A method for purifying quartz sand by flash joule heat treatment

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of quartz sand purification method using flash joule heat treatment, belong to quartz sand purification field, the purification method uses the quartz sand after rough purification as raw material, including the following steps: (1) ball milling, screening;(2) flash joule heat treatment;(3) inorganic mixed acid acid dipping;(4) washing and drying;(5) high temperature chlorination roasting.The present application utilizes the characteristics that the temperature rising and falling speed of flash joule heat treatment technology is extremely fast, completes the extremely hot and extremely cold treatment of quartz sand in a few seconds, makes a large number of burst of inclusion in quartz sand, greatly improves the purification efficiency of quartz sand, effectively saves the huge energy consumption brought by long time heating and cooling treatment, improves the purification effect of quartz sand.It is simple and easy to operate, easy to popularize, with obvious economic practical value.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of quartz sand purification, and specifically to a method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment. Background Technology

[0002] Flash Joule heating (FJH) technology has become a hot topic in the field of novel materials preparation in recent years. Its key feature is the ability to subject materials to temperature changes of thousands of degrees Celsius within milliseconds. This technology has shown great promise in the preparation of high-entropy materials, the production of high-quality graphene, the recycling of battery electrode materials, and the synthesis of special catalysts. Furthermore, Hu Liangbing et al. improved this technology and successfully applied it to the sintering of special ceramics, achieving ultra-rapid temperature changes for ceramic materials.

[0003] Currently, the purification process for quartz sand in my country typically involves a combination of techniques such as water quenching, magnetic separation, flotation, acid leaching, and complexation. Existing processes have very limited effectiveness in removing inclusions and isomorphic impurities within the quartz sand material. To remove internal impurities from quartz sand, using extreme heating and cooling techniques to induce the bursting of inclusions and generate more cracks is a feasible method. Patents CN1562743A, CN102180584A, and CN109081352A employ "cold bursting," "microwave thermal bursting," and "cold-thermal impact bursting," respectively, attempting to improve purification by creating cracks on the quartz sand surface. However, these methods do not completely solve the problems of insufficient purity and the energy consumption associated with prolonged extreme heating and cooling techniques. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment, which is time-saving, energy-efficient, and yields high-purity quartz sand.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention employs the following technical solution:

[0006] A method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment includes the following steps:

[0007] (1) The quartz sand raw material is ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0008] (2) Place quartz sand A on a conductive substrate of a Joule furnace, heat it with a voltage of 15-30V and a current of 50-250A for 200ms-1min, and then cool it for no more than 10s to perform flash Joule heat treatment. After completion, quartz sand B is obtained.

[0009] (3) Quartz sand B is put into an acid pickling tank and acid leached at 65-85℃ with inorganic mixed acid with a concentration of not less than 4mol / L. After completion, material C is obtained.

[0010] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0011] (5) After mixing the quartz sand D with the chlorinating agent, add it to the chlorination roasting furnace and chlorinate and roast at 1400-1600℃. After completion, cool to obtain high-purity quartz sand.

[0012] Furthermore, in step (1), the silica content in the quartz sand raw material is not less than 98%.

[0013] Furthermore, in step (2), the conductive substrate material is one of carbon cloth, carbon paper, graphite paper, or carbon fiber cloth.

[0014] Furthermore, in step (2), there is a conductive substrate on the top and bottom of the Joule furnace, and the quartz sand A is located between the two substrates.

[0015] Furthermore, in step (2), the flash Joule heat treatment is carried out in a vacuum environment, and the treatment is performed 1 to 6 times.

[0016] Furthermore, in step (3), the inorganic mixed acid is composed of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, wherein the concentration of hydrochloric acid is not less than 3 mol / L, the concentration of nitric acid is not less than 0.5 mol / L and the concentration of hydrofluoric acid is not less than 0.5 mol / L.

[0017] Furthermore, the acid leaching time in step (3) shall not be less than 4 hours.

[0018] Furthermore, the acid leaching process in step (3) is assisted by ultrasonic treatment at low frequency (20kHz) and high frequency (40kHz) and pressure treatment at 0.2 to 0.5MPa.

[0019] Furthermore, the chlorinating agent used in step (5) is either a gaseous chlorinating agent or a solid chlorinating agent. The gaseous chlorinating agent is one or two of HCl and Cl2, and the solid chlorinating agent is one or more of NaCl, KCl, and NH4Cl. When using a gaseous chlorinating agent, the quartz sand should be chlorinated and roasted in an atmosphere where the volume ratio of chlorinating agent to nitrogen is 1:1 to 1:4. When using a solid chlorinating agent, 1.5% to 4% of the mass fraction of chlorinating agent is mixed with the quartz sand and then chlorinated and roasted.

