Improved optical modulator

Abstract

The invention relates to an optical electrophoretic modulator for switching and reverse switching between a transparent state and a non-transparent state and uses thereof, in particular as a light screen. The electrophoretic device comprises a fluid and particles, electrodes for moving the particles, and various other elements.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an electrophoresis apparatus for switching between transparent and non-transparent modes and its use, particularly as a light-blocking curtain. The electrophoresis apparatus includes a fluid and particles, electrodes for moving the particles, and various other components. Background Technology

[0002] Typically, electrophoretic display devices, especially electrophoretic display devices, are pixelated display devices in which charged pigment particles move vertically to produce the desired pixel color. In its first approach, black and white particles are encapsulated, defining a closed space where black particles move upwards as white particles move downwards, or vice versa; thus, either white or black particles are visible and simultaneously conceal the other type; a transparent state is impossible. The pigment particles cannot move freely because they are encapsulated in microcapsules. These pigment particles are relatively large, typically greater than 500 nm (0.5 μm), and on average 1 μm or larger. Two electrodes are typically used, one above the other. Switching is achieved via an electric field, and the particles are typically charged or chargeable; this type of display device is often called E-ink, as described in US2002 / 167500A1. The microcapsules, typically made of plastic, are relatively small (30 μm). Color can be provided by applying color filters. The colored particles are being developed and can be electrically driven accordingly. The switching is relatively fast (within 300 milliseconds), stable (over 10 seconds), and has good contrast. Typically, due to the inherent presence of microcapsules in either a black or white state, layer stacking cannot form, thus always providing "color".

[0003] In alternative techniques, the colored particles can move more freely throughout the pixel, essentially independently. The colored particles move from one location to another within the pixel, often due to an applied electric field. The first location is typically where particles cluster, exhibiting high density or concentration, while the second location is typically where particles spread out evenly, exhibiting lower density or concentration, thus providing the coloring effect. The area at the first location (often referred to as the accumulation area) is relatively small. Switching is achieved by moving particles from the accumulation electrode to the second field electrode. By clustering particles into the accumulation area, the transparency of the display is altered. In a top view, the field area and accumulation area are adjacent to each other, as opposed to the E-ink method. For further details on current developments in the art and the disadvantages of this technique, refer to the recently filed NL2010936, which is incorporated herein by explicit reference. A key difference compared to other techniques is that the colored particles are always visible. Some details are provided below. The advantage of lateral switching of charged particles is that electrophoretic display devices can include a completely transparent state. In principle, a reflector or possibly backlighting can be selected. However, in electrophoretic displays, the control of the electric field and particle motion distribution is not precise enough, making it difficult to provide uniform pixel absorption in the "dark" state and to fix particles in the "bright" state to the electrodes. The switching from the first state to the second state in the aforementioned displays can also be relatively slow; generally, even with recently improved equipment, it is too slow for most applications. It should be noted that particles in existing technologies typically move at a speed of less than approximately 0.1 mm per second, which is considered too slow for some applications, at least ten times slower. For full-color displays that may include stacks of the aforementioned pixels, the situation is significantly worse.

[0004] It should be noted that various pixel layouts exist. A problem with electrophoretic displays is lifespan, especially for the electrodes. Achieving a stable pixel configuration, for example, has been found difficult, particularly considering the provided electric field. Furthermore, achieving good switching times and stability remains challenging.

[0005] Generally speaking, it should be noted that electrophoretic pixels are relatively difficult to model. Simple calculations, such as the connection between fluid viscosity and the applied field, are not well applied in practice. This is reflected in the fact that large companies have failed to develop electrophoretic pixels over the years.

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of existing electronic devices without compromising their functionality and advantages. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The first aspect of the invention relates to an optical modulator according to claim 1, the second aspect relates to a product including said optical modulator, and the third aspect relates to a method of operating said optical modulator. The invention provides very different operating modes under different conditions, wherein a pulsed mode is used to apply an electric field, and a well-conducting material is used as the electrode. This optical modulator is used for switching and reversing between a transparent state and at least a partially opaque state, wherein typically in the opaque state more than 70%, such as more than 90%, of light is blocked from passing through the modulator, and wherein in the transparent state most light is allowed to pass through. In the opaque state, an image on the other side of the optical modulator can still be seen through it. The optical modulator includes a first substrate and a second substrate (11, 12), wherein the substrates are optically transparent, typically greater than 95% transparent at the relevant wavelength, such as greater than 99%. At least two electrodes 13, 14 are disposed on the inner side of the substrates. These electrodes are used to drive particles. A fluid 15 is disposed between said substrates, the fluid comprising nanoparticles and / or microparticles, wherein the particles are charged and capable of moving toward or away from the electrodes driven by an electric field according to the applied potential. The particles are suitable for absorbing light and thus preventing the passage of specific wavelengths. Additionally, a connector is provided for applying an electromagnetic field to the electrodes, wherein the electromagnetic field applied to the electrodes during use provides movement of nanoparticles and microparticles from the first electrode to the second electrode and vice versa. This optical modulator is characterized in that the electrodes comprise a conductive material with a resistivity of less than 100 nΩm (at 273 K, compared to 10 nΩm for commonly used ITO). 5 nOm), which is similar to being at 20℃ and greater than 1*10 7Electrical conductivity of S / m. As a further feature, resistivity per unit area (ohms per square, Ω / □) can also be used; then, less than 80 Ω / □ (at 273 K), preferably less than 60 Ω / □, more preferably 10 Ω / □, such as less than 2 Ω / □, is optional. For this purpose, a well-conducting material is used. A further feature is that at least two electrodes are suitable for providing power between the electrodes, i.e., particles moving in a direction parallel to the substrate at approximately horizontal level. A further feature is a power supply electrically connecting at least two electrodes, wherein the power supply is suitable for providing waveform electricity, wherein at least one of amplitude, frequency, and phase is applicable, and wherein the electrodes are in contact with a fluid, the contact being either direct (fluid contacting the electrode) or indirect (fluid contacting the electrode through a second medium such as through a porous layer), and wherein the electrodes cover 1% to 30% of the substrate surface. Surprisingly, a stable electrode is obtained by this configuration, i.e., the electrode does not undergo any degradation and can remain operational for a long time. Switching is acceptable and can be improved in certain applications. The stability of the two states (transparent and opaque) is good. Typically, this modulator includes colored particles capable of moving from a first position (e.g., a storage region) to a second position. Additionally, the particles are charged or rechargeable. Furthermore, the particles can be relatively small, for example less than 900 nm, preferably less than 400 nm, and greater than 30 nm, preferably greater than 40 nm, such as 60 nm to 200 nm. Smaller particles are preferred for improved movement and control. At least two electrodes are provided for applying movement. For the present invention, two electrodes have been found sufficient for each substrate. The electrodes occupy a region inside the substrate, i.e., facing the fluid. One electrode may be an electrically neutral (or grounded) electrode. For controlling the movement of the colored particles and the stability of the state (transparent or colored) in the device, a driver circuit for applying an electromagnetic field to the modulator can be provided.

