A distributed active thermal protection and thermal power conversion system and methods of use thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of distributed active thermal protection and heat conversion system and its use method, system includes: distributed liquid cooling plate, heat exchanger, supply solenoid valve, heat conversion plate, tank, propulsion solenoid valve, oxygen supplement solenoid valve, oxygen supplement system and thrust engine;Distributed liquid cooling plate is equipped with high-density liquid cooling working medium;Heat conversion plate is filled with catalyst;The outlet of distributed liquid cooling plate is connected with the inlet of heat exchanger, the outlet of heat exchanger is connected with the inlet of heat conversion plate by supply solenoid valve, the outlet of heat conversion plate is connected with the inlet of tank, the outlet of tank is connected with the first end of tee by propulsion solenoid valve, the second end of tee is connected with oxygen supplement system by oxygen supplement solenoid valve, the third end of tee is connected with thrust engine, the outlet of thrust engine is communicated with outside.The heat absorption capacity of the thermal protection system of the application is significantly improved, and thrust work can be generated, and has wide application prospect in high-speed aircraft.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of high-speed aircraft technology, and more specifically, to a distributed active thermal protection and heat-power conversion system and its usage method. Background Technology

[0002] When a high-speed aircraft is in flight, the temperature of its outer wall and surrounding area rises rapidly due to shock wave compression, viscous friction, and other effects. To ensure that the internal components can operate normally within the allowable temperature range and maintain their aerodynamic shape, effective structural thermal protection design is necessary.

[0003] Thermal protection technologies can be mainly divided into passive and active thermal protection technologies. Passive thermal protection, which utilizes thermal protection materials for insulation or ablation of materials to absorb heat through phase change, is the most widely used aerodynamic heat treatment measure and has been applied in many high-speed aircraft (such as the American X-30 and X-47). This type of thermal protection technology has a relatively simple structure, but its manufacturing process is complex and costly. In ablation thermal protection systems, the material is gradually ablated as the temperature rises during high-speed flight, which can easily alter the overall aerodynamic shape and lead to accidents. At the same time, because passive thermal protection systems have weak heat absorption capacity, the required material thickness and weight are large for long-endurance applications, severely compressing the aircraft's payload. Active thermal protection technologies are mainly divided into two categories: sweating cooling and convection cooling. The commonly used cooling medium for sweating cooling is water, which borrows from the way organisms dissipate heat through sweating, utilizing the latent heat of vaporization of water to absorb heat and form a thermal barrier, but the system reliability is relatively poor. Convection cooling is commonly used in aerospace vehicles or aircraft. It typically uses circulating liquid hydrocarbon fuel as a coolant, taking away heat from the surface of the structure by utilizing the physical heat capacity of the fuel as it heats up. However, due to the limitation of fuel coking, this heat absorption mode is only suitable for supersonic flight at speeds below Mach 5 and cannot meet the thermal protection requirements of higher speeds. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the above-mentioned defects in the prior art and provide a distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system and its usage method.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: A distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system includes: a distributed liquid cooling plate 1, a heat exchanger 2, a supply solenoid valve 3, a heat-to-work conversion plate 4, a storage tank 5, a propulsion solenoid valve 6, an oxygen supply solenoid valve 7, an oxygen supply system 8, and a thrust engine 9. The distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is filled with a high-density liquid cooling medium 10. The heat-to-work conversion plate 4 is filled with a catalyst 11. The outlet of the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is connected to the inlet of the heat exchanger 2. The outlet of the heat exchanger 2 is connected to the inlet of the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 via the supply solenoid valve 3. The outlet of the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 is connected to the inlet of the storage tank 5. The outlet of the storage tank 5 is connected to the first end of a three-way valve 12 via the propulsion solenoid valve 6. The second end of the three-way valve 12 is connected to the outlet of the oxygen supply system 8 via the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7. The third end of the three-way valve 12 is connected to the inlet of the thrust engine 9. The outlet of the thrust engine 9 is connected to the outside.

[0006] Optionally, the high-density liquid cooling medium 10 is an alcohol-water mixture solution.

[0007] Optionally, the alcohol component in the alcohol-water mixture includes one or more of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propanol, and isopropanol; the mass concentration of the alcohol component in the alcohol-water mixture is 1% to 100%.

