A light-transmitting temperature-controlling photovoltaic panel coating and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

This invention discloses a light-reflecting and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating and its preparation method, comprising the following components: 146-156 parts of block copolymer, 230-245 parts of double-shell hollow nanoparticles, and 15-17 parts of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; wherein the block copolymer is a triblock copolymer of 48-52 parts of thiolactone acrylamide, 90-94 parts of 8-10 parts of perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, and the double-shell hollow nanoparticles are double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of silica. This coating can significantly enhance the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic panel while improving light transmittance, thus significantly improving the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic panel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of new materials technology, specifically relating to an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Photovoltaic power generation, as a new type of clean energy, has many advantages over traditional power generation, such as being environmentally friendly, pollution-free, and noiseless, making it a sustainable new energy source that my country has been vigorously developing in recent years. By the end of 2023, the installed capacity of solar power generation reached approximately 610 million kilowatts, a year-on-year increase of 55.2%; wind power installed capacity reached approximately 440 million kilowatts, a year-on-year increase of 20.7%, demonstrating the strong growth momentum and development prospects of the photovoltaic industry. However, with the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry, the issue of photovoltaic system power generation efficiency has become increasingly prominent. Currently, research on improving light conversion efficiency focuses mainly on increasing the light transmittance of photovoltaic panels, but this also leads to an increase in the temperature of the photovoltaic panels, which in turn reduces the power generation efficiency. Studies have shown that for every 10°C increase in photovoltaic panel temperature, power generation efficiency will decrease by about 1%, especially during the high-temperature period in summer, where the power generation efficiency of high-transmittance photovoltaic panels may decrease by as much as 20% or more. Furthermore, prolonged high temperatures will accelerate the aging of photovoltaic panels, shorten their lifespan, and thus increase the cost and frequency of maintenance and replacement. Therefore, research on reducing photovoltaic panel temperature and improving photovoltaic power generation efficiency has become particularly urgent. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic panel coating with enhanced light transmittance and temperature control and its preparation method, which can significantly enhance the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic panel while improving the light transmittance, thereby significantly improving the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic panel.

[0004] The technical solution adopted in this invention is:

[0005] A photosensitive and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating is prepared by mixing and reacting raw materials comprising the following components: 146-156 parts of block copolymer, 230-245 parts of double-shell hollow nanoparticles, and 15-17 parts of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; wherein the block copolymer is a triblock copolymer of 48-52 parts of thiolactone acrylamide, 90-94 parts of perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate, and 8-10 parts of methyl methacrylate; and the double-shell hollow nanoparticles are double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of silica; all the above component parts are by weight, and the molecular formula of the thiolactone acrylamide is as follows:

[0006] .

[0007] Perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate (PFOA) reduces the free energy of the coating surface, increasing its hydrophobicity and oleophobicity. Methyl methacrylate (MDMA) also aids in film formation; increasing its amount results in a more homogeneous film after curing, improving transmittance to some extent.

[0008] The method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlling photovoltaic panel coating as described above includes the following steps:

[0009] (1) Dissolve 48-52 parts of thiolactone acrylamide, 90-94 parts of perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate and 8-10 parts of methyl methacrylate in an appropriate amount of organic solvent, add an appropriate amount of crosslinking agent, and after the reaction is complete, obtain a block copolymer solution. The molecular formula of the thiolactone acrylamide is as follows:

[0010] ;

[0011] (2) Disperse 230-245 parts of double-shell hollow nanoparticles in a block copolymer solution, add 15-17 parts of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, stir and slowly add catalyst, and obtain coating after the reaction is complete; the double-shell hollow nanoparticles are double-shell hollow nanoparticles with indium tin oxide inner layer and silicon dioxide outer layer; the above component parts are all by weight.

[0012] Preferably, the crosslinking agent is any one of azobisisobutyronitrile, azobisisoheptanenitrile, or dimethyl azobisisobutyrate, and the amount added is 1.7-2.5 wt%.

[0013] Preferably, the catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate, and the amount added is 1.8-3.2 parts.

[0014] Preferably, the organic solvent in step (1) is butyl acetate, and the reaction temperature in step (2) is room temperature. To accelerate the reaction rate, it can be heated to above 30°C.

[0015] Furthermore, the thiolactone acrylamide is prepared via the following steps:

[0016] S1. Disperse 14-16 parts of DL-homocysteine ​​thiolactone hydrochloride in an organic solvent;

[0017] S2. Add 18-18.5 parts of acryloyl chloride and 24.5-25.5 parts of triethylamine dropwise to the solution obtained in S1, stir, and control the temperature at 0-5℃ until the reaction is complete;

[0018] S3. Rinse with water to remove the byproduct salts generated in the reaction, and evaporate to remove the organic solvent;

[0019] S4. Using an organic solvent as the eluent, the product of S3 was purified by silica chromatography column to obtain the thiolactone acrylamide.