[0008] This modulator is characterized by electrodes comprising a conductive material with a resistivity of less than 100 nOhm (at 273 K), at least two electrodes adapted to provide power between the electrodes parallel to the substrate when switched to a non-transparent state, and at least two electrodes adapted to provide power between the electrodes in a direction relative to the substrate when switched to a transparent state, wherein the direction is selected from: parallel to the substrate, perpendicular to the substrate, inclined relative to the substrate, and combinations thereof, and includes a power supply electrically connected to the at least two electrodes, wherein the power supply is adapted to provide waveform electricity, wherein at least one of amplitude, frequency, and phase is applicable, and wherein the electrodes are in fluid contact with a fluid, and wherein the electrodes cover 1% to 70% of the substrate surface. This provides for particle movement. Moreover, the modulator can operate safely in the presence or absence of electro-corrosion. Typically, the distance between the first and second substrates of this modulator is less than 30 μm, such as 15 μm. This modulator may include one or more pixels, typically multiple pixels, which are single optically switchable entities whose dimensions may vary. The substrate at least partially encloses a volume, which may be a pixel. Typically, this distance can be significantly smaller than existing devices. This design allows for lateral movement, which, together with the relatively small distance, provides better control over particle movement. It also offers excellent control over electric fields that are almost insensitive to defects in the materials used, eliminates manufacturing issues when profiling the substrate, and exhibits high stability in both states. Furthermore, the design is more robust, with the electrodes remaining essentially intact over longer periods. It also provides good optical performance. Moreover, unlike existing devices, this design allows for stacking, as detailed below.

[0009] For particles moving around, an appropriate electric field is applied to the electrodes, for example, to attract or repel charged particles. This is done for each electrode with the desired effect; other parts may have no electric field. Thus, each individual part (typically a pixel) can have an independent address, and therefore each individual part can be in a transparent (visible only to particles on electrode 16) or colored mode. Similarly, the electrodes as a whole can be under zero (0) voltage, or under positive or negative voltage, thereby contributing to the electric field. Likewise, the electric field can be updated from time to time.

[0010] The term "optical" may refer, where applicable, to wavelengths visible to the naked eye (approximately 380 nm to approximately 750 nm), and, where applicable, to a broader range of wavelengths, including infrared (approximately 750 nm to 1 μm), ultraviolet (approximately 10 nm to 380 nm), and their sorting. Importantly, this pixel and device are fully adaptable, for example, to altering light conditions. This device may include pixels that can be altered, i.e., within a few seconds. Typically, one type of colored particle, such as those selected from red, green, blue, or magenta, cyan, and yellow, and combinations thereof, may be present in this modulator. The modulator can change from white (transparent) to one of the aforementioned colors and vice versa, depending on a change in the electric field. Additionally, black particles may be present, but not necessarily, as this would complicate the design to some extent. Typically, only black particles are present for black / transparent applications.

[0011] For full-color applications, stacking two or three modulators can provide most or all of the colors individually. This stacking is considered impossible with at least some other layouts because, in this case, black or white particles will always be visible; moreover, it is generally impossible to further provide the considered features such as brightness, contrast, hot / cold effects, complementary contrast, simultaneous contrast, saturation, and intensity. All these features can be applied and controlled very precisely for the pixel itself.

[0012] It was found that this modulator, which includes only black particles, has high black contrast.

[0013] This device may include driver circuitry for altering the appearance of a (single) pixel by applying an electromagnetic field. Therefore, the appearance of a display device or one or more of its components can also be altered.

[0014] This electronic device may include a unique code for identification. Therefore, each electronic device can be identified individually.

[0015] This device, including the substrate, protective layer, etc., can be relatively thin, and therefore can in principle be applied to, for example, a stack of devices. This display device has a thickness of less than 0.1 cm, preferably between 10 μm and 500 μm, more preferably between 15 μm and 300 μm, and even more preferably between 25 μm and 200 μm, such as 50 μm to 100 μm. The thickness can vary, for example, depending on the number of devices used. Therefore, this display device (in transparent mode) is invisible to the naked eye or difficult to see.

[0016] For smaller devices in particular, a power supply can be provided, usually a battery.

[0017] This invention is based in part on earlier developments by IRX Technologies BV. For this purpose, and to better understand the underlying technology, reference is made to the recently filed (June 7, 2013) Dutch patent application NL2010936. Aspects, examples, advantages, etc., apply in principle to this invention on a one-to-one basis. It should be noted that the technology disclosed in the aforementioned patent application has not yet been practiced. Various obstacles remain to be addressed, such as bistability and insufficient switching time. In principle, various other aspects, examples, advantages, etc., apply in principle to this invention on a one-to-one basis. The teachings and examples of the foregoing documents are incorporated herein by reference. This invention also provides improved layouts based on the prior art.

[0018] Therefore, the present invention provides a solution to one or more of the above-mentioned problems.

[0019] The advantages of this manual are described in detail throughout the manual. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The first aspect of the present invention relates to an optical modulator according to claim 1.

