Organic electroluminescent device

Abstract

The invention relates to an organic electroluminescent device. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a panchromatic pixel arrangement having a plurality of pixels, where each pixel includes: a first sub-pixel having a first emission region configured to emit light of a first color, and a second sub-pixel having a second emission region configured to emit light of a second color; a second sub-pixel having a second emission region configured to emit light of a second color; a third sub-pixel having a third emission region configured to emit light of a third color; and a fourth sub-pixel having the third emission region and a first color changing layer disposed over at least a portion of the third emission region. The fourth sub-pixel may be configured to emit a fourth color different from the third color. A unique one of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel may be configured to emit blue light or red light.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. patent application serial number 63 / 597,003, filed on November 8, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present invention relates to devices and techniques for manufacturing organic emission devices, such as organic light emitting diodes, and devices and techniques including organic emission devices. Background Art

[0004] Optoelectronic devices utilizing organic materials are becoming increasingly popular for many reasons. Many materials used to make the devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic optoelectronic devices have the potential to have cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials (e.g., their flexibility) can make them more suitable for specific applications, such as manufacturing on flexible substrates. Examples of organic optoelectronic devices include organic light emitting diodes / devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, organic materials can have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which the organic emissive layer emits light can generally be easily adjusted with appropriate dopants.

[0005] OLEDs utilize organic thin films that emit light when voltage is applied to the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly popular technology for applications such as flat panel displays, lighting, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0006] One application of phosphorescent molecules that can emit phosphorescence is full-color displays. Industry standards for such displays require pixels that are suitable for emitting specific colors (called "saturated" colors). Specifically, these standards require saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Alternatively, OLEDs can be designed to emit white light. In conventional liquid crystal displays, an absorption filter is used to filter the emission from a white backlight to produce red, green, and blue emissions. The same technology can also be used for OLEDs. White OLEDs can be single EML devices or stacked structures. Color can be measured using CIE coordinates well known in the art.

[0007] As used herein, the term "organic" includes polymeric materials and small molecule organic materials that can be used to make organic optoelectronic devices. "Small molecule" refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and a "small molecule" may actually be quite large. In some cases, a small molecule may include repeating units. For example, the use of a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove the molecule from the "small molecule" category. Small molecules can also be incorporated into polymers, for example as side groups on the polymer backbone or as part of the backbone. Small molecules can also serve as the core part of a dendritic polymer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core part. The core part of a dendritic polymer can be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendritic polymer can be a "small molecule", and all dendritic polymers currently used in the field of OLEDs are considered to be small molecules.

[0008] As used herein, "top" means farthest from the substrate, while "bottom" means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as being "disposed "above" a second layer, the first layer is disposed farther from the substrate. Unless it is specified that the first layer is "in contact with" the second layer, there may be other layers between the first and second layers. For example, a cathode may be described as being "disposed "above" an anode even though various organic layers are present between the cathode and the anode.

[0009] As used herein, "solution processable" means capable of being dissolved, dispersed or transported in and / or deposited from a liquid medium in the form of a solution or suspension.

[0010] When a ligand is believed to directly contribute to the photosensitive property of an emissive material, the ligand may be referred to as "photosensitive." When a ligand is believed not to contribute to the photosensitive property of an emissive material, the ligand may be referred to as "ancillary," but the ancillary ligand may alter the properties of the photosensitive ligand.

[0011] As used herein, and as will be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first "Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital" (HOMO) or "Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital" (LUMO) energy level is "greater than" or "higher than" a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since the ionization potential (IP) is measured as a negative energy relative to the vacuum energy level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP with a smaller absolute value (a less negative IP). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) with a smaller absolute value (a less negative EA). On a conventional energy level diagram with the vacuum energy level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A "higher" HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of this diagram than a "lower" HOMO or LUMO energy level.

[0012] As used herein, and as one skilled in the art would generally understand, a first work function is "greater than" or "higher than" a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are typically measured as negative numbers relative to the vacuum level, this means that a "higher" work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram with the vacuum level at the top, a "higher" work function is illustrated as being farther away from the vacuum level in a downward direction. Thus, the definition of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follows different rules than work functions.

[0013] Layers, materials, regions, and devices may be described herein with reference to the color of light they emit. Generally, as used herein, an emissive region described as producing light of a particular color may include one or more emissive layers disposed on top of each other in a stacked manner.

