Perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof, laminated cell and photovoltaic module

Abstract

The present application relates to a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a stacked cell and a photovoltaic module. The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer and a second electrode which are stacked in sequence. The perovskite solar cell also comprises a passivation layer, which is arranged on at least one side of the two surfaces of the perovskite light-absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer comprises polymethyl acrylate. The passivation layer contains polymethyl acrylate, which effectively reduces the defect density on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer and inhibits non-radiative recombination; and polymethyl acrylate can form hydrogen bonds with the perovskite light-absorbing layer at the grain boundaries, which can effectively reduce the grain boundary density on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer; at the same time, polymethyl acrylate can interact with the residual BX2 on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer to inhibit the decomposition of BX2; the multi-faceted interaction effectively improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the battery.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a stacked cell and a photovoltaic module. Background Art

[0002] Organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages over other solar cells, such as better absorption coefficient, defect tolerance, longer carrier lifetime and diffusion length, easy preparation, and adjustable band gap. In just 20 years, PSCs have rapidly increased the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% to 26.1%, but this is still lower than the maximum theoretical efficiency of the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit.

[0003] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the traditional technology. Summary of the invention

[0004] Based on this, the present application provides a perovskite solar cell with high photoelectric conversion efficiency and a preparation method thereof, a stacked cell and a photovoltaic module.

[0005] The technical solution of this application to solve the above technical problems is as follows.

[0006] On the one hand, the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence, the perovskite solar cell also comprising a passivation layer, the passivation layer being arranged on at least one side of two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, the passivation layer comprising polymethyl acrylate.

[0007] In some of the embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell further includes at least one of a first carrier transport layer and a second carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, the second carrier transport layer is located between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the second electrode, the passivation layer is closely arranged to the perovskite light absorbing layer, one of the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0008] In some of the embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode, a first carrier transport layer, a passivation layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a second carrier transport layer and a second electrode which are stacked in sequence, the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0009] In some of the embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, the number average molecular weight of the polymethyl acrylate is 30,000-50,000.

[0010] In some embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, the perovskite light absorbing layer comprises ABX3 and (L)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 At least one of; wherein A is a monovalent cation, L is a long-chain alkylammonium cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, and n is an integer from 1 to 7; and / or

[0011] The thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 10 nm to 100 μm; and / or

[0012] The hole transport layer comprises at least one of nickel oxide, F6TCNQ, PBCDT, 2PACz, Me-4PACz, MeO-2PACz, PTAA, PEDOT:PSS, F4TCNQ and Spiro-MeOTAD; and / or

[0013] The electron transport layer includes at least one of SnO2, C60, PCBM, TiO2, ICBA and ZnO.

[0014] On the one hand, the present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0015] A stacked structure is formed, the stacked structure includes a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer and a second electrode, the perovskite solar cell also includes a passivation layer, the passivation layer is arranged on at least one side of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer includes polymethyl acrylate.

[0016] In some of the embodiments, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, a passivation solution for forming the passivation layer includes polymethyl acrylate and a solvent, and the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solution is 0.1 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL.

[0017] In some of the embodiments, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, the solvent includes at least one of ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene and anisole.

[0018] On one hand, the present application provides a stacked cell, including a top cell and a bottom cell, at least one of the top cell and the bottom cell is the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell or a perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.

[0019] On one hand, the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method, or the above-mentioned laminated cell.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the perovskite solar cell of the present application has the following beneficial effects:

[0021] The perovskite solar cell of the present application has a passivation layer disposed on at least one of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode. The passivation layer contains polymethyl acrylate, which effectively reduces the defect density on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer and inhibits non-radiative recombination. Moreover, the polymethyl acrylate can form hydrogen bonds with the perovskite light absorbing layer at the grain boundaries, which can effectively reduce the grain boundary density on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer and improve the crystallinity of the perovskite light absorbing layer. At the same time, the polymethyl acrylate can interact with the residual BX2 on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer to inhibit the decomposition of BX2. The multi-faceted interactions effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability performance of the battery. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0023] Figure 1 Box statistical diagrams of photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell devices of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1;

