and platform trust issues in crowdsourced sensing. However, existing research on blockchain-based crowdsourced spectrum sensing rarely addresses the design of consensus mechanisms. Without a suitable and reliable consensus mechanism, the result could be the acceptance of invalid blocks due to collusion between malicious nodes, or even double-spending attacks. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Technical Problem: To address the aforementioned problems, this invention proposes a two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on blockchain. This method not only safeguards user identity privacy and security but also reduces communication overhead and latency, ensuring the real-time nature of spectrum sensing.

[0005] Technical Solution: This invention proposes a two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on blockchain. The target communication area includes a blockchain, a spectrum management agency, base stations, and sensing devices. Before joining the blockchain, each user needs to register and authenticate their identity with the spectrum management agency and obtain system parameters, identity identifiers, and public / private key pairs. The method includes the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: System initialization

[0007] Step 2: The spectrum management agency regularly broadcasts the specific spectrum sensing task content and requirements to the blockchain via smart contracts;

[0008] Step 3: Grouping nodes;

[0009] Step 4: The sensing node receives the spectrum sensing task content through the contract address and completes the spectrum data sensing task.

[0010] Step 5: The pre-selected base station nodes conduct a second distributed consensus on the verified spectrum sub-blocks to verify the quality of spectrum-aware data and form consistent spectrum blocks;

[0011] Step 6: After the two-phase block consensus is completed, spectrum blocks are obtained. Each spectrum block contains the address of the previous block in the block header, and they are connected end to end in chronological order to form the spectrum blockchain.

[0012] in,

[0013] The first step, system initialization, includes:

[0014] Step 1.1: The spectrum management agency selects three numbers whose order is a large prime number. Cyclic group , , , , ,in yes generator, yes generator, Satisfying bilinear pairing mapping ; Randomly select a prime number greater than 64 bits;

[0015] Step 1.2, randomly generate integers The master private key is used to obtain the master public key using formula (1). :

[0016] (1);

[0017] The master key pair can be obtained as follows The user's identifier is To protect user privacy, the spectrum management agency selects a private key represented by a single byte to generate an identifier. The pseudonym assigned to the user is obtained from formula (2). ,in It is a randomly selected hash function. Indicates user identifier and private key generator Concatenate them to generate a new byte string:

[0018] (2);

[0019] The private key parameters are obtained over the finite field using formula (3). :

[0020] (3);

[0021] like Regenerate the master key pair; otherwise, obtain the private key parameters using formula (4). :

[0022] (4);

[0023] Then, the user's private key is obtained through formulas (5) and (6). User and Public Key :

[0024] (5);

[0025] (6).

[0026] The third step, node grouping, includes: the spectrum sensing task specifies a pre-defined total number of nodes. The number of pre-authorized base station nodes is Base station As the master node, it broadcasts an invitation to surrounding sensing nodes to join in completing the spectrum sensing task. Upon receiving the message, each sensing node sends a reply message. The base station, upon receiving the reply message, counts the number of reply messages and advances the count. Each sensing node sends a join confirmation message and a join rejection message to other sensing nodes. After receiving the confirmation message, the sensing node joins the group.

[0027] The fourth step, where the sensing node receives the spectrum sensing task content via the contract address, involves the sensing node downloading base station data. The public key is used to generate a signature that encrypts the sensed data, which is then uploaded to the base station. Base station The uploaded sensing results are obtained by decrypting with the private key, and the sensing data is used to conduct the first distributed consensus within the group to verify whether it meets the requirements of the spectrum sensing data acquisition task, thus forming a consistent spectrum sub-block.

[0028] The fourth step specifically includes the following process:

[0029] Step 4.1, Intra-group Request Phase: The sensing node, acting as a client, sends spectrum sensing data. Pack and randomly select an integer. The perceptual factors are obtained from formulas (7), (8) and (9) respectively. Spectrum sensing data hash value and verification parameters ,in It is a randomly selected hash function:

[0030] (7);

[0031] (8);

[0032] (9);

[0033] A single signature is obtained from formula (10). Then Send to base station

[0034] (10);

[0035] Step 4.2, Intra-group pre-preparation phase: Base station nodes Received message After signing, the signature of the sensing node is verified by formula (11) to determine whether the signature is correct.

