Single-photon measurement-device-independent quantum direct communication method and system

Abstract

This application provides a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method and system, relating to the field of quantum direct communication technology. The method includes: a sender transmitting a first photon sequence to an intermediary third party, and a receiver transmitting a second photon sequence to the intermediary third party; the intermediary third party performing a Bell basis measurement based on the first and second photon sequences to generate a first measurement result; the sender applying a unitary operation to a third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain a second quantum state of the third photon sequence; the intermediary third party measuring the third photon sequence based on preparation basis information published by the receiver to generate a second measurement result; and the receiver decoding the second quantum state based on the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain a target message. The single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method and system provided in this application are used to improve the availability and reliability of quantum direct communication.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of quantum direct communication technology, and in particular to a quantum direct communication method and system independent of single-photon measurement devices. Background Technology

[0002] Quantum communication is a new communication method based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics for information transmission. Quantum communication technologies mainly include quantum key distribution, quantum direct communication (QSDC), and quantum secret sharing. Among these, quantum direct communication not only detects eavesdropping but also resists it, preventing eavesdroppers from obtaining any information. Furthermore, it does not require a key and can directly transmit secret information, fundamentally changing the structure of quantum communication.

[0003] However, measurement device-independent quantum direct communication protocols in related technologies require the use of entangled sources, which hinders the practical application of the protocols. Secondly, the impact of quantum storage devices is not considered in the security analysis.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a quantum direct communication method that can eliminate the entanglement preparation process, so as to improve the availability and reliability of quantum direct communication. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this application is to provide a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method and system to improve the availability and reliability of quantum direct communication.

[0006] This application provides a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method, including:

[0007] The sender transmits a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver transmits a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediate third party performs Belli measurements based on the first and second photon sequences, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to both the sender and the receiver; the receiver, based on the first measurement result, determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum memory device; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from a pair of n photons; the n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter from a pair of n photons. The first quantum state comprises: the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after being collapsed by the measurement of the intermediate third party; the sender, based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single photon measurement; the second quantum state comprises: the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after applying a unitary operation; the intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; the receiver decodes the second quantum state according to the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message.

[0008] Optionally, the sender transmits the first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, including: the sender controlling two single-photon sources to prepare the n photon pairs, and sending the n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter to obtain n photons reflected by the variable beam splitter to form the fourth photon sequence, and obtaining n photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter to form the third photon sequence; the sender randomly inserts m single photons into the fourth photon sequence to obtain the first photon sequence; wherein any one of the n photon pairs is in a state. The m single photons are single photons under non-orthogonal basis, and any single photon among the m single photons is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0009] Optionally, the receiver sending the second photon sequence to the intermediate third party includes: the receiver controlling a single-photon source to prepare single photons of length n+m to obtain the second photon sequence; wherein any single photon in the second photon sequence is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0010] Optionally, the receiver determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device of the sender based on the first measurement result, including: when the first measurement result is generated and the quantum memory device triggers a preset response event, the receiver determines that the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device collapses and obtains the first quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0011] Optionally, the sender applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence. This includes: the sender applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver to obtain the third quantum state of the third photon sequence; the third quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon in the third photon sequence after message encoding; the sender encrypts the third quantum state using a local random bit string and inserts a random number sequence into the third photon sequence to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0012] Optionally, the receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message, including: the receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the random numbers corresponding to each single photon in the third photon sequence indicated by the target random number published by the sender based on the second measurement result, the second measurement result, and the first quantum state to obtain the target message and the random number sequence; the receiver and the sender verify the integrity of the target message based on their respective published random number sequences.

[0013] Optionally, before the sender performs a unitary operation on the third photon sequence to encode the message based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, and obtains the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, the method further includes: the sender and the receiver determining, based on their respective published insertion position information of m single photons and preparation basis information, that the same position in the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence is the insertion position information of an inserted photon; the sender and the receiver calculating the detection bit error rate and the photon responsivity based on the insertion position information and the first measurement result, and performing quantum channel security verification based on their respective calculated detection bit error rate and photon responsivity.

