An acid-regulated platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial, a preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The application provides an acid-regulated platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial and a preparation method and application thereof, the method comprising the following steps: loading platinum on a ceria carrier by using an impregnation method to obtain a platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial precursor, wherein the platinum content is 1 / 50-1 / 200 of the mass of the ceria; and performing acidification treatment on the platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial precursor to obtain a pretreated product of the platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial; and the acid-regulated platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial is obtained through cleaning, drying and calcination. 3+ The platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial prepared by the method can regulate the content of zero-valent Pt on the surface of the catalyst through acid pretreatment, and the ratio of Ce ions, active oxygen species and oxygen vacancies, and the platinum-loaded ceria nanomaterial prepared by the method exhibits high activity in a catalytic oxidation test of toluene.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of catalytic degradation technology of volatile organic compounds, and specifically relates to an acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial, its preparation method and application. Background Technology

[0002] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major precursors to particulate matter (PM) and oxygen (O3). Released through industrial production and daily life activities, they pose serious threats to the ecological environment and human health, drawing widespread attention from both academia and industry. Toluene is a typical VOC, widely used in industry and frequently employed as a model compound in studies of the catalytic oxidation of VOCs. However, due to its toxicity and bioirritant properties, toluene poses certain risks to the environment and human health. Therefore, the control of toluene is of paramount importance.

[0003] Compared to methods such as adsorption, condensation, thermal combustion, photocatalysis, and biodegradation, catalytic oxidation converts toluene into CO2 and water, which is relatively economical, produces fewer byproducts, and does not generate secondary pollution. Catalytic oxidation is an energy-saving and emission-reduction technology for controlling VOCs. However, in practical applications, it also faces challenges such as catalyst selection and catalytic activity regulation. How to select a suitable catalyst and effectively regulate it to achieve high catalytic activity remains a challenge.

[0004] CeO2 is used as an air pollution control catalyst due to its excellent oxygen storage and release capacity and redox properties. The CeO2 crystal lattice contains a large number of oxygen vacancies and defects, causing the valence state of cerium ions to change from Ce... 4+ Transformed into Ce 3+ This gives it excellent reproducibility. Ce 4+ Ions to Ce 3+ The transformation of ions, in turn, affects the generation of oxygen vacancies, promoting the formation of surface-active oxygen species and the adsorption, activation, and migration of VOCs on the catalyst surface, which is beneficial to improving catalytic activity. However, pure CeO2 exhibits relatively low catalytic activity. Researchers often consider introducing noble metal elements to enhance the catalytic activity of CeO2 catalysts. Among many noble metal catalysts, Pt and Pd systems are widely used. Especially in the toluene degradation reaction, Pt system catalysts stand out due to their excellent redox activity. Previous studies have revealed that the activity of Pt catalysts in catalytic toluene oxidation is closely related to the valence state distribution, dispersion uniformity, particle size, and interaction mechanism between the Pt component and the support material. How to regulate the catalytic oxidation activity of platinum-supported cerium dioxide materials is a technical problem that urgently needs to be solved in the field of catalyst synthesis. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems mentioned in the background art, this application provides an acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial, its preparation method, and its application.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention proposes a method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, comprising:

[0007] S1. Platinum is loaded onto a cerium dioxide support using an impregnation method to obtain a platinum-loaded cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor. The platinum content in the impregnation method is 1 / 50 to 1 / 200 of the mass of cerium dioxide.

[0008] S2, the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials are acidified to obtain the pretreated product of platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0009] S3, acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials were obtained by cleaning, drying, and pretreatment of the product, followed by calcination.

[0010] In some specific embodiments, step S1 includes:

[0011] S11: Cerium dioxide is dispersed in anhydrous ethanol and sonicated for 10-15 min. Then, chloroplatinic acid solution is added and sonicated for another 10-15 min to obtain mixed solution one.

[0012] S12, after drying the mixed solution by heating and stirring in an oil bath, is placed at 350-400℃ and calcined for 2-3 hours to obtain a platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor.