[0036] (11);

[0037] If the signature does not meet the requirements of formula (11) and is incorrect, the message is discarded; if the signature is correct, a sequence number is assigned to the request message. The pre-preparation message is signed and broadcast to other sensing nodes in the group, and the pre-preparation message is kept in the log; sensing nodes Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, if the pre-preparation message meets the following conditions, the sensing node... Accept the message if: a) the signature verification of the prepared message is correct and the hash digest matches; or b) the node has no other prepared messages at the current sequence number.

[0038] Step 4.3, Group Preparation Phase: If the sensing node Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, it will enter the preparation phase; sensing node Sign the preparation message and send the preparation message to the base station node. Prepare to record messages in the log; base station nodes receive After preparing a message, the process begins to aggregate and sign the prepared message, and then the aggregated message is sent to other sensing nodes for verification. The number of Byzantine nodes that the group can tolerate;

[0039] (a) Base station node receive After preparing the message, the aggregated hash value of the perception data is obtained by formulas (12), (13) and (14) respectively. Aggregation factor and aggregate signatures :

[0040] (12);

[0041] (13);

[0042] (14);

[0043] (b) Aggregate the signature set Send it to other sensing nodes for verification;

[0044] Step 4.4, Intra-group Submission Phase: Other sensing nodes, upon receiving the aggregated signature set... Then, aggregate signature verification is performed using formula (15).

[0045] (15);

[0046] After successful verification, the process proceeds to the submission stage and a response message is sent to the base station node. The submitted message is recorded in the log; base station node receive If a message is submitted, an aggregated signature will be generated for the submitted message, and then the aggregated signature message will be sent to other sensing nodes for verification.

[0047] Step 4.5, Intra-group Response Phase: After receiving the aggregated signature, other sensing nodes perform aggregated verification. Upon successful verification, they enter the response phase and send a response message to the base station node. Base station node receive After receiving a reply message, it indicates that the first phase of distributed consensus is complete, and a consistent spectrum sub-block will be formed.

[0048] The fifth step specifically includes the following process:

[0049] Step 5.1, Inter-group pre-preparation phase: Base station nodes The spectrum sub-blocks formed in the first phase are packaged, signed, and then sent to other base station nodes. Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, if the pre-preparation message meets the following conditions, then the base station node... The message is accepted if: (a) the signature verification of the prepared message is correct and the hash digest matches; or (b) the node has no other prepared messages at the current sequence number.

[0050] Step 5.2, Inter-group preparation phase: If the base station node Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, it will enter the preparation phase; the base station node The system signs the preparation message and sends it to base station node A. The preparation message is also logged. Base station node A receives the message. After a preparation message is sent, the preparation message is aggregated and signed, and then the aggregated message is sent to other base station nodes for verification. The number of Byzantine nodes that can be tolerated between groups;

[0051] Step 5.3, Inter-group Submission Phase: After receiving the aggregation message, other base station nodes perform aggregation verification. Upon successful verification, they enter the submission phase and send a reply message to base station node A. Base station node A receives the reply message. If a message is submitted, an aggregated signature will be generated for the submitted message, and then the aggregated signature message will be sent to other base station nodes for verification.

[0052] Step 5.4, Inter-group Response Phase: After receiving the aggregated signature, other base station nodes perform aggregate verification. Upon successful verification, they enter the response phase and send a response message to the client. The client receives... After receiving a reply message, it indicates that the second phase of distributed consensus has been completed, forming a consistent spectrum block.

[0053] Beneficial effects: The two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on blockchain proposed in this invention has the following advantages: In the block consensus process, this method utilizes the characteristics of consortium blockchains to group consensus nodes for consensus, and introduces an aggregate signature method based on the SM9 algorithm. This not only ensures the security of user identity privacy, but also solves the certificate management problem, greatly reduces communication overhead and latency, and improves the efficiency of collective spectrum sensing. Attached Figure Description

[0054] Figure 1 This is a system model diagram of the two-stage spectrum sensing consensus method based on blockchain proposed in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0055] Step 1: System Initialization. The target communication area includes a blockchain, a spectrum management agency, four base stations, and... Each sensing device. Before joining the blockchain, each user needs to register and authenticate their identity with the spectrum management agency and obtain system parameters, identity identifiers, and public / private key pairs. This step includes the following process:

[0056] (1) The spectrum management agency selects three numbers whose order is a large prime number. ( Circular group (taking 64-bit prime numbers) , , , , ,in yes generator, yes generator, Satisfying bilinear pairing mapping .

