An erosion-resistant coating for an aluminum alloy surface and a method of making the same

Abstract

This invention discloses an anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces and its preparation method, relating to the field of vacuum low-temperature PVD coating technology. The anti-erosion coating, from the inside out, consists of: a TiAl transition layer formed by ion implantation of Ti onto an aluminum alloy substrate, a Ti bonding layer prepared by magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition, and a multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer. Under the process parameters of an arc current of 90A, a negative bias voltage of 200V, and a duty cycle of 40%, the coating temperature can be controlled below 180℃. At this temperature, the prepared anti-erosion coating shows no macroscopic peeling, effectively reducing stress abrupt changes caused by the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the aluminum alloy substrate and the coating, thereby overcoming the softening and deformation problems of aluminum alloys during magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition. The coating exhibits high bonding strength with the substrate, good strength-toughness matching, and fatigue resistance, thus improving the anti-erosion capability of the overall impeller of the aluminum alloy turbocharger.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of vacuum low-temperature PVD coating technology, and in particular to an anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Aluminum alloys possess advantages such as ease of processing, high specific strength, and low cost, making them one of the most widely used non-ferrous metal materials in industry. To meet the requirements of lightweight materials, aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in aerospace, automotive, machinery manufacturing, shipbuilding, and chemical industries. Currently, aluminum alloys have been successfully applied to various engine components. However, aluminum alloys themselves have relatively low hardness and poor erosion resistance. In harsh environments such as those with mud and sand, turbochargers can draw in large amounts of airborne dust particles, causing severe erosion of aluminum alloy engines, especially the integral bladed disk of the turbocharger, leading to performance degradation and even serious accidents. Applying hard coatings can significantly improve the erosion resistance of aluminum alloys, extend the service life of engine turbines, and improve their operational reliability. Magnetic filter cathode vacuum arc deposition technology has outstanding advantages such as high deposition rate, high film-substrate bonding strength, and the ability to coat complex-shaped workpieces, making it a major method for physical vapor deposition of hard ceramic coatings.

[0003] To prepare an anti-erosion coating on an integral impeller of an aluminum alloy turbocharger using magnetically filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition (MAC), two conditions must be met: first, the thickness of the anti-erosion nitride coating needs to be above 15 μm, while ensuring the coating's hardness and adhesion; second, the softening and deformation problem of the aluminum alloy substrate during MAC deposition must be solved. The integral impeller of a turbocharger is structurally similar to that of a single-wheel integral impeller of a compressor, but the integral impeller of a turbocharger is made of aluminum alloy, whose softening temperature is much lower than that of titanium alloy. Therefore, this process is not suitable for aluminum alloy materials. Aluminum alloys soften due to over-aging and coarsening of precipitates when held at high temperatures for extended periods; the over-aging time for aluminum alloys at 200℃ is 6 hours. Further heating shortens the aging time, and the substrate undergoes further softening due to phenomena such as recrystallization and grain growth. Stress generated by factors such as temperature inhomogeneity and the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the coating and the substrate can lead to deformation of the softened substrate. The softening and deformation of the aluminum alloy substrate is one of the urgent problems to be solved in the MAC deposition process. Currently, there is no suitable preparation process for anti-erosion coatings for integral bladed disks of aluminum alloy turbochargers.

[0004] Therefore, researching and developing a preparation process for anti-erosion coatings suitable for integral bladed disks of aluminum alloy turbochargers is one of the key research areas in coatings. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a composite coating process for integral impellers of aluminum alloy turbochargers, combining ion implantation and magnetically filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition. This process prepares a Ti / TiN composite anti-erosion coating with specific hardness, adhesion, and thickness on the integral impeller to solve the erosion and wear problems of aluminum alloy turbocharger integral impellers in dusty environments. The coating consists of a TiAl transition layer formed by ion implantation of Ti, a Ti bonding layer prepared by magnetically filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition, and multiple Ti / TiN surface layers. By adjusting process parameters to control the temperature of the aluminum alloy substrate to remain below 180°C during the coating process, and then preparing the Ti / TiN composite coating, the stress abrupt change caused by the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the substrate and the coating is reduced, thereby solving the softening and deformation problems of the aluminum alloy during ion plating. The objective of this invention is mainly achieved through the following scheme:

[0006] An anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces, comprising, from the inside out, a TiAl transition layer, a Ti bonding layer, and a multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer; the multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer is composed of alternating Ti sputtered layers and TiN layers.

