A method for preparing a carbon felt electrode

Abstract

The application relates to the field of electrochemical energy sources and discloses a preparation method of a carbon felt electrode, which comprises the following steps: S1, using argon plasma to treat the surface of the carbon felt to increase the surface roughness; S2, loading graphene with introduced functional groups on the treated carbon felt by using a pulse electrodeposition technology; S3, under a nitrogen protective atmosphere, heat treating the treated carbon felt at a temperature of 400 DEG C to 600 DEG C to promote the chemical bonding between the graphene and the carbon felt; and S4, depositing manganese dioxide on the heat-treated carbon felt by using an atomic layer deposition technology, and using Mn(acac)3 as a precursor of the manganese dioxide. The graphene treated by acidification is loaded on the carbon felt by using the pulse electrodeposition technology, the conductivity and the mechanical stability of the carbon felt are enhanced, and due to the high specific surface area and the excellent electrochemical stability of the graphene, the capacitive performance and the cycle stability of the electrode are significantly improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of electrochemical energy technology, specifically to a method for preparing a carbon felt electrode. Background Technology

[0002] With the continued growth of global energy demand and increasing emphasis on environmental protection, efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies have become a hot topic in scientific research and industry. Particularly in fields such as electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and smart grids, the demand for high-performance electrode materials is becoming increasingly urgent. Among numerous electrode materials, carbon-based materials are widely considered ideal due to their excellent electrochemical stability, good electrical conductivity, and high specific surface area. Carbon felt, as a carbon-based material with a unique three-dimensional network structure, shows great application potential due to its unique physical and chemical properties. However, to fully realize the potential of carbon felt in energy storage devices, a series of challenges encountered in its traditional applications need to be addressed.

[0003] In the development of energy storage devices, carbon felt has become a research focus due to its unique advantages. Its high electrical conductivity and unique pore structure make it promising for applications in devices such as supercapacitors and batteries. Despite these numerous beneficial properties, the smooth surface and strong chemical inertness of carbon felt limit its effective integration with active materials, thus restricting further improvements in its electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the mechanical stability and cycle life of carbon felt using existing preparation methods are insufficient to meet increasingly stringent application requirements.

[0004] To address these issues, while attempts have been made to modify carbon felt using various physical and chemical methods, problems remain, including limited modification effects, insufficient stability, and high costs. Physical adsorption and chemical modification methods, while attempting to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon felt from different perspectives, are either simple to operate but result in poor stability after modification, or they improve stability but involve complex processing steps and high costs. Furthermore, current modification techniques often neglect the importance of maintaining the material's mechanical strength and structural stability while improving electrochemical performance.

[0005] Therefore, developing a novel preparation method that can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of carbon felt electrodes while ensuring their mechanical stability and long-term cycling stability has become the key to solving the shortcomings of existing technologies and meeting the needs of high-performance energy storage devices. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a method for preparing carbon felt electrodes, aiming to solve the problems of insufficient surface smoothness, strong chemical inertness, mechanical stability, and cycle life of carbon felt electrodes in electrochemical applications. By comprehensively applying a variety of advanced material modification methods, including argon plasma treatment, pulsed electrodeposition technology, nitrogen-protected heat treatment, atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology, and nonionic surfactant treatment, this invention significantly improves the electrochemical performance, mechanical stability, and long-term cycle stability of carbon felt electrodes, while reducing preparation costs, providing an effective solution for the preparation of high-performance energy storage devices.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for preparing a carbon felt electrode, comprising the following steps:

[0008] S1. Argon plasma is used to treat the surface of carbon felt to increase its surface roughness;

[0009] S2. Graphene with functional groups introduced by acidification is loaded onto the treated carbon felt using pulse electrodeposition technology.

[0010] S3. Under a nitrogen protective atmosphere, the treated carbon felt is heat-treated at a temperature controlled between 400℃ and 600℃ to promote the chemical bonding between graphene and carbon felt.

[0011] S4. Manganese dioxide was deposited onto the heat-treated carbon felt using atomic layer deposition technology, with Mn(acac)3 as the precursor of manganese dioxide.