[0057] (2) Randomly generate integers The master private key is used to obtain the master public key using formula (16). :

[0058] (16);

[0059] Then the master key pair can be obtained as follows: Sensing nodes The logo is To protect the privacy of sensing nodes, the spectrum management agency selects a private key represented by a single byte to generate an identifier. And from formula (17), we obtain the sensing node. Assigned kana ,in It is a randomly selected hash function. Indicates user identifier and private key generator Concatenate them to generate a new byte string:

[0060] (17);

[0061] The sensing node is obtained over the finite field by formula (18). Private key parameters :

[0062] (18);

[0063] like Regenerate the master key pair. Otherwise, obtain the sensing node from formula (19). Private key parameters :

[0064] (19);

[0065] Furthermore, the sensing nodes can be obtained through formulas (20) and (21). private key With public key :

[0066] (20);

[0067] (twenty one);

[0068] Step 2: The spectrum management agency regularly broadcasts the specific spectrum sensing task content and requirements to the blockchain via smart contracts.

[0069] Step 3: Node Grouping. The spectrum sensing task specifies a total of 16 consensus nodes and 4 pre-authorized base station nodes. The master node broadcasts an invitation to surrounding sensing nodes to join and complete the spectrum sensing task. Upon receiving the message, the sensing nodes send a reply to join. (Base station) Upon receiving a reply message, the system counts the number of reply messages, sends a join confirmation message to the top four sensing nodes, and sends a join rejection message to the other sensing nodes. Sensing nodes join the group after receiving the confirmation message.

[0070] Step 4: Sensing Nodes Receive the spectrum sensing task content via the contract address and complete the spectrum data sensing task. Sensing Node Download base station nodes The public key is used to generate a signature that encrypts the sensing data, which is then uploaded to the base station node. Base station node The uploaded sensing results are decrypted using the private key, and the sensing data undergoes an initial distributed consensus within the group to verify whether it meets the requirements of the spectrum sensing data acquisition task, thus forming a consistent spectrum sub-block. This step includes the following process:

[0071] (1) Intra-group request phase: sensing node As a client, the spectrum sensing data Pack and randomly select an integer. The perceptual factors are obtained from formulas (22), (23) and (24) respectively. Spectrum sensing data hash value and verification parameters ,in It is a randomly selected hash function:

[0072] (twenty two);

[0073] (twenty three);

[0074] (twenty four);

[0075] A single signature is obtained from formula (25). Then Send to the base station.

[0076] (25);

[0077] (2) Intra-group pre-preparation phase: base station nodes Received message After signing, the sensing node is verified using formula (26). Is the signature correct?

[0078] (26);

[0079] If the signature does not meet the requirements of formula (26) and is incorrect, the message is discarded; if the signature is correct, a sequence number is assigned to the request message. The pre-prepared message is signed and broadcast to other sensing nodes within the group, and is also stored in the log. Sensing nodes Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, if the pre-preparation message meets the following conditions, the sensing node... Accept the message if: (a) the signature verification of the prepared message is correct and the hash digest matches; or (b) the node has no other prepared messages at the current sequence number.

[0080] (3) In-group preparation stage: If the sensing node Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, it will enter the preparation phase. (Sensing node) Sign the preparation message and send the preparation message to the base station node. Prepare to record the message in the log. Base station node After receiving two preparation messages, the aggregation signature of the preparation messages begins, and then the aggregated message is processed. Send it to other sensing nodes for verification.

[0081] (a) Base station node After receiving two preparation messages, the aggregated hash value of the perception data is obtained by formulas (27), (28) and (29) respectively. Aggregation factor and aggregate signatures :

[0082] (27);

[0083] (28);

[0084] (29);

[0085] (b) Aggregate the signature set Send it to other sensing nodes for verification.

[0086] (4) Intra-group submission phase: Other sensing nodes receive the aggregate signature set Then, aggregate signature verification is performed using formula (30).

[0087] (30);

[0088] After successful verification, the process proceeds to the submission stage and a response message is sent to the base station node. The submitted message is recorded in the log. (Base station node) If two commit messages are received, the system will begin aggregating and signing the commit messages, and then generate the aggregated signed message. Send it to other sensing nodes for verification.

[0089] (5) Intra-group response phase: Other sensing nodes receive the aggregate signature After aggregation verification, once the verification is successful, the response phase begins and a response message is sent to the base station node. Base station node After receiving two reply messages, it indicates that the first phase of distributed consensus has been completed and a consistent spectrum sub-block will be formed.