[0021] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the waveform power can be characterized by a frequency between 0.01 Hz and 100 Hz and an amplitude variation of 5% to 100% of the maximum amplitude, where the maximum amplitude is the maximum voltage operation, and by a phase change (phase shift) between 0° and 180°. Based on ink characteristics, it was found that low-frequency waveforms (between 0.01 Hz and 1 Hz) increased the transparency of the optical modulator. High-frequency waveforms (between 70 Hz and 100 Hz) maintained or decreased the transparency of the optical modulator. Low waveform amplitudes (between 20% and 50%) maintained a low level of transparency. High waveform amplitudes (between 80% and 100%) maintained a high level of transparency.

[0022] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, at least two electrodes form an interdigital pattern, preferably on two substrates. The fingers of the interdigital pattern may also include at least one branch, typically at least one branch on each side, such as branches spaced between 0.01 cm and 3 cm apart.

[0023] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the interdigitated pattern is a regular two-dimensional pattern, wherein each finger includes at least one waveform having an amplitude A and a width W, and wherein the distance between the fingers is d, i.e., the fingers are separated from each other. It has been found that higher-order images are formed due to the presence of electrodes on the substrate. To minimize these secondary images, the fingers of the interdigitated electrodes are preferably non-linear (see also the example).

[0024] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the symmetry of the waveform sinusoidal shape is broken, such as by providing a concave first protrusion at the highest point of the waveform shape and a concave or convex second protrusion at the lowest point of the waveform shape. This significantly reduces higher-order images. Compared to a linear pattern, the brightness is reduced from approximately 180 to 60 (in 8-bit grayscale).

[0025] In one exemplary embodiment of this optical modulator, the first protrusion has a width greater than the width of the second protrusion. This has been found to even reduce higher-order images.

[0026] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the waveform width W is 50 μm to 750 μm, such as 100 μm to 500 μm.

[0027] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the amplitude A of the waveform is 10 μm to 500 μm, such as 20 μm to 400 μm.

[0028] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the distance d between the fingers is 10 μm to 500 μm, preferably 10 μm to 100 μm, such as 20 μm to 70 μm.

[0029] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the width of the first protrusion is 10 μm to 50 μm, such as 20 μm to 30 μm.

[0030] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the width of the second protrusion is 10 μm to 50 μm, such as 20 μm to 30 μm.

[0031] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the width of the first protrusion is 2 to 4 times the width of the second protrusion.

[0032] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the height h of the first protrusion is 5 μm to 20 μm, such as 10 μm to 15 μm.

[0033] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the height h of the second protrusion is 5 μm to 20 μm, such as 10 μm to 15 μm.

[0034] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the protrusion is in the form of a circle or part of an ellipse.

[0035] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the transition of the waveform to or from the convex shape is gradual.

[0036] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the power supply is adapted to provide pulses and avoid providing pulses during intervals, such as pulses between 0.1 sec / min and 10 sec / min, and the intervals are between 0.1 seconds and 1000 seconds, preferably between 5 seconds and 600 seconds.

[0037] In one exemplary embodiment, the optical modulator may include a controller adapted to maintain an AC voltage, wherein the positive voltage magnitude of the AC voltage is 0.9 to 1.1 times the negative voltage magnitude, preferably 0.95 to 1.05 times the negative voltage magnitude, more preferably 0.99 to 1.01 times the negative voltage magnitude, such as 0.995 to 1.005 times the negative voltage magnitude, and is adapted to change the potential according to the current.

[0038] In one exemplary embodiment, the optical modulator may include at least two alignment marks on each substrate for aligning the substrates, preferably such that the electrodes of the first substrate are fully aligned with the electrodes of the second substrate, more preferably the electrodes of the first substrate are projected onto the electrodes of the second substrate.

[0039] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the electrodes include copper, silver, gold, aluminum, graphene, titanium, indium, and combinations thereof, with copper being preferred.

[0040] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the power supply operates at an AC frequency to switch to a transparent state from 10 Hz to 100 Hz.

[0041] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the power supply operates at an AC frequency to switch to a non-transparent state less than 1 Hz, such as 30 mHz to 500 mHz, typically in the case of slowly moving particles.

[0042] In one exemplary embodiment of this optical modulator, during a switching cycle, the power supply operates at an AC frequency to switch to a transparent state between 10Hz and 100Hz. In conjunction with this, the power supply operates under a positive or negative voltage during the initial phase of the cycle when switching to a transparent state, and under a negative or positive voltage during the final phase of the cycle when switching to a non-transparent state. There is no DC positive or DC negative voltage between the initial and final phases. This also achieves good control, good stability, and low power consumption.

[0043] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid includes counter ions for compensating for the charge on the particles.

[0044] In one exemplary embodiment, the optical modulator may include a temperature sensor and / or a controller, wherein the temperature sensor is in electrical contact with the controller, wherein the controller is in contact with a power supply, and wherein the controller is adapted to compensate the output of the power supply based on a temperature measured by the temperature sensor.

[0045] In one exemplary embodiment, the optical modulator may comprise a stack of optical modulators, wherein the number of the optical modulators is between 2 and 10, preferably between 3 and 5. Each modulator in the stack may comprise different colored particles and (different) mixtures thereof. Thus, a full-color device can be configured. In one embodiment, the first substrate of the second modulator and the second substrate of the first modulator are identical, i.e., combined into a single substrate. This is a significant advantage of the device, thereby reducing the number of substrates in the stack, improving contrast and transparency, and reducing complexity. In one embodiment, the fluid is transparent. The above embodiments may be combined in whole or in part.

[0046] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, at least one substrate 11, 12 of the optional first optical modulator and at least one substrate 11, 12 of the second optical modulator are identical.

[0047] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, each electrode has a width between 1 μm and 30 μm, preferably between 3 μm and 10 μm, such as 5 μm to 8 μm.

[0048] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, each electrode has a width between 0.1 μm and 200 μm, preferably between 1 μm and 25 μm, more preferably between 1.5 μm and 15 μm, such as between 2 μm and 5 μm.

[0049] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the electrodes comprise a conductive material with a resistivity of less than 30 nOhm (at 273 K), preferably less than 20 nOhm.