[0014] As used herein, a "red" layer, material, region or device refers to a layer, material, region or device that emits light in the range of about 570-700nm or whose emission spectrum has the highest peak in the region. Similarly, a "green" layer, material, region or device refers to a layer, material, region or device that emits or has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 500-600nm; a "blue" layer, material or device refers to a layer, material or device that emits or has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 400-500nm; a "yellow" layer, material, region or device refers to a layer, material, region or device that has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 540-600nm; a "cyan" layer, material or device refers to a layer, material or device that emits or has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 490-520nm; and an "orange" layer, material or device refers to a layer, material or device that emits or has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 570-620nm. In some arrangements, separate regions, layers, materials, regions, or devices may provide separate "dark blue" and "light blue" light. As used herein, in arrangements that provide separate "light blue" and "dark blue" components, the "dark blue" component refers to a component having a peak emission wavelength that is at least about 4 nm less than the peak emission wavelength of the "light blue" component. Typically, the peak emission wavelength of the "light blue" component is in the range of about 465-500 nm, and the peak emission wavelength of the "dark blue" component is in the range of about 400-470 nm, but these ranges may vary for some configurations. The peak emission wavelength of the "light green" component is in the range of about 520-560 nm, and the peak emission wavelength of the "deep green" or "dark green" component is in the range of about 500-520 nm, but these ranges may vary for some configurations. The peak emission wavelength of the near infrared ("NIR") component is in the range of about 700-1800 nm. Similarly, a color changing layer refers to a layer that converts or modifies light of another color into light having a wavelength designated for that color. For example, a "red" color filter refers to a color filter that forms light having a wavelength in the range of approximately 580-700nm. In general, there are two types of color changing layers: color filters that modify the spectrum by removing undesirable wavelengths of light, and color changing layers that convert higher energy photons to lower energy. A "color" component refers to a component that, when activated or used, produces or otherwise emits light having a specific color as previously described. For example, a "first emission area of ​​a first color" and a "second emission area of ​​a second color different from the first color" describe two emission areas that emit two different colors as previously described when activated within the device.

[0015] As used herein, emissive materials, layers, and regions may be distinguished from each other and from other structures based on the spectrum of light initially produced by the material, layer, or region, rather than the light ultimately emitted by the same or different structure. Initial light generation is typically the result of a change in energy levels that results in photon emission. For example, an organic emissive material may initially produce blue light, which may be converted to red, green, or yellow light by a color filter, quantum dots, or other structure, such that the complete emissive stack or sub-pixel emits red, green, or yellow light. In this case, the initial emissive material or layer may be referred to as the "blue" component, even if the sub-pixel is a "red," "green," or "yellow" component.

[0016] In some cases, it may be preferred to describe the color of a component, such as the color of an emitting region, a sub-pixel, a color changing layer, etc., in terms of 1931 CIE coordinates. For example, a yellow emitting material may have multiple peak emission wavelengths, one in or near the edge of a "green" region, and one in or near the edge of a "red" region, as previously described. Thus, as used herein, each color term also corresponds to a shape in the 1931 CIE coordinate color space. Shapes in the 1931 CIE color space are constructed by following the trajectory between two color points and any other interior points. For example, the interior shape parameters for red, green, blue, and yellow may be defined as follows:

[0017]

[0018] Further details regarding OLEDs and the definitions set forth above can be found in US Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Summary of the invention

[0019] According to one embodiment, an organic light emitting diode / device (OLED) is also provided. The OLED may include an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. According to one embodiment, the organic light emitting device is incorporated into one or more devices selected from consumer products, electronic component modules, and / or lighting panels.

[0020] According to one embodiment, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a full-color pixel arrangement may include a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel includes: a first sub-pixel having a first emission region configured to emit light of a first color; a second sub-pixel having a second emission region configured to emit light of a second color; a third sub-pixel having a third emission region configured to emit light of a third color; and a fourth sub-pixel having the third emission region and a first color change layer disposed over at least a portion of the third emission region. The fourth sub-pixel may be configured to emit a fourth color different from the third color. Only one of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel may be configured to emit blue light or red light.

[0021] The first, second, and third emission regions may be the only emission regions in the full-color pixel arrangement, wherein the first, second, and third emission regions are each configured to emit light of a different color.

[0022] The device may be configured to emit light greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and / or 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut.

[0023] The device may be configured to transmit greater than Adobe TM 80% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 85% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 90% of RGB gamut and / or greater than Adobe TM 95% of the RGB color gamut.

[0024] The device may be configured to emit light that is 51%, 54%, 57%, 60%, or 63.5% of the total 1931 CIE color space.