[0007] The total thickness of the anti-erosion coating is 15~25 μm, of which the TiAl transition layer is 1.5~2 μm, the Ti bonding layer is 1~3 μm, and the multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer is about 12.5~20 μm.

[0008] Furthermore, the present invention also includes a method for preparing an anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces as described above, comprising the following steps:

[0009] S1: Degrease, clean, and dry the substrate surface for later use;

[0010] S2: Load the dried substrate into the furnace and evacuate it;

[0011] S3: Ti is ion implanted into the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate to form a TiAl transition layer;

[0012] S4: Depositing a Ti bonding layer on the surface of the TiAl transition layer using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc:

[0013] S5: Depositing a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer surface using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc:

[0014] S6: Repeat step S5 10 to 30 times until the coating thickness reaches 15 to 25 μm.

[0015] Furthermore, the specific operation of step S1 is as follows:

[0016] After sandblasting the aluminum alloy substrate, ultrasonically clean it with acetone for 5-10 minutes, then ultrasonically clean it with deionized water for 5-10 minutes, and finally clean and dry it with anhydrous ethanol.

[0017] Furthermore, the specific operation of step S3 is as follows:

[0018] The ion implantation target is turned on, and the implanted target material is pure Ti target material with a purity of 99.99 wt.%; the first arc source voltage is 90V, the high voltage is 8kV, the frequency is 8 Hz, the beam current intensity is 4~8 mA, and the ion implantation time is 20~40 min, forming a TiAl transition layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate.

[0019] Furthermore, the specific operation of step S4 is as follows:

[0020] The arc initiation current was 90 A, the magnetic filtering current was 2.0 A, the voltage was 24.2 V, the duty cycle was 40%, the substrate bias voltage was 200 V, the N2 flow rate was 0 sccm, and the deposition time was 20~40 min to form a Ti bonding layer on the surface of the TiAl transition layer.

[0021] Furthermore, the specific operation of step S5 is as follows:

[0022] The arc initiation current was 90 A, the magnetic filtering current was 2.0 A, the voltage was 24.2 V, the duty cycle was 40%, the substrate bias was 600 V, the N2 flow rate was 0 sccm, and sputtering was performed for 2~3 min; the substrate bias was reduced to 400 V, and sputtering was performed for 1~2 min; the substrate bias was reduced to 200 V, the N2 flow rate was 25~28 sccm, and deposition was performed for 20~40 min to form a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0024] 1. The technology of this invention controls the temperature of the aluminum alloy substrate to below 180°C during the magnetic filter cathode vacuum arc deposition process, and the hardness of the substrate decreases by less than 10%; in addition, the Ti / TiN composite structure coating reduces the stress mutation caused by the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the coating and the substrate, effectively solving the problems of softening and deformation of the aluminum alloy substrate;

[0025] 2. The surface hardness of the aluminum alloy turbocharger integral bladed disk with multi-layer Ti / TiN anti-erosion coating reaches 1546.3HV, which is 11.42 times that of the original aluminum alloy turbocharger integral bladed disk; the erosion mass loss rate is reduced by 86%.

[0026] 3. The anti-erosion coating prepared by combining ion implantation and magnetically filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition is composed of a TiAl transition layer formed by ion implantation of Ti, a Ti bonding layer formed by magnetically filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition, and a multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer formed by magnetically filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition. The coating has a high bonding strength with the substrate, and the film-substrate bonding force can reach 38.15 N.