[0008] Optionally, the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is also filled with a hydrophilic material.

[0009] Optionally, the hydrophilic material includes high-temperature resistant fibers or absorbent cloth containing silicon and / or aluminum.

[0010] Optionally, the catalyst 11 is a dual-bed catalytic system consisting of a front-bed catalyst and a rear-bed catalyst; the front-bed catalyst and the rear-bed catalyst are shaped particle catalysts.

[0011] Optionally, the packing volume of the forebed catalyst accounts for 0% to 100% of the total volume of the heat-power conversion plate 4.

[0012] Optionally, the forebed catalyst includes a first support and a first active component and a first promoter supported on the first support; the first support includes modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, or modified silica-alumina molecular sieve; the first active component includes one or more of Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd; the first promoter includes one or more of K, La, Ce, Zn, and Zr; the mass of the active component is 10-30% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass of the promoter is 1-10% of the total mass of the catalyst.

[0013] Optionally, the post-bed catalyst includes a second support and a second active component and a second promoter supported on the second support; the second support is modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, or modified silica-alumina molecular sieve; the second active component includes one or more of Cu, Co, Fe, and Ni; the second promoter includes one or more of La, Ce, Zn, and Zr; the mass of the active component is 10-30% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass of the promoter is 1-10% of the total mass of the catalyst.

[0014] Optionally, the storage tank 5 is a surface tension storage tank or a pressure-resistant storage tank filled with hydrophilic material; the hydrophilic material in the pressure-resistant storage tank filled with hydrophilic material is a high-temperature resistant fiber or absorbent cloth containing silicon and / or aluminum, so as to ensure that it can be fully wetted by the high-density liquid cooling medium 10.

[0015] Optionally, the system includes two or more distributed liquid cooling plates 1 arranged in parallel.

[0016] This invention also discloses a method for using the distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system as described above, comprising the following steps: The high-density liquid cooling medium 10 in the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is vaporized by aerodynamic heating or heat dissipation of the carrier. It flows out through the outlet of the heat exchanger 2 and enters the heat-power conversion plate 4 through the supply solenoid valve 3. Under the action of high-temperature aerodynamic heating and the catalyst 11, the vaporized high-density liquid cooling medium 10 undergoes a chemical endothermic reaction and generates high-pressure gas molecules. The high-pressure gas molecules enter the storage tank 5 through the pipeline for storage. When the required thrust is low, the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7 is closed, and the propulsion solenoid valve 6 is opened to introduce the high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine 9, which are then discharged through the thrust engine 9 to generate thrust; wherein, the thrust engine 9 operates in single-component cold air engine mode. When a large thrust is required, the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7 and the propulsion solenoid valve 6 are opened simultaneously to introduce an oxidizing atmosphere and the high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine 9, which are then discharged through the thrust engine 9, thereby generating thrust through the dual-component operation; wherein, the thrust engine 9 operates in dual-component engine mode.

[0017] Specifically, in the distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system provided by this invention, the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is filled with a high-density liquid cooling medium 10. Through the vaporization phase change of the medium, the temperature of the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is maintained below 120°C. This not only absorbs aerodynamic heat but also actively absorbs heat dissipation generated by the internal load of the high-speed aircraft, thus effectively protecting the load and ensuring stable operation. The heat-work conversion plate 4 can utilize aerodynamic heat to catalytically decompose the vaporized cooling medium, generating high-pressure gas molecules. The thrust engine 9 can directly utilize these high-pressure gas molecules to achieve single-component propulsion or, in conjunction with an oxygen supplementation system, achieve dual-component propulsion. Compared with traditional passive thermal protection methods based on ablation materials, this thermal protection system significantly improves heat absorption capacity and effectively alleviates the problems of high cost and large thickness of passive thermal protection materials. Compared with active thermal protection technology based on water sweating, this thermal protection system can increase the system's heat absorption capacity by more than 50% through chemical reactions, while simultaneously generating high-temperature, high-pressure small-molecule gas for work, effectively enhancing the maneuverability of high-speed aircraft. This method has the advantages of low cost, large heat sink, high stability, and strong work-performance capability, and has broad application prospects.