[0050] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, a spacer is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate, preferably 1 spacer / mm. 2 Up to 10,000 pieces / mm 2 Such as 5 pieces / mm 2 Up to 100 pieces / mm 2In one embodiment, the first and second substrates are separated by (glass) beads having a diameter between 2 μm and 30 μm, preferably between 14 μm and 16 μm, such as 15 μm. The randomly distributed beads, preferably glass or polymer beads, very precisely define the distance between the substrates, providing strength and flexibility, and minimal disturbance to the movement of colored particles. The beads can be produced to achieve a very uniform distribution of their size, for example, with an accuracy greater than 0.1 μm. The average volume of the beads relative to the total volume is 0.1 vol.% to 15 vol.%, meaning they occupy only a small volume. The beads can be colored or black.

[0051] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the electrode covers 2% to 30% of the substrate surface, preferably 3% to 20%, more preferably 4% to 10%, such as 5% to 8%. In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the counter ion is selected from sulfates, chlorides, bromides, and combinations thereof.

[0052] In one exemplary embodiment of this optical modulator, the potential is between -60V and +60V, preferably between -20V and +20V, and more preferably between -15V and +15V. It should be noted that due to the small distance between the first and second substrates, the electric field (V / μm) is significantly higher than in existing devices, typically 5 to 20 times higher. It has been found that fluids perform better at higher voltages, for example, in terms of flow and switching time. It is preferable to stabilize the particle charge. Therefore, better performance is achieved, for example, faster and better controllable switching time, depending on the distribution of electrodes in the art.

[0053] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the current is between -100μA and +100μA, preferably between -30μA and +30μA, and more preferably between -25μA and +25μA.

[0054] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the substrate material is selected from glass and polymer.

[0055] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, nanoparticles / microparticles may include a coating on a pigment, and preferably include a core.

[0056] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the substrates (11, 12) are aligned, and / or the electrodes (13, 14) are aligned.

[0057] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid is a nonpolar fluid with a dielectric constant less than 15, such as branched or unbranched C8-C. 60 Alkanes, branched or unbranched C8-C 60Alkenes, branched or unbranched C6-C60 alcohols, branched or unbranched C6-C 60 Enols, branched or unbranched C8-C 60 Ketones, branched or unbranched C8-C 60 Aldehydes, silicone oils, and combinations thereof. In cases where alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, enols, ketones, and aldehydes are more prevalent, branched molecules are preferred. An example is squalane (C... 30 H 62 ) and squalene (C 30 H 60 ).

[0058] In one exemplary embodiment of this optical modulator, the nanoparticles have a size between 20 nm and 1000 nm, preferably between 20 nm and 300 nm, and more preferably less than 200 nm. The particle diameter is defined herein as the maximum distance that can be formed between two opposing parallel lines tangent to its boundary. These particles have been found to provide a good distribution of particles on the electrodes in this (field) region. Depending on the electromagnetic field to be applied, the particles are rechargeable or charged. Similarly, magnetic particles can be used. A stable dispersion is preferred; therefore, the aforementioned size is preferred. Particle size is considered a measure of its average diameter. The particle size distribution can be determined using light scattering, such as using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano Range. It has also been found that smaller particles are significantly attributed to the current characteristics of the pixel.

[0059] Generally speaking, this modulator has high reflectivity, typically exceeding 50%. Therefore, a transmittance greater than 65% for black particles is achieved, and a value of 71% or higher is achieved for fine modulators. A transmittance greater than 80% for colored particles (such as CMY) is easily achievable; however, levels greater than 85% or even 90% have been reached. This is particularly relevant for stacked modulators.

[0060] In one embodiment, the open (non-electrode) region is greater than 70%, such as 80% transparent, preferably greater than 90%; transparency is typically determined at a wavelength of 550 nm. The open region can be made of a substrate, such as glass and suitable polymers, such as polycarbonate (Perspex) and PET. The material can have a thickness between 0.01 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.025 mm and 1 mm, such as 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm. If flexible pixels and / or displays are required, a thin material is preferred. If a certain strength is required, a thicker material is preferred. It has been found that even at this level of transparency, energy consumption can be further reduced. This material offers significant advantages, for example, in terms of reduced load equipment requirements and reduced charge storage devices. It is particularly suitable for use when the power grid is unavailable.

[0061] In one embodiment, the modulator may be made of a flexible polymer, and the remainder of the device may be made of glass. The glass may be rigid or flexible. A protective layer may be provided if desired. If more than one color is used, more than one flexible polymer layer may be provided. The polymer may be polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (optionally with a SiN layer), polyethylene (PE), etc. In another embodiment, the device may be made of at least one flexible polymer. Therefore, the modulator can be adhered to any surface, such as by using an adhesive.

[0062] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the particles are adapted to absorb light with wavelengths between 10 nm and 1 mm, such as 400 nm to 800 nm, 700 nm to 1 μm and 10 nm to 400 nm, and / or a portion of light with wavelengths falling within the 10 nm to 1 mm range (filter), and combinations thereof.

[0063] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate is less than 500 μm, preferably less than 200 μm, more preferably less than 100 μm, and even more preferably less than 50 μm, such as less than 30 μm.

[0064] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, electrodes are used to store particles.

[0065] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the charge on the particles is 0.1e to 10e per particle (5*10). -7 -0.1C / m 2 ).

[0066] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the particle coating is made of materials selected from conductive and semiconductive materials.

[0067] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid is at 1 g / m 2 Up to 1000g / m 2 The amount present is preferably 2g / m 2 Up to 75g / m 2 More preferably 20g / m 2 Up to 50g / m 2 Such as 30g / m 2 Up to 40g / m 2 A major advantage is that this layout allows for the use of fewer fluids and particles.

[0068] In one exemplary embodiment of this optical modulator, the particles are at a concentration of 0.01 g / m 2 Up to 70g / m 2The amount present is preferably 0.02 g / m³. 2 Up to 10g / m 2 Such as 0.1g / m 2 Up to 3g / m 2 .

[0069] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the particles have colors selected from cyan, magenta and yellow, black and white, and combinations thereof.

[0070] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid includes one or more of surfactants, emulsifiers, polar compounds, and compounds capable of forming hydrogen bonds.