[0027] 4. By adjusting the clamping angle, the coating thickness and performance are more uniform. The coating thickness difference between the edge and center of the aluminum alloy turbocharger blade with anti-erosion coating is within 30%. Attached Figure Description

[0028] Figure 1 A comparison of surface hardness and cross-sectional hardness between a blade with the anti-erosion coating prepared in this invention and an aluminum alloy substrate blade.

[0029] Figure 2 A comparison diagram showing the erosion results of a blade with the anti-erosion coating prepared in this invention and a blade with an aluminum alloy substrate.

[0030] Figure 3 This is a diagram showing the bonding force between the blade with the anti-erosion coating prepared according to the present invention and the base blade.

[0031] Figure 4 The images show the erosion damage morphology of a blade with the anti-erosion coating prepared in this invention and an aluminum alloy substrate blade, respectively, under a scanning electron microscope.

[0032] Figure 5 The images show the microstructure of a blade with the anti-erosion coating prepared in this invention and an aluminum alloy substrate blade after being etched by a metallographic etchant.

[0033] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the anti-erosion coating prepared according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0034] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions of the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0035] Example 1:

[0036] A method for preparing an anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces, using the same process parameters as titanium alloy coatings, includes the following steps:

[0037] S1: Degrease, clean, and dry the substrate surface for later use: Clean the entire aluminum alloy turbocharger impeller with acetone ultrasonically for 5 minutes, then with deionized water ultrasonically for 5 minutes, and finally rinse and dry with anhydrous ethanol.

[0038] S2: Load the dried substrate into the furnace and evacuate: Install the aluminum alloy booster integral impeller on the fixture, install the clamped integral impeller in the vacuum chamber of the magnetic filter cathode vacuum arc, and adjust the installation angle of the integral impeller so that the angle between the chord line of the section at 1 / 3 of the blade height and the center of the second target is 20°; Place the Ti metal target material at the ion implantation target site and the deposition target site, with a target purity of 99.9%; Evacuate: Start the mechanical pump to evacuate to below 10 Pa, and then start the molecular pump to evacuate to 5 × 10 Pa. -3 Pa;

[0039] S3: Ion implant Ti onto the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate to form a TiAl transition layer: Turn on the ion implantation target, set the voltage of arc source No. 1 to 90 V, the high voltage to 8 k V, the frequency to 8 Hz, the beam current intensity to 8 mA, and the ion implantation time to 40 min. A TiAl transition layer with a thickness of 1.5 μm is formed on the substrate surface.

[0040] S4: Deposit a Ti bonding layer on the surface of the TiAl transition layer using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc: the arc initiation current is 110 A, the magnetic filtering current is 2.0 A, the voltage is 24.2 V, the duty cycle is 90%, the substrate bias voltage is 350 V, the N2 flow rate is 0 sccm, and the deposition time is 30 min. A Ti bonding layer with a thickness of 2 μm is formed on the surface of the TiAl transition layer.

[0041] S5: Depositing a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer surface using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc: arc initiation current is 110 A, magnetic filtering current is 2.0 A, voltage is 24.2 V, duty cycle is 90%, substrate bias is 600 V, N2 flow rate is 0 sccm, sputtering for 2 min; substrate bias is reduced to 475 V, sputtering for 1 min; substrate bias is reduced to 350 V, N2 flow rate is 27 sccm, deposition for 30 min, forming a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer surface with a thickness of approximately 15 μm.

[0042] S6: Repeat step S5 34 times until the total coating thickness reaches 20 μm. At this point, the temperature near the sample, observed using an infrared thermometer, reaches 226℃.

[0043] S7: Turn off the bias power supply, arc current power supply, and magnetic filter power supply, and adjust the N2 flow rate to 0 sccm; after cooling to 100℃, turn off the molecular pump and allow the furnace to cool to room temperature; finally, release the vacuum chamber to atmospheric pressure to complete the preparation of the protective coating on the surface of the overall bladed disk.