[0018] Specifically, the working principle of the distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system provided by this invention is as follows: A distributed liquid cooling plate 1 filled with a high-density liquid cooling medium 10 covers the surface of the internal load. The sensible heat from the temperature increase of the high-density liquid cooling medium 10 and the latent heat of vaporization phase change absorb the kinetic heat and heat dissipation of the load. The heat exchanger 2 further heats the heat-absorbing medium, not only absorbing some of the kinetic heat but also significantly increasing the medium temperature. More importantly, after vaporization, the medium undergoes a chemical reaction with strong endothermic properties under the action of the catalyst 11, thereby significantly improving the system's heat absorption capacity. Taking an ethanol-water mixture as an example, after vaporization, it undergoes a reforming reaction to generate hydrogen and carbon monoxide (Equation 1), increasing the gas volume threefold, and each mole of fluid absorbs 256.8 kJ of heat. When the aerodynamic temperature reaches 600℃, the heat absorption of pure water is only 3.6 MJ / Kg, while under the same conditions, the total physical and chemical heat absorption of a mixture of ethanol and water can reach more than 6.2 MJ / Kg. In addition, it can produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide to do work, thereby enabling the adjustment of the attitude and speed of high-speed aircraft and improving its maneuverability.

[0019]

[0020] The present invention also discloses a high-speed aircraft, including the above-mentioned distributed active thermal protection and heat-power conversion system.

[0021] Specifically, the distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system provided by this invention can be used in the active thermal protection system of high-speed aircraft. The specific application process is as follows: Under the aerodynamic heating effect of a high-speed aircraft, it can rapidly evaporate and absorb heat, maintaining the liquid cooling plate temperature below 120°C. It can not only absorb aerodynamic heat but also actively absorb the heat dissipation generated by the internal load operation of the high-speed aircraft, thereby effectively protecting the load and ensuring stable operation. Under the action of a catalyst, the cooling medium undergoes a strongly endothermic decomposition reaction in the heat-to-work conversion plate, with the actual heat sink of the cooling medium reaching over 5.6 MJ / kg, significantly improving the aerodynamic heating absorption performance. Simultaneously, it can generate high-pressure gas molecules to perform work and generate thrust.

[0022] Implementing the embodiments of the present invention will have the following beneficial effects: (1) Compared with traditional passive insulation methods, the distributed active thermal protection and heat-power conversion system provided in this application belongs to active thermal protection technology, which has the advantages of strong cooling capacity, long-term heating with high-density heat flow, and closed-loop temperature control.

[0023] (2) Compared with the active heat insulation method of water sweating, the distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system provided in this application can not only utilize the physical heat absorption of liquid heat-absorbing working fluid, but also enhance heat absorption through chemical reaction. The theoretical maximum heat absorption capacity of the system is more than twice that of water sweating heat absorption (~3 MJ / kg) (>6 MJ / kg). When further coupled with ammonia decomposition, alcohol decomposition or alcohol-water reforming reaction, the heat absorption performance of the system can be further enhanced, and thrust can be generated to do work.

[0024] (3) The high-density liquid cooling medium in the distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system provided in this application only needs to be stored in the modular liquid cooling plate, without the need for separate storage tank, thus saving space. It can also be used as a cooling device, while absorbing aerodynamic heat and heat dissipation caused by the operation of the load (electronic components inside the aircraft). By combining the heat exchanger and the heat-work conversion plate, not only can the amount of catalyst be effectively reduced, but also the chemical endothermic efficiency can be enhanced by increasing the working medium reaction temperature.

[0025] (4) The distributed active thermal protection and thermal-power conversion system provided in this application allows the thrust engine to directly utilize high-pressure gas molecules to achieve single-component propulsion, or combine with the oxygen supplementation system to achieve dual-component propulsion, thereby realizing two working modes of single-component work or dual-component work, so as to meet the work requirements of high-speed aircraft in different flight states while ensuring the efficient operation of the system. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 2This is a diagram illustrating the active thermal protection mechanism of the heat-absorbing working fluid in the heat-work conversion plate of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 3 The image shows the results of the methanol-water reaction on the Ru-based catalyst in Example 3 of this invention.

[0029] Figure 4 The total heat sink test results are for the alcohol-water working fluid in Example 24 of this invention.