[0020] All component numbers above are by weight.

[0021] Preferably, the organic solvent in step S1 is dichloromethane.

[0022] Preferably, the organic solvent in step S4 is a mixed solution of ethyl acetate and n-hexane in a volume ratio of 1:1.

[0023] Preferably, the evaporation operation in step S3 is performed by rotary evaporation at a temperature of 5 mbar to remove the solvent.

[0024] Furthermore, the double-shell hollow nanoparticles are prepared through the following steps:

[0025] B1. Disperse 200-205 parts of negatively charged polystyrene nanospheres with a particle size of 40-60 nm and 75-85 parts of indium tin oxide nanoparticles in a volatile organic solvent. The particle size of the indium tin oxide nanoparticles is less than half that of the polystyrene nanospheres. The indium tin oxide particles are adsorbed onto the surface of the polystyrene nanospheres by electrostatic force. The above operation can be performed by ultrasonic dispersion to improve the dispersion efficiency.

[0026] B2. Disperse 15.5-16.5 parts of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in an organic solvent, add appropriate amounts of water and ammonia, and mix to form a homogeneous solution; slowly add 155-165 parts of tetraethyl silicate, and mix until the reaction is complete. The amount of water added is sufficient to ensure that the tetraethyl silicate reacts completely.

[0027] B3. After evaporating to remove the organic solvent, the reaction product is placed in a muffle furnace for calcination to remove the polystyrene microsphere template, resulting in double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of silicon dioxide.

[0028] Preferably, the organic solvent in steps B1 and B2 is isopropanol, and the calcination temperature in step B3 is 550°C.

[0029] The anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating provided by this invention utilizes a unique double-layer nano-hollow structure to reduce the reflectivity of the photovoltaic panel glass to a certain extent, thereby reducing the reflection of incident sunlight and increasing the effective light energy intake of the photovoltaic cell module, thus improving power generation. At the same time, the coating has excellent heat dissipation performance, which can effectively solve the problem of excessively high temperature of photovoltaic cell modules caused by prolonged sunlight exposure, maintaining them within a suitable operating temperature range and ensuring stable power generation efficiency. It also has excellent self-cleaning properties, which can keep the surface of the photovoltaic panel clean for a long time, greatly reducing cleaning costs. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Figure 1The comparison curves of transmittance in the solar irradiance spectrum region between the photovoltaic panel glass coated with the coating obtained in Example 1 of the present invention and the untreated photovoltaic panel glass.

[0031] Figure 2 The emissivity of the photovoltaic panel coated with the coating obtained in Example 1 of this invention in the infrared region.

[0032] Figure 3 Temperature difference curves of a photovoltaic panel coated with a paint and an untreated photovoltaic cell obtained in Example 1 of this invention under long-term sunlight.

[0033] Figure 4 The comparison curves of the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic panel coated with the coating and the untreated photovoltaic panel obtained in Example 1 of this invention under long-term sunlight. Detailed Implementation

[0034] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the given embodiments.

[0035] The quick-drying transparent superhydrophobic and oleophobic coating suitable for photovoltaic panels is prepared from raw materials including dipentaerythritol hexa(3-mercaptopropionic acid), perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, lithium difluorosulfonylimide, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylenediamine, and fluorocarbon resin (FEVE).

[0036] Example 1:

[0037] The specific preparation method of the anti-reflection and temperature-controlling photovoltaic panel coating provided by this invention is as follows:

[0038] (1) 15.36 g of DL-homocysteine ​​thiolactone hydrochloride was dispersed in 200 mL of dichloromethane and stirred continuously in an ice-water bath at 0-5℃ for more than 30 minutes to ensure complete dispersion; then 18.1 g of acryloyl chloride and 25.3 g of triethylamine were added dropwise to the above solution and stirred continuously in an ice-water bath at 0-5℃ for 24 hours until complete reaction; the product was washed three times with deionized water to remove the by-product salt generated in the reaction, and then the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 5 mbar; then the final solid after purification of the product by silica chromatography column was the synthesized thiolactone acrylamide with a mass of 50.6 g;

[0039] (2) Dissolve the thiolactone acrylamide, 91.09 g perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate and 8.8 g methyl methacrylate prepared in step (1) into 200 mL butyl acetate, add 1.72 g azobisisobutyronitrile, stir and react at 35 °C for 2 hours to obtain a block copolymer solution, wherein the amount of block copolymer is 150 g;