[0012] S5. Between the graphene loading and manganese dioxide deposition steps, a conductive polymer interlayer is introduced. This interlayer is deposited on a carbon felt treated with ultraviolet light and ozone, and the thickness of the interlayer is controlled between 0.1 μm and 5 μm.

[0013] S6. Apply nonionic surfactants to enhance the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface and improve the interfacial contact efficiency between the electrode and the electrolyte.

[0014] S7. Perform low-temperature annealing treatment in the range of 100℃ to 200℃, using an inert gas atmosphere to optimize the structure of graphene and manganese dioxide.

[0015] S8. Finally, a photocuring process is performed to improve the surface corrosion resistance of the carbon felt electrode.

[0016] Preferably, the argon plasma treatment step specifically includes treatment for 1 to 5 minutes at a power of 100W to 500W.

[0017] Preferably, in the acidification step of the graphene, the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to nitric acid is 3:1.

[0018] Preferably, the deposition temperature of the atomic layer deposition technique is 150°C to 250°C to ensure the uniformity and crystallinity of the manganese dioxide layer.

[0019] Preferably, the conductive polymer interlayer is any one of polypyrrole, polyaniline, or polythiophene to provide excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties.

[0020] Preferably, after treatment with the nonionic surfactant, the process further includes natural drying at room temperature for 24 hours to ensure uniform adhesion of the surfactant.

[0021] Preferably, the inert gas used in the low-temperature annealing step is helium to prevent the oxidation of graphene and manganese dioxide.

[0022] Preferably, the photocuring process uses ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365nm and the irradiation time is 30 minutes to 1 hour.

[0023] Preferably, the surfactant is polyethylene glycol, polysodium thiosulfate, or a mixture thereof.

[0024] Preferably, the current density of the pulse electrodeposition is set to 1 mA / cm². 2 Up to 5mA / cm 2 The pulse duration is 10ms to 50ms.

[0025] This invention provides a method for preparing a carbon felt electrode. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0026] 1. This invention increases the surface roughness of the carbon felt through argon plasma treatment, which effectively increases the surface area of ​​the electrode, thereby improving its electrochemical performance. This surface treatment also facilitates better adhesion of the graphene and conductive polymer interlayer, enhancing the electrode's conductivity and electrochemical activity.

[0027] 2. The acid-treated graphene of this invention is loaded onto carbon felt using pulse electrodeposition technology, which not only enhances the conductivity and mechanical stability of the carbon felt, but also significantly improves the capacitance performance and cycle stability of the electrode in the all-vanadium redox flow battery due to the high specific surface area and excellent electrochemical stability of graphene.

[0028] 3. The heat treatment step in this invention under a nitrogen protective atmosphere promotes the formation of chemical bonds between graphene and carbon felt, further enhancing the structural stability of the material, which is of great significance for improving the long-term cycle stability and corrosion resistance of the electrode.

[0029] 4. The atomic layer deposition technology provided by this invention allows manganese dioxide to form a uniform and continuous coating on the surface of carbon felt, providing efficient charge transport channels and good ion exchange performance, which helps the electrode to exhibit higher specific capacity and energy density.

[0030] 5. By introducing a conductive polymer interlayer, such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, or polythiophene, between the graphene and manganese dioxide layers, this invention not only provides additional electrical conductivity pathways but also increases the elasticity and stability of the structure, enabling the electrode to withstand more charge-discharge cycles.

[0031] 6. This invention enhances the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface by using nonionic surfactants, which significantly improves the interfacial contact efficiency between the electrode and the electrolyte, thereby increasing the ion transport rate and the kinetic performance of the electrochemical reaction. Attached Figure Description

[0032] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the preparation method for carbon felt electrodes. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] Example:

[0035] Please see the appendix Figure 1 :

[0036] Example 1: Preparation of a standard carbon felt electrode

[0037] Detailed steps:

[0038] S1: Argon plasma treatment

[0039] The carbon felt was placed in the plasma reactor.

[0040] The power is set to 300W, and argon is used as the working gas.