[0071] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid has a relative permittivity εr of less than 100, preferably less than 10, such as less than 5.

[0072] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the dynamic viscosity is less than 0.5 Pa·s, preferably less than 100 mPa·s, such as 0.2 mPa·s to 10 mPa·s, for example 0.5 mPa·s to 5 mPa·s, for example 1 mPa·s to 2 mPa·s, and preferably less than 1 mPa·s.

[0073] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the optical modulator includes 10 -8 -50 pixels / mm 2 10 preferred -6 -16 pixels / mm 2 More preferably 5*10 -4 -1 pixel / mm 2 Even better, 1*10 -3 -0.11 pixels / mm 2 .

[0074] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the controller is adapted to switch individual pixels. In another exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the power supply is a combined AC / DC power supply.

[0075] In one exemplary embodiment, the optical modulator may include a driver circuit adapted to provide a time-varying electromagnetic field.

[0076] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the waveform power is characterized by a frequency between 0.01 Hz and 100 Hz and an amplitude variation of 5% to 100% of the maximum amplitude, where the maximum amplitude is the maximum voltage operation, and by a phase variation (phase shift) between 0° and 180°.

[0077] A second aspect of the invention relates to a product comprising an optical modulator according to the invention, wherein the product is selected from blackout curtains, signage systems, outdoor displays, electronic tags, secondary screens, smart glass, color swatches, and screens.

[0078] A third aspect of the invention relates to a method of operating the optical modulator, the method comprising applying an electric field to move particles from an electrode to a fluid, applying a reverse electric field to move nanoparticles and / or microparticles to diffuse outward to the electrode, using an alternating current having a potential between -220V and +220V and a current between -100μA and +100μA, wherein electron consumption is substantially the same between the two phases to balance the positive and negative currents, wherein during a first phase, electrode material is partially dissolved in the fluid, and wherein during a first phase offset by +180 degrees, the dissolved electrode material is redeposited onto the electrode. This is not typically the case in existing devices, where, for example, only the potential is controlled and balanced, but the balancing is not considered.

[0079] In one exemplary embodiment of this method, a dissolving electrode is deposited on a reverse-charging electrode, thereby allowing material to be deposited on another electrode (compared to the electrode that originally provided the material).

[0080] The invention is further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, which are exemplary and illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many obvious or subtle variations fall within the scope of protection defined by these claims.

[0081] The invention can be best understood in conjunction with the accompanying embodiments and drawings, although it has been described in a detailed illustrative context.

[0082] Attached image content

[0083] Figures 1a to 1c A side view of this optical modulator is shown. Figures 2a to 2e Interdigitated electrodes are shown from the top substrate to the bottom substrate. Figures 3a to 3c The on / off pulse is shown. Attached Figure Description

[0084] In the picture:

[0085] 10 Optical Modulators

[0086] 11 First substrate

[0087] 12 Second substrate

[0088] 13 First Electrode

[0089] 14 Second Electrode

[0090] 15 fluids

[0091] 21 First protrusion

[0092] 22 Second protrusion

[0093] 30 nanometer particles / micrometer particles

[0094] A waveform amplitude

[0095] d. Distance between fingers

[0096] W waveform width

[0097] Figure 1a A side view of the optical modulator is shown. To switch the device to a "conduction state" in the first example P1, a potential of +V1 is applied to each microfilament electrode on the top substrate, while a negative voltage is applied to each microfilament electrode on the bottom substrate. In the first example P1, the potential difference causes particles to flow towards the vicinity of the microfilament electrodes on the top substrate, where the particles will substantially align with the top microfilament electrodes. Between the substrates, copper ions from the top copper microfilament electrodes dissolve in the ionic liquid of the display or smart window, and these dissolved copper ions progressively flow to the corresponding aligned copper microfilament electrodes on the bottom substrate, where copper ions progressively deposit on the aligned copper microfilament electrodes of the bottom substrate.

[0098] In contrast to the first example P1, in the second example P2 of this "conductive state," the voltages of the top electrode copper microfilaments and the bottom electrode copper microfilaments are opposite. In the second example P2, the voltage of each microfilament electrode on the top substrate is now supplied with a negative potential -V1, while the voltage of the aligned copper microfilaments on the bottom substrate is supplied with a positive potential. This potential difference causes particles in the window or display to flow towards the vicinity of the copper microfilament electrodes on the bottom substrate, where the particles aggregate and substantially align with the bottom microfilament electrodes. Between the substrates, copper ions from the bottom copper microfilament electrodes dissolve in the ionic liquid of the display or smart window, and these dissolved copper ions progressively flow towards the corresponding aligned copper microfilament electrodes on the top substrate, where copper ions progressively deposit on the aligned copper microfilament electrodes of the top substrate. A balanced electrolytic current is obtained by continuously switching the polarities of the top and bottom electrode copper microfilaments. In both examples, the corrosion currents between the two substrates are balanced or substantially (greater than 95%) balanced; that is, when corrosion of the top electrode occurs, there is balanced copper deposition on the bottom electrode in the first example P1, and vice versa in the second example P2. Therefore, particles continuously jump or migrate between the top and bottom electrodes, and the display or smart window is always in a conductive state when the dynamic electrolytic current between the top and bottom electrodes is constant. Thus, the net loss of the copper electrode microfilament material on the top and bottom substrates is nonexistent or negligible.

[0099] The electrodes can be in the form of microfilaments made of copper embedded in a polymer substrate. During device operation, an electrochemical current is generated through the display between the two substrates, accompanied by the dissolution of copper ions at one end and the migration of copper ions to the other. To drive the display, a new electrode configuration is needed between the two substrates to achieve a balance between copper electrode dissolution and copper electrode deposition between the two substrates, i.e., a balance of the current flowing through the display. The challenge lies in how to maintain the balance of the electrochemical current while switching the display. This can be achieved through a novel design of the display electrode configuration.