[0014] This application also provides a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system, comprising: a sender, a receiver, and an intermediary third party; the sender is configured to send a first photon sequence to the intermediary third party, and the receiver is configured to send a second photon sequence to the intermediary third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediary third party, after receiving the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, performs a Belli measurement based on the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to the sender and the receiver respectively; the receiver is configured to determine the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device based on the first measurement result; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence consist of photons reflected by n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter; The n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter from the n photon pairs; the first quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon after being collapsed by the measurement of the intermediate third party; the sender is configured to apply a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and send the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single photon measurement; the second quantum state includes the quantum state of each single photon after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence; the intermediate third party is configured to measure the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generate a second measurement result, and publish the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; the receiver is configured to decode the second quantum state according to the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message.

[0015] Optionally, the transmitter is specifically configured to control two single-photon sources to prepare the n photon pairs, and send the n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter to obtain n photons reflected by the variable beam splitter, forming the fourth photon sequence, and to obtain n photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter, forming the third photon sequence; the transmitter is specifically configured to randomly insert m single photons into the fourth photon sequence to obtain the first photon sequence; wherein, any one of the n photon pairs is in a state The m single photons are single photons under non-orthogonal basis, and any single photon among the m single photons is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0016] Optionally, the receiver is specifically configured to control the single-photon source to prepare single photons of length n+m to obtain the second photon sequence; wherein any single photon in the second photon sequence is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0017] Optionally, the receiver is specifically configured to determine, when the first measurement result is generated and the quantum memory device triggers a preset response event, that the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device collapses, and obtain the first quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0018] Optionally, the sender is specifically configured to apply a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, to obtain the third quantum state of the third photon sequence; the third quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon in the third photon sequence after message encoding; the sender is specifically configured to encrypt the third quantum state using a local random bit string and insert a random number sequence into the third photon sequence to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0019] Optionally, the receiver is specifically configured to decode the second quantum state based on the random number corresponding to each single photon in the third photon sequence indicated by the target random number published by the sender based on the second measurement result, the second measurement result, and the first quantum state, to obtain the target message and the random number sequence; the receiver and the sender are specifically configured to perform integrity verification on the target message based on their respective published random number sequences.

[0020] Optionally, the sender and the receiver are configured to determine, based on their respective published insertion position information and preparation basis information for m single photons, the insertion position information of the same position in the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, which are all inserted photons; the sender and the receiver are configured to calculate the detection bit error rate and the photon responsivity based on the insertion position information and the first measurement result, and to perform quantum channel security verification based on their respective calculated detection bit error rate and photon responsivity.

[0021] This application also provides a computer program product, including a computer program / instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method as described above.

[0022] This application also provides an electronic device, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor executes the program to implement the steps of a quantum direct communication method independent of any of the single-photon measurement devices described above.

[0023] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method as described above.

[0024] The single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method and system provided in this application, firstly, the sender sends a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver sends a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediate third party performs Belli measurements based on the first and second photon sequences, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to both the sender and the receiver; the receiver, based on the first measurement result, determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of n photon pairs reflected by a variable beam splitter; the n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of the n photon pairs reflected by a variable beam splitter. A photon pair is formed by photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter; the first quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after being collapsed by the measurement of the intermediate third party; the sender, based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement; the second quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after applying a unitary operation; the intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; the receiver decodes the second quantum state according to the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message. Thus, secure communication can be achieved using a single-photon source, thereby eliminating the need for entanglement preparation, improving the availability of direct quantum communication, and using quantum storage devices can ensure communication security in more practical light source conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0025] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system provided in this application;

[0027] Figure 2This is a flowchart illustrating the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method provided in this application;

[0028] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram comparing the performance of different quantum direct communication protocols provided in this application;

[0029] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electronic device provided in this application. Detailed Implementation

[0030] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the technical solutions of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0031] The terms "first," "second," etc., used in the specification and claims of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and not to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such use of data can be interchanged where appropriate so that embodiments of this application can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein, and the objects distinguished by "first," "second," etc., are generally of the same class and the number of objects is not limited; for example, a first object can be one or more. Furthermore, in the specification and claims, "and / or" indicates at least one of the connected objects, and the character " / " generally indicates that the preceding and following objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0032] The following explains the technical terms used in the embodiments of this application:

[0033] Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Direct Communication (MDI-QDC) is a method for secure information transmission that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics. It does not require prior key sharing and is independent of the specific functions and characteristics of the measurement device; as long as the light source at the transmitting end is trustworthy, communication security is guaranteed. It is an improvement on the Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol, allowing direct information transmission without additional post-processing. The principle is that the two communicating parties (Alice and Bob) prepare and transmit quantum states respectively. A third party (Charlie) performs interference measurements on them and publishes the results. Alice and Bob then extract the information based on the measurement results and their own encoding rules. Since any eavesdropping on the quantum states will alter the measurement results, the communicating parties can detect the presence of an attacker and take appropriate measures. The advantages of MDI-QDC include its resistance to detector attacks and noise, improved communication efficiency and security, and suitability for untrusted channels and measurement devices.