[0025] The power consumption of the device can be less than 3.6 mW / cm at a brightness of 500 nits and emitting light greater than 90% of the total Rec2020 color gamut. 2 The device may be a top emitting device.

[0026] The first emission region, the second emission region, and the third emission region may be positioned side by side with one another.

[0027] The first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel and / or the fourth sub-pixel of the device may be arranged in a stacked arrangement. The stacked arrangement may include two or more emission regions that are the same or different from each other. The stacked arrangement may include at least a second color changing layer.

[0028] At least a second color change layer of the device may be disposed on at least another portion of the first emission region, the second emission region, and / or the third emission region. At least the second color change layer may have a peak transmission at a wavelength less than 530 nm. The transmittance starting point of at least the second color filter may be 590 nm or less. At least the second color change layer may have a transmittance greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, and / or greater than 95%.

[0029] The first emission region, the second emission region and / or the third emission region may be a fluorescent emission layer, a phosphorescent emission layer, a phosphorescence-sensitized fluorescent (PSF) layer, a thermally activated delayed fluorescent layer and a quantum dot.

[0030] The third sub-pixel may be a yellow sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel may be a green sub-pixel or another yellow sub-pixel.

[0031] The first sub-pixel may be a red sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel may be a blue sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel may be a yellow sub-pixel. The red sub-pixel and the blue sub-pixel may have reflective electrodes, and the yellow sub-pixel may have a non-reflective electrode. The fourth sub-pixel may be a green sub-pixel.

[0032] The green sub-pixel may have a reflective electrode.

[0033] The third sub-pixel and the fourth sub-pixel may have different cavity thicknesses.

[0034] According to one embodiment, a consumer electronic device may have an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device including a full-color pixel arrangement, the OLED device may include a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel includes: a first sub-pixel having a first emission area configured to emit light of a first color; a second sub-pixel having a second emission area configured to emit light of a second color; a third sub-pixel having a third emission area configured to emit light of a third color; and a fourth sub-pixel having the third emission area and a first color change layer disposed over at least a portion of the third emission area. The fourth sub-pixel may be configured to emit a fourth color different from the third color. Only one of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel may be configured to emit blue light or red light.

[0035] The consumer electronic device can be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a sign, a light for interior or exterior lighting and / or signaling, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a cellular phone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a microdisplay having a diagonal of less than 2 inches, a 3D display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, an in-vehicle display, a video wall comprising multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, and a sign.

[0036] According to one embodiment, a device may include one or more pixels, wherein at least one of the one or more pixels has n sub-pixels, wherein each of the n sub-pixels includes a light emitting diode (LED), and wherein at any given moment, no more than n-1 of the n sub-pixels are excited to emit light.

[0037] At least one of the one or more pixels may have n sub-pixels, wherein one or more sub-pixels have an organic light emitting diode OLED or LED.

[0038] The device may be configured to produce color points that are greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and / or 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut.

[0039] The device may be configured to generate a greater than Adobe TM 80% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 85% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 90% of RGB color gamut and greater than Adobe TM The color point at 95% of the RGB color gamut.

[0040] The devices may be configured to emit light that, when combined, produces a color point that is 51%, 54%, 57%, 60% and / or 63.5% of the total 1931 CIE color space.

[0041] The devices may be configured to emit light that, when combined, results in a power consumption of the device of less than 3.6 mW / cm at a brightness of 500 nits and emitting light greater than 90% of the total Rec2020 color gamut. 2 . BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] Figure 1 An organic light-emitting device is demonstrated.

[0043] Figure 2 An inverted organic light-emitting device without a separate electron transport layer is demonstrated.

[0044] Figure 3 Power consumption simulated for bottom-emitting and top-emitting devices with a conventional RGB architecture including 3 OLED depositions and 3 sub-pixels, and 4 additional architectures including embodiments of the disclosed subject matter all using 4 RGBY sub-pixels and RGBY, GBY, RBY and BY OLED depositions are shown.

[0045] Figure 4 The simulated color gamuts are shown for bottom-emitting and top-emitting devices having a conventional RGB architecture including 3 OLED depositions and 3 sub-pixels, as well as 4 additional architectures including embodiments of the disclosed subject matter all using 4 RGBY sub-pixels and RGBY, GBY, RBY and BY OLED depositions.

