Material composition, perovskite layer, solar cell, photovoltaic module

Abstract

The application discloses a material composition, a perovskite layer, a solar cell and a photovoltaic module. The material composition is used for additive manufacturing of a perovskite layer, and comprises an A component and a B component, the mass ratio of the A component and the B component is 1:0.65-1.5, the A component is composed of the following components with the mass percentage: 30-50% of halogenated organic amine, 30-50% of halogenated lead and 15-40% of nano oxide; the B component is composed of the following components with the mass percentage: 80-99% of an organic solvent, 0.5-10% of glue powder and 0.5-15% of cellulose ether. The material composition can maintain excellent dispersion uniformity and dispersion stability in the additive printing process, and is not prone to agglomeration or clogging of the printing nozzle, can effectively improve the uniformity and crystallization quality of the perovskite layer, reduce the defects of the perovskite layer, and promote the improvement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar cells, and more particularly to a material composition, a perovskite layer, a solar cell, and a photovoltaic module. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells possess advantages such as high carrier mobility, good light absorption, simple structure, low cost, and mild fabrication conditions, making them promising candidates for development in the solar cell field. The perovskite layer is a crucial component of perovskite solar cells; a well-crystallized, high-quality perovskite layer can generate more photogenerated carriers, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0003] Currently, perovskite layers are generally prepared by spin coating or vapor deposition, but the shape controllability of perovskite films prepared by these methods is relatively poor. Additive manufacturing can better meet the requirements for shape control of perovskite layers, but during the additive printing process, the material composition used to prepare the perovskite layer is prone to agglomeration and blockage of the printing nozzles, resulting in poor uniformity of the perovskite layer, which still requires further improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To reduce the occurrence of agglomeration or clogging of printing nozzles during additive manufacturing, effectively improve the uniformity and crystal quality of the perovskite layer, reduce defects in the perovskite layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, this invention discloses a material composition, a perovskite layer, a solar cell, and a photovoltaic module.

[0005] In a first aspect, this application provides a material composition.

[0006] This material composition is used for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers. The material composition comprises component A and component B, with a mass ratio of component A to component B of 1:0.65 to 1.5. Component A consists of the following components in mass percentage:

[0007] Halogenated organic amines 30%–50%

[0008] Lead halides 30%–50%

[0009] Nano-oxides: 15%–40%;

[0010] Component B consists of the following components by mass percentage:

[0011] Organic solvents 80%–99%

[0012] Adhesive powder 0.5%–10%

[0013] Cellulose ethers: 0.5%–15%.

[0014] As an optional implementation, in an embodiment of the present invention, the mass percentage of the adhesive powder in component B is 0.5% to 2%, and the mass percentage of the cellulose ether is 0.5% to 3%.

[0015] As an optional implementation, in embodiments of the present invention, the cellulose ether includes one or more of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0016] As an optional implementation, in the embodiments of the present invention, the cellulose ether is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, the molecular weight of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is 20,000 to 200,000, and the mass percentage of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is; and / or, the cellulose ether is carboxymethyl cellulose, the molecular weight of the carboxymethyl cellulose is 1,000 to 20,000.

[0017] As an optional implementation, in the embodiments of the present invention, the molecular weight of the adhesive powder is 20,000 to 100,000, and the adhesive powder includes one or more of the following: nylon glue, Brunei glue, gum arabic, gelatin, resin adhesive powder, mortar adhesive powder, and putty adhesive powder.

[0018] As an optional implementation, in the embodiments of the present invention, the nano-oxide is one or a combination of nano-lead oxide, nano-tin oxide, and nano-indium oxide.

[0019] As an optional implementation, in embodiments of the present invention, the halogenated organic amine includes methylamine bromide, ethylamine bromide, isopropylamine bromide, butylamine bromide, pentylammonium bromide, benzylamine bromide, butylacetamide, methylenediamine dihydrochloride, octylamine bromide, phenethylamine bromide, tert-butylammonium bromide, cyclopropylamine hydrobromide, ethylenediamine hydrobromide, 4-tert-butylbenzylamine bromide, formamidinium hydrochloride, methylamine chloride, benzylamine chloride, phenethylamine chloride, butylamine chloride, and isobutylamine chloride. Ammonium chloride, octylamine chloride, ethylenediamine hydrochloride, formamidinium hydrochloride, dimethylamine hydrochloride, phenylethylamine iodide, formamidinium hydroiodide, ethylamine iodide, mercaptoethylamine hydroiodide, guanidinium hydroiodide, cyclohexylamine hydroiodide, isobutylammonium iodide, 4-fluorobenzylamine iodide, octadecylamine hydroiodide, octylamine iodide, methylamine iodide, dimethylamine hydroiodide, cyclopropylamine hydroiodide, nonylammonium iodide, phenylbutylammonium bromide, methylenediamine dihydrobromide, and dimethylamine hydrobromide; and / or,

