Intelligent and orderly charging method and system for split ac charging pile

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of split AC charging pile intelligent orderly charging method and system, by integrating intelligent electric meter and circuit breaker, realize real-time monitoring of electric quantity and power grid load, ensure charging safety, prevent overcurrent, short circuit and electric leakage safety hazard;Intelligent allocation power supply is used to central control module, optimize distribution, reduce power grid load, reduce energy waste;The system supports time-sharing sharing, dynamic scheduling and peak-shaving charging, improves charging pile utilization, especially in old community and no fixed parking area;The user interface module provides charging reservation, state monitoring and cost calculation, enhances user experience;Contain remote monitoring module, guarantee charging continuity and reliability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention designs an electric vehicle charging system, specifically a method and system for intelligent and orderly charging of a split AC charging pile. Background Technology

[0002] The rapid growth of the electric vehicle market has created an urgent need for charging infrastructure; however, existing charging solutions face numerous challenges. Private charging stations generally lack efficient management and maintenance mechanisms, cannot be reused in different time slots, and are difficult to share, resulting in low utilization efficiency. This situation not only increases the management difficulty and safety risks of charging stations but also limits their effective use.

[0003] Especially in older residential communities, the capacity constraints of the power distribution system have become a formidable barrier, hindering the implementation of the "one parking space, one charging pile" model. Even if the capacity issue is overcome, the utilization efficiency of charging piles remains low, and sometimes it can even cause three-phase imbalance in the power grid. For residents without fixed parking spaces, private charging piles are almost a luxury, severely restricting their convenience in using electric vehicles.

[0004] While shared charging stations in public parking lots theoretically offer a solution, in practice they face conflicts between the use of charging stations and parking spaces. This contradiction not only reduces the efficiency of the charging stations but also significantly diminishes the economic benefits of the sharing model. Furthermore, as the range of electric vehicles increases, the usage frequency of private charging stations is gradually decreasing, resulting in a significant waste of energy during off-peak hours.

[0005] Shared private charging stations should be an effective way to improve efficiency, but in practice, they face the dilemma of competing for parking and charging spots. Furthermore, the limitation of power supply capacity has become another problem. Even with a multi-gun charging station, insufficient power supply capacity may reduce charging efficiency, or lead to resource waste even when power supply is sufficient.

[0006] In the face of these challenges, it is crucial to develop a new intelligent and orderly charging method and system for split AC charging piles. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the purpose of this invention is to provide a smart and orderly charging method and system for split-type AC charging piles.

[0008] The objective of this invention can be achieved through the following technical solution: a split-type AC charging pile intelligent orderly charging system, comprising the following components: At least one power supply is provided, which is equipped with a power management module and a dedicated branch power supply for bridging charging. The power management module is used to monitor the main load of the power supply and the branch load of the branch power supply to ensure the stability and efficiency of the charging process and to feed the data back to the central control module. Several modular charging stations, each of which consists of a smart meter, a smart circuit breaker, a charging control unit, and a charging socket; The smart meter is integrated in each of the charging piles and is used to monitor the charging current and power consumption in real time, calculate the charging cost, and feed the data back to the charging control unit. The intelligent circuit breaker operates independently in each of the charging piles and has overcurrent, short circuit and leakage protection to ensure the safety of the charging process; The charging socket of each charging pile is connected to the charging interface of the electric vehicle through a dual-head charging gun, transmitting charging current and charging signal to the electric vehicle; The charging control unit is integrated into the charging socket of each charging pile, automatically adjusts the charging current of each charging pile, and feeds back the charging current, the power consumption and the charging cost to the central control module; The central control module collects charging data based on non-intrusive load monitoring, and is used to analyze grid load, user charging demand and charging pile status in real time, and intelligently allocate charging resources and assign charging sequence. The system includes a user interface module, which enables user interaction with the system via a mobile device or network platform. The system also includes a remote monitoring module, which is communicatively connected to the mobile device and the network platform to monitor the operating status of the charging pile in real time. The system enables data exchange between the charging pile, the central control module, and the remote monitoring module via a wireless communication interface.