[0034] Quantum memory devices are devices capable of storing and retrieving quantum states, functioning as traditional computer memory in quantum computers. The advantage of quantum memory is its ability to achieve more efficient and flexible information processing. Types of quantum memory include optical quantum memory and solid-state quantum memory, which utilize atomic clouds or solid materials to store the states of photons or other quantum particles, respectively.

[0035] A variable beamsplitter is an optical device capable of continuously changing the intensity ratio between two polarization states. It consists of a polarizing beamsplitter and a half-wave plate. The polarizing beamsplitter splits incident light into two polarized beams, one perpendicular and one parallel to the plane of incidence, while the half-wave plate changes the polarization direction of the incident light. By rotating the half-wave plate, a full range of intensity variations from maximum to minimum can be achieved. Fully variable beamsplitters are mainly used in applications such as holography and interference.

[0036] A polarizing beam splitter is an optical device that splits incident light into two beams based on their polarization direction. It typically consists of two rear polarizers and a glass prism. The glass prism separates the incident light rays perpendicularly, while the two rear polarizers separate the perpendicularly polarized light rays according to their polarization direction. The principle of a polarizing beam splitter is based on the fact that at Brewster's angle, the reflected light is linearly polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence, while the transmitted light is linearly polarized parallel to the plane of incidence. Polarizing beam splitters are mainly used in optical paths where the polarization state has specific requirements.

[0037] In traditional QSDC protocols, the light source and detector are generally assumed to be trustworthy. However, in reality, vulnerabilities in the light source and detector can lead to various channel attack methods. To avoid information loss and eavesdropping caused by detector vulnerabilities, a measurement-device-independent quantum direct communication protocol based on the DL04 protocol and entanglement has been proposed. Since the measurement end is in the middle of two legitimate communication ends, the measurement-device-independent quantum direct communication protocol doubles the communication distance of quantum direct communication. However, related technologies still have two major drawbacks: First, they require the use of an entangled source, which hinders the practical application of the protocol. Second, the impact of quantum memory devices is not considered in the security analysis.

[0038] To address the aforementioned technical problems in related technologies, this application provides a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method. This method can achieve secure communication using a single-photon source, thus eliminating the need for entanglement preparation. First, the SP-MDI-QSDC protocol provided in this application circumvents the technical challenges of entanglement preparation in the original MDI-QSDC protocol, thereby enhancing the practical application of the MDI-QSDC protocol. Second, for more practical non-single-photon source scenarios, this technical solution proposes using a weakly coherent light source (for single-photon preparation) and quantum memory devices to ensure communication security under more practical light source conditions.

[0039] like Figure 1 The diagram shown is a schematic of the quantum direct communication system used in the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method provided in this application. The system includes: a sender (Alice), a receiver (Bob), and an intermediary third party (Charlie).

[0040] The single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method provided in this application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, through specific embodiments and application scenarios.

[0041] like Figure 2 As shown in the embodiment of this application, a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method is provided, which may include the following steps 201 to 206:

[0042] Step 201: The sender sends the first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver sends the second photon sequence to the intermediate third party.

[0043] The first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons.

[0044] For example, in the embodiments of this application, the sender and receiver need to send their respective prepared photon sequences to an intermediate third party for measurement.

[0045] Specifically, in step 201 above, the sender transmits the first photon sequence to an intermediate third party, which may include the following steps 201a1 and 201a2:

[0046] Step 201a1: The transmitter controls two single-photon sources to prepare the n photon pairs, and sends the n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter to obtain n photons reflected by the variable beam splitter, which constitute the fourth photon sequence, and obtains n photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter, which constitute the third photon sequence.

[0047] Step 201a2: Randomly insert m single photons into the fourth photon sequence in the transmission direction to obtain the first photon sequence.