[0046] Figure 5 The power consumption and color gamut of an OLED with 3 OLED depositions (red, yellow and blue, RYB) and 4 RGBY sub-pixels according to an embodiment of the disclosed subject matter are shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] In general, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer. The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When electrons and holes are localized on the same molecule, an "exciton" is formed, which is a localized electron-hole pair with an excited energy state. When the exciton relaxes through a light emission mechanism, light is emitted. In some cases, the exciton can be localized on an excimer or an excited complex. Non-radiative mechanisms (such as thermal relaxation) may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

[0048] The first OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from a singlet state ("fluorescence"), as disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescence emission typically occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

[0049] Recently, OLEDs with emissive materials that emit light from triplet states ("phosphorescence") have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., "Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices", Nature, Vol. 395, 151-154, 1998 ("Baldo-I"); and Baldo et al., "Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence", Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 75, Nos. 3, 4-6 (1999) ("Baldo-II"), which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, Col. 5-6, which is incorporated by reference.

[0050] Figure 1 An organic light-emitting device 100 is shown. The figure is not necessarily drawn to scale. The device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emission layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a blocking layer 170. The cathode 160 is a composite cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. The device 100 can be manufactured by depositing the layers in sequence. The properties and functions of these various layers and example materials are described in more detail in US 7,279,704, columns 6-10, which is incorporated by reference.

[0051] More examples of each of these layers can be obtained. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Patent Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, disclose examples of cathodes including composite cathodes having a thin layer of a metal (e.g., Mg:Ag) with an overlying transparent, conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of barrier layers are described in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004 / 0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers can be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004 / 0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Barrier layer 170 can be a single or multilayer barrier layer and can cover or surround other layers of the device. Barrier layer 170 can also surround substrate 110, and / or it can be disposed between the substrate and other layers of the device. Barrier layers may also be referred to as encapsulants, encapsulation layers, protective layers, or permeation barriers, and generally provide protection against the penetration of moisture, ambient air, and other similar materials through the other layers of the device. Examples of barrier layer materials and structures are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,537,688, 6,597,111, 6,664,137, 6,835,950, 6,888,305, 6,888,307, 6,897,474, 7,187,119, and 7,683,534, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0052] Figure 2An inverted OLED 200 is shown. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 can be manufactured by depositing the layers in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed above the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed below anode 230, device 200 can be referred to as an "inverted" OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 can be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. Figure 2 An example is provided of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100 .

[0053] Figure 1 and 2 The simple layered structures described in are provided by way of non-limiting examples, and it should be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be used in conjunction with various other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be obtained by combining the various layers described in different ways, or the layers may be omitted entirely based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than the specifically described materials may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe the various layers as comprising a single material, it should be understood that a combination of materials may be used, such as a mixture of a host and a dopant, or more generally, a mixture. In addition, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, the OLED may be described as having an "organic layer" disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may include a single layer, or may further include, for example, Figure 1 and 2 Multiple layers of said different organic materials.

[0054] Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs containing polymeric materials (PLEDs), such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of another example, an OLED having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. OLED structures may deviate from Figure 1 and 2For example, the substrate may include angled reflective surfaces to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and / or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0055] In some embodiments disclosed herein, an emissive layer or material, such as Figure 1-2 The emission layer 135 and the emission layer 220 shown in the figure, respectively, may include quantum dots. The emission layer may use different emission display technologies. Such technologies may include inorganic and / or organic devices, such as LEDs, mini LEDs, micro LEDs, thin electroluminescent films, organic light-emitting devices, etc. Unless explicitly indicated to the contrary or in accordance with the understanding of a technician in the field, the "emission layer" or "emission material" disclosed herein may include organic emission materials and / or emission materials containing quantum dots or equivalent structures. In general, the emission layer includes an emission material within a host matrix. Such an emission layer may only include quantum dot materials that convert light emitted by a separate emission material or other emitter, or it may also include a separate emission material or other emitter, or it may directly emit light by applying an electric current. Similarly, a color change layer, a color filter, an up-conversion or down-conversion layer or structure may include a material containing quantum dots, but such a layer may not be considered an "emission layer" as disclosed herein. Typically, an "emissive layer" or material is one that emits initial light based on injected charge, where the initial light can be altered by another layer, such as a color filter or other color-changing layer, that does not itself emit the initial light within the device, but can re-emit altered light with different spectral content based on absorption and down-conversion of the initial light emitted by the emissive layer into lower energy light emission. In some embodiments disclosed herein, the color-changing layer, color filter, up-conversion and / or down-conversion layer can be disposed external to the OLED device, such as above or below an electrode of the OLED device.