[0040] (3) 201 g of negatively charged monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres (PS microspheres) with a particle size of 50 nm and 80 g of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles with a particle size of 20 nm were added to 500 mL of isopropanol and ultrasonically dispersed in an ultrasonic water bath for 1 hour, and then stirred for 30 minutes; then 16 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was dissolved in isopropanol, and 70 mL of deionized water and 5 mL of concentrated ammonia were added to it, and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes; then 160 g of tetraethyl silicate was added dropwise to the above solution and stirred until the reaction was complete; after the isopropanol solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, the solution was placed in a muffle furnace and calcined at 550 °C for 2 hours to remove the polystyrene microsphere template, and 237 g of double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of SiO2 were prepared.

[0041] (4) Disperse the double-shell hollow nanoparticles prepared in step (3) into the solution prepared in step (2), add 15.75 g of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and add an appropriate amount of butyl acetate to avoid excessive viscosity. Add 2.6 g of catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate dropwise while stirring at 50 °C, and continue the reaction for 1 hour to obtain the coating.

[0042] Example 2

[0043] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the amounts of each component added are as follows: 16g of DL-homocysteine ​​thiolactone hydrochloride, 18.5g of acryloyl chloride, 94g of perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate, 8g of methyl methacrylate, 2g of azobisisobutyronitrile, and 200g of polystyrene nanospheres. The amount of the intermediate product thiolactone acrylamide is 52g, and the amount of the block copolymer is 156g. All other aspects are the same as in Example 1.

[0044] Example 3

[0045] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the amounts of each component added are as follows: 14g of DL-homocysteine ​​thiolactone hydrochloride, 18g of acryloyl chloride, 90g of perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate, 10g of methyl methacrylate, 2.5g of azobisisobutyronitrile, and 200g of polystyrene nanospheres. The amount of the intermediate product thiolactone acrylamide is 48g, and the amount of the block copolymer is 146g. All other aspects are the same as in Example 1.

[0046] Example 4

[0047] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the amount of indium tin oxide added is 75g, and the amount of dibutyltin dilaurate is 1.8g. Everything else is the same as in Example 1.

[0048] Example 5

[0049] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the amount of indium tin oxide added is 85g, and the amount of dibutyltin dilaurate is 3.2g. Everything else is the same as in Example 1.

[0050] Example 6

[0051] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the amounts of each component added are as follows: 200g of polystyrene nanospheres, 15.5g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 155g of tetraethyl silicate, 15g of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and 230g of the intermediate product, double-shell hollow nanoparticles. All other aspects are the same as in Example 1.

[0052] Example 7

[0053] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the amounts of each component added are as follows: 205g of polystyrene nanospheres, 16.5g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 165g of tetraethyl silicate, 17g of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and 245g of the intermediate product, double-shell hollow nanoparticles. All other aspects are the same as in Example 1.

[0054] After rinsing the glass substrate for photovoltaic panels twice alternately with anhydrous ethanol and deionized water, the coating prepared in the above embodiment was sprayed onto the surface of the photovoltaic glass panel while keeping the glass panel horizontal during the spraying process. After curing at 80°C for 30 minutes, an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled coating was obtained on the surface of the photovoltaic glass panel. The transmittance in the solar irradiance spectral region, emissivity in the infrared region, hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, and power generation efficiency of the coating were then tested.

[0055] The coatings obtained in the embodiments of the present invention were subjected to performance testing as follows:

[0056] Solar irradiance transmittance: The transmittance of the samples (coated glass and original glass) to visible light was measured using an Agilent Cary 5000 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The test samples measured 7.5 cm × 2.5 cm, and a glass slide of the same size was used as a control sample during the test. The transmittance of air was set as the baseline for the test. The test wavelength range was 300 nm to 1800 nm.

[0057] Emissivity in the infrared region: The emissivity of the coated photovoltaic panel in the long-wave infrared region (6-25 micrometers) was tested using Thermo Fisher Nicolet iS50.

[0058] Contact Angle: The contact angles of water / oil droplets (unless otherwise specified, the oil used in the tests was gasoline, i.e., a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes) on the coating surface were measured using a KRüSS DSA25S optical contact angle analysis system. For contact angle measurements in a non-moving state, water / oil droplets (~10 μL) were first added to the sample surface using a motor-controlled syringe. Once the droplets stabilized, a side image was captured using a camera, and the static contact angle values ​​of the water / oil droplets on the coating surface were obtained using software fitting calculations.