[0020] The lead halide includes one or more of lead bromide, lead chloride, and lead iodide; and / or,

[0021] The organic solvent includes one or more of dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, diisopropyl tartrate, isopropanol, tributyl phosphate, chlorobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methylamine formate, isopropanol, bis(acetylacetonyl)diisopropyl titanate, acetonitrile, and methanol.

[0022] Secondly, this application provides a method for preparing a perovskite layer.

[0023] A method for preparing a perovskite layer involves mixing component A and component B in a material composition at a mass ratio of 1:0.65 to 1.5 to obtain a slurry, and then printing the slurry into a perovskite layer using additive manufacturing technology.

[0024] As an optional implementation, in an embodiment of the present invention, the slurry is additively manufactured at 200°C to 250°C.

[0025] As an optional implementation, in an embodiment of the present invention, the components in component A are mixed and stirred, and then ground to obtain component A; and / or, the components in component B are mixed and stirred to obtain component B.

[0026] Thirdly, this application provides a solar cell comprising the perovskite layer prepared by the preparation method described in the second aspect.

[0027] As an optional implementation, in an embodiment of the present invention, the solar cell is a perovskite solar cell, and the perovskite solar cell further includes a substrate with a textured surface, wherein the perovskite layer is located on the surface of the substrate.

[0028] As an optional implementation, in an embodiment of the present invention, the substrate includes a texturized silicon substrate cell and a composite layer and a first transport layer sequentially stacked on the texturized silicon substrate cell, wherein the perovskite layer is stacked on the surface of the first transport layer, and the perovskite solar cell further includes:

[0029] A second transport layer stacked on the perovskite layer on the side of the texturized silicon substrate cell away from the cell.

[0030] A transparent electrode layer stacked on the side of the second transport layer facing away from the textured silicon substrate cell;

[0031] One of the first transport layer and the second transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer;

[0032] It also includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode forms an ohmic contact with the transparent electrode layer and the negative electrode forms an ohmic contact with the texturized silicon bottom cell.

[0033] Fourthly, this application provides a photovoltaic module.

[0034] A photovoltaic module comprising a perovskite solar cell as described in the second aspect.

[0035] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0036] The present invention provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers. By storing components A and B separately, the halogenated organic amines and lead halides of component A are prevented from coming into contact with the organic solvents of component B. The halogenated organic amines and lead halides are mixed in their original powder state, making them less likely to react with each other and maintaining better stability during storage.

[0037] Adding a specific ratio of adhesive powder and cellulose ether to an organic solvent can synergistically improve the dispersion stability of nano-oxides in the solvent, making the nano-oxides less prone to sedimentation. Simultaneously, it enhances the solubility and dispersion stability of halogenated organic amines and lead halides in the organic solvent, preventing the precipitation and aggregation of halogenated organic amines and lead halides in a supersaturated state. During additive manufacturing, the perovskite generated by the reaction of halogenated organic amines and lead halides can closely adhere to and uniformly grow on the surface of the stably dispersed nano-oxides, resulting in perovskite crystals with high crystal quality. This solves the problem of material composition agglomeration and nozzle clogging during additive printing. Furthermore, the adhesive powder has excellent adhesion, enabling it to bond the perovskite crystals generated by the reaction of nano-oxides with halogenated organic amines and lead halides, promoting the directional and orderly growth of perovskite crystals. Through improved adhesion and stability, rapid forming of the perovskite layer can be achieved, enhancing the crystalline order of the perovskite layer.