[0056] Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be placed, arranged or deposited by any suitable method. For organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, inkjet (as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, incorporated by reference in their entirety), organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., incorporated by reference in their entirety) and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, incorporated by reference in their entirety). Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution-based processes. Solution-based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding (as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety) and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as inkjet and OVJD. Display patterning techniques may also be used, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 11,832,504 to Forrest, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other methods may also be used. The material to be deposited may be modified to make it suitable for a specific deposition method. For example, branched or unbranched substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to withstand solution processing. Substituents having 20 or more carbons may be used, and 3 to 20 carbons are a preferred range. Materials having asymmetric structures may have better solution processability than materials having symmetric structures because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents can be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

[0057] The device manufactured according to the embodiment of the present invention may further optionally include a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrode and the organic layer from exposure to harmful substances in the environment including moisture, steam and / or gas. The barrier layer can be deposited on the substrate, the electrode, deposited under the substrate, the electrode or deposited next to the substrate, the electrode, or deposited on any other part (including the edge) of the device. The barrier layer may include a single layer or multiple layers. The barrier layer can be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques, and may include a composition with a single phase and a composition with multiple phases. Any suitable material or material combination can be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may be combined with an inorganic compound or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material, as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,968,146, PCT Patent Application No. PCT / US2007 / 023098 and No. PCT / US2009 / 042829, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In order to be considered a "mixture", the aforementioned polymeric material and non-polymeric material constituting the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and / or deposited simultaneously. The weight ratio of polymeric material to non-polymeric material can be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and non-polymeric material can be produced from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of polymeric material and non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

[0058] In some embodiments, at least one of the anode, cathode, or a new layer disposed above the organic emission layer is used as an enhancement layer. The enhancement layer includes a plasmon material that exhibits a surface plasmon resonance, the plasmon material non-radiatively couples to the emitter material, and transfers excited state energy from the emitter material to a non-radiative mode of a surface plasmon polariton. The enhancement layer is provided at a threshold distance not exceeding the organic emission layer, wherein due to the presence of the enhancement layer, the emitter material has a total non-radiative decay rate constant and a total radiative decay rate constant, and the threshold distance is the distance at which the total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to the total radiative decay rate constant. In some embodiments, the OLED further includes an outcoupling layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed above the enhancement layer on the opposite side of the organic emission layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the side of the emission layer opposite to the enhancement layer, but still outcouples energy from the surface plasmon mode of the enhancement layer. The outcoupling layer scatters energy from the surface plasmon polaritons. In some embodiments, this energy is scattered to free space in the form of photons. In other embodiments, energy is scattered from the surface plasmon modes of the device into other modes, such as, but not limited to, an organic waveguide mode, a substrate mode, or another waveguide mode. If the energy is scattered into a non-free space mode of the OLED, other outcoupling schemes may be incorporated to extract the energy into free space. In some embodiments, one or more intervening layers may be disposed between the enhancement layer and the outcoupling layer. Examples of intervening layers may be dielectric materials, including organics, inorganics, perovskites, oxides, and may include stacks and / or mixtures of these materials.

[0059] The enhancement layer modifies the effective properties of the medium in which the emitter material resides, resulting in any or all of the following: reduced emissivity, modification of the emission line shape, changes in emission intensity versus angle, changes in robustness of the emitter material, changes in the efficiency of the OLED, and reduced efficiency decay of the OLED device. Placing the enhancement layer on the cathode side, the anode side, or both produces an OLED device that exploits any of the above effects. In addition to the specific functional layers described in the various OLED examples mentioned herein and shown in the figures, the OLED according to the present invention may also include any of the other functional layers typically found in OLEDs.

[0060] The enhancement layer may be composed of a plasmonic material, an optically active metamaterial, or a hyperbolic metamaterial. As used herein, a plasmonic material is a material whose real part of the dielectric constant crosses zero in the visible or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the plasmonic material includes at least one metal. In such embodiments, the metal may include at least one of the following: Ag, Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, Ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. In general, a metamaterial is a medium composed of different materials, where the function of the medium as a whole is different from the sum of its material parts. Specifically, we define an optically active metamaterial as a material having both a negative dielectric constant and a negative magnetic permeability. On the other hand, a hyperbolic metamaterial is an anisotropic medium in which the permittivity or magnetic permeability has different signs for different spatial directions. Optically active metamaterials and hyperbolic metamaterials are strictly distinguished from many other photonic structures, such as distributed Bragg reflectors ("DBRs"), because the medium should be uniform in the direction of propagation for the length scale of the wavelength of light. Using terms that are understood by those skilled in the art: the dielectric constant of the metamaterial in the direction of propagation can be described approximately by the effective medium. Plasmonic materials and metamaterials provide a way to control light propagation that can enhance OLED performance in many ways.