[0024] Figure 2 Box statistical diagrams of photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell devices of Example 11 and Comparative Example 11;

[0025] Figure 3 This is a diagram showing the photoelectric performance stability of the perovskite solar cells of Example 11 and Comparative Example 11. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] References to embodiments of the present invention will now be provided in detail, one or more examples of which are described below. Each example is provided as an explanation rather than a limitation of the present invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. For example, a feature illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used in another embodiment to produce a further embodiment.

[0027] Therefore, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Other objects, features and aspects of the present invention are disclosed in or are obvious from the following detailed description. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this discussion is only a description of exemplary embodiments and is not intended to limit the broader aspects of the present invention.

[0028] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art of the present invention. The terms used in the specification of the present invention herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0029] The term "comprises", "comprising" or any other variant thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that the process, method, article or equipment including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also includes other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or equipment. In the absence of more restrictions, the elements defined by the sentence "comprising one..." do not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article or equipment including the elements. The indefinite articles "a kind of" and "an" before the elements or components of the present invention are not restrictive to the quantity requirements (i.e., the number of occurrences) of the elements or components. Therefore, "a" or "a kind of" should be interpreted as including one or at least one, and the elements or components in the singular form also include the plural form, unless the number clearly refers only to the singular form. The meaning of "multiple" is at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0030] The weight of the relevant components mentioned in the description of the embodiments of the present invention may not only refer to the specific content of each component, but also indicate the weight ratio between the components. Therefore, as long as the content of the relevant components is proportionally enlarged or reduced according to the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it is within the scope disclosed in the description of the embodiments of the present invention. Specifically, the weight described in the description of the embodiments of the present invention may be a mass unit known in the chemical industry such as μg, mg, g, kg, etc.

[0031] Except as shown in the operating examples or otherwise indicated, all numbers used in the specification and claims to indicate the amount of ingredients, physicochemical properties, etc. are understood to be adjusted by the term "about" in all cases. For example, therefore, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical parameters listed in the above specification and the attached claims are approximate values, and those skilled in the art can use the teachings disclosed herein to seek to obtain the desired properties and appropriately change these approximate values. The use of numerical ranges expressed as endpoints includes all numbers within the range and any range within the range, for example, 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4 and 5, etc.

[0032] During the preparation of the most important perovskite light-absorbing layer in PSCs, excess BX2 (such as PbI2) is usually added to promote the crystallization of perovskite. However, these residual PbI2 will cluster at the grain boundaries of the perovskite during the perovskite annealing process and easily decompose into metallic Pb and I2 when the battery is illuminated, thereby inducing perovskite degradation and affecting the performance and stability of the battery.

[0033] An embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence, the perovskite solar cell also comprising a passivation layer, the passivation layer being arranged on at least one side of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, the passivation layer comprising polymethyl acrylate.

[0034] A passivation layer is provided on at least one of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer contains polymethyl acrylate, which effectively reduces the defect density on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer and inhibits non-radiative recombination; and polymethyl acrylate can form hydrogen bonds with the perovskite light absorbing layer at the grain boundaries, which can effectively reduce the grain boundary density on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer and improve the crystallinity of the perovskite light absorbing layer; at the same time, polymethyl acrylate can interact with the residual BX2 on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer to inhibit the decomposition of BX2; the multi-faceted interactions effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability performance of the battery.

[0035] The structural formula of polymethyl acrylate is as follows:

[0036]

[0037] It can be understood that the polymethyl acrylate chain has good flexibility and can choose a certain angle by itself, thereby increasing the possibility of coordination with BX2, forming NH···O hydrogen bonds with perovskite at the grain boundary, regulating the growth of perovskite, and reducing the grain boundary density.