[0030] Among them, 1. Distributed liquid cooling plate; 2. Heat exchanger; 3. Supply solenoid valve; 4. Heat-power conversion plate; 5. Storage tank; 6. Propulsion solenoid valve; 7. Oxygen supply solenoid valve; 8. Oxygen supply system; 9. Thrust engine; 10. High-density liquid cooling medium; 11. Catalyst; 12. T-junction. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but this does not limit the present invention in any way.

[0032] This invention discloses a distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system, comprising: a distributed liquid cooling plate 1, a heat exchanger 2, a supply solenoid valve 3, a heat-to-work conversion plate 4, a storage tank 5, a propulsion solenoid valve 6, an oxygen supply solenoid valve 7, an oxygen supply system 8, and a thrust engine 9; the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is filled with a high-density liquid cooling medium 10; the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 is filled with a catalyst 11; the outlet of the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is connected to the inlet of the heat exchanger 2, the outlet of the heat exchanger 2 is connected to the inlet of the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 via the supply solenoid valve 3, the outlet of the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 is connected to the inlet of the storage tank 5, the outlet of the storage tank 5 is connected to the first end of a three-way valve 12 via the propulsion solenoid valve 6, the second end of the three-way valve 12 is connected to the outlet of the oxygen supply system 8 via the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7, the third end of the three-way valve 12 is connected to the inlet of the thrust engine 9, and the outlet of the thrust engine 9 is connected to the outside.

[0033] In one specific embodiment, the high-density liquid cooling medium 10 is an alcohol-water mixture solution.

[0034] In one specific embodiment, the alcohol component in the alcohol-water mixture includes one or more of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propanol, and isopropanol; the mass concentration of the alcohol component in the alcohol-water mixture is 1% to 100%.

[0035] In one specific embodiment, the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is also filled with a hydrophilic material.

[0036] In one specific embodiment, the hydrophilic material includes high-temperature resistant fibers or absorbent fabrics containing silicon and / or aluminum.

[0037] In one specific embodiment, catalyst 11 is a dual-bed catalytic system consisting of a front-bed catalyst and a rear-bed catalyst; the front-bed catalyst and the rear-bed catalyst are shaped particle catalysts.

[0038] In one specific embodiment, the packing volume of the forebed catalyst accounts for 0% to 100% of the total volume of the heat-power conversion plate 4.

[0039] In one specific embodiment, the forebed catalyst includes a first support and a first active component and a first promoter supported on the first support; the first support includes modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, or modified silica-alumina molecular sieve; the first active component includes one or more of Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd; the first promoter includes one or more of K, La, Ce, Zn, and Zr; the mass of the active component is 10-30% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass of the promoter is 1-10% of the total mass of the catalyst.

[0040] In one specific embodiment, the back-bed catalyst includes a second support and a second active component and a second promoter supported on the second support; the second support is modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, or modified silica-alumina molecular sieve; the second active component includes one or more of Cu, Co, Fe, and Ni; the second promoter includes one or more of La, Ce, Zn, and Zr; the mass of the active component is 10-30% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass of the promoter is 1-10% of the total mass of the catalyst.

[0041] In one specific embodiment, the tank 5 is a surface tension tank or a pressure-resistant tank filled with hydrophilic material; the hydrophilic material in the pressure-resistant tank filled with hydrophilic material is a high-temperature resistant fiber or absorbent cloth containing silicon and / or aluminum, so as to ensure that it can be fully wetted by the high-density liquid cooling medium 10.

[0042] In one specific embodiment, the system includes two or more distributed liquid cooling plates 1 arranged in parallel.

[0043] The present invention also discloses a method of using a distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system as described in any embodiment of the present invention, comprising the following steps: The high-density liquid cooling medium 10 in the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is vaporized by aerodynamic heat or heat dissipation of the carrier. It flows out through the outlet of the heat exchanger 2 and enters the heat-power conversion plate 4 through the supply solenoid valve 3. Under the action of high-temperature aerodynamic heat and catalyst 11, the vaporized high-density liquid cooling medium 10 undergoes a chemical endothermic reaction and produces high-pressure gas molecules. The high-pressure gas molecules enter the storage tank 5 through the pipeline for storage. When the required thrust is low, the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7 is closed and the propulsion solenoid valve 6 is opened to introduce high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine 9, which are then discharged through the thrust engine 9 to generate thrust; wherein, the thrust engine 9 operates in single-component cold gas engine mode. When a large thrust is required, the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7 and the propulsion solenoid valve 6 are opened simultaneously to introduce an oxidizing atmosphere and high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine 9, which are then discharged through the thrust engine 9, thereby generating thrust through the dual-component engine. The thrust engine 9 operates in dual-component engine mode.