[0009] Furthermore, the power management module is equipped with a non-intrusive sensing smart meter and a communication interface. The communication interface is connected to the central control module via a data communication line. The smart meter monitors the main load and branch load conditions and senses whether there are high-power loads on the branch power supply that are not the charging pile, and feeds the data back to the central control module.

[0010] Furthermore, the smart meter and smart circuit breaker of each charging pile are integrated and installed in a distribution box, and are connected to the charging control unit via a data communication line and to the charging socket via a wire; The power input of the smart meter is connected to the branch power supply of the power management module via a wire, which is used to monitor the charging current and charging load in real time. The charging control unit is equipped with a communication interface and is connected to the central control module via a data communication line.

[0011] Furthermore, the charging control unit is equipped with a current adjustment module for automatically adjusting the charging current. The charging control unit can automatically adjust the charging current according to the model of the electric vehicle and its charging needs; or adjust the charging current according to the power distribution command of the central control module. The charging current originates from the smart meter, is adjusted by the smart circuit breaker, and is supplied to the electric vehicle through the charging socket and the dual-head charging gun.

[0012] Furthermore, the remote monitoring module is communicatively connected to the central control module, and the remote monitoring module receives non-intrusive load monitoring charging data from the central control module for remote control and management of the charging pile's status.

[0013] Furthermore, the user interface module also includes a charging and cost statistics display unit and a time-sharing billing display unit.

[0014] Furthermore, the central control module is equipped with a processor, a non-intrusive load monitoring unit, an edge computing unit, and a communication interface. The processor is configured to receive load data collected by the non-intrusive load monitoring unit and preprocess and analyze the data through the edge computing unit to achieve real-time monitoring of the device status. The processor controls the communication interface to receive and send charging control commands.

[0015] A smart and orderly charging method for split-type AC charging piles, applied to the aforementioned smart and orderly charging system for split-type AC charging piles, includes the following steps: a. Collect real-time power grid backbone load information and branch power supply branch load information through the power management module of at least one power supply source; b. Use non-intrusive load monitoring technology and edge computing to analyze the collected grid load data and electric vehicle charging demand of each split charging station; c. Based on the analysis results in step b, the central control module intelligently allocates the power supply of each charging pile to optimize charging efficiency, balance the grid load, and reduce energy waste. d. Based on the power grid load and users' charging habits, realize time-sharing sharing and dynamic scheduling of the charging piles to improve the utilization rate of the charging piles; e. Through the user interface module, it provides charging reservation, real-time charging status monitoring and charging cost calculation, guiding users to charge during off-peak hours and improving user experience and satisfaction; f. Utilize a remote monitoring module to monitor the operating status of the charging pile in real time, promptly handle faults and anomalies, and ensure the safety and continuity of the charging process; g. Utilize wireless communication technology to ensure rapid data transmission and processing, as well as real-time interaction between users and the system.

[0016] Furthermore, the non-invasive load monitoring technology includes the following steps: Non-intrusive load monitoring technology is used to monitor multiple sets of voltage and current data of the power supply in real time, so as to iteratively calculate the grid load and main load that share the main power supply line with the power supply. Using non-intrusive load monitoring technology, the voltage, current and power factor of the branch power supply are continuously monitored in real time to determine whether there are high-power loads on the branch power supply that are not the charging pile. Based on the grid load and high-power load data, combined with the rated load or power-limited load of the main power supply line, the available charging load capacity is calculated. Based on the allocable charging load capacity, charging demand, the power consumption patterns of the main load, real-time charging load summary and its changing trends, the system intelligently allocates newly added charging demand and the charging current of the online charging piles.