[0044] Example 2:

[0045] A method for preparing an anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces includes the following steps:

[0046] S1: Degrease, clean, and dry the substrate surface for later use: Clean the entire aluminum alloy turbocharger impeller with acetone ultrasonically for 5 minutes, then with deionized water ultrasonically for 5 minutes, and finally rinse and dry with anhydrous ethanol.

[0047] S2: Load the dried substrate into the furnace and evacuate: Install the aluminum alloy booster integral impeller on the fixture, install the clamped integral impeller in the vacuum chamber of the magnetic filter cathode vacuum arc, and adjust the installation angle of the integral impeller so that the angle between the chord line of the section at 1 / 3 of the blade height and the center of the second target is 20°; Place the Ti metal target material at the ion implantation target site and the deposition target site, with a target purity of 99.9%; Evacuate: Start the mechanical pump to evacuate to below 10 Pa, and then start the molecular pump to evacuate to 5 × 10 Pa. -3 Pa;

[0048] S3: Ion implant Ti onto the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate to form a TiAl transition layer: Turn on the ion implantation target, set the voltage of arc source No. 1 to 90 V, the high voltage to 8 k V, the frequency to 8 Hz, the beam current intensity to 8 mA, and the ion implantation time to 40 min. A TiAl transition layer with a thickness of 1.5 μm is formed on the substrate surface.

[0049] S4: Deposit a Ti bonding layer on the surface of the TiAl transition layer using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc: the arc current is adjusted to 90A, the magnetic filtering current is 2.0A, the voltage is 24.2V, the duty cycle is adjusted to 40%, the substrate bias voltage is adjusted to 200V, the N2 flow rate is 0 sccm, and the deposition time is 30 min. A Ti bonding layer with a thickness of 2.5 μm is formed on the surface of the TiAl transition layer.

[0050] S5: Deposit a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer surface using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc: The arc current is adjusted to 90A, the magnetic filtering current is 2.0A, the voltage is 24.2V, the duty cycle is adjusted to 40%, the substrate bias is 600V, the N2 flow rate is 0sccm, and sputtering is performed for 2 min; the substrate bias is reduced to 400V, and sputtering is performed for 1 min; the substrate bias is reduced to 200V, the N2 flow rate is 27 sccm, and deposition is performed for 30 min, forming a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer surface with a thickness of approximately 16.3 μm.

[0051] S6: Repeat step S5 26 times until the total coating thickness reaches 20.38 μm. Under the conditions of arc current of 90 A, negative bias voltage of 200 V, and duty cycle of 40%, the coating temperature measured by the infrared thermometer is 167℃ (lower than 180℃). There is no macroscopic peeling of the coating, and the deformation of the aluminum alloy substrate is not obvious.

[0052] S7: Turn off the bias power supply, arc current power supply, and magnetic filter power supply, and adjust the N2 flow rate to 0 sccm; after cooling to 100℃, turn off the molecular pump and allow the furnace to cool to room temperature; finally, release the vacuum chamber to atmospheric pressure to complete the preparation of the protective coating on the surface of the overall bladed disk.

[0053] In summary, in Example 1, the aluminum alloy surface was coated using the same process parameters as the titanium alloy (arc current 110 A, bias voltage 350 V, duty cycle 90%). The deposited ions had high energy, which was converted into heat during film formation, causing the aluminum alloy specimen to heat up rapidly. Infrared thermometer observation showed that the temperature near the sample reached over 220°C. However, aluminum alloys soften above 200°C. Therefore, the process parameters in this example are not suitable for the low-temperature preparation of Ti / TiN anti-erosion coatings on aluminum alloy surfaces.