[0038] However, the study found that when polymethyl methacrylate is used as the passivation material in the passivation layer, the improvement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is limited. Analysis shows that it is because of the steric hindrance of C=O that it cannot form coordination with PbI2; the structure of polymethyl methacrylate is as follows:

[0039]

[0040] The study also found that when polyacrylic acid is used as the passivation material in the passivation layer, due to its acidity, it adsorbs water and affects the stability of the perovskite film.

[0041] Among them, the structure of polyacrylic acid is as follows:

[0042]

[0043] In some of the examples, in the perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell also includes at least one of a first carrier transport layer and a second carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, the second carrier transport layer is located between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the second electrode, the passivation layer is closely arranged with the perovskite light absorbing layer, one of the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0044] In some of the examples, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode, a first carrier transport layer, a passivation layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a second carrier transport layer and a second electrode stacked in sequence, the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0045] The passivation layer is set between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the electron transport layer. The large amount of C=O in polymethyl acrylate will shift the Fermi level of the perovskite upward, increase the N-type semiconductor capacity, make the surface perovskite N-type, and improve the transmission and extraction efficiency of electrons.

[0046] The passivation layer is set between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorption layer. The bottom perovskite is N-type, and the energy level matching between it and the hole transport layer is poor, which affects the transmission and extraction of carriers.

[0047] In some of these examples, the number average molecular weight of polymethyl acrylate in perovskite solar cells is 30,000~50,000.

[0048] It is understood that the number average molecular weight of polymethyl acrylate includes but is not limited to 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 45,000, and 50,000.

[0049] In some of these examples, the perovskite solar cell has a perovskite absorber layer comprising ABX3 and (L)2A n- 1B n X 3n+1 At least one of; wherein A is a monovalent cation, L is a long-chain alkylammonium cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, and n is an integer of 1 to 7.

[0050] It can be understood that ABX3 is a three-dimensional structure, (L)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 It is a quasi-two-dimensional structure. It can be further understood that (L)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 The "L" in can be referred to as "LA".

[0051] Further, A includes but is not limited to Cs + , Rb + 、CH3NH3 + (methylammonium cation), CH2(NH2)2 + (formamidinium cation) is a mixture of one or several monovalent cations.

[0052] Further, L includes but is not limited to PEA + (Phenethylammonium cation), BA + (n-butylammonium cation), PPA + (Benzenediazone cation), PMA + (Benzyl ammonium cation), PBA + (phenylbutylammonium cation), PA + (n-butylammonium cation), AA + (n-propylammonium cation), HA + (n-hexylammonium cation), OA + DA + A mixture of one or several cations.

[0053] Furthermore, B includes but is not limited to lead (Pb 2+ ), copper (Cu 2+ )、Zn(Zn 2+ ), gallium (Ga 2+ )、Tin (Sn 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2 + ) is a mixture of one or more divalent cations.

[0054] Further, X includes but is not limited to iodine (I - ), bromine (Br - ), chlorine (Cl -), fluorine (F - ), thiocyanate ion (SCN - ) is a mixture of one or more monovalent anions.

[0055] In some of these examples, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer in perovskite solar cells is 10 nm~100 μm.

[0056] It is understood that the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer includes but is not limited to 10 nm, 20 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 800 nm, 1 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, and 100 μm. In some examples, any two of these point values ​​may be used as end values, and the same applies below.

[0057] In some of these examples, perovskite solar cells have a band gap of 1.4 eV to 3 eV in the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0058] In some of these examples, the hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells includes nickel oxide (NiOx), F6TCNQ (2,2'-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene)-dimalononitrile), PBCDT (R2R004), 2PACz ((2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid), Me-4PACz ((4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid), MeO-2PACz ((2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid), At least one of 1,2-difluoro-2,4-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6,6-trifluoro-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino] ...1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6,6-trifluoro-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6,6-trifluoro-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6,6-trifluoro-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-1

[0059] In some of these examples, in perovskite solar cells, the electron transport layer includes at least one of SnO2, C60 (fullerene), PCBM, TiO2, ICBA (1',1',4',4'-tetrahydro-di[1,4]methanenaphthalene [1,2:2',3',56,60:2',3'][5,6]fullerene-C60) and ZnO.