[0017] Compared with existing technologies, the intelligent and orderly charging method and system for split AC charging piles provided in this application integrates smart meters and circuit breakers to achieve real-time monitoring of power consumption and grid load, ensuring charging safety and preventing safety hazards such as overcurrent, short circuits, and leakage. It utilizes a central control module to intelligently allocate power, optimize distribution, reduce grid load, and minimize energy waste. This system supports time-sharing, dynamic scheduling, and off-peak charging, improving the utilization rate of charging piles, especially in older residential areas and areas without fixed parking spaces. The user interface module provides charging reservation, status monitoring, and cost calculation, enhancing the user experience. It also includes a remote diagnostic and maintenance module to ensure charging continuity and reliability. Attached Figure Description

[0018] To facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art, the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0019] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating the overall architecture of a split-type AC charging pile system provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 Detailed structural diagrams of the smart meter and smart circuit breaker provided in the embodiments of this application; Figure 3 A flowchart of the central control module and data processing provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the connection between a charging pile and an electric vehicle, as provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0020] The components include: 1. Power supply; 11. Power management module; 2. Charging pile; 21. Smart meter; 22. Smart circuit breaker; 23. Charging control unit; 24. Charging socket; 3. Central control module; 4. User interface module; 41. Mobile terminal; 42. Network platform. Implementation

[0021] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, the present invention provides a split-type AC charging pile intelligent orderly charging system, comprising the following components: At least one power supply 1 is provided, which is equipped with a power management module 11 and a dedicated branch power supply for bridging charging. The power management module 11 is used to efficiently manage the energy distribution and control between the power supply (1) and the dedicated branch power supply for bridging charging, monitor the main load of the power supply 1 and the branch load of the branch power supply, ensure the stability and efficiency of the charging process, and feed the data back to the central control module 3. The power management module 11 collects the main load data of the power supply 1 and the branch load data of the dedicated branch power supply for bridging charging in real time through advanced load monitoring technology, such as a real-time current and voltage monitoring system. Based on this data, the power management module 11 analyzes the current charging demand and supply of electric vehicles, thereby achieving optimized allocation of power resources. When the system detects that the main load is close to the maximum capacity, the power management module 11 can automatically adjust the output of the branch power supply to prioritize the critical load, while ensuring the stability and efficiency of the entire charging network. The power management module 11 also has a data interaction function with the central control module 3, which can feed back the load monitoring results and adjustment measures in real time to facilitate the overall coordination and management of the system.