[0044] The present invention also discloses a high-speed aircraft, including a distributed active thermal protection and heat-power conversion system according to any embodiment of the present invention.

[0045] The following are specific embodiments. Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. The system includes: a distributed liquid cooling plate 1, a heat exchanger 2, a supply solenoid valve 3, a heat-to-work conversion plate 4, a storage tank 5, a propulsion solenoid valve 6, an oxygen supply solenoid valve 7, an oxygen supply system 8, and a thrust engine 9, all arranged in parallel. The distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is filled with a high-density liquid cooling medium 10. The heat-to-work conversion plate 4 is filled with a catalyst 11. The outlet of the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is connected to the inlet of the heat exchanger 2. The outlet of the heat exchanger 2 is connected to the inlet of the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 through the supply solenoid valve 3. The outlet of the heat-to-work conversion plate 4 is connected to the inlet of the storage tank 5. The outlet of the storage tank 5 is connected to the first end of a three-way valve 12 through the propulsion solenoid valve 6. The second end of the three-way valve 12 is connected to the outlet of the oxygen supply system 8 through the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7. The third end of the three-way valve 12 is connected to the inlet of the thrust engine 9. The outlet of the thrust engine 9 is connected to the outside.

[0046] In this embodiment, the high-density liquid cooling medium 10 is a mixed solution of ethanol and water, and the mass concentration of ethanol in the mixed solution of ethanol and water is 70%.

[0047] In this embodiment, the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is also filled with high-temperature resistant fibers containing silicon and / or aluminum.

[0048] In this embodiment, catalyst 11 is a dual-bed catalytic system consisting of a front-bed catalyst and a rear-bed catalyst; the front-bed catalyst and the rear-bed catalyst are shaped particle catalysts.

[0049] The forebed catalyst in this embodiment includes modified Al2O3 and active component Ru and auxiliary agent K supported on modified Al2O3.

[0050] The back-bed catalyst in this embodiment includes modified Al2O3 and active component Cu supported on modified Al2O3, and auxiliary agent La.

[0051] In this embodiment, tank 5 is a surface tension tank.

[0052] In this embodiment, to ensure the smooth progress of the endothermic chemical reaction, the outer wall temperature of the heat-work conversion plate is 180℃~900℃, and the endothermic mechanism of the reforming reaction is as follows: Figure 2 As shown.

[0053] The method of using the distributed active thermal protection and heat-power conversion system in this embodiment includes: the high-density liquid cooling medium 10 in the distributed liquid cooling plate 1 is vaporized by aerodynamic heat or heat dissipation of the carrier, flows out through the outlet of the heat exchanger 2 and enters the heat-power conversion plate 4 through the supply solenoid valve 3. Under the action of high-temperature aerodynamic heat and catalyst 11, the vaporized high-density liquid cooling medium 10 undergoes a chemical endothermic reaction and generates high-pressure gas small molecules. The high-pressure gas small molecules enter the storage tank 5 through the pipeline for storage. When the required thrust is low, the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7 is closed and the propulsion solenoid valve 6 is opened to introduce high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine 9, which are then discharged through the thrust engine 9 to generate thrust; wherein, the thrust engine 9 operates in single-component cold gas engine mode. When a large thrust is required, the oxygen supply solenoid valve 7 and the propulsion solenoid valve 6 are opened simultaneously to introduce an oxidizing atmosphere and high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine 9, which are then discharged through the thrust engine 9, thereby generating thrust through the dual-component engine. The thrust engine 9 operates in dual-component engine mode.

