A winter pea-spring sweet potato annual rotation method for ensuring high yield and soil fertilization

Abstract

This invention provides a year-round rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility, relating to the field of crop cultivation technology. This year-round rotation method includes the following steps: Step S1. Selecting plots with good irrigation and drainage conditions; Step S2. Planting peas using a "low-ridge + drip irrigation" technique; Step S3. Harvesting and returning the peas to the field; Step S4. Planting fresh-eating sweet potatoes; Step S5. Applying water-soluble potassium sulfate via drip irrigation under mulch during the sweet potato tuber enlargement period. This invention addresses problems such as late spring pea cropping, labor-intensive and time-consuming trellising and training of tall pea vines, low efficiency in manual harvesting and water and fertilizer management due to unreasonable planting specifications, significant plant damage, and low yield and poor marketability of spring sweet potatoes due to only one crop per year.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crop cultivation technology, specifically to a year-round crop rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility. Background Technology

[0002] pea (Pisum sativum L.) Peas are semi-hardy plants that prefer cool climates. They are rich in nutrients such as protein and vitamins. The green pods can be harvested and the seeds removed for fresh consumption as vegetables, offering good economic benefits. Early crop rotation also benefits the growth of subsequent crops. Peas can fix nitrogen and conserve fertilizer, and their abundant foliage decomposes easily. The pea stalks after harvesting the green pods can be used as green manure, and the stubble from harvested dry grain peas can be plowed back into the field, improving soil fertility. Therefore, peas are an important crop for crop rotation and soil conservation in agricultural restructuring.

[0003] The northern edge of my country's traditional winter-sown pea planting area lies between 33° and 34° north latitude. In Shandong Province, due to the cold winter climate, the problem of overwintering seedlings for open-field winter-sown peas remains unresolved. Therefore, pea cultivation in this region typically adopts spring sowing. For example, Qiao Shuqin from the Yantai Agricultural Technology Extension Center, in her article "Pollution-Free Sweet Pea Cultivation Technology in Yantai City" published in the 15th issue of *Modern Agricultural Science and Technology* in 2021, points out that growers often choose tall-stalked varieties for spring-sown peas, requiring trellising and training during their growth, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. The planting method uses deep furrows and high ridges, which is not conducive to resisting spring drought. Field management such as trellising, pod harvesting, and topdressing and irrigation are inefficient and may damage the plants. The harvest period for spring-sown peas is delayed, and the sweet potatoes planted afterward are low-yielding summer sweet potatoes (sweet potatoes planted in June and later are considered summer sweet potatoes, and the earlier the planting, the higher the yield). Therefore, in actual production, most farmers choose to plant spring peas followed by summer corn; while farmers who choose to plant high-yield spring sweet potatoes often have their previous crop land left fallow because there are no suitable crops to participate in the rotation, which reduces the multiple cropping index and the farmers' economic income.

[0004] sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients, sweet potatoes are considered an ideal nutritional and health food with great market potential. Unlike starch-processed sweet potatoes, which have relatively relaxed requirements for tuber shape and size, fresh-eating sweet potatoes have higher requirements for tuber shape and size. In particular, long, narrow tubers weighing 100-500g are more popular in the market and have higher commercial value. However, in production, low yields and poor marketability of sweet potatoes are common due to poor quality seedlings, improper planting methods, and unscientific field fertilization.

[0005] Therefore, those skilled in the art have provided a method for year-round rotation of winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility, in order to solve the problems mentioned in the background art. Summary of the Invention

[0006] (a) Technical problems to be solved

[0007] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a year-round rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and fertilizes the soil. This method solves the problem that in actual production, most farmers choose to plant spring peas followed by summer corn, while farmers who choose to plant high-yield spring sweet potatoes often leave their previous crop land in a fallow state due to the lack of suitable crops for rotation, thus reducing the multiple cropping index and farmers' economic income.

[0008] (II) Technical Solution

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0010] A method for year-round rotation of winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility includes the following steps:

[0011] Step S1. Select a plot of land with good irrigation and drainage conditions, and apply 15000 kg / hm² of fertilizer before land preparation. 2 Use well-rotted organic fertilizer to sow early-maturing, dwarf vegetable or grain pea varieties in late November to early December to ensure that the peas take root in the soil but do not sprout.