[0054] Conversely, in Example 2, based on Example 1, the process parameters were changed (arc starting current 90 A, bias voltage 200 V, duty cycle 40%), so that the coating temperature was controlled below 180°C, the coating showed no macroscopic peeling, and the deformation of the aluminum alloy substrate was not obvious. Therefore, the process parameters in this example are suitable for the low-temperature preparation of Ti / TiN anti-erosion coatings on the surface of aluminum alloy substrates. Therefore, the present invention prepares Ti / TiN anti-erosion coatings under the process parameters of Example 2.

[0055] The design principle of the coating material of this invention (composed of a TiAl transition layer formed by ion implantation of Ti, a Ti bonding layer prepared by magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition, and a multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer) is as follows:

[0056] First, Ti ion implantation eliminates the obvious interface between the modified layer and the aluminum alloy substrate, ensuring continuous mechanical properties from the substrate to the implanted layer. This eliminates defects during coating preparation and improves the adhesion between the coating and the aluminum alloy substrate. Second, the multilayer TiN / Ti coating exhibits better fracture toughness and erosion resistance than a single TiN layer. Finally, during the deposition of multilayer Ti / TiN surface layers, Ti ions are accelerated under high bias voltage, carrying high kinetic energy. These high-energy particles impact the material surface, removing the loose structure of the TiN layer, inhibiting the growth of TiN columnar crystals, refining the grains, and resulting in a denser and smoother coating surface structure. This effectively improves the coating's hardness, elastic modulus, crack propagation resistance, and sand and dust erosion resistance.

[0057] To verify the application effect of the anti-erosion coating prepared in Example 2 of this invention in the integral bladed disk of an aluminum alloy turbocharger, the following experiments were conducted:

[0058] The blades of the aluminum alloy turbocharger impeller with the anti-erosion coating of the present invention were cut using a wire cutting device, and the blades of the integral aluminum alloy turbocharger impeller in the same position were cut. The difference between the comparative sample and the sample of the present invention is that the sample substrate is exposed and has no coating protection.

[0059] Figure 1 This is a comparison chart of the surface hardness and cross-sectional hardness of a blade with the anti-erosion coating of this invention and a blade with an aluminum alloy substrate; from Figure 1 As can be seen, compared with aluminum alloy substrate blades, the surface hardness of blades with anti-erosion coating is increased by 1410.9 HV, while the hardness of the substrate (section) is reduced by 10.6 HV; the decrease in substrate hardness is within 10%, indicating that the substrate softening problem has been effectively controlled.

[0060] Figure 2 This is a comparison of the erosion results of blades with the anti-erosion coating of this invention and blades with aluminum alloy substrates; from Figure 2 As can be seen, the average erosion mass loss rate of the aluminum alloy substrate blade is 0.717 mg·g. -1 The average erosion mass loss rate of blades with anti-erosion coatings was 0.1 mg·g. -1 Compared with aluminum alloy substrate blades, blades with anti-erosion coatings have a reduced erosion mass loss rate of 86%, indicating a significant improvement in erosion resistance.

[0061] Figure 3 This is a diagram showing the bonding force between the anti-erosion coating of this invention and the aluminum alloy substrate blade; from Figure 3 As can be seen, the anti-erosion coating has a high bonding strength with the aluminum alloy substrate, and the film-substrate bonding force can reach 38.15N.

[0062] Figure 4 Images (a) and (b) are erosion damage morphologies of a blade with an anti-erosion coating and a blade with an aluminum alloy substrate, respectively, under a scanning electron microscope; from Figure 4 As can be seen, the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate blade has obvious ploughing damage morphology, while the blade with anti-erosion coating shows cracking and peeling around the droplet structure and TiN columnar grain boundaries.