[0038] When this material composition is used in the additive manufacturing process, the additive manufacturing temperature is set to 200℃~250℃ to allow the organic solvent to evaporate, while the halogenated organic amine and lead halide react. With the assistance of the reaction of the adhesive powder and nano-oxide, rapid molding is achieved, resulting in a perovskite layer with high uniformity and fewer defects, thereby improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0039] When components A and B are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:0.67–1.5, the dispersion stability of nano-oxides, halogenated organic amines, and lead halides is better under the synergistic effect of the adhesive powder and cellulose ether. The resulting perovskite layer has high uniformity and excellent crystal quality. The mass ratio of components A and B can be adjusted within this range according to the performance requirements of the battery device or the needs of additive printing equipment at different temperatures. When the content of component A is too high, exceeding the above mass ratio, the dispersibility of nano-oxides, halogenated organic amines, and lead halides decreases, and the material composition is prone to agglomeration and clogging of printing nozzles during additive manufacturing. When the content of component B is too high, exceeding the above mass ratio, the proportion of adhesive powder and cellulose ether, which have poor conductivity, increases, leading to a decrease in the conductivity of the perovskite layer. Attached Figure Description

[0040] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0041] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the solar cell structure disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] Icons: 100, Substrate; 11, Texturized Silicon Substrate; 12, Composite Layer; 13, First Transport Layer; 14, Passivation Layer; 200, Perovskite Layer; 300, Second Transport Layer; 400, Transparent Electrode Layer; 500, Antireflection Layer; 600, Positive Electrode; 700, Negative Electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] In this invention, the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," "rear," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "middle," "vertical," "horizontal," "lateral," and "longitudinal" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are primarily for the purpose of better describing the invention and its embodiments, and are not intended to limit the indicated devices, elements, or components to having a specific orientation, or to be constructed and operated in a specific orientation.

[0045] Furthermore, in addition to indicating direction or positional relationship, some of the aforementioned terms may also have other meanings. For example, the term "above" may also be used in certain situations to indicate a dependency or connection. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of these terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0046] Furthermore, the terms "installation," "setup," "equipped with," "connection," and "linked" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral structure; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or an internal connection between two devices, components, or parts. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of these terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0047] Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," etc., are primarily used to distinguish different devices, elements, or components (which may be the same or different in specific type and construction), and are not intended to indicate or imply the relative importance or quantity of the indicated devices, elements, or components. Unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more.

[0048] Nano-oxides can act as nucleating agents, promoting the rapid crystallization and growth of the reaction products of halogenated organic amines and lead halides on nano-oxides, thereby accelerating the formation of perovskite layers. However, nano-oxides have poor solubility and dispersibility in organic solvents, generally existing as suspended particles in the solution for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers. Halogenated organic amines and lead halides also have low solubility in organic solvents. The aforementioned material compositions for additive printing require halogenated organic amines and lead halides to exist in a supersaturated state in the organic solvent, resulting in poor dispersion stability of halogenated organic amines and lead halides.

[0049] During additive manufacturing, as organic solvents evaporate, halogenated organic amines and lead halides react and crystallize to rapidly form the perovskite layer. However, because the aforementioned material composition is prone to agglomeration and clogging of printing nozzles during additive manufacturing, the perovskite layer produced by additive manufacturing has poor uniformity and numerous defects, which is detrimental to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0050] Therefore, this application provides a material composition, a perovskite layer, a solar cell, and a photovoltaic module. The aforementioned material composition maintains excellent dispersion uniformity and stability during additive printing, thus reducing the likelihood of agglomeration or clogging of the printing nozzles during additive manufacturing. This effectively improves the uniformity and crystal quality of the perovskite layer, reduces defects in the perovskite layer, and promotes the improvement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0051] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0052] In a first aspect, this application provides a material composition.

[0053] This material composition is used for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers. The material composition includes component A and component B, with a mass ratio of component A to component B of 1:0.65 to 1. Component A consists of the following components by mass percentage:

[0054] Halogenated organic amines 30%–50%

[0055] Lead halides 30%–50%

[0056] Nano-oxides: 15%–40%;

[0057] Component B consists of the following components by mass percentage:

[0058] Organic solvents 94%–99%

[0059] Adhesive powder 0.5%–3%

[0060] Cellulose ethers: 0.5%–3%.

[0061] This application stores components A and B separately to prevent the halogenated organic amines and lead halides in component A from coming into contact with the organic solvents in component B, thereby significantly reducing the possibility of mutual reaction between the halogenated organic amines and lead halides. For example, in component A, both the halogenated organic amines and lead halides are originally in solid powder form. The halogenated organic amines and lead halides mixed in solid powder form are not prone to reaction and can maintain better stability during storage.