[0012] Step S2. Pea planting adopts the "low ridge + drip irrigation" technique. During the pea flowering period, drip irrigation is performed at 225-300 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer. 2 During the pod-setting stage, drip irrigate with 375-450 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer. 2 The amount of irrigation water should be increased or decreased according to the actual soil moisture.

[0013] Step S3. After harvesting fresh pods of vegetable peas, the straw is returned to the field. For grain peas, the harvesting of dry grains is delayed until early to mid-May in areas with rapid spring warming or mid to late May in areas with slow spring warming, followed by plowing and returning the stubble to the field.

[0014] Step S4. Fresh-eating sweet potato planting uses virus-free, fast-propagating vine shoots, with a planting density of approximately 67,500 plants / hectare;

[0015] Step S5. During the sweet potato tuber enlargement period, apply 150-225 kg / hm² of water-soluble potassium sulfate via drip irrigation under the film. 2 .

[0016] Furthermore, in step S4, the length of the first section of the virus-free, rapidly propagated sweet potato vine is 30cm, with 6-7 nodes.

[0017] Furthermore, strengthen field management during the pea growth process, and apply micronutrient fertilizer, including 3.75 L / hm², as a foliar spray before flowering. 2 Sugar alcohol boron, 3.00 L / hm2 The sugar alcohol molybdenum is beneficial for pea nodulation, nitrogen fixation, flowering, and fruiting.

[0018] Furthermore, growth control measures are implemented during the sweet potato's growth process.

[0019] Furthermore, during the growth of sweet potatoes, if pests or diseases occur, highly effective, low-toxicity, and low-residue biological pesticides can be applied for prevention and control.

[0020] (III) Beneficial Effects

[0021] This invention provides a year-round crop rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0022] 1. This invention provides a year-round rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility. This method uses timely winter sowing technology for peas to ensure that the peas take root in the soil but do not sprout, allowing them to safely overwinter and resume growth as early as possible the following year, promoting branching and pod formation, thereby increasing yield. Moreover, the harvest period is significantly earlier than that of spring-sown peas, which is conducive to early crop rotation. This allows for year-round harvesting of one season of peas and rotation with one season of fresh-eating sweet potatoes in the Shandong region, which not only increases the multiple cropping index and land output, but also improves the soil by returning the straw or stubble of the rotated leguminous crops to the field.

[0023] 2. This invention provides a year-round rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yield and fertilizes the soil. This method selects early-maturing, dwarf pea varieties and adopts "low ridge + drip irrigation" technology, which can effectively resist spring drought, achieve efficient management of harvesting, water and fertilizer, reduce plant damage, and thus increase pea yield.

[0024] 3. This invention provides a year-round rotation method for winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility. The spring sweet potato is planted using virus-free, fast-propagating sweet potato vine shoots, high-density planting, drip irrigation under mulch, and integrated water and fertilizer management. This effectively solves the problems of low tuber production per plant, low yield, and low marketable tuber rate in fresh-eating sweet potatoes. This ensures high pea yields, early crop rotation, efficient field management, improved soil fertility, and a combination of land use and soil conservation, achieving a year-round rotation planting model with high yield and high marketable rate for fresh-eating sweet potatoes. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the standard planting pattern of peas according to the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a field demonstration diagram of the "low ridge + drip irrigation" cultivation technology for winter-sown early-maturing dwarf peas according to the present invention.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a photograph of the actual sweet potato virus-free rapid propagation vine shoots of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The technical solutions of the specific embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described specific embodiments are only a part of the specific embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. Based on the specific embodiments of the present invention, all other specific embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Detailed implementation method:

[0030] like Figure 1-3 As shown, a specific embodiment of the present invention provides a method for year-round rotation of winter peas and spring sweet potatoes that ensures high yields and improves soil fertility, comprising the following steps:

[0031] Step S1. Select a plot of land with good irrigation and drainage conditions, and apply 15000 kg / hm² of fertilizer before land preparation. 2 Use well-rotted organic fertilizer to sow early-maturing, dwarf vegetable or grain pea varieties in late November to early December to ensure that the peas take root in the soil but do not sprout.

[0032] Step S2. Pea planting adopts the "low ridge + drip irrigation" technique. During the pea flowering period, drip irrigation is performed at 225-300 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer. 2 During the pod-setting stage, drip irrigate with 375-450 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer. 2 The amount of irrigation water should be increased or decreased according to the actual soil moisture.