[0054] Example 2 The catalytic activity of the catalyst for different alcohol-water components was evaluated using a fixed-bed reactor. 300 mg of catalyst (particle size: 20-40 mesh) was loaded into the fixed-bed reactor, with 10 ml of quartz sand placed above the catalyst. Both ends were sealed with quartz wool and the reactor was fixed to the center of a furnace equipped with thermocouples. The reactor temperature was raised to the reaction temperature, and then the alcohol-water solution was pumped into an evaporator (120°C) using a metering pump. N2 was then introduced into the evaporator and thoroughly mixed with the alcohol-water vapor before entering the fixed-bed reactor. The total gas flow rate was 500 mL / min, with a nitrogen content of 20%. The reactor inlet and outlet pipes were heated to ensure complete vaporization of the reactants. The organic alcohol conversion (X) and gas-phase product selectivity (Si) were calculated as follows:

[0055] Where F represents the molar flow rate (mol / min) of the alcohol or each product, and i represents different components in the gaseous products at the outlet, including H2, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H4, and C2H6. In this example, N2 is used as an internal standard gas to assess the carbon balance.

[0056] Example 3 The endothermic working medium is a mixture of methanol and water, with methanol accounting for 60% by mass in the solution. The reaction temperature is 300℃~700℃, the reaction pressure is 1.0MPa, and the catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support, loaded with 10% active component Ru and 10% auxiliary agent La.

[0057] Depend on Figure 3 It is evident that within the tested temperature range, the methanol conversion rate increases significantly with increasing temperature, reaching 100% at 600℃. The product composition shows that when the reaction temperature is below 550℃, the main products are H2 and CO, indicating that the primary reaction is methanol decomposition (CH3OH). When the reaction temperature reaches 600℃, CO2 appears in the product, indicating that a water-vapor shift reaction (CO + H2O) has occurred. CO2 + H2).

[0058] Example 4 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is Rh, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0059] Example 5 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is Pt, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0060] Example 6 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is Pd, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0061] Example 7 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is Cu, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0062] Example 8 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is Fe, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0063] Example 9 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is Co, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0064] Example 10 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the load metal is Ni, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0065] Example 11 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is CuNi, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0066] Example 12 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, no additives are added, and the reaction temperature is 450°C.

[0067] Example 13 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, 5% Zr is added as an additive, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0068] Example 14 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, 5% Zn is added as an additive, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0069] Example 15 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, 5% Ce is added as an additive, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0070] Example 16 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, 5% La is added as an additive, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0071] Example 17 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, 5% Zr is added as an additive, the support is modified SiO2, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0072] Example 18 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the loaded metal is RhPd, 5% Zr is added as an additive, the support is H-ZSM-5 molecular sieve (Si / Al molar ratio is 25), and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0073] Example 19 The only difference between this embodiment and Example 3 is that the catalyst is in a dual-bed mode, wherein the front-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component RhPd and 5% of Zr is added as an auxiliary agent; the rear-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component CuNi; the front-bed catalyst accounts for 30% of the total volume of the catalyst bed, and the reaction temperature is 450℃.

[0074] Table 1 Comparison of methanol-water reaction performance at 450℃ with different catalysts

[0075] Note: "-" indicates that it was not detected.

[0076] As shown in Table 1, when the metal loading is the same, the noble metal Rh exhibits the best reactivity, achieving a methanol conversion rate of 67.4% at a reaction temperature of 450℃. The main products are H2 (66.9%) and CO (29.1%), indicating that methanol primarily undergoes a direct decomposition reaction. For non-noble metals, Cu shows the highest reactivity, achieving a methanol conversion rate of 54.7% at 450℃, but producing a large amount of CO2 (14.8%), indicating that the Cu catalyst can promote the water-gas shift reaction. When bimetallic materials Cu and Ni are added, the catalyst reactivity is comparable to Rh, achieving a methanol conversion rate of 61.9% at 450℃, with the main products being H2 (68.2%) and CO (26.9%). Adding a second active metal, Pd, to Rh can improve catalytic activity. Further addition of promoters La and Zn to the RhPd bimetallic catalyst slightly decreases the catalyst activity, indicating that the promoters may cover some metal active sites. Adding promoter Ce improves the reaction activity, but slightly increases the CO2 content in the product, suggesting that the promoter can promote the water-gas shift reaction to some extent. Adding promoter Zr not only improves the reaction activity but also maintains good CO selectivity. Comparing the effects of three different supports (modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, and H-ZSM-5 molecular sieve) on the reaction activity, it was found that modified Al2O3 provides the best catalyst activity, but the change in support has little effect on the reaction selectivity. When using a dual-bed catalyst (Zr-modified RhPd / Al2O3 in the front bed and CuNi / Al2O3 in the back bed), the catalyst activity remains unchanged, the syngas selectivity is slightly increased, and the catalyst cost is reduced.