[0020] Furthermore, in step (5), the chlorination roasting is carried out using microwave heating, and the holding time is 2 to 5 hours.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0022] 1. Based on the material properties of quartz sand with weak conductivity, this invention selects a conductive substrate as the support for Joule heating. Based on the characteristics of quartz sand material with poor heat transfer performance and high melting point, a parameter setting strategy of higher voltage and current and longer processing time is adopted to reasonably configure the parameters of the Joule furnace.

[0023] 2. This invention utilizes the extremely rapid heating and cooling speed of flash Joule heat treatment technology to perform extremely hot and cold treatment on quartz sand in a very short time, greatly shortening the processing time and thus effectively saving the huge energy consumption caused by the long heating and cooling process required by traditional extreme heating and cooling.

[0024] 3. The rapid heating and cooling rate of flash Joule heating technology is much greater than that of traditional cold and heat treatment processes. The extremely fast heating and cooling rate can better promote the bursting of quartz sand inclusions and the formation of surface cracks, thereby effectively exposing internal impurities and facilitating the thoroughness of subsequent impurity removal. Compared with traditional purification processes, it improves the purification effect of quartz sand.

[0025] 4. Compared with the existing technology of purifying quartz sand by hot and cold collision explosion, the SiO2 content in the purified quartz sand is about 99.9950%, while the quartz sand prepared by this invention has a purity of 99.998%, which reaches the high-end level. Moreover, the operation is simple and easy to implement, the process is streamlined, it is easy to promote, and has obvious economic and practical value.

[0026] Furthermore, this invention employs the feature of heating surrounded by a dual conductive substrate, which ensures that the quartz sand is heated evenly and rapidly. It also uses a vacuum environment to avoid minor reactions between the protective gas and the material at excessively high temperatures.

[0027] Furthermore, the present invention includes a hot-press acid leaching step, in which heating and pressurization are combined with ultrasonic treatment to further expand the cracks and defects formed on the quartz sand by Joule heating, thereby increasing the specific surface area of ​​the material and effectively improving the leaching effect of impurities. Attached Figure Description

[0028] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process flow of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. These descriptions are for explanation purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0030] See Figure 1 This invention uses coarsely processed quartz sand as raw material. Taking a quartz sand mine produced in a certain place in Shaanxi Province as an example, it is coarsely purified by one or more of the following methods: crushing, water quenching, magnetic separation, flotation, acid leaching, complexation, etc., to remove surface impurities. The silica content in the coarsely purified quartz sand is not less than 98%.

[0031] The method for purifying the coarsely treated quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment includes the following steps:

[0032] (1) The coarsely treated quartz is ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh.

[0033] (2) Place the quartz sand A obtained in step (1) on a conductive substrate of a Joule furnace for flash Joule heat treatment. Specifically, use a voltage of 15-30V and a current of 50-250A to heat for 200ms-1min and then cool for no more than 10s. Quartz sand A is treated once by heating and cooling down to below 50℃. Repeat the treatment 1-6 times. The ultra-fast heating and cooling treatment promotes the rupture of gas-liquid inclusions in the quartz sand, causing more cracks to appear on its surface. After completion, quartz sand B is obtained.

[0034] (3) Quartz sand B is put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 65-85℃ for at least 4 hours using an inorganic mixed acid composed of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment at low frequency 20kHz and high frequency 40kHz and pressure treatment at 0.2-0.5MPa are used to remove the internal impurities exposed by the quartz sand after flash Joule heat treatment. The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the inorganic mixed acid is not less than 3mol / L, the concentration of nitric acid is not less than 0.5mol / L and the concentration of hydrofluoric acid is not less than 0.5mol / L. After completion, material C is obtained.

[0035] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0036] (5) After mixing the quartz sand D with the chlorinating agent, add it to the chlorination roasting furnace and perform high-temperature chlorination roasting. The chlorination roasting temperature is 1400-1600℃ and the holding time is 2-5h. During the roasting process, the quartz sand undergoes multiple phase transformations, which can further enrich the microcracks in the quartz sand. At the same time, it activates isomorphous impurities and accelerates their diffusion to the surface. It reacts with the chlorinating agent to generate easily volatile substances that overflow from the roasting furnace. After completion, cool to obtain high-purity quartz sand.

[0037] Example 1:

[0038] After coarse purification, the silica content of the quartz sand raw material is 98%, and the main impurities are Fe: 80ppm and Al: 50ppm.