[0013] In some specific embodiments, step S2 involves adding platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials to 40-60 mL of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.8-1.2 mol / L and stirring for 1-2 hours.

[0014] In some specific embodiments, the cerium dioxide is commercial cerium dioxide, and the mass of commercial cerium dioxide is 2-3g.

[0015] In some specific embodiments, step S3 includes:

[0016] S31, the pretreated product of platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials was washed with water and dried with ethanol to obtain a dried precipitate of the pretreated product.

[0017] S32, the dried precipitate is placed at 350-400℃ and calcined for 2-3 hours to obtain acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0018] Furthermore, the amount of platinum in the chloroplatinic acid solution is 1 / 50 to 1 / 200 of the mass of cerium dioxide.

[0019] Secondly, the present invention proposes an acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial, which is prepared according to the preparation method described in the first aspect above.

[0020] Thirdly, this invention proposes an application of acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, namely, the application of acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials as described in the second aspect or acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials prepared by the method described in the first aspect in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs.

[0021] In some specific embodiments, the VOCs are toluene, and in the activity test of toluene catalytic oxidation, the inlet concentration of toluene is 1000 ppm and the mass hourly space velocity is 60000 mL·g. -1 ·h -1 The temperature is not lower than 175℃, and the toluene conversion rate is greater than or equal to 90%. The toluene conversion rate is expressed as:

[0022]

[0023] Among them, (toluene) inlet Indicates the initial concentration of toluene; (toluene) outlet This indicates the concentration of toluene after the reaction.

[0024] Furthermore, in the activity test for the catalytic oxidation of toluene, the inlet concentration of toluene was 1000 ppm and the mass hourly space velocity (WHSV) was 60000 mL·g. -1 ·h -1 The temperature is not lower than 179℃, and the mineralization rate is greater than or equal to 90%. The mineralization rate is expressed as:

[0025]

[0026] Among them, (CO2) outlet Indicates the CO2 concentration after the reaction, (CO2) complete This indicates the concentration of CO2 produced during the complete reaction.

[0027] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial results of the present invention are as follows:

[0028] (1) The method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials provided by the present invention first synthesizes platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanoparticles by impregnation, introduces diluted concentrated sulfuric acid solution for regulation, and finally calcines to obtain one-dimensional cerium dioxide nanomaterials with acid-controlled platinum-supported nanoparticles. The preparation method is simple, highly operable, and has high practical value and application prospects.

[0029] (2) The acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials provided by this invention regulate the zero-valent platinum content and Ce content on the catalyst surface through acid pretreatment of the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.3+ By adjusting the ratio of Ce ions in the catalytic activity, the synergistic effect between platinum nanoparticles and cerium dioxide nanoparticles can be improved, generating a large number of active sites. This allows spatially confined volatile organic molecules to easily enter the active sites, promoting the oxidation process.

[0030] (3) The acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials provided by this invention exhibit high activity in the catalytic oxidation of toluene. At a toluene concentration of 1000 ppm and a mass hourly space velocity of 60000 mL·g, the activity was high. -1 ·h -1 Under these conditions, the toluene conversion rate reaches 90% at 175℃ and the carbon dioxide generation rate (mineralization rate) reaches 90% at 179℃. Under the same conditions, commercial cerium dioxide or platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide requires a temperature greater than or equal to 400℃ or 212℃ to achieve the above conversion effects. Attached Figure Description

[0031] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. Other embodiments and many anticipated advantages of the embodiments will be readily recognized as they become better understood through reference to the following detailed description. Elements in the drawings are not necessarily to scale. The same reference numerals refer to corresponding similar parts.

[0032] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 This is a powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, commercial cerium dioxide, and platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 These are field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of commercial cerium dioxide.

[0035] Figure 4 This is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) image of commercially available cerium dioxide loaded with platinum according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5 This is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) image of acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 6 This is a graph showing the toluene conversion rate in the application of commercial cerium dioxide in the catalytic oxidation of toluene;

[0038] Figure 7 This is a graph showing the carbon dioxide mineralization rate of commercial cerium dioxide in the catalytic oxidation of toluene.

