A modified two-dimensional mica film, and a preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of salt difference energy power generation. The method comprises the following steps: S1, vermiculite is sequentially treated by saturated sodium chloride solution, LiCl solution and H2O2 solution, then the treated vermiculite is mixed with water, and nanosheets are ultrasonically stripped out, after centrifugal impurity removal, the suspension is collected by centrifugation to obtain a vermiculite nanosheet dispersion; S2, the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion is suction filtered on the surface of a porous substrate, and a self-supported two-dimensional vermiculite film is obtained by drying; and S3, the self-supported two-dimensional vermiculite film is subjected to fast heavy ion irradiation treatment to obtain a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film. The ion irradiation modification technology is used to increase through ion transmission channels in the two-dimensional vermiculite film, so that the ion transmission resistance is reduced and the ion flux is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of salinity gradient energy generation technology, specifically relating to a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film, its preparation method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] The information disclosed in this background section is intended only to enhance understanding of the overall background of the invention and is not necessarily to be construed as an admission or in any way implying that such information constitutes prior art known to those skilled in the art.

[0003] Two-dimensional inorganic layered materials possess unique structural characteristics such as weak interactions between layers, strong covalent bonds within the layers, and molecular-level nanolayer thickness. This makes these materials theoretically and practically feasible for swelling, exfoliation, nanosheet functionalization, and the design and assembly of novel layered functional materials, making them important precursors or basic units for the design, assembly, and preparation of two-dimensional nanomaterials. Vermiculite, due to its unique layered structure and expansibility, has become an important subject for studying nanosheet exfoliation. The development of liquid-phase exfoliation technology has made nanosheet exfoliation more efficient. Through ultrasonic treatment in specific solvents, vermiculite can be exfoliated into single-layer or few-layer nanosheets. Materials assembled from vermiculite nanosheets show broad application prospects in energy conversion, adsorption separation, catalysis, and biosensing.

[0004] Salinity gradient energy (SGR) refers to the chemical potential difference energy between seawater and freshwater, or between two types of seawater with different salinity concentrations. It is a form of marine energy that appears as chemical energy. When vermiculite is used for salinity gradient power generation (SGR), the tortuous transport channels inside vermiculite greatly increase the resistance to ion transport, resulting in very low ion flux and consequently, extremely low output power of SGR power generation.

[0005] Ion beam technology has been widely used in the modification of materials such as semiconductors, metals, and insulators. Ion beam technology uses ions with a certain energy (eV to GeV) to interact with atoms and electrons in the material. This not only allows the ions to remain inside the material as foreign atoms, but also causes damage and defects to the material's interior. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention aims to provide a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film, its preparation method, and its application. By employing rapid heavy ion irradiation to treat the two-dimensional vermiculite film, the ion transport channels are increased, thereby enabling the output power of salinity gradient power generation to be increased several times.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film, comprising the following steps:

[0009] S1. Vermiculite was successively treated with saturated sodium chloride solution, 2-3M LiCl solution and H2O2 solution. Then the treated vermiculite was mixed with water and ultrasonically exfoliated for 2-3 hours to extract nanosheets. After centrifugation to remove impurities, the mixture was centrifuged at 4000-4500 r / min for 2-50 min and the suspension was collected to obtain a vermiculite nanosheet dispersion.

[0010] S2. The vermiculite nanosheet dispersion obtained in S1 is filtered onto the surface of a porous substrate and dried at 60-80℃ to obtain a self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film with a thickness of 4-100μm.

[0011] S3. The self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film obtained in S2 is subjected to fast heavy ion irradiation to obtain a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film.

[0012] In fast heavy ion irradiation, the heavy ion is Xe. 31+ The irradiation ion energy is 0.1-4 MeV / u; the irradiation dose is 10. 8 -10 12 i ons / cm 2 .

[0013] Optionally, in S1, 1–30 g of vermiculite is soaked in 10–300 mL of saturated NaCl solution and refluxed at 110–120 °C for 20–28 h. Afterward, the vermiculite is washed with deionized water and ethanol until no chloride ions are detected, obtaining a first powder. The first powder is mixed with 10–300 mL of LiCl solution and heated and refluxed at 110–120 °C for 20–28 h. Afterward, the vermiculite is washed with deionized water and ethanol until no chloride ions are detected, obtaining a second powder. The second powder is mixed with 100–150 mL of H2O2 solution and refluxed at 110–120 °C for 20–28 h, obtaining treated vermiculite.