[0060] Furthermore, PCBM includes but is not limited to at least one of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid isomethyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid isomethyl ester, and the like.

[0061] Furthermore, the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer may be independently a single layer or a multilayer.

[0062] In some of these examples, in the perovskite solar cell, the first electrode is a transparent conductive electrode.

[0063] Further, the transparent conductive electrode includes, but is not limited to, at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO), and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO).

[0064] In some of these examples, in the perovskite solar cell, the second electrode includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a metal electrode, a transparent conductive electrode, a carbon electrode, and nanocrystalline silicon.

[0065] Furthermore, metal electrodes include but are not limited to Au, Ag, Al, and Cu; carbon electrodes include but are not limited to graphene.

[0066] Furthermore, the thickness of the first electrode and the second electrode are independently 1 nm to 10 μm.

[0067] In some of the examples, the perovskite solar cell further includes a hole blocking layer disposed between the electron transport layer and the first electrode or the second electrode.

[0068] Optionally, the hole blocking layer includes but is not limited to at least one of bathocuproine (BCP, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), SnO2 and zirconium acetylacetonate.

[0069] The single-junction perovskite solar cell provided in this application has an aperture area of ​​0.049 cm 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device can reach 21.78%. The aperture area is 1cm 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked device can reach 28.62%.

[0070] An embodiment of the present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0071] A stacked structure is formed, which includes a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer and a second electrode. The perovskite solar cell also includes a passivation layer, which is arranged on at least one side of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer includes polymethyl acrylate.

[0072] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, a method for preparing a passivation layer includes a solution method.

[0073] It can be understood that the solution method includes but is not limited to one or a combination of spin coating, coating, printing, doctor blading, dip pulling, immersion, spraying, rolling, etc.

[0074] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, a passivation solution for forming a passivation layer includes polymethyl acrylate and a solvent, and the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solution is 0.1 mg / mL~1 mg / mL.

[0075] It is understood that the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solution includes but is not limited to 0.5 mg / mL, 0.6 mg / mL, 0.7 mg / mL, 0.8 mg / mL, 0.9 mg / mL, and 1 mg / mL.

[0076] Optionally, the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solution is 0.3 mg / mL to 0.8 mg / mL.

[0077] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, the solvent includes at least one of ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene, and anisole.

[0078] Further, the solvent includes ethyl acetate.

[0079] When the solvent in the passivation solution is ethyl acetate, the solubility of polymethyl acrylate is better, and the Voc and FF of the prepared perovskite solar cell are higher.

[0080] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, a method for preparing the perovskite light absorbing layer includes but is not limited to one or a combination of spin coating, scraper coating, slit coating, printing, and evaporation.

[0081] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, methods for preparing the first electrode and the second electrode include, but are not limited to, one or more of spin coating, scraper coating, evaporation, printing, spraying, spray pyrolysis, and slit coating.

[0082] One embodiment of the present application provides a stacked cell, including a top cell and a bottom cell, at least one of the top cell and the bottom cell is the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell or a perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.

[0083] In some of the examples, in the stacked cells, the bottom cell includes but is not limited to a perovskite solar cell (which may be the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell or a perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method, or other perovskite solar cells), a crystalline silicon solar cell, a TeCd solar cell, a CIGS solar cell, and the like.

[0084] In some of these examples, the bottom cell in the tandem cell is a silicon cell.

[0085] It can be understood that the tandem cell is a silicon / perovskite tandem cell. Wide bandgap perovskite (1.68 eV) is suitable as the top cell in the silicon / calcium tandem solar cell because the bandgap of the perovskite can be adjusted to achieve output current matching between the top cell and the bottom cell.