[0063] Figure 5 Images (a) and (b) show the microstructure of a blade with an anti-erosion coating and a blade with an aluminum alloy substrate, respectively, after etching with metallographic etchant (HF 1.0 ml, HCl 1.5 ml, HNO3 2.5 ml, H2O 95 ml). Figure 5The results show that both precipitates are non-coherent needle-like structures, indicating that the strengthening phase did not undergo significant coarsening after coating. The coating thickness at the cross-section was calibrated using scanning electron microscopy in backscatter mode. The coating thickness at the blade edge with the anti-erosion coating was 16.71 μm, and the coating thickness at the blade center was 20.38 μm, with a thickness difference within 30%. These results demonstrate that the coating prepared in this invention, while meeting the mechanical performance requirements of the integral bladed disk of the aluminum alloy turbocharger, exhibits good anti-erosion performance. It can effectively solve the erosion and wear problem of the integral bladed disk of the aluminum alloy turbocharger under complex environments, improving the service life and safety performance of the turbine engine.

[0064] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the anti-erosion coating prepared according to the present invention. Wherein: a is the aluminum alloy substrate; b is the TiAl transition layer formed by ion implantation; c is the Ti bonding layer prepared by magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition; d is the Ti sputtered layer prepared by magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition; e is the TiN layer prepared by magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition; d and e are repeated alternately to achieve the desired coating thickness.

[0065] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Various changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the present invention as claimed. The scope of protection of this invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An erosion resistant coating for an aluminum alloy surface, characterized by, The anti-erosion coating comprises, from the inside out, a TiAl transition layer, a Ti bonding layer, and a multi-layer Ti / TiN surface layer; the multi-layer Ti / TiN surface layer is composed of alternating Ti sputtered layers and TiN layers. The total thickness of the anti-erosion coating is 15~25 μm, of which the TiAl transition layer is 1.5~2 μm, the Ti bonding layer is 1~3 μm, and the multilayer Ti / TiN surface layer is 12.5~20 μm. The method for preparing the erosion-resistant coating includes the following steps: S1: Degrease, clean, and dry the substrate surface for later use; S2: Load the dried substrate into the furnace and evacuate it; S3: Ti is ion implanted into the surface of an aluminum alloy substrate to form a TiAl transition layer; S4: Deposit a Ti bonding layer on the surface of the TiAl transition layer using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc; S5: Deposit a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer surface using a magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc; S6: Repeat step S5 10~30 times until the coating thickness reaches 15~25 μm; The specific operation of step S4 is as follows: the arc starting current is 90 A, the magnetic filtering current is 2.0 A, the voltage is 24.2 V, the duty cycle is 40%, the substrate bias voltage is 200 V, the N2 flow rate is 0 sccm, and the deposition time is 20~40 min to form a Ti bonding layer on the surface of the TiAl transition layer. The specific operation of step S5 is as follows: the arc starting current is 90 A, the magnetic filtering current is 2.0 A, the voltage is 24.2 V, the duty cycle is 40%, the substrate bias voltage is 600 V, the N2 flow rate is 0 sccm, and sputtering is performed for 2~3 min; then the substrate bias voltage is reduced to 400 V, and sputtering is performed for 1~2 min; then the substrate bias voltage is reduced to 200 V, the N2 flow rate is 25~28 sccm, and deposition is performed for 20~40 min to form a Ti / TiN surface layer on the Ti bonding layer. During the coating process, the temperature of the aluminum alloy substrate is kept below 180℃.

2. The anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific operation of step S1 is as follows: After sandblasting the aluminum alloy substrate, ultrasonically clean it with acetone for 5-10 minutes, then ultrasonically clean it with deionized water for 5-10 minutes, and finally clean and dry it with anhydrous ethanol.

3. The anti-erosion coating for aluminum alloy surfaces according to claim 2, characterized in that, The specific operation of step S3 is as follows: The ion implantation target is turned on, and the implanted target material is a pure Ti target material with a purity of 99.99 wt.%; the voltage of the first arc source is 90 V, the high voltage is 8K V, the frequency is 8 Hz, the beam current intensity is 4~8 mA, and the ion implantation time is 20~40 min, forming a TiAl transition layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate.

Images