[0039] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the toluene conversion rate in the application of platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide for the catalytic oxidation of toluene;

[0040] Figure 9 This is a graph showing the carbon dioxide mineralization rate of commercially available cerium dioxide supported on platinum in the catalytic oxidation of toluene.

[0041] Figure 10 This is a graph showing the toluene conversion rate of acid-regulated platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials in the catalytic oxidation of toluene.

[0042] Figure 11 This is a graph showing the carbon dioxide mineralization rate of acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials in the catalytic oxidation of toluene. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The technical solutions in the embodiments will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Similar component reference numerals in the drawings represent similar components. Obviously, the embodiments described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] It should be understood that, when used in this specification and the appended claims, the terms "comprising" and "including" indicate the presence of the described features, integrals, steps, operations, elements and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integrals, steps, operations, elements, components and / or collections thereof.

[0045] It should also be understood that the terminology used in this specification is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0046] This invention provides a flowchart of a method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, as shown in the embodiments below. Figure 1 As shown, the method includes:

[0047] S101, platinum is loaded onto a cerium dioxide support by an impregnation method to obtain a platinum-loaded cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor. The platinum content in the impregnation method is 1 / 50 to 1 / 200 of the mass of cerium dioxide.

[0048] In some specific embodiments, platinum nanoparticles are loaded onto commercial cerium dioxide using an impregnation method, specifically including the following steps:

[0049] Step A: Place 2-3g of commercial cerium dioxide in anhydrous ethanol and sonicate for 10-15 minutes.

[0050] Step B: Add a certain amount of chloroplatinic acid solution to the solution from Step A, and continue sonication for 10-15 minutes. The amount of platinum in the chloroplatinic acid solution is 1 / 50 to 1 / 200 of the mass of commercial cerium dioxide.

[0051] Step C: Transfer the solution from step B to an oil bath, heat and stir until dry, then transfer to a crucible and calcine at 350-400℃ for 2-3 hours.

[0052] S102, the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor is acidified to obtain the pretreated product of platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial.

[0053] In some specific embodiments, the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial product obtained in step S101 is pretreated by introducing a diluted concentrated sulfuric acid solution. The platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial obtained in step S101 is placed in 40-60 mL of diluted concentrated sulfuric acid solution and stirred for 1 h. The concentration of the diluted concentrated sulfuric acid is 0.8-1.2 mol / L.

[0054] S103, acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials were obtained by cleaning, drying, and pretreatment of the product, followed by calcination.

[0055] In some specific embodiments, the pretreated product of platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials obtained in step S102 is washed with water and ethanol and dried by hot drying method, and then transferred to calcination at 350-400℃ for 2-3 hours to obtain commercial cerium dioxide nanomaterials with acid-controlled platinum-supported nanoparticles, namely acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0056] Example 1

[0057] Step 1: Place 3g of commercial cerium dioxide in anhydrous ethanol and sonicate for 15 minutes.

[0058] Step 2: Add chloroplatinic acid containing 0.015-0.06g of platinum to the solution from Step 1, and continue sonication for 15 minutes.

[0059] Step 3: Transfer the solution from Step 2 to an oil bath, heat and stir until dry, then transfer it to a crucible and calcine at 400℃ for 3 hours.

[0060] Step 4: Place the product obtained in Step 3 into 40-60 mL of diluted concentrated sulfuric acid solution and stir for 1 h. The concentration after dilution is 0.8-1.2 mol / L.

[0061] Step 5: Wash the product obtained in Step 4 with water and ethanol respectively, and dry it by hot drying method.

[0062] Step 6: Calcine the product obtained in Step 5 at 400℃ for 2-3 hours to obtain commercial cerium dioxide nanomaterials with acid-treated platinum-supported nanoparticles, namely acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0063] Application examples

[0064] The application of the acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials prepared in Example 1 in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs, particularly in the catalytic oxidation of toluene.

[0065] Commercial cerium dioxide, platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide, and acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials obtained in steps one to six were subjected to phase characterization, morphology characterization, and testing of their catalytic oxidation activity in toluene. The following test results were obtained.