[0061] In some embodiments, the enhancement layer is provided as a planar layer. In other embodiments, the enhancement layer has wavelength-sized features arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly, or has sub-wavelength-sized features arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly. In some embodiments, the wavelength-sized features and sub-wavelength-sized features have sharp edges.

[0062] In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer has wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged, or has sub-wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer may be composed of a plurality of nanoparticles, and in other embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of a plurality of nanoparticles disposed on a material. In these embodiments, the outcoupling can be tuned by at least one of: changing the size of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the shape of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the material of the plurality of nanoparticles, adjusting the thickness of the material, changing the refractive index of the material or an additional layer disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the thickness of the enhancement layer, and / or changing the material of the enhancement layer. The plurality of nanoparticles of the device may be formed of at least one of: a metal, a dielectric material, a semiconductor material, a metal alloy, a mixture of dielectric materials, a stack or layering of one or more materials, and / or a core of one type of material coated with a shell of a different type of material. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of at least metal nanoparticles, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of: Ag, Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, Ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. Multiple nanoparticles can have additional layers disposed above them. In some embodiments, the polarization of the emission can be tuned using the outcoupling layer. Changing the dimensionality and periodicity of the outcoupling layer can select a class of polarizations that preferentially outcouple to air. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer also acts as an electrode of the device.

[0063] In embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, a device may include an enhancement layer disposed above an emission region of at least one subpixel configured to have Lambertian emission and / or at least one subpixel having a microcavity configured for direct emission, as described in detail below. In at least some of such embodiments, the enhancement layer may include a plasmonic structure disposed at a predetermined threshold distance from the emission region. The predetermined threshold distance may be a distance at which the total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to the total radiative decay rate constant. In some of such embodiments, a device may include an outcoupling layer disposed above the enhancement layer on an opposite side of the emission region.

[0064] It is believed that the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of fluorescent OLEDs can exceed the 25% spin statistics limit through delayed fluorescence. As used herein, there are two types of delayed fluorescence, namely P-type delayed fluorescence and E-type delayed fluorescence. P-type delayed fluorescence is produced by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA).

[0065] In some embodiments, the emitting material and / or compound in the layer in the OLED can be used as a phosphorescent sensitizer, wherein one or more layers in the OLED may include one or more fluorescent and / or delayed fluorescent emitter forms of acceptors. In some embodiments, the compound can be used as a component of an excited complex to be used as a sensitizer. As a phosphorescent sensitizer, the compound can be able to transfer energy to the acceptor, and the acceptor can emit energy or further transfer energy to the final emitter. The acceptor concentration can be in the range of 0.001% to 100%. The acceptor can be in the same layer as the phosphorescent sensitizer or in one or more different layers. In some embodiments, the acceptor can be a TADF emitter. In some embodiments, the acceptor can be a fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the emission can be generated by any one or all of the sensitizer, the acceptor and / or the final emitter.

[0066] On the other hand, the above-mentioned E-type delayed fluorescence does not rely on the collision of two triplets, but relies on the thermal population between the triplet and singlet excited states. It is necessary to produce a compound capable of producing E-type delayed fluorescence so as to have a very small singlet-triplet gap. Thermal energy can activate the transition from the triplet state back to the singlet state. This type of delayed fluorescence is also called thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). A notable feature of TADF is that the delayed component increases with increasing temperature due to the increase in thermal energy. If the reverse intersystem crossing rate is fast enough to minimize the non-radiative decay by the triplet state, the fraction of backfilling the singlet excited state may reach 75%. The total singlet fraction can be 100%, far exceeding the spin statistical limit of the electrically generated exciton.

[0067] E-type delayed fluorescence characteristics can be found in excitation complex systems or single compounds. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that E-type delayed fluorescence requires that the luminescent material has a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T). Organic, metal-free donor-acceptor luminescent materials may be able to achieve this. The emission of these materials is usually characterized by donor-acceptor charge transfer (CT) type emission. The spatial separation of HOMO and LUMO in these donor-acceptor type compounds usually leads to a small ΔES-T. These states may be related to CT states. Typically, donor-acceptor luminescent materials are constructed by connecting an electron donor moiety (e.g., an amino or carbazole derivative) to an electron acceptor moiety (e.g., a six-membered aromatic ring containing N).