[0041] The processing time is 2 minutes to increase the roughness of the carbon felt surface and improve the adhesion of subsequent materials.

[0042] S2: Acidification and Loading of Graphene

[0043] Prepare a 3:1 volume ratio of sulfuric acid and nitric acid mixed solution for treating graphene to introduce functional groups and enhance its activity.

[0044] The treated graphene suspension was loaded onto a pretreated carbon felt using pulsed electrodeposition technology, with a current density of 3 mA / cm². 2 This is to ensure uniform graphene deposition.

[0045] S3: Heat treatment under nitrogen protection

[0046] In a nitrogen atmosphere, the graphene-loaded carbon felt was heated to 500°C in a furnace.

[0047] Maintaining this temperature for 1 hour promotes chemical bonding between graphene and carbon felt, enhancing the electrochemical stability of the electrode.

[0048] S4: Atomic layer deposition of manganese dioxide

[0049] Manganese dioxide was deposited on a heat-treated carbon felt using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology.

[0050] The deposition temperature was set at 150℃, and Mn(acac)3 was used as a precursor for manganese dioxide to ensure the uniformity and excellent crystallinity of the deposited layer.

[0051] S5: Introduction of a conductive polymer interlayer

[0052] Polypyrrole is introduced as a conductive polymer interlayer between the graphene and manganese dioxide layers.

[0053] After treating the carbon felt with ultraviolet light and ozone, a polypyrrole solution is spin-coated onto the surface, and the thickness of the intermediate layer is controlled at about 1 μm to improve the conductivity and mechanical properties of the electrode.

[0054] S6: Nonionic surfactant treatment

[0055] Polyethylene glycol was used as a nonionic surfactant to treat the electrodes to enhance the hydrophilicity of their surfaces.

[0056] After treatment, allow the product to air dry at room temperature for 24 hours to ensure uniform adhesion of the surfactant.

[0057] S7: Low-temperature annealing treatment

[0058] Low-temperature annealing is performed in the temperature range of 100℃ to 200℃, using helium as a protective atmosphere.

[0059] This step aims to optimize the structure of graphene and manganese dioxide to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode.

[0060] S8: Photocuring treatment

[0061] The electrodes were irradiated with ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365nm for 45 minutes.

[0062] This step helps improve the surface corrosion resistance of the electrode and enhance its structural stability.

[0063] Summary of Implementation Examples:

[0064] This embodiment successfully fabricated a standard carbon felt electrode with excellent electrochemical performance and structural stability by comprehensively utilizing various surface treatment techniques and material loading strategies. This electrode is suitable for general electrochemical energy storage applications, demonstrating good performance and application prospects.

[0065] Example 2: Preparation of high-durability carbon felt electrode

[0066] Detailed steps:

[0067] S1: Argon plasma treatment (adjustment)

[0068] Increase the processing power to 500W and extend the processing time to 5 minutes to achieve a higher degree of surface roughening, providing a better foundation for subsequent material loading.

[0069] S7: Low-temperature annealing treatment (adjustment)

[0070] The annealing temperature was adjusted to 200℃ and carried out under helium protection to better optimize the microstructure of graphene and manganese dioxide, thereby improving the durability and cycle stability of the electrode.

[0071] Summary of Implementation Examples:

[0072] By adjusting the plasma treatment parameters and increasing the annealing temperature, the prepared carbon felt electrode exhibited enhanced durability. This high-durability carbon felt electrode is particularly suitable for applications requiring long-term cycling stability, such as high-performance supercapacitors and batteries, ensuring excellent electrochemical performance during long-term use.

[0073] Example 3: Preparation of carbon felt electrode for vanadium redox flow battery

[0074] Detailed steps:

[0075] S1: Argon plasma treatment

[0076] The carbon felt was placed inside the plasma reactor, using argon as the treatment gas, with a power setting of 300W and a treatment time of 2 minutes. This step increases the surface roughness of the carbon felt, providing more active sites for subsequent material loading.