[0086] Furthermore, the top cell and the bottom cell are arranged in series. Furthermore, the silicon cell comprises a back conductive metal electrode, a bottom transparent conductive layer, a p-type amorphous silicon layer, a first intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, a silicon wafer, a second intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and an n-type amorphous silicon layer which are stacked in sequence.

[0087] In some of the examples, the stacked cell includes, from bottom to top, a back conductive metal electrode, a transparent conductive layer, a p-type amorphous silicon layer, a first intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, a silicon wafer, a second intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, an n-type amorphous silicon layer, a transparent conductive layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, the above-mentioned passivation layer, an electron transport layer, a transparent conductive layer and a conductive metal electrode.

[0088] One embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method, or the above-mentioned stacked cell.

[0089] It can be understood that photovoltaic modules can be used in photovoltaic power stations, such as ground power stations, rooftop power stations, water power stations, etc., and can also be used in equipment or devices that use solar energy to generate electricity, such as user solar power supplies, solar street lights, solar cars, solar buildings, etc. It can also be understood that the application scenarios of photovoltaic systems include but are not limited to this, that is, photovoltaic systems can be used in all fields that require solar energy to generate electricity. Taking the photovoltaic power generation system network as an example, the photovoltaic system may include a photovoltaic array, a junction box and an inverter. The photovoltaic array can be an array combination of multiple photovoltaic modules. For example, multiple photovoltaic modules can form multiple photovoltaic arrays. The photovoltaic array is connected to the junction box. The junction box can converge the current generated by the photovoltaic array. The converged current flows through the inverter and is converted into the alternating current required by the mains power grid, and then connected to the mains network to achieve solar power supply.

[0090] The photovoltaic module provided in the present application can be used in, but is not limited to, electrical devices such as vehicles, ships or aircraft.

[0091] The embodiments of the present application provide an electric device, which may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a tablet, a laptop, an electric toy, an electric tool, a battery car, an electric car, a ship, a spacecraft, etc. Among them, the electric toy may include a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game console, an electric car toy, an electric ship toy, and an electric airplane toy, etc., and the spacecraft may include an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, and a spacecraft, etc.

[0092] The present application is further described in detail below in conjunction with specific implementation methods, but the implementation methods of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0093] Fabrication of single-junction perovskite solar cells

[0094] Example 1

[0095] (1) Clean, dry and treat the purchased ITO conductive glass with UV ozone;

[0096] (2) A NiOx layer (nickel oxide layer) with a thickness of 15 nm was prepared on the ITO conductive glass by sputtering;

[0097] (3) A SAM layer was prepared on the surface of the nickel oxide layer away from the ITO conductive glass by spin coating. The solution for preparing the SAM layer included a SAM material and a solvent. The SAM material was composed of 4PACz and MeO-2PACz in a mass ratio of 3:1. The solvent was IPA with a concentration of 1 mmol / L.

[0098] (4) The perovskite light absorbing layer Cs was prepared on the surface of the SAM layer away from the nickel oxide layer using the anti-solvent method. 0.25 FA 0.75 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 )3, band gap is about 1.68 eV, thickness is 600 nm~1100 nm;

[0099] (5) preparing a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the SAM layer by a spin coating method, wherein the passivation solution for preparing the passivation layer comprises a passivation material and a solvent, wherein the passivation material in the passivation solution is polymethyl acrylate, the solvent is ethyl acetate, and the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL;

[0100] (6) A C60 layer with a thickness of 30 nm was prepared on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer by thermal evaporation.

[0101] (7) A BCP hole blocking layer with a thickness of 6 nm was prepared on the surface of the C60 layer away from the passivation layer by thermal evaporation.

[0102] (8) The Ag electrode with a thickness of 150 nm was prepared by thermal evaporation to complete the battery preparation. From top to bottom, the Ag electrode, BCP hole blocking layer, C60 electron transport layer, polymethyl acrylate passivation layer, perovskite light absorbing layer, SAM hole transport layer, NiOx hole transport layer and ITO conductive glass were stacked in sequence.