[0077] Example 20 The endothermic working medium is a mixture of ethanol and water, with ethanol accounting for 30% by mass in the solution. The reaction temperature is 450℃, the reaction pressure is 1.0MPa, and the catalyst is in a dual-bed mode. The front-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component RhPd and 5% of Zr as an auxiliary agent. The rear-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component CuNi. The front-bed catalyst accounts for 30% of the total volume of the catalyst bed.

[0078] Example 21 The endothermic working medium is a mixture of ethylene glycol and water, with ethanol accounting for 30% by mass in the solution. The reaction temperature is 450℃, the reaction pressure is 1.0 MPa, and the catalyst is in a dual-bed mode. The front-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component RhPd and 5% of Zr as an auxiliary agent. The rear-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component CuNi. The front-bed catalyst accounts for 30% of the total volume of the catalyst bed.

[0079] Example 22 The endothermic working medium is a mixture of propanol and water, with propanol accounting for 30% by mass in the solution. The reaction temperature is 450℃, the reaction pressure is 1.0MPa, and the catalyst is in a dual-bed mode. The front-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component RhPd and 5% of Zr as an auxiliary agent. The rear-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component CuNi. The front-bed catalyst accounts for 30% of the total volume of the catalyst bed.

[0080] Example 23 The endothermic working medium is a mixture of isopropanol and water, with isopropanol accounting for 30% by mass in the solution. The reaction temperature is 450℃, the reaction pressure is 1.0MPa, and the catalyst is in a dual-bed mode. The front-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component RhPd and 5% of Zr as an auxiliary agent. The rear-bed catalyst is a modified Al2O3 support loaded with 10% of the active component CuNi. The front-bed catalyst accounts for 30% of the total volume of the catalyst bed.

[0081] Table 2 Comparison of reaction performance of different alcohol-water working media on Rh / Al2O3 catalyst at 450℃

[0082] According to the results in Table 2, when organic alcohols are converted from methanol to ethanol, ethylene glycol, propanol, and isopropanol, which have more carbon atoms, the conversion rate of the organic alcohols decreases at the same temperature, and their reactivity order is methanol > ethylene glycol > ethanol > isopropanol > propanol. The gas phase product results show that the hydrogen content in the products is approximately 50%, but the products contain a large amount of CO2 (20%~30%), indicating a significant water-vapor shift reaction. Furthermore, the methane content in the products follows the order: methanol < ethylene glycol < ethanol < isopropanol < propanol, indicating that an increase in the carbon content of the organic alcohol promotes the methanation reaction. Additionally, for the same number of carbon atoms, a lower O / C ratio makes it easier to produce methane.

[0083] Example 24 A mixed solution of methanol (40% by mass), ethanol (20% by mass), and water (40% by mass) was used as the cooling medium at a flow rate of 0.5 g / s. The catalyst was in a dual-bed mode, with the front-bed catalyst supported on a modified Al2O3 carrier and loaded with 10% of the active component RhPd, and 5% Zr added as a promoter; the rear-bed catalyst supported on a modified Al2O3 carrier and loaded with 10% of the active component CuNi. The front-bed catalyst accounted for 30% of the total volume of the catalyst bed, with a catalyst mass of 10 g. The heat sink of the working medium was tested (including physical endothermic and chemical reaction endothermic).

[0084] The results are as follows Figure 4 As shown, the heat sink of the working fluid reaches 4.5 MJ / kg at 400℃, which is 43% higher than that of the water working fluid heat sink. At 600℃, the heat sink reaches 5.6 MJ / kg, which is 55% higher than that of the water working fluid heat sink.

[0085] In summary, by selecting catalyst components and optimizing the cooling medium, this embodiment of the invention utilizes a distributed active thermal protection and heat-work conversion system to achieve an actual heat sink of over 5.6 MJ / kg for the cooling working fluid, significantly improving the aerodynamic heat absorption performance. At the same time, it can generate high-pressure gas molecules to perform work and generate thrust.