[0077] S2: Acidification and Loading of Graphene

[0078] Graphene was treated with a mixed solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid at a volume ratio of 3:1 to introduce functional groups. The treated graphene was then subjected to pulse electrodeposition at a current density of 3 mA / cm². 2 The graphene is loaded onto a carbon felt to ensure uniform distribution and good adhesion.

[0079] S3: Heat treatment under nitrogen protection

[0080] The graphene-loaded carbon felt was heated to 500°C under nitrogen protection and held for 1 hour. This step promotes the chemical bonding between graphene and carbon felt, enhancing the structural stability of the material.

[0081] S4: Atomic layer deposition of manganese dioxide (adjusted)

[0082] The deposition temperature was adjusted to 250°C, and manganese dioxide was uniformly deposited on the carbon felt using atomic layer deposition (ALD). High-temperature deposition helps improve the crystallinity of the manganese dioxide layer, which is crucial for enhancing the electrochemical performance of the electrode.

[0083] S5: Introduction (adjustment) of a conductive polymer interlayer

[0084] Polyaniline was chosen as the conductive polymer interlayer instead of polypyrrole. After UV ozone treatment, polyaniline was spin-coated onto a carbon felt, with a controlled thickness of approximately 1 μm. Polyaniline provides higher conductivity and excellent electrochemical stability, which is particularly important for improving the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries.

[0085] S6: Nonionic surfactant treatment

[0086] The electrode was treated with polyethylene glycol as a nonionic surfactant, followed by natural drying at room temperature for 24 hours. This step enhanced the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface and improved the interfacial contact between the electrode and the electrolyte.

[0087] S7: Low-temperature annealing treatment

[0088] Low-temperature annealing was performed using helium as a protective gas within the temperature range of 100℃ to 200℃ to optimize the structure of graphene and manganese dioxide.

[0089] S8: Photopolymerization process

[0090] Irradiate the electrode surface with 365nm wavelength ultraviolet light for 45 minutes to improve its surface corrosion resistance.

[0091] Summary of Implementation Examples:

[0092] This embodiment utilizes adjusted atomic layer deposition temperature and selected polyaniline as the conductive polymer interlayer to fabricate a carbon felt electrode particularly suitable for high-performance vanadium redox flow batteries. This electrode exhibits higher specific capacity and energy density, making it suitable for use in high-performance electrochemical energy storage applications.

[0093] Example 4: Fabrication of low-cost carbon felt electrode

[0094] Detailed steps:

[0095] S1: Argon plasma treatment (simplified)

[0096] The carbon felt was treated with argon gas in a plasma reactor at a power of 100W, reducing the treatment time to 1 minute. This simplified process still improved the surface roughness of the carbon felt, but with lower energy consumption.

[0097] S2-S5: Graphene loaded into the conductive polymer interlayer.

[0098] Follow the standard carbon felt electrode preparation method without adjustment.

[0099] S6: Nonionic surfactant treatment (omitted)

[0100] The processing steps involving the use of nonionic surfactants are omitted to simplify the preparation process and reduce costs.

[0101] S7-S8: Low-temperature annealing and photocuring treatment

[0102] Follow the standard carbon felt electrode preparation method without adjustment.

[0103] Summary of Implementation Examples:

[0104] This embodiment achieves the fabrication of a low-cost carbon felt electrode by simplifying the plasma treatment steps and omitting the nonionic surfactant treatment. Although the performance is reduced compared to the standard electrode, the significant cost reduction makes it ideal for cost-sensitive applications.

[0105] Example 5: Preparation of an environmentally friendly carbon felt electrode

[0106] Detailed steps:

[0107] S1-S5: Argon plasma treatment introduced into the conductive polymer interlayer

[0108] Follow the standard carbon felt electrode preparation method without adjustment.

[0109] S6: Nonionic surfactant treatment (adjustment)

[0110] Environmentally friendly polysoxaban was chosen as the nonionic surfactant for treatment. Polysoxaban not only enhances the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface but is also a biodegradable material, helping to reduce the environmental impact of the electrode during production and use.

[0111] S7-S8: Low-temperature annealing and photocuring treatment

[0112] Follow the standard carbon felt electrode preparation method without adjustment.