[0066] refer to Figure 2 , Figure 2 Powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, commercial cerium dioxide, and platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide are shown according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 As shown, from the perspective of phase characterization, the peak positions of commercial cerium dioxide, commercial cerium dioxide supported on platinum, and commercial cerium dioxide supported on platinum after dilution and pretreatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (i.e., acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials) correspond to the standard spectrum (PDF#34-0394), indicating that acid treatment has no significant effect on the crystal structure of CeO2 catalyst. The diffraction peak intensity of the CeO2 catalyst supported on Pt nanoparticles decreased and the width increased after acid treatment, indicating that the crystallinity of the catalyst decreased and the crystal size decreased.

[0067] Continue to refer to Figure 3-5 , Figures 3-5 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of commercial cerium dioxide, platinum-loaded commercial cerium dioxide, and acid-modulated platinum-loaded cerium dioxide nanomaterials are shown, respectively. Figures 3-5 Morphological characterization of the three catalysts revealed that they were all composed of irregular crystals containing many broken blocky structures. Figure 3 and Figure 4 It can be seen that the morphology of the catalyst supported on Pt nanoparticles did not change significantly. Treatment with diluted sulfuric acid solution resulted in a more pronounced rough surface morphology in the acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0068] Commercial cerium dioxide, platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide, and acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials were tested for their activity in the catalytic oxidation of toluene. The activity tests were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor with a toluene inlet gas concentration of 1000 ppm and a WHSV of 60000 mL·g⁻¹. -1 ·h -1 Air was used as the equilibrium gas, and a toluene-air mixture was passed through a reactor containing a cerium dioxide catalyst. The concentrations of toluene and carbon dioxide in the gas after the reaction were measured. The conversion rate of toluene and the formation rate (mineralization rate) of carbon dioxide were expressed by the following formulas:

[0069]

[0070] In the formula, (toluene) inlet Indicates the initial concentration of toluene; (toluene) outlet Indicates the concentration of toluene and (CO2) after the reaction. outlet Indicates the CO2 concentration after the reaction, (CO2) complete This indicates the concentration of CO2 produced during the complete reaction.

[0071] By changing the type of catalyst in the reactor, Figures 6-11 The catalytic oxidation performance of three catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of toluene is shown in the figure. Figure 6 , Figure 8 , Figure 10 The graphs show the toluene conversion rates of commercial cerium dioxide, platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide, and acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials in the catalytic oxidation of toluene. Figure 7 , Figure 9 , Figure 11 The graphs show the carbon dioxide mineralization rates of commercial cerium dioxide, platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide, and acid-regulated platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials in the catalytic oxidation of toluene. Figures 6-7 It is known that when the reactor catalyst is commercial cerium dioxide, the toluene conversion rate and carbon dioxide generation rate (mineralization rate) can only reach 90% above 400℃. When the reactor catalyst is commercial cerium dioxide supported on platinum, such as Figures 8 to 9 It is known that for commercially available platinum-supported cerium dioxide, the toluene conversion rate reaches 90% at 215℃, and the carbon dioxide generation rate (mineralization rate) reaches 90% at 212℃. When the reactor catalyst is acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, Figures 10 to 11 It is known that for acid-treated platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide, the toluene conversion rate reaches 90% at 175℃ and the carbon dioxide generation rate (mineralization rate) reaches 90% at 179℃.

[0072] Example 2

[0073] The difference from Example 1 is that, in step one, 2g of commercial cerium dioxide is placed in anhydrous ethanol and sonicated for 10min; in step two, a chloroplatinic acid solution containing 0.01-0.04g of platinum is added to the solution in step one and sonicated for another 10min; in step three, the solution in step two is transferred to an oil bath, heated and stirred until dry, and then transferred to a crucible and calcined at 350℃ for 2h. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1, and platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials are prepared.