[0068] In addition, in some embodiments, the emission region may have one or more emission layers. In one embodiment, the number of layers in each emission region of each device may be the same. In an alternative embodiment, the number of layers in each emission region of each device may be different. In yet another alternative embodiment, the number of layers in some emission regions of each device may be the same and the number of layers in some emission regions of each device may be different. In some embodiments, the emission layer in one or more emission layers of any emission region may include a phosphorescent material, a fluorescent material, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the emission region in the device may include a sensitizer and a receptor having various sensitizing device features disclosed in the present application.

[0069] Devices manufactured according to embodiments of the present invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units), which may be incorporated into a variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices (such as discrete light source devices or lighting panels), etc. that can be utilized by end-user product manufacturers. The electronic component module may optionally include drive electronics and / or a power supply. Devices manufactured according to embodiments of the present invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, which have one or more electronic component modules (or units) incorporated therein. A consumer product comprising an OLED is disclosed, wherein the OLED includes a compound of the present disclosure in an organic layer in the OLED. The consumer product should include any kind of product containing one or more light sources and / or a certain type of visual display. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior lighting and / or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, cellular phones, tablet computers, tablet phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, microdisplays with a diagonal of less than 2 inches, 3D displays, virtual reality or augmented reality displays, vehicles, in-vehicle displays, video walls comprising multiple displays tiled together, theater or stadium screens, and signage. Various control mechanisms can be used to control devices made according to the present invention, including passive matrices and active matrices. Many of the devices are intended to be used in a temperature range that is comfortable for humans, such as 18° C. to 30° C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25° C.), but can be used outside this temperature range (e.g., -40° C. to 80° C.).

[0070] The materials and structures described herein can be applied to devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors can employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices such as organic transistors can employ the materials and structures.

[0071] In some embodiments, the OLED has one or more features selected from the group consisting of: flexible, rollable, foldable, stretchable, and bendable. In some embodiments, the OLED is transparent or translucent. In some embodiments, the OLED further has a layer comprising carbon nanotubes.

[0072] In some embodiments, the OLED further has a layer comprising a delayed fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the OLED comprises an RGB pixel arrangement or a white plus color filter pixel arrangement. In some embodiments, the OLED is a mobile device, a handheld device, or a wearable device. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of less than 10 inches or an area of ​​less than 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of at least 10 inches or an area of ​​at least 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is a lighting panel.

[0073] In some embodiments of the emission region, the emission region further comprises a body.

[0074] In some embodiments, the compound that generates light can be an emissive dopant. In some embodiments, the compound can generate emission via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as E-type delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, or a combination of these processes (including phosphorescence-sensitized fluorescence).

[0075] The OLEDs disclosed herein may be incorporated into one or more of consumer products, electronic component modules, and lighting panels.The organic layer may be an emissive layer, and the compound may be an emissive dopant in some embodiments, while the compound may be a non-emissive dopant in other embodiments.

[0076] The organic layer may also include a host. In some embodiments, two or more hosts are preferred. In some embodiments, the host used may be a) bipolar, b) electron transport, c) hole transport, or d) wide bandgap material that plays a small role in charge transport. In some embodiments, the host may include a metal complex. The host may be an inorganic compound.

[0077] Combination with other materials

[0078] The materials described herein as being suitable for use in a particular layer in an organic light-emitting device can be used in combination with a variety of other materials present in the device. For example, the emissive dopants disclosed herein can be used in combination with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, barrier layers, injection layers, electrodes, and other layers that may be present. The materials described or mentioned below are non-limiting examples of materials that can be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and those skilled in the art can easily consult the literature to identify other materials that can be used in combination.

[0079] The various emissive and non-emissive layers and arrangements disclosed herein may use different materials. Examples of suitable materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017 / 0229663, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0080] Conductive dopants:

[0081] The charge transport layer can be doped with a conductivity dopant to substantially change its charge carrier density, which in turn will change its conductivity. The conductivity is increased by generating charge carriers in the matrix material, and depending on the type of dopant, a change in the Fermi level of the semiconductor can also be achieved. The hole transport layer can be doped with a p-type conductivity dopant, and an n-type conductivity dopant is used in the electron transport layer.

[0082] HIL / HTL:

[0083] The hole injection / transport material used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as a hole injection / transport material.

[0084] EBL:

[0085] An electron blocking layer (EBL) can be used to reduce the number of electrons and / or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device can produce substantially higher efficiency and / or longer lifetime than a similar device lacking a blocking layer. In addition, a blocking layer can be used to confine emission to desired areas of the OLED. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and / or a higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the EBL interface. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and / or a higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the EBL interface. In one aspect, the compound used in the EBL contains the same molecule or the same functional group as used in one of the hosts described below.