[0100] To achieve the off state, the top and bottom substrates are arranged as shown above in the on state. However, on the top substrate, in example P3 ( Figure 1b In this process, the potential applied to the first copper microfilament is +V2, and the next intermediate adjacent microfilament has the opposite potential -V2, etc. Figure 1b This forms an alternating voltage on the same substrate. Similarly, each copper microfilament electrode on the bottom substrate has the same potential as its corresponding microfilament electrode on the top substrate, as described above. Figure 1b As shown, particles migrate diagonally and laterally between the top and bottom substrates, and particle diffusion into the display's viewing aperture facilitates the display's closed, opaque state. Simultaneously, copper ions enter the solution of the top copper microfilament electrode on the same substrate, which has a positive potential, and the particles gradually flow towards the bottom copper microfilament electrode. The migrated copper ions are then redeposited onto the microfilament, which has a negative potential.

[0101] and Figure 1b In contrast, in instance T4 ( Figure 1c The voltage is an alternating current voltage. The potential applied to the first copper microfilament on the top substrate is -V2, and the next intermediate adjacent microfilament has the opposite potential +V2, etc. Figure 1c As shown. This forms an alternating voltage on the same substrate. Similarly, each copper microfilament electrode on the bottom substrate has the same potential as its corresponding microfilament electrode on the top substrate, as shown. Figure 2b As shown. Simultaneously, copper ions enter the solution of the bottom copper microfilament electrode with a positive potential on the same substrate, and the particles progressively flow towards the top copper microfilament electrode. The migrated copper ions are then redeposited onto the microfilament with a positive potential. By using an interdigitated line configuration combined with the top and bottom electrode configurations, an AC-driven cycle can be achieved, such as... Figures 2a to 2e As shown in the floor plan.

[0102] By using this AC-driven cycle between the top and bottom substrates, a diagonal and lateral electric field is generated between the two substrates, leading to accidental particle diffusion and thus a closed state of the display. In the closed state, an electro-corrosion process dynamically occurs, along with the AC drive of the display or smart window. To drive the display or smart window, a new electrode configuration is needed between the two substrates to achieve a balance between the dissolution of copper electrodes in the display liquid and the deposition of copper electrodes on both substrates, i.e., a balance of the current flowing through the display. The challenge lies in how to maintain the electrochemical current balance while switching the display or smart window. This can be achieved through a new design of the display electrode configuration. This is achieved through… Figure 1a The configuration shown is implemented as follows. A conductive metal electrode pattern, such as a micromesh, is disposed on the top substrate and is fully or substantially aligned with a conductive metal electrode pattern on the bottom substrate. The conductive metal electrode pattern may be deposited on a glass substrate, or the micromesh may be embedded in a plastic substrate.

[0103] according to Figure 2e The following is an example of how this electrode pattern is formed. Each electrode pattern consists of two repeating parallel lines. These two specific parallel lines are initiated by the same sine curve. The so-called Rhinel design is made by a sine curve with an amplitude of 340 μm and a wavelength of 340 μm. The Rhine2 project is made by a sine curve with an amplitude of 340 μm and a wavelength of 640 μm. Typically, the line spacing is set to 70 μm. Then, for each curve, the peak of the sine curve is detected (with a tolerance of 99.9%). For these coordinates (the 2x coordinates of the peaks corresponding to angles 0 and 180, the lowest peak, and the highest peak), the following four criteria are used: S1, S2, S3, and S4. On the first curve of the two curves:

[0104] S1 corresponds to the μm value, to recover the x-coordinate of the peak.

[0105] S2 corresponds to the μm value, which is added to the x-coordinate of the peak.

[0106] S3 corresponds to the μm value, to recover the x-coordinate of the low peak.

[0107] S4 corresponds to the μm value, which is added to the x-coordinate of the low peak.

[0108] The sine curve portions S1 to S2 and S3 to S4 on the first curve are replaced only by a downward-pointing elliptical shape representing the amplitude of the sine curve. The same method is used for the second parallel sine curve. The values ​​of S1, S2, S3, and S4 are repeated, but their uses differ, as follows:

[0109] S2 corresponds to the μm value, to recover the x-coordinate of the peak.

[0110] S3 corresponds to the μm value, which is added to the x-coordinate of the peak.

[0111] S1 corresponds to the μm value, to recover the x-coordinate of the low peak.

[0112] S4 corresponds to the μm value, which is added to the x-coordinate of the low peak. This method is used to limit the number of possibilities and to provide the possibility of computing more randomized systems.

[0113] The ellipse shape in the image points downwards. Alternatively, the ellipse shape can always point inwards along the sine curve. A 1000μm * 1000μm patterned line image is formed according to the above rules. The lines are drawn in black on a white background to mimic an open state. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied to each image. Then, a filter is applied to the FFT image. Every pixel value below 180 is set to 0, i.e., black. Then, each of the above values ​​is replaced with a new grayscale value within the range of 0 to 256, in 8-bit grayscale, where the former is considered a portion of grayscale 180 to 256. This displays the diffraction pattern. The center of the square image FFT constitutes the "initial image," so this pixel is also set to 0. Then, the FFT image histogram is analyzed, primarily considering the highest grayscale value in the image as the standard. The higher the grayscale value, the stronger the diffraction effect. Therefore, all designs and all classifications then follow this maximum grayscale value.

[0114] like Figures 3a to 3c As shown in the diagram, the electrical signal that can be added to a set of electrodes is illustrated. The other electrode on the interdigitated system will have an opposite waveform. This waveform consists of three different phases.

[0115] P1: Open Phase

[0116] P2: Maintain phase in open state

[0117] P3: Phase Off

[0118] Depending on the ink characteristics, the P1 phase can be applied in several ways: by increasing the potential in DC mode (for fast-drying inks), or by a high-frequency AC signal (greater than 10 Hz) (for slow-drying inks).

[0119] Phase P2 consists of a high-frequency signal (greater than 10 Hz) that corresponds to a defined period of time interruption in ink stability. During this phase, the potential can be reduced compared to phase P1. In practice, a high voltage may be required to bring the particles to the electrode (sufficient electric force is needed to create a force on particles farther from the electrode). As the particles approach the electrode, a low potential can then be applied to locally achieve the same attractive force on the particles.