[0048] Wherein, any one of the n photon pairs is in state The m single photons are single photons under non-orthogonal basis, and any single photon among the m single photons is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0049] For example, Alice (the sender) and Bob (the receiver) use a weakly coherent light source with random phase to prepare a sequence of quantum states. Alice operates two single-photon sources to prepare n photon pairs, each photon pair being in state n. Alice then sends photon pairs through a variable beam splitter. The photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter form sequence A1 (i.e., the third photon sequence in this embodiment), and the photons reflected by the variable beam splitter form sequence A2 (i.e., the fourth photon sequence in this embodiment). This sequence will be stored in Alice's quantum memory. Alice randomly inserts m single photons in four states under non-orthogonal bases into A2 to form sequence A0 (i.e., the first photon sequence in this embodiment).

[0050] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the four single-photon states corresponding to a single photon include: horizontal polarization state (|0>), -45° polarization state (|->), vertical polarization state (|1>), and +45° polarization state (|+>). Alice and Bob used a weakly coherent light source with random phase to prepare the quantum state sequence. This is to prevent an attacker (Eve) from using the phase information of the photons to eavesdrop on communications.

[0051] Specifically, in step 201 above, the receiver sending the second photon sequence to the intermediate third party may include the following step 201b:

[0052] Step 201b: The receiver controls the single-photon source to prepare a single photon of length n+m to obtain the second photon sequence.

[0053] In this second photon sequence, any single photon is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization, -45° polarization, vertical polarization, +45° polarization.

[0054] For example, Bob uses a single-photon sequence B0 of length n+m, where each single photon is randomly in one of the four single-photon states mentioned above. Meanwhile, the light source used in this embodiment alternately transmits laser pulses with different average photon numbers with a fixed probability; the light source different from the information-transmitting pulse is a decoy light source.

[0055] Step 202: The intermediate third party performs Belli measurements based on the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to the sender and the receiver respectively.

[0056] For example, Alice and Bob send A0 and B0 respectively to an untrusted Charlie (the aforementioned intermediary third party). Charlie performs a Belli measurement, and both parties only retain the event of a successful Belli measurement and a response from the quantum memory. Charlie then publishes the measurement results.

[0057] Step 203: Based on the first measurement result, the receiver determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device.

[0058] Wherein, the third photon sequence is composed of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs; the n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter from the n photon pairs; the first quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon after the single photons in the third photon sequence collapse due to the influence of the intermediate third-party measurement.

[0059] It should be noted that quantum teleportation will occur during the Bell basis measurement, causing the other photon sequence A1 in Alice's hands to randomly collapse into one of the four single-photon states mentioned above. This state is known only to Bob, as shown in Table 1, which illustrates the relationship between Alice's held state, Bob's initial quantum state, and the Bell basis measurement results.

[0060]

[0061] Table 1

[0062] Specifically, step 203 above may also include the following step 203a:

[0063] Step 203a: When the first measurement result is generated and the quantum memory device triggers a preset response event, the receiver determines that the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device collapses and obtains the first quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0064] It should be noted that the communicating parties only retain events where a Bell base measurement is successfully performed and the quantum memory responds. A quantum memory device is a device capable of storing and retrieving quantum states, functioning as a traditional computer memory in a quantum computer. Due to photon loss and measurement uncertainties, Charlie's Bell base measurement may fail, or Alice and Bob's quantum memory may not respond. Therefore, the communicating parties only focus on events where both measurement and storage are successful.

[0065] Step 204: Based on the first measurement result and the preparation base information published by the receiver, the sender applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement.

[0066] The second quantum state includes the quantum state of each single photon after a unitary operation is applied to each photon in the third photon sequence.

[0067] For example, after the receiver acquires the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, the transmitter can use the third photon sequence for message encoding.

[0068] Specifically, step 204 above may also include the following steps 204a1 and 204a2:

[0069] Step 204a1: Based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, the sender applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the third quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0070] The third quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after message encoding.

[0071] Step 204a2: The sender encrypts the third quantum state using a local random bit string and inserts a random number sequence into the third photon sequence to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0072] For example, Alice uses photon sequence A1 for message encoding, and Bob publishes the corresponding preparation basis information. Alice applies a unitary operation U to the photons in sequence A1. A =U M U t U t ∈{I,б y This is to complete the quantum teleportation process, and the specific operation depends on Charlie's Bell basis measurement results and Bob's published preparation basis information. M Used for encoding information, {U0=I, U1=б u} represent classical bits 0 and 1, respectively. Where, б u ∈{б x ,iб y , б z Alice uses a local random bit string to encrypt the information, and also randomly inserts a sequence of random numbers during message encoding for message integrity checks.