[0023] Several separate charging piles 2 are provided, each of which consists of a smart meter 21, a smart circuit breaker 22, a charging control unit 23, and a charging socket 24. The smart meter 21 is integrated into each charging pile 2 and is used to monitor the charging current, power consumption, and calculate the charging cost in real time, and to feed the data back to the charging control unit 23. The smart circuit breaker 22 operates independently in each charging pile 2 and has overcurrent, short circuit, and leakage protection to ensure the safety of the charging process. The charging socket 24 of each charging pile 2 is connected to the charging interface of an electric vehicle through a dual-head charging gun to transmit the charging current and charging signal to the electric vehicle. The charging control unit 23 is integrated into the charging socket 24 of each charging pile 2, automatically adjusts the charging current of each charging pile 2, and feeds back the charging current, power consumption, and charging cost to the central control module 3. The central control module 3 collects charging data based on non-intrusive load monitoring and is used to analyze the grid load, user charging demand, and charging pile status in real time, intelligently allocate charging resources, and assign charging sequence. The system includes a user interface module 4, which enables user interaction with the system via a mobile device 41 or a network platform 42, such as charging reservation, status monitoring, and cost calculation. The system also includes a remote monitoring module, which is communicatively connected to the mobile device 41 and the network platform 42 for real-time monitoring of the charging pile 2's operating status. The system facilitates data exchange between the charging pile 2, the central control module 3, and the remote monitoring module via a wireless communication interface. The power management module 11 is further equipped with a non-intrusive sensing smart meter and a communication interface, which is connected to the central control module 3 via a data communication line. The non-intrusive sensing smart meter employs current sensing technology, such as a current transformer, to non-intrusively monitor and record the current flowing through the power line. This current sensing technology allows the smart meter to measure the current flowing through the cable through magnetic field induction without being directly connected to the power line. The smart meter monitors the main load and branch load conditions, detects whether there are high-power loads outside the charging pile 2 in the branch power supply, and feeds the data back to the central control module 3. The smart meter 21 and smart circuit breaker 22 of each charging pile 2 are integrated and installed in a distribution box, and are connected to the charging control unit 23 via a data communication line and to the charging socket 24 via a wire. By integrating the smart meter 21 and smart circuit breaker 22 into the distribution box, the smart meter 21 can directly monitor the current and voltage passing through the smart circuit breaker 22, while the smart circuit breaker 22 can make corresponding circuit-breaking decisions based on the data from the smart meter 21. This reduces external wiring and hardware requirements, thereby reducing the overall system complexity and installation cost.This integrated approach effectively utilizes space, especially in space-constrained environments such as compact charging stations or urban infrastructure, providing a more compact and efficient layout. Furthermore, integrating these two devices into the same distribution box facilitates unified safety management and maintenance, such as overload protection and fault diagnosis, enhancing the overall system safety. The power input of the smart meter 21 is connected to a branch power supply of the power management module 11 via a wire for real-time monitoring of charging current and charging load; the charging control unit 23 is equipped with a communication interface and is connected to the central control module 3 via a data communication line. The charging control unit 23 is equipped with a current adjustment module for automatically adjusting the charging current. The charging control unit 23 can automatically adjust the charging current according to the electric vehicle model and its charging requirements. The charging control unit 23 contains a database of various electric vehicle charging models and can automatically select the appropriate charging model based on the connected vehicle model. For different electric vehicle models, the current adjustment module can adjust according to their respective maximum charging current and battery specifications to ensure that the charging process is both efficient and meets vehicle requirements; or it can adjust the charging current according to the power distribution instructions from the central control module 3. The charging current originates from the smart meter 21, is regulated by the smart circuit breaker 22, and is supplied to the electric vehicle through the charging socket 24 and the dual-head charging gun. The communication interface uses wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to enable data exchange with the central control module 3. In practical applications, the smart meter can monitor the power consumption of the charging pile and send the data to the central control module in real time for energy management and cost calculation. For example, in an electric vehicle charging station, a non-intrusive sensing smart meter is installed on each charging pile. When an electric vehicle connects to the charging pile, the smart meter immediately begins monitoring the current and energy consumption during the charging process. This data is transmitted in real time to the central control module via a wireless communication interface. The central control module then adjusts the load distribution on the power grid based on the received data, optimizing the energy efficiency of the entire charging station. Simultaneously, the central control module can also provide users with detailed charging records and cost calculations based on this data, enhancing the user experience.

[0024] The remote monitoring module is communicatively connected to the central control module 3. The remote monitoring module receives non-intrusive load monitoring charging data from the central control module 3, analyzes the branch load status and the total charging load of the charging pile 2, analyzes abnormal line loss or predicts potential faults, and is used to remotely control and manage the status of the charging pile 2, including fault detection and maintenance alarms.

[0025] The user interface module 4 also includes a charging and cost statistics display unit and a time-of-use billing display unit. The user interface module 4 can provide users with information about costs and the economic viability of time-of-use billing through cost calculations, guiding users to make charging reservations and participate in orderly charging during off-peak hours through economic means. The charging and cost statistics display unit collects and processes data from smart meters in real time, including charging time, power consumption, and current rates. It uses advanced data processing algorithms to calculate the total charging cost and displays this information to users in the form of charts or lists. The time-of-use billing display unit is used to show users changes in electricity prices over different time periods. This unit updates electricity price information in real time based on the grid load and the pricing strategy set by the operator.

[0026] The central control module 3 is equipped with a processor, a non-intrusive load monitoring unit, an edge computing unit, and a communication interface. The processor is configured to receive load data collected by the non-intrusive load monitoring unit and preprocess and analyze the data through the edge computing unit to achieve real-time monitoring of the equipment status. The processor controls the communication interface to receive and send charging control commands. The central control module 3 uses non-intrusive load monitoring technology and edge computing to optimize the power distribution among the charging piles 2 that share the branch power supply, reducing the imbalance between the branch load and the power supply 1, thereby reducing the grid load and imbalance.