[0120] Phase P3 is the off phase. For slow-drying inks, a low-frequency AC signal (less than 1 Hz) can be applied. Compared to P1, the potential is also reduced because the particles do not need to move to the opposite electrode. For fast-drying inks, DC is applied through P1, and to maintain current balance, the off phase will be exactly opposite to P1.

[0121] It should be understood that, for commercial applications, one or more variations of this system that are similar to the contents disclosed in this application and are within the spirit and scope of this invention may be preferred.

[0122] The following terms represent advantageous implementation methods.

[0123] Clause 1. An optical modulator (10) for switching and reversing between a transparent state and an opaque state, comprising:

[0124] First substrate and second substrate (11, 12), wherein the substrate is optically transparent.

[0125] At least two electrodes (13, 14) are disposed on the inner side of the substrate.

[0126] A fluid (15), disposed between the substrates, the fluid comprising nanoparticles and / or microparticles (30), wherein the particles are charged or rechargeable, and wherein the particles are adapted for absorption and...

[0127] A connector for applying an electromagnetic field to the electrodes, wherein the electromagnetic field applied to the electrodes provides for the movement of the nanoparticles and the microparticles from the first electrode to the second electrode and vice versa.

[0128] in

[0129] The electrode comprises a conductive material, the resistivity of which is less than 100 nΩm at 273 K.

[0130] When switched to a non-transparent state, the at least two electrodes are adapted to provide power between the electrodes parallel to the substrate, and when switched to a transparent state, the at least two electrodes are adapted to provide power between the electrodes in a direction relative to the substrate, wherein the direction is selected from: parallel to the substrate, perpendicular to the substrate, inclined relative to the substrate, and combinations thereof.

[0131] A power supply, electrically connected to the at least two electrodes, wherein the power supply is adapted to provide waveform AC alternating current, wherein at least one of amplitude, frequency, and phase is applicable, and

[0132] The electrode is in fluid contact with the fluid; the electrode covers 1% to 30% of the substrate surface.

[0133] Wherein, the at least two electrodes form an interdigital pattern, optionally including further branches, wherein the interdigital pattern is a regular two-dimensional pattern, and each finger of the interdigital pattern includes at least one waveform shape, wherein the waveform shape has an amplitude A and a width W.

[0134] And the distance between the fingers is d.

[0135] Clause 2. The optical modulator according to Clause 1, wherein the symmetry of the waveform shape is broken, such as wherein a first concave protrusion (21) is provided at the highest point of the waveform shape, and wherein a second concave or convex protrusion (22) is provided at the lowest point of the waveform shape.

[0136] Clause 3. The optical modulator as described in Clause 2,

[0137] The width of the first protrusion is greater than the width of the second protrusion.

[0138] Clause 4. The optical modulator according to Clauses 1-3, wherein the distance d between the fingers is 10 μm to 500 μm, preferably 10 μm to 100 μm, and / or wherein the width W of the waveform is 50 μm to 750 μm, and / or

[0139] Wherein, the amplitude A of the waveform is from 10 μm to 500 μm, and / or

[0140] Wherein, the distance d is from 10 μm to 100 μm, and / or

[0141] Wherein, the width of the first protrusion is 10 μm to 50 μm, and / or

[0142] Wherein, the width of the second protrusion is 10μm to 50μm, and / or

[0143] Wherein, the width of the first protrusion is 2 to 4 times the width of the second protrusion, and / or

[0144] Wherein, the height h of the first protrusion is 5 μm to 20 μm, and / or wherein the height h of the second protrusion is 5 μm to 20 μm, and / or wherein the protrusion is in the form of a circle or part of an ellipse, and / or wherein the transition of the waveform to the protrusion and the reverse transition are gradual.

[0145] Clause 5. The optical modulator according to Clauses 1-4, wherein the power supply is adapted to provide pulses and to avoid providing pulses during intervals, such as pulses between 0.1 sec / min and 10 sec / min, and the intervals are between 0.1 seconds and 1000 seconds, preferably between 5 seconds and 600 seconds.

[0146] Clause 6. The optical modulator according to Clauses 1-5 includes a controller, wherein the controller is adapted to maintain an AC voltage, the magnitude of which is 0.9 to 1.1 times the magnitude of which is a positive voltage, preferably 0.95 to 1.05 times the magnitude of which is a negative voltage, more preferably 0.99 to 1.01 times the magnitude of which is a negative voltage, such as 0.995 to 1.005 times the magnitude of which is a negative voltage, and is adapted to change the potential according to the current.

[0147] Clause 7. The optical modulator according to Clauses 1-6 includes at least two alignment marks on each substrate for aligning the substrates, preferably such that the electrodes of the first substrate are fully aligned with the electrodes of the second substrate, more preferably the electrodes of the first substrate are projected onto the electrodes of the second substrate.

[0148] Clause 8. The optical modulator as described in Clauses 1-7, wherein,

[0149] Operate the power supply at AC frequencies to switch to a transparent state from 10Hz to 100Hz, and / or

[0150] The power supply is operated at an AC frequency to switch to a non-transparent state below 1 Hz, such as 30 to 500 MHz, or

[0151] In one switching cycle, the power supply is operated at an AC frequency to switch to a transparent state between 10Hz and 100Hz. In conjunction with this, the power supply is initially operated at a positive or negative voltage when switching to a transparent state, and is finally operated at a negative or positive voltage when switching to a non-transparent state.

[0152] Clause 9. An optical modulator according to Clauses 1-8, comprising a temperature sensor and a controller, wherein the temperature sensor contacts the controller, wherein the controller contacts the power supply, and wherein the controller is adapted to compensate the output of the power supply based on a temperature measured by the temperature sensor.

[0153] Clause 10. The optical modulator according to Clauses 1-9, wherein the fluid is a polar fluid with a dielectric constant less than 15, such as branched or unbranched C8C. 60 Alkanes, branched or unbranched C8C 60 Alkenes, branched or unbranched C6C 60Alcohols, branched or unbranched C6C 60 Enols, branched or unbranched C8C 60 Ketones, branched or unbranched C8C 60 Aldehydes, silicone oils, and their combinations.

[0154] Clause 11. In the optical modulators of Clauses 1-10, the dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 500 mPa·s or less, preferably 50 mPa·s or less, such as less than 1 mPa·s.