[0090] Step 5: The pre-selected base station nodes perform a second distributed consensus on the verified spectrum sub-blocks to verify the quality of the spectrum-aware data and form consistent spectrum blocks. This step includes the following process:

[0091] (1) Inter-group preparation phase: base station nodes The spectrum sub-blocks formed in the first phase are packaged, signed using a public key, and then this block message is sent to other base station nodes. (Base station nodes) Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, if the pre-preparation message meets the following conditions, then the base station node... Accept the message if: (a) the signature verification of the prepared message is correct and the hash digest matches; or (b) the node has no other prepared messages at the current sequence number.

[0092] (2) Inter-group preparation phase: If the base station node Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, it will enter the preparation phase. (Base station node) Sign the preparation message and send the preparation message to the base station. Prepare to record the message in the log. Base station After receiving two preparation messages, the system begins to aggregate and sign the preparation messages, and then sends the aggregated message to other base station nodes for verification.

[0093] (3) Inter-group submission phase: After receiving the aggregation message, other base station nodes perform aggregation verification. After successful verification, they enter the submission phase and send a reply message to the base station. Base station If two submission messages are received, the system will start to aggregate and sign the submission messages, and then send the aggregated signed message to other base station nodes for verification.

[0094] (4) Inter-group response phase: After receiving the aggregated signature, other base station nodes perform aggregate verification. After successful verification, they enter the response phase and send a response message to the client. After the client receives two response messages, it indicates that the second phase of distributed consensus is complete, forming a consistent spectrum block.

[0095] Step 6: After the two-phase block consensus is completed, spectrum blocks are obtained. Each spectrum block contains the address of the previous block in the block header, and they are connected end to end in chronological order to form the spectrum blockchain.

[0096] The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains may make various modifications or additions to the described specific embodiments or use similar methods to substitute them, without departing from the spirit of the invention or exceeding the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A two-stage spectrum-aware consensus method based on blockchain, characterized in that: The target communication area includes a blockchain, a spectrum management agency, base stations, and sensing devices. Before joining the blockchain, each user needs to register and authenticate their identity with the spectrum management agency and obtain system parameters, identity identifiers, and public / private key pairs. The method includes the following steps: Step 1: System Initialization Step 1.1: The spectrum management agency selects three numbers whose order is a large prime number. Cyclic group , , , , ,in yes generator, yes generator, Satisfying bilinear pairing mapping ; Randomly select a prime number greater than 64 bits; Step 1.2, randomly generate integers The master private key is used to obtain the master public key using formula (1). : （1）； The master key pair can be obtained as follows The user's identifier is To protect user privacy, the spectrum management agency selects a private key represented by a single byte to generate an identifier. The pseudonym assigned to the user is obtained from formula (2). ,in It is a randomly selected hash function. Indicates user identifier and private key generator Concatenate them to generate a new byte string: （2）； The private key parameters are obtained over the finite field using formula (3). : （3）； like Regenerate the master key pair; otherwise, obtain the private key parameters using formula (4). : （4）； Then, the user's private key is obtained through formulas (5) and (6). User and Public Key : （5）； （6）； Step 2: The spectrum management agency regularly broadcasts the specific spectrum sensing task content and requirements to the blockchain via smart contracts; Step 3: Node Grouping: The spectrum sensing task specifies a pre-defined total number of nodes. The number of pre-authorized base station nodes is Base station As the master node, it broadcasts an invitation to surrounding sensing nodes to join in completing the spectrum sensing task. Upon receiving the message, each sensing node sends a reply message. The base station, upon receiving the reply message, counts the number of reply messages and advances the count. Each sensing node sends a join confirmation message and a join rejection message to other sensing nodes. After receiving the confirmation message, the sensing node joins the group. Step 4: The sensing node receives the spectrum sensing task content through the contract address and completes the spectrum data sensing task. Step 5: The pre-selected base station nodes conduct a second distributed consensus on the verified spectrum sub-blocks to verify the quality of spectrum-aware data and form consistent spectrum blocks; Step 6: After the two-phase block consensus is completed, spectrum blocks are obtained. Each spectrum block contains the address of the previous block in the block header, and they are connected end to end in chronological order to form the spectrum blockchain.