[0059] Roll / Slide Angle: The slide angle of water / oil droplets on the coating surface was measured using a KRüSS DSA25S optical contact angle analysis system. For the slide angle measurement, a motor-controlled rotatable test platform was used to tilt the sample, and the rotation angle of the platform was displayed in real time on a computer connected to the motor. At the start of the test, the initial tilt angle of the platform was maintained at 0°. After a water / oil droplet (approximately 10 μL) was added to the coating surface using a syringe, the platform was rotated by the motor. The rotation stopped the instant the droplet began to roll on the surface, and the rotation angle displayed on the computer was recorded as the roll angle. Each sample was measured at three different locations to reduce data error.

[0060] Comparative testing of power generation efficiency: The current density-voltage curve was tested using the Titesh PROVA 200A solar cell analyzer. The solar source during the test was provided by the Yiguangke SOLARBEAM-06-3A solar simulator, simulating approximately 100 mW cm⁻¹ AM 1.5 sunlight. −2 The irradiation intensity was measured. Current density-voltage tests were performed on the test samples at the initial stage of irradiation and after 2 hours of continuous irradiation to simulate the temperature rise of the photovoltaic panel.

[0061] The performance of the coatings formed on the photovoltaic glass panels prepared in each embodiment was tested using the above testing methods. The results are shown in the table below:

[0062] Transmittance in the 0.4-1.1 micrometer light region / % 95.4 93.9 95.6 96.3 94.5 96.1 94.7 Oil contact angle / ° 70.2 81.5 67.2 70.9 70.6 70.3 70.8 Oil sliding angle / ° 2.1 2.07 4.7 2.3 2 2 2.3 Water contact angle / ° 106.3 112.4 100.5 105.9 106.4 105.8 106.5 Water glide angle / ° 8.4 8.1 11.6 8.1 8.3 9.2 8.7

[0063] In the preparation process of the coating of this invention, nano-ITO particles are adsorbed onto the surface of negatively charged PS nanospheres in the solvent due to electrostatic interactions, forming ITO@PS nanospheres with a core-shell structure. Subsequently, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is added as a catalyst in a mixed solvent of isopropanol, water, and concentrated ammonia, with the ITO@PS nanospheres as the core, causing TEOS to hydrolyze on the surface of the ITO@PS nanospheres, ultimately forming a three-layered SiO2@ITO@PS nanosphere structure. Finally, after high-temperature calcination to remove the PS core, a double-shell hollow nanosphere with ITO as the inner shell and SiO2 as the outer shell is obtained. This double-shell hollow nanosphere structure can effectively enhance the transmittance of beneficial light, while also exhibiting good reflection of infrared light with wavelengths greater than 1.1 micrometers.

[0064] A comparison curve of transmittance in the solar irradiance spectrum between coated and untreated photovoltaic panel glass. Figure 1 As can be seen, the coating of this invention exhibits excellent anti-reflection and anti-transmittance properties, achieving a transmittance of approximately 95% in the visible light and near-infrared I region (wavelengths less than 1.1 micrometers), exceeding that of untreated glass by about 4-5 percentage points. This allows the coated photovoltaic panel to absorb more photon energy within the working light domain of the silicon-based semiconductor material, improving photoelectric conversion efficiency and increasing power generation. Infrared light outside the working light domain, since it contributes nothing to power generation and is converted into excess heat, raising the temperature of the photovoltaic module and affecting its efficiency, should be reflected as much as possible. Figure 1 As can be seen, the transmittance of infrared light in the near-infrared II region (the portion with wavelengths greater than 1.1 micrometers) is extremely low, which can greatly reduce the negative thermal effects of useless infrared light on photovoltaic modules.

[0065] Figure 2 The emissivity spectrum of the coated photovoltaic panel in the long-wave infrared region shows an extremely high transmittance window in the 8-13 micrometer range, allowing infrared radiation from inside the atmosphere to pass through and reach outer space. The coated photovoltaic panel exhibits extremely high emissivity in this atmospheric window region, enabling the heat from the photovoltaic module to dissipate as thermal radiation to outer space at a temperature of only 3 K, achieving zero-energy heat dissipation and maintaining the module within a suitable operating temperature window, thus reducing the module's temperature and maintaining high power generation efficiency. To more intuitively demonstrate the temperature control effect of the anti-reflection and temperature-regulating photovoltaic panel coating, thermocouples were used to monitor the surface temperature of both the coated and untreated photovoltaic panels in real time. Figure 3During a one-day monitoring period, it was observed that as noon approached, solar irradiance and ambient air temperature gradually increased. The surface temperature of the untreated photovoltaic panel reached nearly 55°C, while the surface temperature of the coated photovoltaic panel was only around 45°C, a decrease of approximately 10°C. According to reports, for every 1°C increase in photovoltaic module temperature, its efficiency decreases by approximately 0.35%. In other words, the performance of the coated photovoltaic panel was at least 3.5% higher than that of the untreated panel during the test.