[0033] Step S3. After harvesting fresh pods of vegetable peas, the straw is returned to the field. For grain peas, the harvesting of dry grains is delayed until early to mid-May in areas with rapid spring warming or mid to late May in areas with slow spring warming, followed by plowing and returning the stubble to the field.

[0034] Step S4. Fresh-eating sweet potato planting uses virus-free, fast-propagating vine shoots, with a planting density of approximately 67,500 plants / hectare;

[0035] Step S5. During the sweet potato tuber enlargement period, apply 150-225 kg / hm² of water-soluble potassium sulfate via drip irrigation under the film. 2 .

[0036] Based on the above technical solutions, strengthen field management during the growth of peas and sweet potatoes; before flowering, foliar spraying of micronutrient fertilizers, such as sugar alcohol boron and sugar alcohol molybdenum, is beneficial for pea nodule formation, nitrogen fixation, flowering, and fruiting; if sweet potatoes grow too vigorously, appropriate growth control measures should be taken; if pests and diseases occur, use highly effective, low-toxicity, and low-residue biological pesticides for prevention and control.

[0037] Plots with good irrigation and drainage conditions, and which have not been planted with peas or sweet potatoes for the past three years, were selected to ensure that pea and sweet potato cultivation is not affected by continuous cropping obstacles or natural conditions such as drought and flood. By sowing peas in winter at the appropriate time, it is ensured that the peas take root in the soil but do not sprout, allowing them to safely overwinter. They can resume growth as early as possible in the following spring, promoting branching and pod formation, extending the suitable growing season, thereby increasing yield. Moreover, the harvest period is significantly earlier than that of spring-sown peas by about 15 days, which is conducive to early crop rotation. This enables year-round harvesting of one season of peas and rotation with one season of fresh-eating sweet potatoes in the Shandong region, which not only increases the multiple cropping index but also increases land output.

[0038] By selecting early-maturing, dwarf pea varieties and employing "low ridge + drip irrigation" technology, problems such as late crop rotation in spring-sown peas and the labor-intensive and time-consuming process of trellising tall peas can be solved. Wide ridges and drip irrigation can address issues like low efficiency in manual harvesting and water and fertilizer management, and significant plant damage caused by improper planting specifications, achieving labor-saving, time-saving, and high-yield pea production. Returning pea stalks or root stubble to the field improves soil fertility, combining land use with soil conservation. For spring sweet potatoes, measures such as virus-free rapid propagation of vine tips, high-density planting, and integrated water and fertilizer management address the problems of only one crop per year, low tuber production per plant, low yield, and poor marketability. This achieves a crop rotation system that combines high yield and high marketability of fresh-eating sweet potatoes, increasing the annual multiple cropping index.

[0039] In summary, this invention mainly employs the following technologies to ensure high yield and marketability of fresh sweet potatoes in Shandong region while simultaneously improving soil fertility through year-round rotation of winter peas and spring sweet potatoes:

[0040] a. By adopting the winter sowing technology for peas, it is ensured that the peas take root in the soil but do not sprout, so that they can safely overwinter and resume growth as early as possible the following year, promoting branching and pod formation, thereby increasing yield. Moreover, the harvest period is significantly earlier than that of spring-sown peas, which is conducive to early crop rotation. This enables the year-round harvesting of one season of peas and rotation with one crop of fresh sweet potatoes in Shandong Province. This not only increases the multiple cropping index and land output, but also improves the soil by returning the straw or stubble of leguminous crops to the field.

[0041] b. The use of "low ridge + drip irrigation" technology can effectively resist spring drought, achieve efficient management of harvesting, water and fertilizer, reduce plant damage, and thus increase pea yield;

[0042] c. Using techniques such as virus-free rapid propagation of sweet potato vine shoots, high-density planting, and drip irrigation fertilization under mulch can effectively solve problems such as low tuber production per plant, low yield, and poor tuber marketability, which is conducive to improving sweet potato yield and marketability.

[0043] The present invention will be further described below through specific embodiments.