[0073] It should be noted that, in the embodiments of this application, the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence will change as the communication process between the two parties progresses, and their order is the first quantum state, the third quantum state, and the second quantum state, respectively.

[0074] Step 205: The intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation base information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver.

[0075] For example, Alice encodes the photon sequence A1 and sends it to Charlie for single-photon measurement. Charlie measures A1 based on the fabrication information published by Bob and publishes the measurement results.

[0076] Step 206: The receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message.

[0077] For example, the receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the obtained second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message.

[0078] Specifically, based on steps 204a1 and 204a2 above, step 206 may further include the following steps 206a1 and 206a2:

[0079] Step 206a1: The receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the random number corresponding to each single photon in the third photon sequence indicated by the target random number published by the sender based on the second measurement result, the second measurement result, and the first quantum state, to obtain the target message and the random number sequence.

[0080] Step 206a2: The receiver and the sender perform integrity verification on the target message based on their respective published random number sequences.

[0081] For example, based on Charlie's second measurement, Alice publishes the random number corresponding to each single photon when encoding the third photon sequence A1. Bob can use the measurement results published by Charlie and the random number corresponding to each single photon published by Alice to decode the second quantum state of the third photon sequence A1 and calculate the transmission qubit error rate e. Bob and Alice publish the decoded random number sequence and compare the integrity of the message.

[0082] Optionally, in this embodiment of the application, the security of the quantum channel needs to be assessed before the sender and receiver communicate.

[0083] For example, prior to step 204 above, the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method provided in this application embodiment may further include steps 207 and 208:

[0084] Step 207: Based on the insertion position information and preparation basis information of the m single photons published by each of the sender and receiver, determine that the same position in the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence is the insertion position information of the inserted photon.

[0085] Step 208: The sender and the receiver calculate the detection bit error rate and the photon responsivity based on the insertion position information and the first measurement result, and perform quantum channel security verification based on their respective calculated detection bit error rate and photon responsivity.

[0086] For example, after Charlie publishes the measurement results, Alice and Bob publish the positions of the inserted m single photons and the preparation basis information. The case where both photons from Alice and Bob are inserted single photons will be used for security detection. Using the Bell basis measurement results of the single photon pairs, Alice and Bob can estimate the detection bit error rate ε and the photon responsivity. Under conditions without Eve's attack, the ratio of the decoy state responsivity is equal to the ratio of their average photon numbers; this ratio is broken under Eve's photon number separation attack. Simultaneously, they assess the security of the quantum channel to determine whether to continue communication.

[0087] It should be noted that, as Figure 3 As shown, the security capacity (a parameter reflecting communication security performance; a value greater than zero indicates secure information transmission, and a larger value indicates a faster transmission rate) of the SP-MDI-QSDC protocol provided in this application embodiment is related to the communication distance. The blue curve with diamonds represents the relationship between the security capability and distance when the actual SP-MDI-QSDC protocol is combined with the 2-decoy state method (i.e., two weak light intensities as decoy states). The red dashed line with circles represents the SP-MDI-QSDC protocol combined with the infinite-dimensional decoy state method. Furthermore, the blue and red dashed lines depict the original MDI-QSDC protocol. In the short-range case, the security capability of our protocol is lower than that of the original protocol. The decrease in security capability is mainly due to device losses caused by using single photons for quantum teleportation. However, as the communication distance increases, our proposed protocol shows a significant advantage over the original communication protocol, thereby enhancing the maximum secure communication distance.

[0088] This application provides a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method. The sender transmits a first photon sequence to an intermediary third party, and the receiver transmits a second photon sequence to the intermediary third party. The first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons. The second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons. The intermediary third party performs a Bell kinematic measurement based on the first and second photon sequences, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to both the sender and the receiver. Based on the first measurement result, the receiver determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device. The third photon sequence consists of n single photons. The n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs. The n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of the n photon pairs reflected by a variable beam splitter. The first quantum state comprises the quantum states of individual photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter in the third photon sequence after the single photons in the third photon sequence collapse under the influence of the intermediate third-party measurement. The sender, based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain a second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement. The second quantum state comprises the quantum states of individual photons in the third photon sequence after a unitary operation is applied. The intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to both the sender and the receiver. The receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message. Thus, secure communication can be achieved using a single-photon source, eliminating the need for entanglement preparation, improving the availability of direct quantum communication, and using quantum storage devices can ensure communication security in more practical light source conditions.