[0039] (1) The coarsely purified quartz sand raw material is ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh.

[0040] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on a carbon cloth conductive substrate in a Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment twice. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 25V, current 200A, heating time 30s, cooling time 10s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0041] (3) Quartz sand B is put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 65°C for 6 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the inorganic mixed acid is not less than 3 mol / L, the concentration of nitric acid is not less than 0.5 mol / L, and the concentration of hydrofluoric acid is not less than 1 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment at low frequency of 20 kHz and high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment at 0.2 MPa are used as auxiliary treatments. After completion, material C is obtained.

[0042] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0043] (5) After mixing quartz sand D with 2.5% ammonium chloride by mass, put it into a microwave chlorination roasting furnace and perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1500℃ for 5 hours. After the material is cooled, high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0044] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.7 ppm and Al: 11 ppm.

[0045] Example 2:

[0046] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0047] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on a carbon cloth conductive substrate in a Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment twice. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 15V, current 120A, heating time 30 seconds, cooling time 5s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0048] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 65°C for 6 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The inorganic mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 3 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 1 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment with 0.4 MPa were used as auxiliary treatments. After completion, material C was obtained.

[0049] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0050] (5) After mixing quartz sand D with 2.5% ammonium chloride by mass, put it into a microwave chlorination roasting furnace and perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1500℃ for 5 hours. After the material is cooled, high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0051] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.9 ppm and Al: 16 ppm.

[0052] Example 3:

[0053] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0054] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on a carbon cloth conductive substrate in a Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment once. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 25V, current 200A, heating time 30s, cooling time 3s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0055] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 65°C for 6 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The inorganic mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 3 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 1 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment with 0.3 MPa were used as auxiliary treatments. After completion, material C was obtained.

[0056] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0057] (5) After mixing quartz sand D with 2.5% ammonium chloride by mass, put it into a microwave chlorination roasting furnace and perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1500℃ for 5 hours. After the material is cooled, high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0058] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.997%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.9 ppm and Al: 19 ppm.

[0059] Example 4:

[0060] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0061] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on a carbon cloth conductive substrate in a Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment three times. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 25V, current 200A, heating time 40s, cooling time 7s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0062] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 65°C for 6 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The inorganic mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 3 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 1 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment with 0.2 MPa were used as auxiliary treatments. After completion, material C was obtained.

[0063] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0064] (5) After mixing quartz sand D with 2.5% ammonium chloride by mass, put it into a microwave chlorination roasting furnace and perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1500℃ for 5 hours. After the material is cooled, high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0065] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.6 ppm and Al: 10 ppm.

[0066] Example 5:

[0067] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0068] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on a carbon paper conductive substrate in a Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment 4 times under vacuum conditions. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 30V, current 50A, heating time 200ms, cooling time 1s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0069] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 85°C for 4 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The inorganic mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 4 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 1 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment with a pressure of 0.4 MPa were used as auxiliary treatments. After completion, material C was obtained.

[0070] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0071] (5) After mixing quartz sand D with 1.5% potassium chloride by mass, put it into a microwave chlorination roasting furnace and chlorinate at 1600℃ for 3 hours. After the material is cooled, the high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0072] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.9 ppm and Al: 13 ppm.

[0073] Example 6:

[0074] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0075] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on a graphite paper conductive substrate in a Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment 6 times under vacuum conditions. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 20V, current 100A, heating time 1min, cooling time 5s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0076] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 70°C for 5 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The inorganic mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 3 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 2 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 2 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz was used as an auxiliary treatment, and pressure treatment with 0.3 MPa was used as an auxiliary treatment. After completion, material C was obtained.

[0077] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0078] (5) After mixing quartz sand D with sodium chloride and ammonium chloride at a mass fraction of 2%, put it into a microwave chlorination roasting furnace and perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1400℃ for 3 hours. After the material is cooled, high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0079] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.9 ppm and Al: 11 ppm.

[0080] Example 7:

[0081] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0082] (2) Quartz sand A was placed on the carbon fiber cloth conductive substrate of the Joule furnace and subjected to flash Joule heat treatment 5 times under vacuum conditions. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 15V, current 250A, heating time 1s, cooling time 10s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0083] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and acid-leached at 80°C for 4 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The inorganic mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 3 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 1 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L. During acid leaching, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment with a pressure of 0.5 MPa were used as auxiliary treatments. After completion, material C was obtained.