[0113] Summary of Implementation Examples:

[0114] This embodiment presents an environmentally friendly carbon felt electrode prepared by employing environmentally friendly polysobacterium in a nonionic surfactant treatment step. This electrode maintains good electrochemical performance while reducing negative environmental impacts, making it suitable for use in green energy and sustainable development applications.

[0115] Summary:

[0116] The five embodiments above demonstrate the applicability and flexibility of this invention under different objectives and conditions. By adjusting processing parameters and material selection, the performance, cost, or environmental impact of the electrode can be optimized to meet the needs of different application scenarios. This proves the wide applicability and high customizability of the invention, providing strong technical support for the research and development and application of carbon felt electrodes.

[0117] Comparative experiment:

[0118] Comparative Experiment 1: The Influence of Surface Treatment on Electrode Performance

[0119] Existing technical solution: Directly using untreated carbon felt as the electrode substrate without argon plasma treatment. This is a common method in many basic research and early applications, but its main limitations are the low surface area and relatively poor active material loading capacity.

[0120] The technical solution of this invention is as follows: the carbon felt is first treated with argon plasma to increase its surface roughness and surface area, and then subjected to subsequent material loading and processing.

[0121] Experimental parameters and data:

[0122]

[0123] Comparative Experiment 2: Effect of Heat Treatment on Electrode Stability

[0124] Existing technical solution: The carbon felt electrode is subjected to simple heat treatment without a protective atmosphere, and the heat treatment conditions are not optimized, which may lead to partial oxidation of the material or structural instability.

[0125] The technical solution of this invention is as follows: The carbon felt electrode is heat-treated under a nitrogen protective atmosphere, and the temperature and time are precisely controlled to promote the chemical bonding between graphene and carbon felt and improve stability.

[0126] Experimental parameters and data:

[0127] Cyclic stability (%) 85 95 +11.8％ Internal resistance (Ω) 1.2 0.8 -33.3％ Capacity retention rate (%) 80 95 +18.8％

[0128] Comparative Experiment 3: Effect of Surfactant Treatment on Interfacial Contact Efficiency

[0129] Existing technical solution: The carbon felt electrode is not treated with any surfactant and is used directly for electrochemical testing. Its interfacial contact efficiency and ion transport speed are limited by the hydrophilicity of the material itself.

[0130] The technical solution of this invention: The carbon felt electrode is treated with a nonionic surfactant, which significantly improves the interfacial contact between the electrode and the electrolyte and enhances the ion transport rate.

[0131] Experimental parameters and data:

[0132]

[0133] Comparison and summary:

[0134] These three comparative experiments clearly demonstrate the advantages and improvements of this invention compared to existing technologies. Argon plasma treatment significantly increases the electrode surface area and active material loading capacity, improving electrochemical performance. Nitrogen-protected heat treatment optimizes the bonding between graphene and carbon felt, improving the material's cycle stability and internal resistance. The application of nonionic surfactants improves the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface, enhances the interfacial contact efficiency between the electrode and electrolyte, and accelerates ion transport. These improvements not only enhance the electrochemical performance of the electrode but also optimize its long-term stability and efficiency, demonstrating the significant advantages of this invention in improving the performance of energy storage devices.

[0135] Comparative Experiment 4: Effect of Graphene Loading on Electrode Performance

[0136] Existing technical solutions

[0137] Untreated graphene is loaded onto carbon felt using a simple physical mixing method. This method may result in uneven distribution of graphene on the carbon felt surface, affecting the conductivity and mechanical stability of the electrode.

[0138] Technical solution of the present invention

[0139] Acid-treated graphene is loaded onto carbon felt using pulse electrodeposition technology to ensure uniform distribution and tight bonding of graphene, thereby improving conductivity and mechanical stability.

[0140] Experimental parameters and data

[0141]

[0142]

[0143] Comparison and summary

[0144] This experiment demonstrates that loading acidified graphene using pulse electrodeposition technology significantly improves the conductivity, mechanical stability, capacitance, and cycle stability of carbon felt electrodes. Compared to simple physical mixing methods, this invention significantly improves the overall performance of the electrode.