[0103] Example 2

[0104] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent ethyl acetate in the passivation solution of Example 1 is replaced with an equal volume of chlorobenzene.

[0105] Example 3

[0106] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent ethyl acetate in the passivation solution of Example 1 is replaced with an equal volume of anisole.

[0107] Example 4

[0108] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.1 mg / mL.

[0109] Example 5

[0110] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.3 mg / mL.

[0111] Example 6

[0112] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.8 mg / mL.

[0113] Example 7

[0114] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that the order of step (4) and step (5) in Example 1 is reversed, and the passivation layer is prepared first, and then the perovskite light absorbing layer is prepared. The steps are as follows:

[0115] (1) Clean, dry and treat the purchased ITO conductive glass with UV ozone;

[0116] (2) A NiOx layer (nickel oxide layer) with a thickness of 15 nm was prepared on the ITO conductive glass by sputtering;

[0117] (3) A SAM layer was prepared on the surface of the nickel oxide layer away from the ITO conductive glass by spin coating. The solution for preparing the SAM layer included a SAM material and a solvent. The SAM material was composed of 4PACz and MeO-2PACz in a mass ratio of 3:1. The solvent was IPA with a concentration of 1 mmol / L.

[0118] (4) preparing a passivation layer on the surface of the SAM layer away from the nickel oxide layer by spin coating; the passivation solution for preparing the passivation layer includes a passivation material and a solvent, the passivation material in the passivation solution is polymethyl acrylate, the solvent is ethyl acetate, and the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL;

[0119] (5) The perovskite light absorbing layer Cs is prepared on the surface of the passivation layer away from the SAM layer using the anti-solvent method. 0.25 FA 0.75 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 )3, band gap is about 1.68 eV, thickness is 600 nm~1100 nm;

[0120] (6) A C60 layer with a thickness of 30 nm was prepared on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer by thermal evaporation method;

[0121] (7) A BCP hole blocking layer with a thickness of 6 nm was prepared on the surface of the C60 layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer by thermal evaporation method;

[0122] (8) The Ag electrode with a thickness of 150 nm was prepared by thermal evaporation to complete the battery preparation. From top to bottom, the Ag electrode, BCP hole blocking layer, C60 electron transport layer, perovskite light absorption layer, polymethyl acrylate passivation layer, SAM hole transport layer, NiOx hole transport layer and ITO conductive glass were stacked in sequence.

[0123] Comparative Example 1

[0124] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that step (5) is omitted and the passivation layer is not included.

[0125] Comparative Example 2

[0126] The method is basically the same as Example 2, except that in step (5), the passivation layer is prepared by spin coating, the passivation material in the passivation solution is polymethyl methacrylate, the solvent is chlorobenzene, and the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL.

[0127] Comparative Example 3

[0128] The method is basically the same as Example 3, except that in step (5), the passivation layer is prepared by spin coating, the passivation material in the passivation solution is polyacrylic acid, the solvent is anisole, and the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL.

[0129] Preparation of perovskite crystal silicon tandem cells

[0130] Embodiment 11

[0131] (1) N-type silicon wafer polishing, the velvet depth is 300 nm;

[0132] (2) PECVD is used to prepare front intrinsic amorphous silicon and n-type amorphous silicon with a total thickness of 25 nm;

[0133] (3) Back intrinsic amorphous silicon, p-type amorphous silicon, with a total thickness of 20 nm;

[0134] (4) Prepare the front transparent conductive oxide layer ITO by sputtering with a thickness of 50 nm;

[0135] (5) Sputtering was used to prepare the back transparent conductive oxide layer ITO with a thickness of 130 nm;

[0136] (6) A nickel oxide layer with a thickness of 15 nm was prepared on the front side by magnetron sputtering;

[0137] (7) a SAM layer is prepared on the surface of the nickel oxide layer away from the front transparent conductive oxide layer by a spin coating method; the solution for preparing the SAM layer includes a SAM material and a solvent, the SAM material is composed of 4PACz and MeO-2PACz in a mass ratio of 3:1, and the solvent is IPA with a concentration of 1 mmol / L;