[0155] Clause 12. The optical modulator according to Clauses 1-11, wherein the fluid has a relative permittivity εr of less than 100, preferably less than 10.

[0156] Clause 13. The optical modulator described in Clauses 1-12 may be characterized by a frequency between 0.01 Hz and 100 Hz and an amplitude variation of 5% to 100% of the maximum amplitude, wherein the maximum amplitude is the maximum voltage operation, and by a phase variation (phase shift) between 0° and 180°.

[0157] Clause 14. A method of operating an optical modulator according to Clauses 1-13, comprising:

[0158] Apply an electric field,

[0159] Nanoparticles and / or microparticles are moved from the electrode to the fluid, and a reverse electric field is applied to move the nanoparticles and / or microparticles outward to diffuse back to the electrode.

[0160] The alternating current uses two phases with a potential between -220V and +220V and a current between -100μA and +100μA, wherein the electron consumption between the two phases is substantially the same, thereby balancing the positive and negative currents.

[0161] During the first phase, the electrode material partially dissolves in the fluid, and during the first phase offset by +180 degrees, the dissolved electrode material is redeposited on the electrode.

[0162] Clause 15. The method according to Clause 14, wherein the dissolved electrode material is deposited on the reverse-charged electrode.

Claims

1. An optical electrophoretic modulator for switching between and reversing between a transparent state and an opaque state, the optical electrophoretic modulator comprising: A first substrate and a second substrate, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are optically transparent. At least two electrodes are disposed on the inner side of each of the first and second substrates. A fluid, disposed between the first and second substrates, comprises nanoparticles and / or microparticles, wherein the particles are charged or rechargeable and wherein the particles are adapted to absorb light. A connector for applying an electromagnetic field to the at least two electrodes, wherein the electromagnetic field applied to the electrodes provides movement of the nanoparticles and / or microparticles from a first electrode to a second electrode and vice versa. The at least two electrodes comprise a conductive material having a resistivity of less than 100 nΩm at 273 K. When switched to a non-transparent state, the at least two electrodes are adapted to provide power parallel to the first and second substrates therebetween, and When switched to a transparent state, the at least two electrodes are adapted to provide power therebetween in a direction relative to the first and second substrates, wherein the direction is selected from: parallel to the first and second substrates, perpendicular to the first and second substrates, inclined relative to the first and second substrates, and combinations thereof. A power supply, electrically connected to the at least two electrodes, wherein the power supply is adapted to provide waveform alternating current, wherein at least one of amplitude, frequency, and phase is applicable. Two of the at least two electrodes form an interdigitated pattern on both the first substrate and the second substrate, and - The power supply operates at an AC frequency of 10Hz to 100Hz to switch to a transparent state, and / or the power supply operates at an AC frequency of less than 1Hz to switch to a non-transparent state, or - Within a switching loop: - In the initial phase of the cycle, when switching to the transparent state, the power supply operates under either a positive or negative voltage; - Between the initial and final phases of the cycle, there is no positive or negative DC voltage, and the power supply operates at an AC frequency of 10 Hz to 100 Hz. as well as - In the final stage of the cycle, when switching to a non-transparent state, the power supply operates under a voltage of opposite polarity to the voltage applied in the initial stage.

2. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 1, wherein the at least two electrodes cover 1% to 30% of the substrate surface.

3. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 1, wherein the waveform shape symmetry is broken.

4. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 1, wherein a first concave protrusion is provided at the highest point of the waveform shape, and wherein a second concave or convex protrusion is provided at the lowest point of the waveform shape.

5. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 4, wherein the width of the first protrusion is greater than the width of the second protrusion.

6. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 4, The width W of the waveform is 50 μm to 750 μm, and / or The amplitude A of the waveform is said to be between 10 μm and 500 μm, and / or The distance d between the fingers is 10 μm to 500 μm, and / or the width of the first protrusion is 10 μm to 50 μm, and / or The width of the second protrusion is 10 μm to 50 μm, and / or The width of the first protrusion is 2 to 4 times the width of the second protrusion, and / or Wherein the height h of the first protrusion is 5 μm to 20 μm, and / or Wherein the height h of the second protrusion is 5 μm to 20 μm, and / or The protrusion is in the form of a circle or part of an ellipse.

7. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, wherein the power supply is adapted to provide pulses and avoid providing pulses during the intervals therebetween.

8. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1 further includes a controller, wherein the controller is adapted to maintain an alternating current, the magnitude of the positive current being 0.9 to 1.1 times the magnitude of the negative current, and is adapted to change the potential according to the current.

9. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1 further includes at least two alignment marks on each of the first and second substrates for aligning the first and second substrates such that at least two electrodes of the first substrate are fully aligned with at least two electrodes of the second substrate.

10. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor and a controller, wherein the temperature sensor contacts the controller, wherein the controller contacts the power supply, and wherein the controller is adapted to compensate the output of the power supply according to a temperature measured by the temperature sensor.

11. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, wherein the fluid comprises a nonpolar fluid having a dielectric constant of less than 15, the nonpolar fluid being selected from the group consisting of: branched or unbranched C8-C... 60 Alkanes, branched or unbranched C8-C 60 Alkenes, branched or unbranched C6-C 60 Alcohols, branched or unbranched C6-C 60 Enols, branched or unbranched C8-C 60 Ketones, branched or unbranched C8-C 60 Aldehydes, silicone oils, and combinations thereof.

12. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, wherein the size of the nanoparticles is from 20 nm to 1000 nm.

13. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, wherein the particles are adapted to absorb light with wavelengths from 10 nm to 1 μm.

14. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 1, wherein the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate is less than 500 μm.

15. The optical electrophoresis modulator according to claim 1, The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 500 mPa·s or less.

16. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, wherein the fluid has a relative permittivity ε of less than 100. r .

17. The optical electrophoresis modulator of claim 1, wherein the waveform alternating current is characterized by a frequency of 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz, a maximum amplitude variation between 5% and 100%, wherein the maximum amplitude is the maximum voltage operation, and 0 to 180 Hz. The phase change (phase shift).

Images