[0014] Optionally, in S1, the centrifugal impurity removal method includes: centrifuging at a speed of 4000-4500 r / min to remove unpeeled vermiculite particles.

[0015] Optionally, in S1, the size of the vermiculite nanosheets dispersed in the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion includes 0.1–1 μm; the concentration of vermiculite nanosheets in the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion is 1–10 mg / mL.

[0016] Optionally, in S2, the porous substrate specifications include: membrane thickness of 10–30 micrometers and porosity of 30–50%.

[0017] Optionally, in S2, the porous substrate can be selected as: Cel gard 2400 substrate, Cel gard 2500 substrate or Cel gard 3501 substrate.

[0018] Optionally, in S2, the substrate is peeled off after drying to obtain a self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film.

[0019] Optionally, in S3, the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film is perpendicular to the direction of the irradiation beam, and the area of ​​the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film is larger than the area of ​​the irradiation beam.

[0020] Secondly, the present invention provides a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film prepared by the above-mentioned method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film.

[0021] Thirdly, the present invention provides the application of the above-mentioned modified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane in salinity gradient power generation, in which the modified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane provides an ion transport channel between the high-concentration side and the low-concentration side of the electrolyte.

[0022] Optionally, the NaCl concentration on the high-concentration side of the electrolyte is 1.0–5.0 M, and the NaCl concentration on the low-concentration side of the electrolyte is 0.01–0.5 M.

[0023] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0024] 1. In order to solve the problems of high ion transport resistance and low ion flux caused by the tortuous transport channels of two-dimensional vermiculite films, this invention adopts ion irradiation modification technology, which utilizes its energy loss mechanism to add through ion transport channels inside the two-dimensional vermiculite film, thereby changing the tortuous transport path of ions into a non-tortuous transport path, reducing ion transport resistance and increasing ion flux.

[0025] 2. The modified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane of this invention, when applied to salinity gradient power generation, increases the output power of the permeate energy from 0.2–0.7 W / m before modification. 2 Increased to 0.5–3.0 W / m 2 This increases the output power of salinity gradient power generation several times, demonstrating its enormous application potential. Attached Figure Description

[0026] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the invention.

[0027] Figure 1 These are atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the two-dimensional vermiculite nanosheets obtained by exfoliation in Example 1 of the present invention; wherein, (A) is the AFM image and (B) is the height measured within the range of the straight line ab.

[0028] Figure 2 These are digital photographs and electron microscope cross-sectional photographs of the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film in Embodiment 1 of the present invention, wherein (A) is a digital photograph and (B) is an electron microscope photograph.

[0029] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the ion implantation system and its working principle in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 4 These are atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the two-dimensional vermiculite film before and after irradiation in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; wherein, (A) is an image of the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film before irradiation, and (B) is an image of the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film after irradiation.

[0031] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the salinity gradient power generation performance testing device in Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 6 This is a statistical chart showing the output power of unmodified and modified two-dimensional vermiculite films under different irradiation doses in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the modification principle of the two-dimensional vermiculite film in a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0034] Among them, 1. aperture; 2. ion pre-accelerator; 3. ion separator and mass analyzer; 4. ion accelerator; 5. centroid deflector; 6. scanner; 7. target chamber; 8. source meter; 9. DC resistance box; 10. low salt solution pool; 11. high salt solution pool; 12. membrane material; 13. ion transport channel; 14. two-dimensional vermiculite film. Detailed Implementation

[0035] It should be noted that the following detailed descriptions are exemplary and intended to provide further illustration of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0036] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprising" and / or "including" are used in this specification, they indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0037] Example 1

[0038] A method for preparing a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film includes the following steps:

[0039] S1. Soak 10 g of vermiculite with a particle size of 2.5 ± 5 mm in 150 mL of saturated NaCl solution, transfer to a round-bottom flask, and reflux at 110 °C for 24 hours. Then wash the vermiculite with deionized water and ethanol until no chloride ions are detected. Next, transfer the washed vermiculite to a 2 M LiCl solution and heat to reflux at 110 °C for 24 hours. Then wash the vermiculite again with deionized water and ethanol until no chloride ions are detected. Transfer the resulting substance to a 150 mL mass transfer container. The mixture was stirred and mixed in an H2O2 solution with a concentration of 30-31%, and then refluxed at 110°C for 24 hours. The solid obtained after H2O2 treatment was added to deionized water and sonicated for 2 hours. During sonication, vermiculite nanosheets were gradually detached. The sonicated mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm to remove any remaining undetached vermiculite particles. The mixture was then centrifuged again at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the upper suspension was retained as the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion.