[0062] Adding a specific ratio of adhesive powder and cellulose ether to an organic solvent can synergistically improve the dispersion stability of nano-oxides in the solvent, making the nano-oxides less prone to sedimentation. Simultaneously, it enhances the solubility and dispersion stability of organic halogenated amines and lead halides in the organic solvent, preventing their precipitation and agglomeration. During additive manufacturing, the perovskite generated by the reaction of organic halogenated amines and lead halides can tightly adhere to and uniformly grow on the surface of the stably dispersed nano-oxides, resulting in perovskite crystals with high crystal quality. This solves the problem of material composition agglomeration and nozzle clogging during additive printing. Furthermore, the adhesive powder possesses excellent adhesion, enabling it to bond the perovskite crystals generated by the reaction of nano-oxides with organic halogenated amines and lead halides, promoting the directional and orderly growth of perovskite crystals. Through improved adhesion and stability, rapid forming of the perovskite layer can be achieved, enhancing the crystalline order of the perovskite layer.

[0063] When this material composition is used in the additive manufacturing process, the additive manufacturing temperature is set to 200℃~250℃ to allow the organic solvent to evaporate, while the halogenated organic amine and lead halide react. With the assistance of the reaction of the adhesive powder and nano-oxide, rapid molding is achieved, resulting in a perovskite layer with high uniformity and fewer defects, thereby improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0064] When components A and B are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:0.67–1.5, the dispersion stability of nano-oxides, halogenated organic amines, and lead halides is better under the synergistic effect of the adhesive powder and cellulose ether. The resulting perovskite layer has high uniformity and excellent crystal quality. The mass ratio of components A and B can be adjusted within this range according to the performance requirements of the battery device or the additive printing equipment at different temperatures. When the content of component A is too high, exceeding the above mass ratio, the dispersibility of nano-oxides, halogenated organic amines, and lead halides decreases, and the material composition is prone to agglomeration and clogging of the printing nozzles during additive manufacturing. When the content of component B is too high, exceeding the above mass ratio, the proportion of adhesive powder and cellulose ether, which have poor conductivity, increases, and the viscosity of the material composition becomes too high, resulting in decreased printing performance and a significant decrease in the conductivity of the perovskite layer.

[0065] For example, the amount of halogenated organic amine used can be 30%, 32%, 35%, 37%, 39%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, and 50%, etc.

[0066] The amount of lead halide used can be 30%, 32%, 35%, 37%, 39%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, and 50%, etc.

[0067] The amount of nano-oxide used can be 15%, 17%, 19%, 21%, 23%, 25%, 27%, 29%, 31%, 33%, 35%, 37%, 39%, and 40%, etc.

[0068] The amount of organic solvent used can be 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, and 99%, etc.

[0069] The amount of adhesive powder used can be 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%, etc.

[0070] The amount of cellulose ether used can be 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, and 15%, etc.

[0071] The mass ratio of component A to component B can be 1:0.65, 1:0.7, 1:0.8, 1:0.9, and 1:1, etc.

[0072] Preferably, in component B, the mass percentage of adhesive powder is 0.5% to 2%, and the mass percentage of cellulose ether is 0.5% to 3%.

[0073] The poor conductivity of lead halides and cellulose ethers can negatively impact electron and hole transport in the perovskite layer when used in excessive amounts, leading to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. By using the aforementioned mass percentages of lead halides and cellulose ethers in a synergistic combination, not only can the solubility of lead halides and organic halides be improved, as well as the dispersion stability of these substances and nano-oxides, but the combination also minimizes the negative impact on electron and hole transport in the perovskite layer, thus promoting a steady improvement in electron and hole transport performance.

[0074] In some embodiments, the cellulose ether includes one or more of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0075] After the addition of the above-mentioned cellulose ether, the material composition can maintain better fluidity. Furthermore, the combination of cellulose ether and adhesive powder has a better effect on improving the solubility of lead halides and organic halides, as well as the dispersion stability of lead halides, organic halides and nano-oxides. This promotes the combination of the reaction products of lead halides and organic halides with nano-oxides during the additive manufacturing process, forming a perovskite layer with high uniformity and few defects.

[0076] The solvent and adhesive powder in the above proportion are used together as component B. The adhesive powder can be fully dissolved in the solvent to obtain component B with a certain viscosity. Component B can better dissolve and disperse halogenated organic amines and lead halides, thereby obtaining a uniformly dispersed perovskite layer material.

[0077] Preferably, the cellulose ether is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, the molecular weight of which is 20,000 to 200,000, and the mass percentage of which is 10%; and / or, the cellulose ether is carboxymethyl cellulose, the molecular weight of which is 1,000 to 20,000.

[0078] Currently, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose has a higher molecular weight than carboxymethyl cellulose. The molecular weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is 20,000 to 200,000, while that of carboxymethyl cellulose is 1,000 to 20,000.