[0138] (8) The perovskite light absorbing layer Cs is deposited on the surface of the SAM layer away from the nickel oxide layer by a one-step spin coating method. 0.25 FA 0.75 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 )3, band gap is about 1.68 eV, thickness is 600 nm~1100 nm;

[0139] (9) A passivation layer is prepared on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the SAM layer by a spin coating method, wherein the passivation material in the passivation solution is polymethyl acrylate, the solvent is ethyl acetate, and the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL;

[0140] (10) A C60 layer with a total thickness of 12 nm was prepared on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer by thermal evaporation.

[0141] (11) Atomic layer deposition was used to prepare a hole blocking layer SnO2 with a thickness of 15 nm on the surface of the C60 layer away from the passivation layer;

[0142] (12) The IZO layer was prepared by sputtering with a thickness of 50 nm.

[0143] (13) The Ag metal gate layer was prepared by thermal evaporation with a thickness of 400 nm to complete the battery preparation.

[0144] Example 12

[0145] The method is basically the same as Example 11, except that in step (9), the solvent ethyl acetate in the passivation solution of Example 11 is replaced by an equal volume of chlorobenzene.

[0146] Example 13

[0147] The method is basically the same as Example 11, except that in step (9), the solvent ethyl acetate in the passivation solution of Example 11 is replaced by an equal volume of anisole.

[0148] Embodiment 14

[0149] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (9), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.1 mg / mL.

[0150] Embodiment 15

[0151] The method is basically the same as Example 11, except that in step (9), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.3 mg / mL.

[0152] Example 16

[0153] The method is basically the same as Example 11, except that in step (9), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 1 mg / mL.

[0154] Comparative Example 11

[0155] The method is basically the same as Example 11, except that step (9) is omitted and the passivation layer is not included.

[0156] The single-junction perovskite solar cells and stacked cells prepared in each embodiment and comparative example were subjected to performance tests of open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, fill factor and energy conversion efficiency. The test conditions were: AM 1.5G standard solar spectrum, irradiance of 1000W / m 2 The experimental test results of single-junction perovskite solar cells are shown in Table 1, and the experimental test results of tandem cells are shown in Table 2. PCE stands for photoelectric conversion efficiency, in %, V OC Represents open circuit voltage, in V, J SC Represents the short-circuit current density in mA / cm 2 , FF represents the fill factor, the unit is %.

[0157] Table 1

[0158]

[0159] As can be seen from Table 1, compared with Comparative Example 1, the photoelectric conversion efficiency PCE of each embodiment is higher; wherein, compared with the solvent chlorobenzene used in the passivation solution of Example 2 and the solvent anisole used in the passivation solution of Example 3, the solvent ethyl acetate used in the passivation solution of Example 1 has better solubility for polymethyl acrylate, so that the Jsc, Voc and FF of Example 1 are all improved; compared with the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solution of Examples 3 to 5, the concentration used in Example 1 is more conducive to a better passivation effect, while avoiding affecting the transmission and extraction of carriers. Compared with Example 7, Example 1 sets the passivation layer between the perovskite light absorption layer and the electron transport layer, and the large amount of C=O contained in the polymethyl acrylate will cause the Fermi level of the perovskite to move up, increase the N-type semiconductor capacity, make the surface perovskite present N-type, and improve the transmission and extraction efficiency of electrons. Compared with Example 1, the battery performance of Comparative Examples 2 to 3 has a significant decline.

[0160] Table 2

[0161]

[0162] It can be seen from Table 2 that compared with Comparative Example 11, the photoelectric conversion efficiency PCE of each embodiment is higher; among them, compared with the solvent chlorobenzene used in the passivation solution of Example 12 and the solvent anisole used in the passivation solution of Example 13, the solvent ethyl acetate used in the passivation solution of Example 11 has better solubility for polymethyl acrylate, so that the Jsc, Voc and FF of Example 11 are all improved; compared with the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solutions of Examples 13 to 15, the concentration used in Example 11 is more conducive to better passivation while avoiding affecting the transmission and extraction of carriers.