[0040] The concentration of the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion obtained by the above method was found to be 5 mg / mL.

[0041] The vermiculite nanosheets in the obtained vermiculite nanosheet dispersion were observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 1 As shown, Figure 1 (A) in the diagram is the AFM diagram. Figure 1 (B) in the middle is along Figure 1 The height measured by the straight line ab in (A) shows that the thickness of the single-layer vermiculite nanosheet is 1.5 nm and the size is 0.5-1 μm.

[0042] S2. The obtained vermiculite nanosheet dispersion was filtered onto a Celgard 2400 substrate, dried in an oven at 60°C, and then peeled off from the substrate to obtain a self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film. The thickness of the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film was measured to be 7 μm.

[0043] Digital photographs of the obtained self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite films, such as Figure 2 As shown in (A), the diameter of the film is 44 mm; an electron micrograph of the cross-section of the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 As shown in (B), the membrane surface is smooth and without defects, and the thickness is 7.6 μm.

[0044] S3. The obtained self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film is cut so that the area of ​​the vermiculite film is greater than the area of ​​the irradiation beam. Then, the vermiculite film is subjected to fast heavy ion irradiation treatment. High-energy heavy ions are provided by an accelerator to induce strong electronic excitation and thermal spike response in the film material, forming continuous track damage to modify the vermiculite film and obtain a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film. In the fast heavy ion irradiation treatment, the heavy ion is Xe. 31+The irradiation ion energy is 4 MeV / u; the irradiation dose is 10. 8 ~10 12 ions / cm 2 The self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite films obtained in S2 were subjected to 0 and 1.6 x 10⁻⁶ m / s respectively. 9 8x10 9 4x10 10 6 x 10 10 1 x 10 11 and 2x10 11 ions / cm 2 A total of 7 different irradiation doses were used for treatment.

[0045] The self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film before irradiation was observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), as follows: Figure 4 As shown in (A) in the figure, 2 x 10 11 ions / cm 2 The two-dimensional vermiculite film after irradiation treatment was observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 4 As shown in (B) in the figure, it can be seen that the roughness of the membrane material increases significantly after irradiation.

[0046] The equipment structure used for fast heavy ion irradiation treatment is as follows: Figure 3 As shown, it includes: aperture 1, ion pre-accelerator 2, ion separator and mass analyzer 3, ion accelerator 4, centroid deflector 5, scanner 6, and target chamber 7. After the ion source emits ions, they pass through ion pre-accelerator 2 and aperture 1 and enter ion separator and mass analyzer 3, where heavy ions are screened out and transported into ion accelerator 4. After passing through centroid deflector 5 and scanner 6, they reach target chamber 7, where the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film to be modified is irradiated and modified.

[0047] Example 2

[0048] The modified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane prepared in Example 1 was used for salinity gradient energy harvesting of high-salinity wastewater, i.e., salinity gradient power generation.

[0049] A schematic diagram of the membrane material salinity gradient power generation performance testing device is shown below. Figure 5 As shown, the system includes: a source meter 8, a DC resistance box 9, a low-salinity solution tank 10 containing low-salinity wastewater, and a high-salinity solution tank 11 containing high-salinity wastewater. Electrodes are immersed in the low-salinity wastewater and the high-salinity wastewater, respectively. The electrodes connect the source meter 8, the DC resistance box 9, the low-salinity wastewater, and the high-salinity wastewater into a circuit. A modified two-dimensional vermiculite film 12 is sandwiched between the two electrolytic cells as a membrane material, so that the two electrolytic cells are electrically connected.

[0050] The testing equipment is shown in Table 1.

[0051] Table 1 Test Equipment

[0052]

[0053] The test conditions were: the temperature of the experimental solution was 25℃.

[0054] The electrode materials are: Ag / AgCl electrode and Ag / AgCl reference electrode with salt bridge.

[0055] High-salinity wastewater is treated with 5M NaCl solution, and low-salinity wastewater is treated with 0.5M NaCl solution; all other water used is high-resistivity pure water with a resistivity of 18.20 megohms.

[0056] The test content includes: 1. ion selectivity of membrane material (i.e., modified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane), 2. salt gradient power generation conversion efficiency of membrane material, and 3. output power density of salt gradient power generation conversion device.