[0086] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementations of the present invention, and while the descriptions are specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of this patent should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system, characterized in that, The system includes: a distributed liquid cooling plate (1), a heat exchanger (2), a supply solenoid valve (3), a heat-power conversion plate (4), a storage tank (5), a propulsion solenoid valve (6), an oxygen supplementation solenoid valve (7), an oxygen supplementation system (8), and a thrust engine (9). The distributed liquid cooling plate (1) is filled with a high-density liquid cooling medium (10). The heat conversion plate (4) is filled with a catalyst (11); The outlet of the distributed liquid cooling plate (1) is connected to the inlet of the heat exchanger (2). The outlet of the heat exchanger (2) is connected to the inlet of the heat-power conversion plate (4) through the supply solenoid valve (3). The outlet of the heat-power conversion plate (4) is connected to the inlet of the storage tank (5). The outlet of the storage tank (5) is connected to the first end of the three-way valve (12) through the propulsion solenoid valve (6). The second end of the three-way valve (12) is connected to the outlet of the oxygen supply system (8) through the oxygen supply solenoid valve (7). The third end of the three-way valve (12) is connected to the inlet of the thrust engine (9). The outlet of the thrust engine (9) is connected to the outside. The high-density liquid cooling medium (10) is an alcohol-water mixture solution; The alcohol component in the alcohol-water mixture includes one or more of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propanol, and isopropanol; The mass concentration of the alcohol component in the alcohol-water mixture is 1% to 100%.

2. The distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The distributed liquid cooling plate (1) is also filled with hydrophilic material; The hydrophilic material includes high-temperature resistant fibers or absorbent fabrics containing silicon and / or aluminum.

3. The distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The catalyst (11) is a dual-bed catalytic system consisting of a front-bed catalyst and a back-bed catalyst; The forebed catalyst and the postbed catalyst are shaped particle catalysts.

4. The distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The forebed catalyst comprises a first support and a first active component and a first promoter supported on the first support; wherein the mass of the active component is 8% to 25% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass of the promoter is 1% to 10% of the total mass of the catalyst; The first carrier includes modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, or modified silica-alumina molecular sieve; The first active component includes one or more of Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd; The first adjuvant includes one or more of K, La, Ce, Zn, and Zr.

5. The distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The back-bed catalyst comprises a second support and a second active component and a second promoter supported on the second support; wherein the mass of the active component is 10-30% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass of the promoter is 1-10% of the total mass of the catalyst. The second carrier is modified Al2O3, modified SiO2, or modified silica-alumina molecular sieve; The second active component includes one or more of Cu, Co, Fe, and Ni; The second adjuvant includes one or more of La, Ce, Zn and Zr.

6. The distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The storage tank (5) is a surface tension storage tank or a pressure-resistant storage tank filled with hydrophilic material; The hydrophilic material in the pressure-resistant storage tank filled with hydrophilic material is a high-temperature resistant fiber or absorbent cloth containing silicon and / or aluminum.

7. The distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system includes two or more distributed liquid cooling plates (1) connected in parallel.

8. A method of using the distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The high-density liquid cooling medium (10) in the distributed liquid cooling plate (1) is vaporized by aerodynamic heat or heat dissipation of the carrier. After being preheated by the heat exchanger (2) and absorbing part of the aerodynamic heat, it flows out from the radiator outlet and enters the heat-power conversion plate (4) through the supply solenoid valve (3). Under the action of high-temperature aerodynamic heat and the catalyst (11), the vaporized high-density liquid cooling medium (10) undergoes a chemical endothermic reaction and produces high-pressure gas molecules. The high-pressure gas molecules enter the storage tank (5) through the pipeline for storage. When the required thrust is low, the oxygen supply solenoid valve (7) is closed and the propulsion solenoid valve (6) is opened to introduce the high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine (9), and the gas molecules are discharged through the thrust engine (9) to generate thrust; wherein, the thrust engine (9) operates in single-component cold air engine mode. When the required thrust is large, the oxygen supply solenoid valve (7) and the propulsion solenoid valve (6) are opened simultaneously to introduce an oxidizing atmosphere and the high-pressure gas molecules into the thrust engine (9), which are then discharged through the thrust engine (9), thereby generating thrust through the dual-component engine. The thrust engine (9) operates in dual-component engine mode.

9. A high-speed aircraft, characterized in that, Includes the distributed active thermal protection and heat-to-work conversion system as described in any one of claims 1-7.

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