[0079] When the cellulose ether is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 200,000 exhibits better synergistic effects with the adhesive powder. A mass percentage of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose of 0.5% to 3% can prepare a material composition with excellent dispersibility, solving the problem of easy clogging of printing nozzles during additive manufacturing. When the cellulose ether is carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose with a molecular weight of 10 million to 20,000 exhibits better synergistic effects with the adhesive powder. A mass percentage of carboxymethyl cellulose of 1.5% to 15% is also suitable.

[0080] Compared to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, more carboxymethyl cellulose needs to be added to achieve a similar effect in improving the dispersion stability of the material composition.

[0081] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the adhesive powder is 20,000 to 100,000, and the adhesive powder includes one or more of the following: nylon adhesive, Brunei gum, gum arabic, gelatin, resin adhesive powder, mortar adhesive powder, and putty adhesive powder.

[0082] Adhesive powders with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000 have better adhesive properties. Wenlun glue, Brunei glue, gum arabic, gelatin, resin powder, mortar powder and putty powder are all natural adhesive powders. When used in conjunction with nano-oxides, they can better promote the rapid formation of perovskite layers.

[0083] In some embodiments, the nano-oxide is one or a combination of nano-lead oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-indium oxide, and nano-bismuth oxide.

[0084] Nano-lead oxide, nano-tin oxide, and nano-indium oxide have good conductivity, which can improve the conductivity of the perovskite layer to a certain extent. The nano-scale lead oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide have good light transmittance, which is conducive to light passing through the perovskite layer and improves the light absorption effect of the perovskite layer.

[0085] In some embodiments, the halogenated organic amines include methylammonium bromide, ethylammonium bromide, isopropylammonium bromide, butylammonium bromide, pentylammonium bromide, benzylammonium bromide, butylacetamide, methylenediamine dihydrochloride, octylammonium bromide, phenethylammonium bromide, tert-butylammonium bromide, cyclopropylamine hydrobromide, ethylenediamine hydrobromide, 4-tert-butylbenzylammonium bromide, formamidinium hydrochloride, methylammonium chloride, benzylammonium chloride, phenethylammonium chloride, butylammonium chloride, isobutylammonium chloride, and octylammonium chloride. One or more of the following: ethylenediamine hydrochloride, formamidinium hydrochloride, dimethylamine hydrochloride, phenylethylamine iodide, formamidinium hydroiodide, ethylamine iodide, mercaptoethylamine hydroiodide, guanidinohydroiodide, cyclohexylamine hydroiodide, isobutylammonium iodide, 4-fluorobenzylamine iodide, octadecylamine hydroiodide, octylamine iodide, methylamine iodide, dimethylamine hydroiodide, cyclopropylamine hydroiodide, nonylammonium iodide, phenylbutylammonium bromide, methylenediamine dihydrobromide, and dimethylamine hydrobromide; and / or,

[0086] Lead halides include one or more of lead bromide, lead chloride, and lead iodide; and / or,

[0087] Organic solvents include one or more of dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, diisopropyl tartrate, isopropanol, tributyl phosphate, chlorobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methylamine formate, isopropanol, bis(acetylacetonyl)diisopropyl titanate, acetonitrile, and methanol.

[0088] The preparation method of the above-mentioned material composition for additive manufacturing perovskite layer includes the following steps: mixing and stirring each component of component A to obtain component A, and mixing and stirring each component of component B to obtain component B.

[0089] Secondly, this application provides a method for preparing a perovskite layer.

[0090] A method for preparing a perovskite layer involves mixing component A and component B in a material composition at a mass ratio of 1:0.65 to 1.5 to obtain a slurry, and then printing the slurry into a perovskite layer using additive manufacturing technology.

[0091] In some embodiments, the slurry is additively manufactured at 200°C to 250°C.

[0092] For example, the temperature for additive manufacturing of the perovskite layer can be 200°C, 210°C, 220°C, 230°C, 240°C, and 250°C, etc.

[0093] As an optional implementation, in an embodiment of the present invention, the components of component A are mixed and stirred, and then ground to obtain component A; and / or, the components of component B are mixed and stirred to obtain component B.

[0094] The grinding speed was 300 r / min to 400 r / min, and the time was 5 min. The particle size of component A was 3 nm to 100 nm. Grinding helps to fully disperse component A, increases the contact between nano-oxides and halogenated organic amines and lead halides, and is more conducive to the nano-oxides promoting the reaction and crystallization of halogenated organic amines and lead halides.

[0095] Thirdly, this application provides a perovskite solar cell, referring to... Figure 1 The perovskite solar cell includes the perovskite layer 200 mentioned in the second aspect.