[0084] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0085] (5) Place the quartz sand D in a chlorine and nitrogen mixed atmosphere with a volume ratio of 1:1, and use a microwave chlorination roasting furnace to perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1400℃ for 4 hours. After the material is cooled, the high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0086] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.9 ppm and Al: 11 ppm.

[0087] Example 8:

[0088] (1) The same quartz sand raw material as in Example 1 was ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh;

[0089] (2) Quartz sand A was placed between two carbon cloth conductive substrates in a Joule furnace and flash Joule heat treatment was performed twice under vacuum conditions. The Joule furnace parameters were set as follows: voltage 15V, current 120A, heating time 50s, cooling time 8s. After completion, quartz sand B was obtained.

[0090] (3) Quartz sand B was put into an acid pickling tank and leached at 65°C for 4 hours with inorganic mixed acid. The mixed acid contained hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 3 mol / L, nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L, and hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol / L. During the acid pickling, ultrasonic treatment with a low frequency of 20 kHz and a high frequency of 40 kHz and pressure treatment with 0.2 MPa were used as auxiliary treatments. After the process was completed, material C was obtained.

[0091] (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D;

[0092] (5) Place the quartz sand D in a mixed atmosphere of hydrogen chloride and nitrogen with a volume ratio of 1:3, and use a microwave chlorination roasting furnace to perform high-temperature chlorination roasting at 1600℃ for 2 hours. After the material is cooled, the high-purity quartz sand product is obtained.

[0093] The obtained product was tested and found to have a purity of 99.998%, with the main impurities being Fe: 0.9 ppm and Al: 12 ppm.

[0094] This invention employs flash Joule heat treatment technology. Utilizing the extremely rapid heating and cooling rates of this technology, it can better promote the bursting of inclusions in quartz sand and the formation of surface cracks, exposing more internal impurities and facilitating thorough subsequent impurity removal. Compared to existing technologies that purify quartz sand through hot-cold collision bursting, which result in quartz sand with a SiO2 content greater than 99.9950%, the quartz sand prepared by this invention achieves a purity of 99.998%, reaching a high-end level. Furthermore, flash Joule heat treatment technology has low energy consumption and short processing time, demonstrating significant economic and practical value.

Claims

1. A method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment, characterized in that: Includes the following steps, (1) The quartz sand raw material is ball-milled and sieved to obtain quartz sand A with a particle size of less than 100 mesh; (2) Place quartz sand A on a conductive substrate of a Joule furnace. There is a conductive substrate on the top and bottom of the Joule furnace, and quartz sand A is placed between the two substrates. Heat with a voltage of 15~30V and a current of 50~250A for 200ms~1min and then cool for no more than 10s to perform flash Joule heat treatment. After completion, quartz sand B is obtained. Flash Joule heat treatment is carried out in a vacuum environment, and the number of treatments is 1~6 times. (3) Quartz sand B is put into an acid pickling tank and leached at 65-85℃ with an inorganic mixed acid with a concentration of not less than 4mol / L. After the acid pickling is completed, material C is obtained. The inorganic mixed acid is composed of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, wherein the concentration of hydrochloric acid is not less than 3mol / L, the concentration of nitric acid is not less than 0.5mol / L and the concentration of hydrofluoric acid is not less than 0.5mol / L. The acid pickling process is assisted by ultrasonic treatment at low frequency of 20kHz and high frequency of 40kHz and by pressure treatment at 0.2 to 0.5MPa. (4) Wash and dry material C to obtain quartz sand D; (5) After mixing the quartz sand D with the chlorinating agent, add it to the chlorination roasting furnace. The chlorination roasting is carried out by microwave heating at 1400~1600℃ and the holding time is 2~5h. After completion, cool to obtain high-purity quartz sand.

2. The method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the silica content in the quartz sand raw material is not less than 98%.

3. The method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), the conductive substrate material is one of carbon cloth, carbon paper, graphite paper or carbon fiber cloth.

4. The method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The acid leaching time in step (3) shall not be less than 4 hours.

5. The method for purifying quartz sand using flash Joule heat treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), the chlorinating agent used can be a gaseous chlorinating agent or a solid chlorinating agent. The gaseous chlorinating agent can be one or two of HCl and Cl2, and the solid chlorinating agent can be one or more of NaCl, KCl, and NH4Cl. When using a gaseous chlorinating agent, the quartz sand should be chlorinated and roasted in an atmosphere where the volume ratio of chlorinating agent to nitrogen is 1:1 to 1:

4. When using a solid chlorinating agent, 1.5% to 4% of the mass fraction of chlorinating agent is mixed with the quartz sand and then chlorinated and roasted.

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