[0089] It should be noted that the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method provided in this application can be executed by a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system, or by a sender, receiver, and intermediary third party within that system. This application uses a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system as an example to illustrate the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system provided in this application.

[0090] It should be noted that, in the embodiments of this application, the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication methods shown in the accompanying drawings are all illustrated by way of example with reference to one of the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this application. In specific implementation, the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication methods shown in the accompanying drawings of the above methods can also be implemented in conjunction with any other accompanying drawings that can be combined with the above embodiments, which will not be elaborated here.

[0091] The single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system provided in this application is described below. The single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method described below can be referred to in correspondence with the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method described above.

[0092] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system provided in an embodiment of this application, as shown below. Figure 1 As shown, this specifically includes: the sender, the receiver, and an intermediary third party;

[0093] The sender is configured to send a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver is configured to send a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediate third party, after receiving the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, performs a Belli measurement based on the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to the sender and the receiver respectively; the receiver is configured to determine the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum memory device based on the first measurement result; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence consist of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs; the n single photons in the third photon sequence consist of photons reflected by the n photon pairs. The photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter constitute the first quantum state, which includes the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after being collapsed by the intermediate third-party measurement. The sender is configured to apply a unitary operation to the third photon sequence based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver to perform message encoding, thereby obtaining the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and send the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement. The second quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon in the third photon sequence after applying a unitary operation. The intermediate third party is configured to measure the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generate a second measurement result, and publish the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver. The receiver is configured to perform message decoding on the second quantum state based on the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message.

[0094] Optionally, the transmitter is specifically configured to control two single-photon sources to prepare the n photon pairs, and send the n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter to obtain n photons reflected by the variable beam splitter, forming the fourth photon sequence, and to obtain n photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter, forming the third photon sequence; the transmitter is specifically configured to randomly insert m single photons into the fourth photon sequence to obtain the first photon sequence; wherein, any one of the n photon pairs is in a state The m single photons are single photons under non-orthogonal basis, and any single photon among the m single photons is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0095] Optionally, the receiver is specifically configured to control the single-photon source to prepare single photons of length n+m to obtain the second photon sequence; wherein any single photon in the second photon sequence is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

[0096] Optionally, the receiver is specifically configured to determine, when the first measurement result is generated and the quantum memory device triggers a preset response event, that the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device collapses, and obtain the first quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0097] Optionally, the sender is specifically configured to apply a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, to obtain the third quantum state of the third photon sequence; the third quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon in the third photon sequence after message encoding; the sender is specifically configured to encrypt the third quantum state using a local random bit string and insert a random number sequence into the third photon sequence to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence.

[0098] Optionally, the receiver is specifically configured to decode the second quantum state based on the random number corresponding to each single photon in the third photon sequence indicated by the target random number published by the sender based on the second measurement result, the second measurement result, and the first quantum state, to obtain the target message and the random number sequence; the receiver and the sender are specifically configured to perform integrity verification on the target message based on their respective published random number sequences.

[0099] Optionally, the sender and the receiver are configured to determine, based on their respective published insertion position information and preparation basis information for m single photons, the insertion position information of the same position in the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, which are all inserted photons; the sender and the receiver are configured to calculate the detection bit error rate and the photon responsivity based on the insertion position information and the first measurement result, and to perform quantum channel security verification based on their respective calculated detection bit error rate and photon responsivity.

[0100] This application provides a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system. The sender transmits a first photon sequence to an intermediary third party, and the receiver transmits a second photon sequence to the intermediary third party. The first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons. The second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons. The intermediary third party performs Belli measurements based on the first and second photon sequences, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to both the sender and the receiver. Based on the first measurement result, the receiver determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device. The third photon sequence consists of n single photons. The n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs. The n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by the n photon pairs. The quantum state is constructed by photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter. The first quantum state includes the quantum states of individual photons after they collapse due to the influence of the intermediate third-party measurement. The sender, based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain a second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement. The second quantum state includes the quantum states of individual photons after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence. The intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to both the sender and the receiver. The receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message. Thus, secure communication can be achieved using a single-photon source, eliminating the need for entanglement preparation, improving the availability of direct quantum communication, and using quantum storage devices can ensure communication security in more practical light source conditions.