[0027] A method for intelligent and orderly charging of split-type AC charging piles, applied to the intelligent and orderly charging system of split-type AC charging piles as described above, includes the following steps: a. Real-time load information of the main power grid and the branch load information of the branch power supply are collected through the power management module 11 of at least one power supply 1; b. Use non-intrusive load monitoring technology and edge computing to analyze the collected grid load data and the electric vehicle charging demand of each split charging pile 2; c. Based on the analysis results in step b, the central control module 3 intelligently allocates the power supply of each charging pile 2 to optimize charging efficiency, balance the grid load, and reduce energy waste. d. Based on the power grid load and users' charging habits, realize time-sharing and dynamic scheduling of charging pile 2 to improve the utilization rate of charging piles; e. Through user interface module 4, charging reservation, real-time charging status monitoring and charging cost calculation are provided to guide users to charge during off-peak hours and improve user experience and satisfaction; f. Utilize the remote monitoring module to monitor the operating status of charging pile 2 in real time, promptly handle faults and anomalies, and ensure the safety and continuity of the charging process; g. Utilize wireless communication technology to ensure rapid data transmission and processing, as well as real-time interaction between users and the system.

[0028] The non-invasive load monitoring technology includes the following steps: Non-intrusive load monitoring technology is used to monitor multiple sets of voltage and current data of power supply 1 in real time, so as to iteratively calculate the grid load and main load that share the main power supply line with power supply 1. Using non-intrusive load monitoring technology, the voltage, current and power factor of the branch power supply are continuously monitored in real time to determine whether there is a high-power load on the branch power supply that is not a charging pile 2. Based on the grid load and high-power load data, combined with the rated load or power-limited load of the main power supply line, the available charging load capacity is calculated. Based on the allocable charging load capacity, charging demand, the power consumption patterns of the main load, the real-time charging load summary and its changing trends, the system intelligently allocates newly added charging demand and the charging current of online charging pile 2.

[0029] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to any specific implementation. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A split-type AC charging pile intelligent orderly charging system, characterized in that, It includes the following components: At least one power supply (1) is provided, the power supply (1) is equipped with a power management module (11) and a dedicated branch power supply for bridging charging, the power management module (11) is used to monitor the main load of the power supply (1) and the branch load of the branch power supply, to ensure the stability and efficiency of the charging process, and to feed the data back to the central control module (3). Several split-type charging piles (2), wherein each of the charging piles (2) consists of a smart meter (21), a smart circuit breaker (22), a charging control unit (23) and a charging socket (24); The smart meter (21) is integrated in each of the charging piles (2) to monitor the charging current, power consumption, and charging cost in real time, and to feed the data back to the charging control unit (23). The intelligent circuit breaker (22) operates independently in each of the charging piles (2) and has overcurrent, short circuit and leakage protection to ensure the safety of the charging process; The charging socket (24) of each of the charging piles (2) is connected to the charging interface of the electric vehicle through a dual-head charging gun, and transmits charging current and charging signal to the electric vehicle; The charging control unit (23) is integrated into the charging socket (24) of each of the charging piles (2), automatically adjusts the charging current of each of the charging piles (2), and feeds back the charging current, the power consumption and the charging cost to the central control module (3). The central control module (3) collects charging data based on non-intrusive load monitoring, and uses it to analyze the grid load, user charging demand and charging pile status in real time, intelligently allocate charging resources and assign charging sequence. The system includes a user interface module (4), which enables user interaction with the system via a mobile device (41) or a network platform (42); The system also includes a remote monitoring module, which is connected to the mobile device (41) and the network platform (42) for real-time monitoring of the operating status of the charging pile (2); The system achieves data exchange between the charging pile (2), the central control module (3) and the remote monitoring module through a wireless communication interface; The system adopts non-intrusive load monitoring technology to monitor multiple sets of voltage and current data of the power supply (1) in real time, so as to iteratively calculate the grid load and main load that share the main power line with the power supply (1); Using non-intrusive load monitoring technology, the voltage, current and power factor of the branch power supply are continuously monitored in real time to determine whether there is a high-power load on the branch power supply that is not the charging pile (2). Based on the grid load and high-power load data, combined with the rated load or power-limited load of the main power supply line, the available charging load capacity is calculated. Based on the available charging load capacity, charging demand, the electricity consumption pattern of the main load, the real-time charging load summary and its changing trend, the newly added charging demand and the charging current of the online charging pile (2) are intelligently allocated.