[0057] 1. Test methods for the ion selectivity of membrane materials include:

[0058] (1) Cut the sealing film into a rectangle of 3cm×5cm and fold it in half;

[0059] (2) Use a specific hole punch to make a 4.9mm hole in the center of the folded sealing film. 2 The hole;

[0060] (3) Place the test membrane material in the center of the sealing film to expose the set area;

[0061] (4) Set the temperature of the heating stage to 65℃ and place the glass slide on the heating stage;

[0062] (5) Pick up the heated glass slide and gently press it against the edge of the center of the sealing film (Note: the glass slide should not touch the center of the sealing film to prevent the holes from deforming after being heated).

[0063] (6) Repeat the above steps (1) to (6) multiple times to complete the encapsulation of the membrane material;

[0064] (7) Load the sealed membrane material into the electrolytic cell, assemble it into a device, place the Ag / AgCl reference electrode with salt bridge on both sides of the solution cell, and connect it to the digital source meter 8 through an external circuit to form a circuit.

[0065] (8) Add 5M NaCl aqueous solution to the high-salt solution tank 11 side of the solution pool and 0.5M NaCl aqueous solution to the low-salt solution tank 10 side. Connect the positive terminal of the source meter 8 to the 5M NaCl aqueous solution side and the negative terminal of the source meter 8 to the 0.5M NaCl aqueous solution side. Do not connect the DC resistance box 9 or adjust its resistance to 0. Use the Ag / AgCl reference electrode with salt bridge to perform IV curve testing. The scanning range is -1V to +1V, the voltage step interval is 0.05V, and a total of 41 data points are collected.

[0066] (9) Record the open-circuit voltage V obtained by testing with the Ag / AgCl reference electrode. OC Calculate the ion selectivity of the membrane material; where V OC The value is the average of three measurements.

[0067] (10) Based on the literature, the ion selectivity of membrane materials (t) + Calculate using the following equations:

[0068]

[0069] Among them, V OC The open-circuit voltage obtained by testing an Ag / AgCl electrode with a salt bridge;

[0070] F = 96500 C·mol -1 , is the Faraday constant; R = 8.314 J / (mol·K); T = 298 K; C H =0.50M;

[0071] C L =0.01M.

[0072] 2. The salinity gradient power generation conversion efficiency of the membrane material is calculated using the following equation:

[0073]

[0074] Among them, t + The calculated ion selectivity.

[0075] 3. Test methods for the output power density of salt gradient power generation conversion devices include:

[0076] (1) The sealed membrane material is loaded into the electrolytic cell and assembled into a device. The Ag / AgCl electrode without salt bridge is placed on both sides of the solution cell and connected to the resistance box and source meter through an external circuit to form a circuit.

[0077] (2) Add 5M NaCl aqueous solution to the high-salt solution tank 11 side of the solution pool and 0.5M NaCl aqueous solution to the low-salt solution tank 10 side. Connect the positive terminal of the source meter 8 to the 5M NaCl aqueous solution side and the negative terminal of the source meter 8 to the 0.5M NaCl aqueous solution side. Set the resistance of the DC resistance box 9 to 0Ω and use an Ag / AgCl electrode without salt bridge to perform IV curve testing. The scanning range is -1V to +1V, the voltage step interval is 0.05V, and a total of 41 data points are collected.

[0078] (3) Record the open-circuit voltage V obtained during the test. OC and short-circuit current I SC The value is used to calculate the internal resistance r = V of the device. OC / I SC The value of the input voltage is set to 0V. First, adjust the resistance of the resistance box to R=r, and use an Ag / AgCl electrode without a salt bridge to perform an IT curve test. Set the test time to 1s; record the current I value at the first point of the IT curve.

[0079] (4) Within the range of resistance R = r ± 20Ω, adjust the resistance of the resistance box by changing it by 20Ω each time, and perform IT curve testing, and record the current I value obtained from the test.

[0080] (5) Repeat step (4) to extend the range of R to 10Ω to 106Ω, for a total of 20 points, and then calculate the maximum output power density of the salt difference power generation conversion device; where the current I value is the average of the three measurement results.

[0081] (6) Maximum output power density of salt gradient power generation conversion device (P) max The calculation is performed using the following equation:

[0082]

[0083] Where I represents the current value at the first point obtained through the IT curve test under different resistance values ​​(R), and S represents the membrane test area. Plotting the relationship between different external resistances and power density yields the maximum power density P. max (W / m 2 ).