[0101] Figure 4 An example is a schematic diagram of the physical structure of an electronic device, such as... Figure 4As shown, the electronic device may include: a processor 410, a communication interface 420, a memory 430, and a communication bus 440, wherein the processor 410, the communication interface 420, and the memory 430 communicate with each other through the communication bus 440. Processor 410 can invoke logic instructions in memory 430 to execute a single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method. This method includes: the sender sending a first photon sequence to the intermediary third party, and the receiver sending a second photon sequence to the intermediary third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediary third party performs a Belli measurement based on the first and second photon sequences, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to both the sender and the receiver; the receiver, based on the first measurement result, determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum memory device; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n single photons; the third ... The n single photons are composed of photons transmitted through the n photon pairs by a variable beam splitter; the first quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon after the single photons in the third photon sequence collapse under the influence of the intermediate third-party measurement; the sender, based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single photon measurement; the second quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence; the intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; the receiver decodes the second quantum state according to the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message. Thus, secure communication can be achieved using a single photon source, thereby eliminating the need for entanglement preparation, improving the availability of direct quantum communication, and using quantum storage devices can ensure communication security in more practical light source conditions.

[0102] Furthermore, the logical instructions in the aforementioned memory 430 can be implemented as software functional units and, when sold or used as independent products, can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, or a part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of this application. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0103] On the other hand, this application also provides a computer program product, which includes a computer program stored on a computer-readable storage medium. The computer program includes program instructions, and when the program instructions are executed by a computer, the computer is able to execute the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method provided by the above methods. The method includes: the sender sending a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver sending a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediate third party performs a Belli measurement based on the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to the sender and the receiver respectively; the receiver determines the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device based on the first measurement result; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n single photons; the third ... The n single photons in the first photon sequence are composed of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs; the n single photons in the third photon sequence are composed of photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter from the n photon pairs; the first quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon after being collapsed by the measurement of the intermediate third party; the sender, based on the first measurement result and the preparation basis information published by the receiver, applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single photon measurement; the second quantum state includes the quantum state of each single photon after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence; the intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation basis information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; the receiver decodes the second quantum state according to the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message. In this way, secure communication can be achieved using a single-photon source, thus eliminating the need for entanglement preparation, improving the availability of direct quantum communication, and using quantum storage devices can ensure communication security in more practical light source conditions.

[0104] Furthermore, this application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implements a quantum direct communication method independent of the single-photon measurement devices provided above. The method includes: the sender transmitting a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver transmitting a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons; the intermediate third party performs a Belli measurement based on the first and second photon sequences, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to both the sender and the receiver; the receiver, based on the first measurement result, determines the first quantum state of each photon in a third photon sequence stored in the sender's quantum storage device; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence are reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs. The third photon sequence is composed of n single photons, which are formed by photons transmitted through a variable beam splitter from the n photon pairs. The first quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon after being collapsed by the measurement of the intermediate third party. Based on the first measurement result and the preparation base information published by the receiver, the sender applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single photon measurement. The second quantum state includes the quantum states of each single photon after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence. The intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation base information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver. The receiver decodes the second quantum state according to the second measurement result and the first quantum state to obtain the target message. In this way, secure communication can be achieved using a single-photon source, thus eliminating the need for entanglement preparation, improving the availability of direct quantum communication, and using quantum storage devices can ensure communication security in more practical light source conditions.

[0105] The system embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs. Those skilled in the art can understand and implement this without any creative effort.

[0106] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms, and of course, it can also be implemented by hardware. Based on this understanding, the above technical solutions, in essence or the part that contributes to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.