2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The power management module (11) is equipped with a non-intrusive sensing smart meter and a communication interface. The communication interface is connected to the central control module (3) through a data communication line. The smart meter monitors the main load and the branch load and senses whether there is a high-power load on the branch power supply that is not the charging pile (2), and feeds the data back to the central control module (3).

3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The smart meter (21) and the smart circuit breaker (22) of each charging pile (2) are integrated in the distribution box and connected to the charging control unit (23) through a data communication line and to the charging socket (24) through a wire. The power input of the smart meter (21) is connected to the branch power supply of the power management module (11) through a wire, which is used to monitor the charging current and charging load in real time. The charging control unit (23) is equipped with a communication interface and is connected to the central control module (3) through a data communication line.

4. The system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The charging control unit (23) is equipped with a current adjustment module for automatically adjusting the size of the charging current. The charging control unit (23) can automatically adjust the size of the charging current according to the model of the electric vehicle and its charging requirements. Or, it can adjust the charging current according to the power distribution command of the central control module (3). The charging current starts from the smart meter (21), is adjusted by the smart circuit breaker (22), and is provided to the electric vehicle through the charging socket (24) and the dual-head charging gun.

5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The remote monitoring module is connected to the central control module (3) for communication. The remote monitoring module receives non-intrusive load monitoring charging data from the central control module (3) for remote control and management of the status of the charging pile (2).

6. The system according to claim 5, characterized in that: The user interface module (4) also includes a charging and cost statistics display unit and a time-sharing billing display unit.

7. The system according to claim 6, characterized in that: The central control module (3) is equipped with a processor, a non-intrusive load monitoring unit, an edge computing unit and a communication interface. The processor is configured to receive load data collected by the non-intrusive load monitoring unit and preprocess and analyze the data through the edge computing unit to realize real-time monitoring of the equipment status. The processor controls the communication interface to receive and send charging control commands.

8. A method for intelligent and orderly charging of split-type AC charging piles, characterized in that: The method, applied to the intelligent orderly charging system of the split AC charging pile as described in any one of claims 1 to 7, comprises the following steps: a. Collect real-time grid main load status and branch load status of branch power sources through the power management module (11) of at least one power supply (1); b. Using non-intrusive load monitoring technology and edge computing to analyze the collected grid load data and electric vehicle charging demand of each split charging pile (2); c. Based on the analysis results in step b, the central control module (3) intelligently allocates the power supply of each of the charging piles (2) to optimize charging efficiency, balance grid load and reduce energy waste; d. Based on the power grid load and user charging habits, realize the time-sharing and dynamic scheduling of the charging piles (2) to improve the utilization rate of the charging piles; e. Through the user interface module (4), charging reservation, real-time charging status monitoring and charging fee calculation are provided to guide users to charge during off-peak hours and improve user experience and satisfaction; f. Use a remote monitoring module to monitor the operating status of the charging pile (2) in real time, handle faults and abnormalities in a timely manner, and ensure the safety and continuity of the charging process; g. Utilize wireless communication technology to ensure rapid data transmission and processing, as well as real-time interaction between users and the system.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The non-invasive load monitoring technology includes the following steps: Non-intrusive load monitoring technology is used to monitor multiple sets of voltage and current data of the power supply (1) in real time, so as to iteratively calculate the grid load and main load that share the main power supply line with the power supply (1); Using non-intrusive load monitoring technology, the voltage, current and power factor of the branch power supply are continuously monitored in real time to determine whether there is a high-power load on the branch power supply that is not the charging pile (2). Based on the grid load and high-power load data, combined with the rated load or power-limited load of the main power supply line, the available charging load capacity is calculated. Based on the available charging load capacity, charging demand, the electricity consumption pattern of the main load, the real-time charging load summary and its changing trend, the newly added charging demand and the charging current of the online charging pile (2) are intelligently allocated.

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