[0096] Furthermore, continue to refer to Figure 1 The perovskite solar cell is a perovskite solar cell, which also includes a substrate 100 with a textured surface and a perovskite layer 200 located on the surface of the substrate 100.

[0097] Specifically, the substrate 100 includes a textured silicon substrate 11 and a composite layer 12 and a first transport layer 13 sequentially stacked on the textured silicon substrate 11. A perovskite layer 200 is stacked on the surface of the first transport layer 13. The perovskite solar cell also includes:

[0098] A second transport layer 300 is stacked on the side of the perovskite layer 200 facing away from the texturized silicon substrate cell 11;

[0099] A transparent electrode layer 400 is stacked on the side of the second transport layer 300 facing away from the textured silicon bottom cell 11;

[0100] One of the first transport layer 13 and the second transport layer 300 is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer;

[0101] It also includes a positive electrode 600 and a negative electrode 700. The positive electrode 600 forms an ohmic contact with the transparent electrode layer 400, and the negative electrode 700 forms an ohmic contact with the texturized silicon bottom cell 11.

[0102] The above-mentioned method for preparing perovskite solar cells includes the following steps:

[0103] Substrate 100: A texturized silicon bottom cell 11 is provided, a composite layer 12 is prepared on the texturized silicon bottom cell 11, and a first transport layer 13 is prepared on the composite layer 12;

[0104] Preparation of perovskite layer 200: A perovskite layer 200 is prepared on substrate 100, and the perovskite layer 200 is stacked on the surface of the first transport layer 13.

[0105] Fabrication of the second transport layer 300: The second transport layer 300 is fabricated on the perovskite layer 200, wherein one of the first transport layer 13 and the second transport layer 300 is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0106] Fabrication of transparent electrode layer 400: A transparent electrode layer 400 is fabricated on the second transport layer 300;

[0107] Positive electrode 600 and negative electrode 700 were prepared to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0108] Fourthly, this application provides a photovoltaic module.

[0109] A photovoltaic module, comprising a perovskite solar cell as mentioned in the second aspect.

[0110] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to more specific embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0111] Example 1

[0112] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, comprising component A and component B, with a mass ratio of component A to component B of 1:0.65. Component A consists of 200g of ethylammonium bromide, 200g of lead bromide, and 100g of nano-lead oxide; component B consists of 97g of dimethylformamide, 2g of nylon rubber with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, and 1g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

[0113] The preparation method of the above material composition is as follows: 200g of ethylammonium bromide, 200g of lead bromide and 100g of nano lead oxide are mixed and stirred at 350r / min for 5min until uniform to obtain component A; 97g of dimethylformamide, 2g of nylon rubber with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000 and 1g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are mixed and stirred at 350r / min for 5min until uniform to obtain component B.

[0114] Example 2

[0115] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, comprising component A and component B, with a mass ratio of component A to component B of 1:0.8. Component A consists of 225g of isopropylamine bromide, 185g of lead chloride, and 90g of nano-tin oxide; component B consists of 97.5g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 1g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, and 1.5g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

[0116] The preparation method of the above material composition is as follows: 225g of isopropylamine bromide, 185g of lead chloride and 90g of nano-tin oxide are mixed and stirred at 350r / min for 5min until uniform to obtain component A; 97.5g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 1g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000 and 1.5g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are mixed and stirred at 350r / min for 5min until uniform to obtain component B.

[0117] Example 3

[0118] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, comprising component A and component B, with a mass ratio of 1:1. Component A consists of 250g phenethylammonium chloride, 175g lead iodide, and 75g nano-bismuth oxide; component B consists of 96.5g N,N-dimethylformamide, 1.5g gum arabic with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, and 2g carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0119] The preparation method of the above material composition is as follows: 220g of phenethyl ammonium chloride, 170g of lead iodide and 110g of nano bismuth oxide are mixed and stirred at 350r / min for 5min until homogeneous to obtain component A; 96.5g of N,N-dimethylformamide, 1.5g of gum arabic with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000 and 2g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are mixed and stirred at 350r / min for 5min until homogeneous to obtain component B.

[0120] Example 4

[0121] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component A consists of 150g isopropylamine bromide, 150g lead chloride and 200g nano tin oxide, while the rest remains the same as in Example 2.

[0122] Example 5

[0123] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component B consists of 94g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 3g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000 and 3g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, while the rest is the same as in Example 2.

[0124] Example 6

[0125] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component B consists of 94g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 1g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, and 5g of carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0126] Example 7

[0127] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component B consists of 93.5g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 5g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, and 1.5g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, while the rest remains the same as in Example 2.