[0107] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method, characterized by, This is applied to a quantum direct communication system, which includes: a sender, a receiver, and an intermediary third party; The method includes: The sender transmits a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver transmits a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons. The intermediate third party performs Belli measurements based on the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence, generates a first measurement result, and publishes the first measurement result to the sender and the receiver respectively. When the first measurement result is generated and the quantum memory device of the sender triggers a preset response event, the receiver determines that the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device collapses and obtains the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence consist of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs; the n single photons in the third photon sequence consist of photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter from the n photon pairs; the first quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon after the single photons in the third photon sequence collapse due to the influence of the intermediate third-party measurement; Based on the first measurement result and the preparation base information published by the receiver, the sender applies a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding to obtain the third quantum state of the third photon sequence; the third quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon in the third photon sequence after message encoding; The sender encrypts the third quantum state using a local random bit string and inserts a random number sequence into the third photon sequence to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and sends the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement; the second quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence; The intermediate third party measures the third photon sequence based on the preparation base information published by the receiver, generates a second measurement result, and publishes the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; The receiver decodes the second quantum state based on the random number corresponding to each single photon in the third photon sequence indicated by the target random number published by the sender based on the second measurement result, the second measurement result, and the first quantum state, to obtain the target message and the random number sequence. The receiver and the sender perform integrity verification on the target message based on their respective published random number sequences; The sender transmits the first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, including: The transmitter controls two single-photon sources to prepare the n photon pairs, and sends the n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter to obtain n photons reflected by the variable beam splitter to form a fourth photon sequence, and obtains n photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter to form the third photon sequence; The first photon sequence is obtained by randomly inserting m single photons into the fourth photon sequence in the transmission direction.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, any one of the n pairs of photons is in state |0 ; the m single photons are single photons in a non-orthogonal basis, and any one of the m single photons is in any one of the following states: horizontal polarization state, -45° polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45° polarization state.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein, The receiver sends the second photon sequence to the intermediate third party, including: The receiver controls a single-photon source to prepare single photons of length n+m to obtain the second photon sequence; In this process, any single photon in the second photon sequence is in any of the following states: horizontal polarization, -45° polarization, vertical polarization, or +45° polarization.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein, Before obtaining the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, the method further includes: Based on the insertion position information and preparation basis information of the m single photons published by each party, the sender and the receiver determine that the same position in the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence is the insertion position information of the inserted photon; The sender and the receiver calculate the detection bit error rate and the photon responsivity based on the insertion position information and the first measurement result, and perform quantum channel security verification based on their respective calculated detection bit error rate and photon responsivity.

5. A single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication system, characterized by, The system includes: a sender, a receiver, and an intermediary third party; The sender is configured to send a first photon sequence to the intermediate third party, and the receiver is configured to send a second photon sequence to the intermediate third party; the first photon sequence consists of n single photons and m randomly inserted single photons; the second photon sequence consists of n+m single photons. The intermediary third party is used to perform Belli measurements based on the first photon sequence and the second photon sequence after receiving them, generate a first measurement result, and publish the first measurement result to the sender and the receiver respectively. The receiver is configured to, upon the generation of the first measurement result and the triggering of a preset response event by the quantum memory device of the sender, determine the collapse of the third photon sequence stored in the quantum memory device and obtain the first quantum state of each photon in the third photon sequence; the third photon sequence consists of n single photons; the n single photons in the first photon sequence consist of photons reflected by a variable beam splitter from n photon pairs; the n single photons in the third photon sequence consist of photons transmitted through the variable beam splitter from the n photon pairs; the first quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon after the single photons in the third photon sequence collapse due to the influence of the intermediate third-party measurement; The sender is configured to apply a unitary operation to the third photon sequence for message encoding based on the first measurement result and the preparation base information published by the receiver, to obtain the third quantum state of the third photon sequence; the third quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon in the third photon sequence after message encoding; The sender is configured to encrypt the third quantum state using a local random bit string, insert a random number sequence into the third photon sequence to obtain the second quantum state of the third photon sequence, and send the third photon sequence to the intermediate third party for single-photon measurement; the second quantum state includes: the quantum state of each single photon after applying a unitary operation to each photon in the third photon sequence; The intermediate third party is used to measure the third photon sequence based on the preparation base information published by the receiver, generate a second measurement result, and publish the second measurement result to the sender and the receiver; The receiver is configured to decode the second quantum state based on the random number corresponding to each single photon in the third photon sequence indicated by the target random number published by the sender based on the second measurement result, the second measurement result, and the first quantum state, thereby obtaining the target message and the random number sequence. The receiver and the sender are used to perform integrity verification on the target message based on their respective published random number sequences; The transmitter is specifically configured to control two single-photon sources to prepare the n photon pairs, and send the n photon pairs through a variable beam splitter to obtain n photons reflected by the variable beam splitter to form a fourth photon sequence, and to obtain n photons transmitted by the variable beam splitter to form the third photon sequence; The sender is further configured to randomly insert m single photons into the fourth photon sequence to obtain the first photon sequence.

6. An electronic device, comprising: It includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor, when executing the program, implements the steps of the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

7. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, It stores a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the single-photon measurement device-independent quantum direct communication method as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

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