[0044] Experimental examples:

[0045] The experiment was conducted at the Qingdao Agricultural University Science and Technology Demonstration Park, located in Jiaolai Town, Jiaozhou City, an area where spring temperatures rise slowly. The cultivated pea variety was Tiansheng No. 9, a short-growing, dual-purpose variety developed by Qingdao Yitiansheng Seed Industry Co., Ltd. in Shandong Province; the sweet potato variety was Pushu No. 32, a fresh-eating variety developed by Puning Agricultural Science Research Institute in Guangdong Province.

[0046] The tested soil was sandy black soil with flat terrain, good drainage and irrigation conditions, and loose soil texture. The organic matter content in the 0-20cm soil layer was 10.7g / kg, available nitrogen was 45.5mg / kg, available phosphorus was 42.4mg / kg, available potassium was 78.9mg / kg, and pH was 6.84 (water-soil ratio 5:1). This plot was previously planted with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation pattern, and peas and sweet potatoes have not been planted in the past 3 years.

[0047] The plot of land was divided into two parts, with a buffer zone in the middle. One part of the plot was cultivated according to the cultivation method of this invention as follows:

[0048] 1) Apply 15,000 kg / hm² of pea fertilizer evenly before land preparation. 2 On November 24th of that year, early-maturing, dwarf Tiansheng No. 9 seed was sown using well-rotted farmyard manure at a rate of 270 kg / hm². 2 ;

[0049] 2) Pea cultivation adopts the "low ridge + drip irrigation" technique. The ridge back is 25cm wide, the ridge back is 10cm high, and the ridge surface is 100cm wide. Four rows are sown per ridge, with a row spacing of 25cm and a side row distance of 12.5cm from the ridge back. One drip irrigation tape is shared for every two rows. During the pea flowering period, 225kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer is drip-irrigated. 2 During the pod-setting stage, drip irrigation with 450 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer 2 The first drip irrigation used 120m³ of water. 3 / hm 2 The second drip irrigation used 180m³ of water. 3 / hm 2 When applying fertilizer via drip irrigation, first drip clean water, then drip water-soluble fertilizer, and finally drip clean water again to ensure that all the fertilizer is applied to the field.

[0050] 3) Tiansheng No. 9 is a dual-purpose pea variety. Fresh pods can be harvested in batches, or dried seeds can be harvested after they are fully mature. To compare the experimental results, the pea field was divided into two parts. Fresh pods were harvested in one part for eating green peas, and dried seeds were harvested in the other part. The green pods were harvested starting on April 22 of the following year and were harvested in three batches by May 15. The straw was then returned to the field. Dried peas were harvested in the other part on May 24, and the stubble was then plowed back into the field.

[0051] (4) After the peas are harvested, 30cm high ridges are built on May 24 of the same year. The ridges are 85cm wide and the top of the ridges is 30cm wide. Black plastic film is used to cover the ridges and a drip irrigation tape is laid under the film. On the afternoon of May 25, seedlings of virus-free fast-propagating vines of Pushu No. 32 with 6-7 internodes are planted. The planting density is 67,500 plants / hectare. The seedlings are planted on the side of the ridge and 4-5 internodes are buried in the soil to facilitate the formation of more tubers.

[0052] 5) During the sweet potato tuber enlargement period, apply 210 kg / hm² of water-soluble potassium sulfate via drip irrigation under the film. 2 .

[0053] Based on the above technical solutions, field management was further strengthened during the growth of peas and sweet potatoes. Before pea flowering, foliar spraying with sugar alcohol boron (3.75 L / hm²) was applied. 2 ), sugar alcohol molybdenum (3.00 L / hm) 2 Organic chelated micronutrient fertilizers such as ) were used to promote nitrogen fixation, flowering, and fruiting in peas; chemical growth control was applied once during the growth of sweet potatoes; and the biological insecticide azadirachtin was sprayed once. The experimental sweet potatoes were harvested on September 30.

[0054] Another plot of land was cultivated using the local traditional method, which involved leaving the land fallow before planting sweet potatoes, preparing the land in mid-May of the following year, applying 30 kg of NPK compound fertilizer (15-15-15) per mu before ridging, and then ridging the land after rotary tillage, with a ridge height of 25 cm and a ridge width of 85 cm. On May 15, ordinary seedlings of Pushu No. 32 were planted manually at a density of 52,500 plants per hectare. During this period, herbicides were sprayed twice, pesticides were sprayed once, and chemical growth regulators were sprayed once. The experimental sweet potatoes were harvested on September 30.