[0074] Example 3

[0075] The difference from Example 1 is that in step four, the product obtained in step three is placed in 40-60 mL of diluted concentrated sulfuric acid solution and stirred for 1 h, resulting in a concentration of 0.8 mol / L. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1, thus preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0076] Example 4

[0077] The difference from Example 1 is that in step six, the product obtained in step five is transferred to calcine at 350°C for 2 hours, while the remaining steps are the same as in Example 1, to prepare acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials.

[0078] This application discloses an acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial, its preparation method, and its application. The catalytic oxidation performance of platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide is controlled by pretreating it with diluted concentrated sulfuric acid. First, a platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor is obtained using an impregnation method. Then, acid-treated platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide is obtained through concentrated sulfuric acid dilution. The acid-treated platinum-supported commercial cerium dioxide obtained by this invention, i.e., the acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial, exhibits high activity in the catalytic oxidation of toluene. At a toluene concentration of 1000 ppm and a mass hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 60000 mL·g, the nanomaterial performs well. -1 ·h -1 Under these conditions, the toluene conversion rate reaches 90% at 175℃, and the carbon dioxide generation rate (mineralization rate) reaches 90% at 179℃.

[0079] It is evident that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and alterations to the embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In this way, the invention is also intended to cover such modifications and alterations if they fall within the scope of the claims and their equivalents. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps not listed in the claims. The simple fact that certain measures are described in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used for profit. Any reference numerals in the claims should not be considered as limiting the scope.

Claims

1. A method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials, characterized in that, The method includes: S1, Platinum is loaded onto a cerium dioxide support by an impregnation method to obtain a platinum-loaded cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor, wherein the platinum content in the impregnation method is 1 / 50 to 1 / 200 of the mass of the cerium dioxide; S2, the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor is acidified to obtain a pretreated product of platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial; S3, clean and dry the pretreated product, and calcine to obtain the acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials; Step S1 includes: S11, disperse the cerium dioxide in anhydrous ethanol and sonicate for 10-15 min, then add chloroplatinic acid solution and continue sonicating for 10-15 min to obtain mixed solution one; S12, after drying the mixed solution by heating and stirring in an oil bath, the product is placed at 350-400 ℃ and calcined for 2-3 h to obtain the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor; In step S2, the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial precursor is added to 40-60 mL of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.8-1.2 mol / L, and stirred for 1-2 h to perform acidification treatment, thereby controlling the zero-valent platinum content and Ce content on the catalyst surface. 3+ The proportion of Ce ions; Step S3 includes: S31, the pretreated product of the platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial is washed with water and dried with ethanol to obtain the dried precipitate of the pretreated product; S32, the dried precipitate is placed at a temperature of 350-400 ℃ and calcined for 2-3 h to obtain the acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterial.

2. The method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cerium dioxide is commercial cerium dioxide, and the mass of the commercial cerium dioxide is 2-3 g.

3. An acid-regulated platinum supported ceria nanomaterial, characterized in that, Prepared by the method for preparing acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials according to any one of claims 1-2.

4. The application of the acid-controlled platinum-supported cerium dioxide nanomaterials as described in claim 3 in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs.

5. Use according to claim 4, characterized in that, The VOCs are toluene. In the activity test for catalytic oxidation of toluene, the inlet concentration of said toluene is 1000 ppm, and the mass space velocity is 60000 mL•g -1 •h -1 , the temperature is not lower than 175 °C, and the conversion rate of said toluene is greater than or equal to 90%. Said toluene conversion rate is expressed as: Among them, (toluene) inlet Indicates the initial concentration of toluene. outlet This indicates the concentration of toluene after the reaction.

6. Use according to claim 5, characterized in that, In the activity test for the catalytic oxidation of toluene, the inlet gas concentration of toluene was 1000 ppm and the mass hourly space velocity (WHSV) was 60000 mL•g. -1 •h -1 The temperature is not lower than 179 ℃, and the mineralization rate is greater than or equal to 90%, wherein the mineralization rate is expressed as: Among them, (CO2) outlet Indicates the CO2 concentration after the reaction, (CO2) complete This indicates the concentration of CO2 produced during the complete reaction.

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