2. The two-stage spectrum-aware consensus method based on blockchain according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fourth step, where the sensing node receives the spectrum sensing task content via the contract address, involves the sensing node downloading base station data. The public key is used to generate a signature that encrypts the sensed data, which is then uploaded to the base station. Base station The uploaded sensing results are obtained by decrypting with the private key, and the sensing data is used to conduct the first distributed consensus within the group to verify whether it meets the requirements of the spectrum sensing data acquisition task, thus forming a consistent spectrum sub-block.

3. The two-stage spectrum-aware consensus method based on blockchain according to claim 2, characterized in that: The fourth step specifically includes the following process: Step 4.1, Intra-group Request Phase: The sensing node, acting as a client, sends spectrum sensing data. Pack and randomly select an integer. The perceptual factors are obtained from formulas (7), (8) and (9) respectively. Spectrum sensing data hash value and verification parameters ,in It is a randomly selected hash function: （7）； （8）； （9）； A single signature is obtained from formula (10). Then Send to the base station; （10）； Step 4.2, Intra-group pre-preparation phase: Base station nodes Received message After signing, the signature of the sensing node is verified by formula (11) to determine whether the signature is correct. （11）； If the signature does not meet the requirements of formula (11) and is incorrect, the message is discarded; if the signature is correct, a sequence number is assigned to the request message. The pre-preparation message is signed and broadcast to other sensing nodes in the group, and the pre-preparation message is kept in the log; sensing nodes Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, if the pre-preparation message meets the following conditions, the sensing node... Accept the message if: a) the signature verification of the prepared message is correct and the hash digest matches; or b) the node has no other prepared messages at the current sequence number. Step 4.3, Group Preparation Phase: If the sensing node Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, it will enter the preparation phase; sensing node Sign the preparation message and send the preparation message to the base station node. Prepare to record messages in the log; base station nodes receive After preparing a message, the process begins to aggregate and sign the prepared message, and then the aggregated message is sent to other sensing nodes for verification. The number of Byzantine nodes that the group can tolerate; (a) Base station node receive After preparing the message, the aggregated hash value of the perception data is obtained by formulas (12), (13) and (14) respectively. Aggregation factor and aggregate signatures : （12）； （13）； （14）； (b) Aggregate the signature set Send it to other sensing nodes for verification; Step 4.4, Intra-group Submission Phase: Other sensing nodes, upon receiving the aggregated signature set... Then, aggregate signature verification is performed using formula (15). （15）； After successful verification, the process proceeds to the submission stage and a response message is sent to the base station node. The submitted message is recorded in the log; base station node receive If a message is submitted, an aggregated signature will be generated for the submitted message, and then the aggregated signature message will be sent to other sensing nodes for verification. Step 4.5, Intra-group Response Phase: After receiving the aggregated signature, other sensing nodes perform aggregated verification. Upon successful verification, they enter the response phase and send a response message to the base station node. Base station node receive After receiving a reply message, it indicates that the first phase of distributed consensus is complete, and a consistent spectrum sub-block will be formed.

4. The two-stage spectrum-aware consensus method based on blockchain according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fifth step specifically includes the following process: Step 5.1, Inter-group pre-preparation phase: Base station nodes The spectrum sub-blocks formed in the first phase are packaged, signed, and then sent to other base station nodes. Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, if the pre-preparation message meets the following conditions, then the base station node... The message is accepted if: (a) the signature verification of the prepared message is correct and the hash digest matches; or (b) the node has no other prepared messages at the current sequence number. Step 5.2, Inter-group preparation phase: If the base station node Upon receiving the pre-preparation message, it will enter the preparation phase; the base station node Sign the preparation message and send it to base station node A. The preparation message is recorded in the log. Base station node A received After a preparation message is sent, the preparation message is aggregated and signed, and then the aggregated message is sent to other base station nodes for verification. The number of Byzantine nodes that can be tolerated between groups; Step 5.3, Inter-group Submission Phase: After receiving the aggregation message, other base station nodes perform aggregation verification. Upon successful verification, they enter the submission phase and send a reply message to base station node A. Base station node A receives the reply message. If a message is submitted, an aggregated signature will be generated for the submitted message, and then the aggregated signature message will be sent to other base station nodes for verification. Step 5.4, Inter-group Response Phase: After receiving the aggregated signature, other base station nodes perform aggregate verification. Upon successful verification, they enter the response phase and send a response message to the client. The client receives... After receiving a reply message, it indicates that the second phase of distributed consensus has been completed, forming a consistent spectrum block.

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