[0084] Subsequently, an unmodified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane of the same size was used as the membrane material for the tests in Example 2 to obtain experimental data of the membrane material before modification. The obtained data are shown in Table 2.

[0085] Table 2 Experimental data before and after modification

[0086] Before modification 47 75 (R = 600Ω) After modification 51 234 (R = 200Ω)

[0087] Calculations showed that, among the seven irradiation doses used in Example 1, the original vermiculite membrane (irradiation dose of 0) had a cation selectivity of 0.9, a conversion efficiency of 0.32, and a permeation energy output power of 0.7 W / m. 2 Modified vermiculite film (irradiation dose of 2 x 10) 11 ions / cm 2 The cation selectivity was 0.93, the conversion efficiency was 0.37, and the output power of the permeation energy was 2.1 W / m. 2 .

[0088] In summary, such as Figure 7 As shown, the rapid heavy ion irradiation treatment of the two-dimensional vermiculite film 14 proposed in this invention increases the ion transport channel 13 inside the two-dimensional vermiculite film 14, changes the ion transport path, and enables the ions to be transported along the shorter ion transport channel 13, rather than the tortuous ion transport channel 13, thereby increasing the output power of salinity gradient power generation by several times, showing great application potential.

[0089] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Vermiculite was successively treated with saturated sodium chloride solution, 2-3M LiCl solution and H2O2 solution. Then the treated vermiculite was mixed with water and ultrasonically exfoliated for 2-3 hours to extract nanosheets. After centrifugation to remove impurities, the nanosheets were centrifuged at 4000-4500 r / min for 5-20 min and the suspension was collected to obtain a vermiculite nanosheet dispersion. S2. The vermiculite nanosheet dispersion obtained in S1 is filtered onto the surface of a porous substrate and dried at 60-80℃ to obtain a self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film with a thickness of 4-100μm. S3. The self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film obtained in S2 is subjected to fast heavy ion irradiation to obtain a modified two-dimensional vermiculite film. In fast heavy ion irradiation, the heavy ion is Xe. 31+ The irradiation ion energy is 0.1-4 MeV / u; the irradiation dose is 10. 8 -10 12 ions / cm 2 .

2. The method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, 1–30 g of vermiculite is soaked in 10–300 mL of saturated NaCl solution and refluxed at 110–120 °C for 20–28 h. Afterward, the vermiculite is washed with deionized water and ethanol until no chloride ions are detected, obtaining the first powder. The first powder is mixed with 10–300 mL of LiCl solution and heated and refluxed at 110–120 °C for 20–28 h. Afterward, the vermiculite is washed with deionized water and ethanol until no chloride ions are detected, obtaining the second powder. The second powder is mixed with 100–150 mL of H2O2 solution and refluxed at 110–120 °C for 20–28 h, obtaining the treated vermiculite.

3. The method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In S1, the centrifugal impurity removal method includes: centrifuging at a speed of 4000-4500 r / min to remove unpeeled vermiculite particles; Optionally, in S1, the size of the vermiculite nanosheets dispersed in the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion includes 0.1–1 μm; the concentration of vermiculite nanosheets in the vermiculite nanosheet dispersion is 1–10 mg / mL.

4. The method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In S2, the porous substrate specifications include: membrane thickness of 10–30 μm and porosity of 30–50%.

5. The method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The porous substrate can be selected from: Celgard 2400 substrate, Celgard 2500 substrate or Celgard 3501 substrate.

6. The method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In S2, after drying, the substrate is peeled off to obtain a self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film.

7. The method for preparing the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film is perpendicular to the direction of the irradiation beam, and the area of ​​the self-supporting two-dimensional vermiculite film is larger than the area of ​​the irradiation beam.

8. A modified two-dimensional vermiculite film prepared by a method according to any one of claims 1-7.

9. An application of the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 8 in salinity gradient power generation, characterized in that, The modified two-dimensional vermiculite membrane provides an ion transport channel between the high-concentration side and the low-concentration side of the electrolyte.

10. The application of the modified two-dimensional vermiculite film as described in claim 9 in salinity gradient power generation, characterized in that, The NaCl concentration on the high-concentration side of the electrolyte is 0.5–5.0 M, and the NaCl concentration on the low-concentration side of the electrolyte is 0.01–0.49 M.

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