[0128] Example 8

[0129] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component B consists of 94g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 1g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, and 5g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, while the rest remains the same as in Example 2.

[0130] Comparative Example 1

[0131] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component A consists of 270g of isopropylamine bromide and 230g of lead chloride, while the rest remains the same as in Example 2.

[0132] Comparative Example 2

[0133] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component B consists of 98.5g of dimethyl sulfoxide and 1.5g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, while the rest remains the same as in Example 2.

[0134] Comparative Example 3

[0135] This application provides a material composition for additive manufacturing of perovskite layers, which differs from Example 2 in that: component B consists of 99g of dimethyl sulfoxide and 1g of Brunei gum with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 100,000, while the rest remains the same as in Example 2.

[0136] Experiment 1

[0137] Performance testing

[0138] 1. Prepare a perovskite solar cell sample. The structure of the perovskite solar cell is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the fabrication of perovskite solar cells includes the following steps:

[0139] Substrate 100: A heterojunction bottom cell with a pyramidal textured surface is provided, the height of which is 1–3 μm. A patterned composite layer 12 is fabricated on the front side of the heterojunction bottom cell using magnetron sputtering. The composite layer 12 is made of indium tin oxide and has a thickness of 25 nm. An electron transport layer is fabricated on the composite layer 12 using evaporation. The electron transport layer is made of tin oxide and has a thickness of 25 nm. A passivation layer 14 is fabricated on the electron transport layer using evaporation. The passivation layer 14 is made of C. 60 With a thickness of 3nm, a substrate of 100 was obtained;

[0140] Preparation of perovskite layer 200: Perovskite layer 200 is prepared on electron transport layer, and perovskite layer 200 is stacked on the surface of tin oxide electron transport layer. The preparation method of perovskite layer 200 is as follows: At 220°C, the material composition is additively manufactured to print the material composition to obtain perovskite layer.

[0141] Preparation of hole transport layer: A hole transport layer was prepared on the perovskite layer 200 by vapor deposition. The material of the hole transport layer was spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness was 22.5 nm.

[0142] Preparation of transparent electrode layer 400: Transparent electrode layer 400 is prepared on hole transport layer by magnetron sputtering. The material of transparent electrode layer 400 is tungsten-doped indium oxide and the thickness is 100 nm.

[0143] Preparation of positive electrode 600 and negative electrode 700: Positive electrode 600 is deposited on transparent electrode layer 400 by evaporation. Both positive electrode 600 and negative electrode 700 are silver electrodes, with thicknesses of 275 nm and evaporation rates of [missing information]. The positive electrode 600 forms an ohmic contact with the transparent electrode layer 400, and the negative electrode 700 is deposited on the back of the heterojunction bottom cell by evaporation at a certain rate. This allows the negative electrode 700 to form an ohmic contact with the heterojunction bottom cell.

[0144] Preparation of antireflection layer 500: Antireflection layer 500 is prepared on transparent electrode layer 400 by vapor deposition. The material of antireflection layer 500 is magnesium fluoride, the thickness is 110 nm, and the evaporation rate is... The refractive index n is 1.4.

[0145] The perovskite layer is obtained by additive manufacturing using the material compositions prepared in the various embodiments and comparative examples, thereby obtaining perovskite solar cell samples corresponding to the various embodiments and comparative examples.

[0146] 2. Performance Testing

[0147] The performance of perovskite solar cells was tested using the Wavelabs solar simulator under the following conditions: AM1.5, 1000 W / m. 2 The test environment temperature was 25℃. Before testing, the light source was calibrated to simulate sunlight intensity using a standard silicon cell. Performance tests included photoelectric conversion efficiency, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor.

[0148] The test results of Experiment 1 are shown in Table 1.

[0149] Table 1

[0150]

[0151]

[0152] A comparison of the data from Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 in Table 1 shows that, compared to Comparative Example 1, Example 2 exhibits a 0.4% increase in photoelectric conversion efficiency, a 0.0007V increase in open-circuit voltage, and a 0.1mA / cm increase in short-circuit current.2 The fill factor increased by 0.3%, proving that the addition of nano-tin oxide is beneficial to promoting perovskite crystallization and improving the crystallization performance of perovskite, thereby improving the various performance characteristics of solar cells.