[0163] Figure 1 Box statistical diagrams of the perovskite solar cell devices of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, wherein a is a short-circuit current density box diagram, b is an open-circuit voltage box diagram, c is a fill factor box diagram, and d is a photoelectric conversion efficiency box diagram; Figure 2 Box statistical diagrams of the perovskite solar cell devices of Example 11 and Comparative Example 11, wherein a is the short-circuit current density box diagram, b is the open-circuit voltage box diagram, c is the fill factor box diagram, and d is the photoelectric conversion efficiency box diagram. Figure 1 and Figure 2 It is shown that polyethyl acrylate as a passivation layer has a significant effect on improving the performance of single-junction perovskite solar cells and tandem solar cells, and exhibits good repeatability.

[0164] Figure 3The photoelectric performance stability diagram of the perovskite solar cell of Example 11 and Comparative Example 11 (conditions: 1 sun intensity, N2 storage). The device of Example 11 can still maintain more than 80% of the initial efficiency after 240 hours of illumination, while Comparative Example 11 shows a significant decline. This is due to the interaction between polyethyl acrylate and PbI2, which inhibits the decomposition of PbI2 under light and induces perovskite degradation.

[0165] The technical features of the above-described embodiments may be arbitrarily combined. To make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-described embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0166] The above-described embodiments only express several implementation methods of the present application, which is convenient for understanding the technical solution of the present application in detail, but it cannot be understood as limiting the scope of protection of the invention patent. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this field, without departing from the concept of the present application, several modifications and improvements can be made, which all belong to the scope of protection of the present application. It should be understood that the technical solutions obtained by those skilled in the art through logical analysis, reasoning or limited experiments on the basis of the technical solutions provided in the present application are all within the scope of protection of the claims attached to the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent of this application shall be based on the contents of the attached claims, and the description and drawings can be used to explain the contents of the claims.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: The invention comprises a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer and a second electrode which are stacked in sequence. The perovskite solar cell further comprises a passivation layer which is arranged on at least one side of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer comprises polymethyl acrylate.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that The perovskite solar cell also includes at least one of a first carrier transport layer and a second carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, the second carrier transport layer is located between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the second electrode, the passivation layer is arranged in close contact with the perovskite light absorbing layer, one of the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that It includes a first electrode, a first carrier transport layer, a passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, a second carrier transport layer and a second electrode which are stacked in sequence. The first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that The number average molecular weight of the polymethyl acrylate is 30,000-50,000.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The perovskite light absorbing layer includes ABX3 and (L)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 At least one of; wherein A is a monovalent cation, L is a long-chain alkylammonium cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, and n is an integer from 1 to 7; and / or The thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 10 nm to 100 μm; and / or The hole transport layer comprises at least one of nickel oxide, F6TCNQ, PBCDT, 2PACz, Me-4PACz, MeO-2PACz, PTAA, PEDOT:PSS, F4TCNQ and Spiro-MeOTAD; and / or The electron transport layer includes at least one of SnO2, C60, PCBM, TiO2, ICBA and ZnO.

6. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: A stacked structure is formed, the stacked structure includes a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer and a second electrode, the perovskite solar cell also includes a passivation layer, the passivation layer is arranged on at least one side of the two surfaces of the perovskite light absorbing layer facing the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer includes polymethyl acrylate.

7. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that: The passivation solution for forming the passivation layer includes polymethyl acrylate and a solvent, and the concentration of polymethyl acrylate in the passivation solution is 0.1 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL.

8. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that: The solvent includes at least one of ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene and anisole.

9. A laminated battery, characterized in that: It comprises a top cell and a bottom cell, at least one of the top cell and the bottom cell is a perovskite solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 5 or a perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 6 to 8.

10. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that: It includes the perovskite solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 6 to 8, or the stacked cell as described in claim 9.

Images