[0145] Comparative Experiment 5: Manganese Dioxide Loading Effect of Atomic Layer Deposition Technology

[0146] Existing technical solutions

[0147] Loading manganese dioxide onto the surface of carbon felt using a simple chemical impregnation method may result in uneven deposition of the manganese dioxide layer, affecting charge transport efficiency and ion exchange performance.

[0148] Technical solution of the present invention

[0149] Atomic layer deposition technology is used to form a uniform and continuous manganese dioxide coating on the surface of carbon felt to provide efficient charge transport channels and good ion exchange performance.

[0150] Experimental parameters and data

[0151] Uniformity of manganese dioxide layer Uneven uniform Significant improvement Charge transport efficiency Low high Significantly improved Ion exchange performance generally excellent Significantly improved Specific capacity (F / g) 120 250 +108.33％ Energy density (Wh / kg) 25 45 +80％

[0152] Comparison and summary

[0153] The uniform and continuous manganese dioxide coating formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) significantly increases the electrode's specific capacity and energy density while improving its charge transport efficiency and ion exchange performance. Compared to chemical impregnation, this invention provides a more effective manganese dioxide loading strategy, significantly enhancing electrode performance.

[0154] These two comparative experiments fully demonstrate the significant advantages of this invention over existing technologies in improving electrode performance. Through pulsed electrodeposition and atomic layer deposition techniques, not only was the loading distribution of the active material optimized, but the electrochemical performance of the electrode was also improved, including conductivity, mechanical stability, capacitance, cycle stability, charge transport efficiency, ion exchange performance, specific capacity, and energy density. These optimization measures provide important technical support for the fabrication of high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices, proving the significant application value of this invention.

[0155] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a carbon felt electrode, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Argon plasma is used to treat the surface of carbon felt to increase its surface roughness; S2. Graphene with functional groups introduced by acidification is loaded onto the treated carbon felt using pulse electrodeposition technology. S3. Under a nitrogen protective atmosphere, the treated carbon felt is heat-treated at a temperature controlled between 400℃ and 600℃ to promote the chemical bonding between graphene and carbon felt. S4. Manganese dioxide was deposited onto the heat-treated carbon felt using atomic layer deposition technology, with Mn(acac)3 as the precursor of manganese dioxide. S5. Between the graphene loading and manganese dioxide deposition steps, a conductive polymer interlayer is introduced. This conductive polymer interlayer is deposited on the carbon felt after being treated with ultraviolet ozone, and the thickness of the interlayer is controlled between 0.1 μm and 5 μm. S6. Apply nonionic surfactants to enhance the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface and improve the interfacial contact efficiency between the electrode and the electrolyte. S7. Perform low-temperature annealing treatment in the range of 100℃ to 200℃, using an inert gas atmosphere to optimize the structure of graphene and manganese dioxide. S8. Finally, a photocuring process is performed to improve the surface corrosion resistance of the carbon felt electrode.

2. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The argon plasma treatment step specifically includes treatment for 1 to 5 minutes at a power of 100W to 500W.

3. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the acidification step of the graphene, the volume ratio of sulfuric acid to nitric acid is 3:

1.

4. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The atomic layer deposition technique uses a deposition temperature of 150°C to 250°C to ensure the uniformity and crystallinity of the manganese dioxide layer.

5. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The conductive polymer interlayer is any one of polypyrrole, polyaniline, or polythiophene to provide excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties.

6. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, After treatment with the nonionic surfactant, the process further includes natural drying at room temperature for 24 hours to ensure uniform adhesion of the surfactant.

7. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inert gas used in the low-temperature annealing process is helium to prevent the oxidation of graphene and manganese dioxide.

8. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photocuring process uses ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365nm and the irradiation time is 30 minutes to 1 hour.

9. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The surfactant is polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, or a mixture thereof.

10. The method for preparing a carbon felt electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The current density for pulse electrodeposition was set to 1 mA / cm². 2 Up to 5mA / cm 2 The pulse duration is 10ms to 50ms.

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