[0066] like Figure 4 As shown, comparing the changes in power generation performance of the coated photovoltaic panel and the untreated photovoltaic panel before and after a certain period of sunlight exposure, it can be seen that the power generation efficiency (current density) of the photovoltaic panel coated with the coating of this invention is significantly increased. Due to the anti-reflective and anti-reflective properties of the coating, the initial power generation efficiency of the coated photovoltaic panel is higher than that of the untreated photovoltaic panel, which is manifested in higher open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current.

[0067] Because coated photovoltaic panels have a synergistic temperature-controlling effect by reflecting near-infrared and high far-infrared emissions, their temperature is lower than that of untreated panels, reducing the negative impact of heat generated by sunlight on the photovoltaic module. Figure 4 It is evident that after being exposed to sunlight, the photovoltaic panel coated with the coating of this invention has a much higher power generation efficiency than the untreated photovoltaic panel, which fully demonstrates that the coating of this invention has excellent light transmission and temperature control effects.

[0068] The present invention has been described in detail above with reference to specific embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to the contents described above. Various changes made within the scope of knowledge possessed by those skilled in the art, without departing from the inventive concept, still fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: (1) Dissolve 48-52 parts of thiolactone acrylamide, 90-94 parts of perfluorooctyl ethyl acrylate and 8-10 parts of methyl methacrylate in an appropriate amount of organic solvent, add an appropriate amount of crosslinking agent, and after the reaction is complete, obtain a block copolymer solution. The molecular formula of the thiolactone acrylamide is as follows: ； (2) Disperse 230-245 parts of double-shell hollow nanoparticles in a block copolymer solution, add 15-17 parts of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, stir and slowly add catalyst, and obtain coating after the reaction is complete; the double-shell hollow nanoparticles are double-shell hollow nanoparticles with indium tin oxide inner layer and silicon dioxide outer layer; the above component parts are all by weight.

2. The method for preparing a photovoltaic panel coating with anti-reflection and temperature control according to claim 1, characterized in that, The crosslinking agent is any one of azobisisobutyronitrile, azobisisoheptanenitrile, or dimethyl azobisisobutyrate, and the amount added is 1.7-2.5 wt%.

3. The method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating according to claim 1, characterized in that, The catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate, and the amount added is 1.8~3.2 parts.

4. The method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic solvent in step (1) is butyl acetate.

5. The method for preparing a photovoltaic panel coating with anti-reflection and temperature control according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thiolactone acrylamide is prepared by the following steps: S1. Disperse 14-16 parts of DL-homocysteine ​​thiolactone hydrochloride in an organic solvent; S2. Add 18-18.5 parts of acryloyl chloride and 24.5-25.5 parts of triethylamine dropwise to the solution obtained in S1, stir, and control the temperature at 0-5℃ until the reaction is complete; S3. Rinse with water to remove the byproduct salts generated in the reaction, and evaporate to remove the organic solvent; S4. Using an organic solvent as the eluent, the product of S3 was purified by silica chromatography column to obtain the thiolactone acrylamide. All component numbers above are by weight.

6. The method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating according to claim 5, characterized in that, The organic solvent in step S1 is dichloromethane.

7. The method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating according to claim 5, characterized in that, The organic solvent in step S4 is a mixed solution of ethyl acetate and n-hexane in a volume ratio of 1:

1.

8. The method for preparing a photovoltaic panel coating with anti-reflection and temperature control according to claim 1, characterized in that, The double-shell hollow nanoparticles are prepared through the following steps: B1. Disperse 200-205 parts of nano-polystyrene microspheres and 75-85 parts of nano-indium tin oxide particles in a volatile organic solvent. The nano-polystyrene microspheres have a particle size of 40-60 nm, and the nano-indium tin oxide particles have a particle size less than half that of the nano-polystyrene microspheres. B2. Disperse 15.5-16.5 parts of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in an organic solvent, add appropriate amounts of water and ammonia, and mix to form a homogeneous solution; slowly add 155-165 parts of tetraethyl silicate, and mix until the reaction is complete. The amount of water added is sufficient to ensure that the tetraethyl silicate reacts completely. B3. After evaporating to remove the organic solvent, the reaction product is placed in a muffle furnace for calcination to remove the polystyrene microsphere template, resulting in double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of silicon dioxide.

9. The method for preparing an anti-reflection and temperature-controlled photovoltaic panel coating according to claim 8, characterized in that, The organic solvent in steps B1 and B2 is isopropanol.

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