[0055] Another pot experiment was designed to compare the effects of returning pea straw or stubble to the field on the fertility of the topsoil. Fifteen ceramic pots with a glazed surface and no holes at the bottom and a depth of 25 cm were used. Three treatments were set up: traditional cultivation method fallow, pea straw return to the field, and pea stubble return to the field. Each treatment was replicated in 5 pots. Each pot contained 10 kg of soil from the 0-20 cm soil layer of the fallow plot. The weight of straw or stubble added to the pot was based on the actual amount of pea straw or stubble grown in the corresponding area of ​​the experimental field. The straw or stubble was chopped and mixed with the soil in the pot. The pots were placed in a net room with a rainproof canopy and watered with deionized water to maintain the soil moisture in the field. The soil was cultured for 125 days to simulate the natural decomposition of straw (which is basically consistent with the growth period of sweet potato). Soil samples were taken for analysis and measurement.

[0056] The results of tests on crop yield, sweet potato tuber marketability, and basic physicochemical properties of soil in indoor cultivation experiments simulating pea straw or root stubble return under different cultivation techniques are as follows:

[0057] Table 1 Comparison of crop yields under different cultivation techniques

[0058]

[0059] Table 2. Nutrient content of 0-20cm soil after incubation under different cultivation techniques

[0060]

[0061] Table 3 Comparison of marketability indicators of sweet potato tubers under different cultivation techniques

[0062]

[0063] The data above show that the cultivation method of this invention can significantly improve the yield, marketable tuber rate, and number of tubers per plant of sweet potatoes. Tuber yield increased by 30.1%, with good marketability and a 6.7 percentage point increase in marketable tuber rate. In particular, the proportion of single tubers weighing 150-400g, which are most popular in the market, was significantly increased. After harvesting fresh pea pods, the straw was crushed and returned to the field. Soil samples were then subjected to 125 days of indoor simulated cultivation. The results showed that, except for a slight decrease in pH, the nutrient content of the 0-20cm soil layer increased to varying degrees, with increases ranging from 7.5% to 26.6%, with the largest increase in available nitrogen. The nutrient content of the soil after root stubble was returned to the field did not change significantly.

[0064] The crop rotation model of this invention not only ensures high yield and high marketability of fresh sweet potatoes, but also increases the annual multiple cropping index.

[0065] Although specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these specific embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method of winter vetch-spring sweet potato annual crop rotation that ensures high yield and soil fertility, characterized by, Includes the following steps: Step S1. Select a plot with good irrigation conditions, and apply 15000 kg / hm 2 The mature organic fertilizer is sowed with early-maturing and low-growing pea varieties for food or grain in late November to early December to ensure that the peas root in the soil but do not sprout. Step S2. Pea planting adopts the "low ridge + drip irrigation" technique. During the pea flowering period, drip irrigation is performed at 225-300 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer. 2 During the pod-setting stage, drip irrigate with 375-450 kg / hm² of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer. 2 The amount of irrigation water should be increased or decreased according to the actual soil moisture. Step S3. After harvesting fresh pods of vegetable peas, the straw is returned to the field. For grain peas, the harvesting of dry grains is delayed until early to mid-May in areas with rapid spring warming or mid to late May in areas with slow spring warming, followed by plowing and returning the stubble to the field. Step S4. Fresh-eating sweet potato planting uses virus-free, fast-propagating vine shoots, with a planting density of approximately 67,500 plants / hectare; Step S5. Apply water-soluble potassium sulfate 150-225 kg / hm by drip irrigation under mulch during the tuber bulking stage of sweet potato 2 ; Strengthen field management during the growth of peas, foliar spraying trace element fertilizer before flowering of peas, including 3.75L / hm 2 of sugar alcohol boron, 3.00L / hm 2 of sugar alcohol molybdenum, which is beneficial to nodule fixation and flowering of peas. During the growth of sweet potatoes, growth control measures should be implemented. During the growth of sweet potatoes, if pests or diseases occur, they can be controlled by applying highly effective, low-toxicity, and low-residue biological pesticides.

2. The winter vetch - spring sweet potato annual crop rotation method that ensures high yield and soil fertility according to claim 1, characterized by, In step S4, the length of the first section of the virus-free, rapidly propagated sweet potato vine is 30cm, with 6-7 nodes.

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