[0153] Based on the data from Example 2, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3, it can be seen that, compared to Comparative Example 2, Example 2 shows a 0.6% increase in photoelectric conversion efficiency, a 0.0006V increase in open-circuit voltage, and a 0.2mA / cm increase in short-circuit current. 2 The fill factor was increased by 0.5%. Compared with Comparative Example 3, Example 2 showed a 1% increase in photoelectric conversion efficiency, a 0.0022V increase in open-circuit voltage, and a 0.5mA / cm increase in short-circuit current. 2 The fill factor increased by 0.6%, demonstrating that the addition of Brunei gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is beneficial to improving the dispersion uniformity of perovskite, thereby reducing defects in the perovskite layer and significantly improving the open circuit voltage and fill factor.

[0154] A comparison of Examples 2, 7, and 8 shows that, compared to Example 2, Example 7, with its increased use of Brunei resin, exhibits a significantly lower photoelectric conversion efficiency. This demonstrates that excessive Brunei resin reduces the conductivity of the perovskite, hindering carrier transport and resulting in a significant decrease in solar cell performance. Similarly, Example 8, with its increased use of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, also shows a significantly lower photoelectric conversion efficiency. This indicates that increased hydroxypropyl methylcellulose leads to excessive perovskite viscosity, decreased conductivity, and a significant increase in perovskite defects, ultimately resulting in a substantial decrease in solar cell performance.

[0155] The above provides a detailed description of the material composition, perovskite layer, solar cell, and photovoltaic module disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the present invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the material composition, perovskite layer, solar cell, photovoltaic module, and their core ideas of the present invention. At the same time, for those skilled in the art, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope based on the ideas of the present invention. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a perovskite layer, characterized in that, Component A and component B in the material composition are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:0.65~1.5 to obtain a slurry, and the slurry is printed into a perovskite layer by additive manufacturing technology. Component A consists of the following components by mass percentage: Halogenated organic amines 30%~50% Lead halides 30%~50% Nano-oxides: 15%~40%; Component B consists of the following components by mass percentage: Organic solvents 80%~99% Adhesive powder 0.5%~3% Cellulose ethers 0.5%~15%; The cellulose ether is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose, wherein the molecular weight of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is 20,000 to 200,000 and the mass percentage of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is 0.5% to 3%, and the molecular weight of the carboxymethyl cellulose is 1,000 to 20,000 and the mass percentage of the carboxymethyl cellulose is 1.5% to 15%. The adhesive powder is one or more of the following: nylon rubber, Brunei rubber, and gum arabic; The halogenated organic amines include one or more of methyl ammonium bromide, ethyl ammonium bromide, isopropyl ammonium bromide, butyl ammonium bromide, benzyl ammonium bromide, phenethyl ammonium bromide, methyl ammonium chloride, benzyl ammonium chloride, phenethyl ammonium chloride, and butyl ammonium chloride.

2. The method for preparing the perovskite layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, In component B, the mass percentage of the adhesive powder is 0.5% to 2%.

3. The method for preparing the perovskite layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The molecular weight of the adhesive powder is 20,000 to 100,000.

4. The method for preparing the perovskite layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nano-oxide is one or a combination of nano-lead oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-indium oxide, and nano-bismuth oxide.

5. The method for preparing the perovskite layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lead halide includes one or more of lead bromide, lead chloride, and lead iodide; and / or, The organic solvent includes one or more of acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, isopropanol, tributyl phosphate, chlorobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, methylamine formate, and methanol.

6. The method for preparing a perovskite layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The slurry is additively manufactured at 200℃~250℃.

7. The method for preparing the perovskite layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The components of component A are mixed, stirred, and ground to obtain component A; the components of component B are mixed and stirred to obtain component B.

8. A solar cell, characterized in that, Includes the perovskite layer prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1-7.

9. The solar cell according to claim 8, characterized in that, The solar cell is a perovskite solar cell, and the perovskite solar cell also includes a substrate with a textured surface, with the perovskite layer located on the surface of the substrate.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, characterized in that, The substrate includes a texturized silicon substrate cell and a composite layer and a first transport layer sequentially stacked on the texturized silicon substrate cell. The perovskite layer is stacked on the surface of the first transport layer. The perovskite solar cell further includes: A second transport layer stacked on the perovskite layer on the side of the texturized silicon substrate cell away from the cell. A transparent electrode layer stacked on the side of the second transport layer facing away from the textured silicon substrate cell; One of the first transport layer and the second transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer; It also includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode forms an ohmic contact with the transparent electrode layer and the negative electrode forms an ohmic contact with the texturized silicon bottom cell.

11. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, Includes the solar cell as described in any one of claims 8-10.

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