[0086] main body:

[0087] The light-emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as a light-emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is greater than the triplet energy of the dopant. Any host material may be used with any dopant as long as the triplet criterion is satisfied.

[0088] HBL:

[0089] A hole blocking layer (HBL) can be used to reduce the number of holes and / or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device can result in substantially higher efficiency and / or longer lifetime than a similar device lacking a blocking layer. In addition, a blocking layer can be used to confine emission to a desired area of ​​the OLED. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (further from the vacuum level) and / or a higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the HBL interface. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (further from the vacuum level) and / or a higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the HBL interface.

[0090] ETL:

[0091] The electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. The electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped) or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of ETL materials are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as it is generally used to transport electrons.

[0092] Charge Generation Layer (CGL)

[0093] In a tandem or stacked OLED, the CGL plays a fundamental role in the performance and consists of an n-doped layer and a p-doped layer for injecting electrons and holes, respectively. Electrons and holes are supplied by the CGL and electrodes. The electrons and holes consumed in the CGL are refilled by electrons and holes injected from the cathode and anode, respectively; then, the bipolar current gradually reaches a steady state. Typical CGL materials include n- and p-conductivity dopants used in the transport layer.

[0094] The display industry needs an OLED display with a very high color gamut. For example, it is desired that the color gamut of the display is close to the Rec2020 color gamut standard. Currently, the RGB subpixel arrangement in the display requires much higher display power consumption to achieve Rec2020 than to produce a less saturated color gamut such as DCIP3. In general, the display requires more power to present more saturated colors, which is a typical feature of a higher color gamut. An embodiment of the disclosed subject matter provides a display including pixels with 4 subpixels (e.g., red (R), green (G), blue (B), and yellow (Y) subpixels, which can be collectively referred to as "RGBY") to significantly reduce the power consumption of the display under high color gamut. An embodiment of the disclosed subject matter also provides a three-OLED deposition method to achieve RGBY subpixels, which achieves high color gamut and low power consumption by using only three OLED depositions without additional manufacturing complexity. Three OLED depositions are typically used for conventional RB side-by-side OLED displays.

[0095] Previous OLED displays have used four primary colors to achieve RGBY through four OLED depositions. Other previously disclosed techniques include using two primary OLED depositions (e.g., yellow (Y) and blue (B)) to make RGBY4 sub-pixel displays with lower color gamut. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide a three-primary color OLED deposition for RGBY displays with lower power consumption and higher color gamut than previous displays.

[0096] Using an RGB (red (R), green (G), blue (B)) method to achieve the Rec2020 color gamut of a display results in very high power consumption for the display. Using an RGBY OLED deposition (e.g., four OLEDs deposited side by side) method to achieve Rec2020 reduces the power consumption of the display at the expense of four OLED depositions, which increase manufacturing complexity. Using YB primary colors (i.e., yellow and blue emission layers) to form RGBY sub-pixels reduces power consumption, but this arrangement is limited in the color gamut that can be achieved. That is, this arrangement is not close to the Rec2020 color gamut. Compared to current display arrangements, using three OLEDs deposited side by side (e.g., RYB emission layer deposition) with 4 RGBY sub-pixels can achieve reduced power consumption and provide a high color gamut without increasing the complexity of the OLED deposition process.

[0097] Figure 3 The power consumption simulated for bottom-emitting and top-emitting devices with a conventional RGB architecture including three OLEDs deposited side by side and three sub-pixels, and four additional architectures (which use four RGBY sub-pixels) are shown. Figure 3As shown, four RGBY sub-pixels can be deposited side by side using RGBY, GBY, RBY and BY OLEDs, respectively. Figure 3 The analysis shown is based either on using no color filters or on using red and blue conventional color filters as would be used in current RGB displays and a dark green filter for extending the color gamut to Rec2020. Figure 3 The example can be used for 500cd / m 2 The 5" OLED display of the transmitter is operated.

[0098] The display arrangement of the disclosed subject matter: (1) minimizes power consumption, (2) achieves a color gamut that approaches and / or meets Rec2020, and (3) avoids the manufacturing complexity of depositing 4 OLEDs side by side. When using red, yellow, and blue OLED deposition for a display device, one approach is to use a yellow emissive layer to provide light for both the yellow sub-pixel and the green sub-pixel. This can be achieved by placing a color changing layer above the yellow emissive layer so that the device is configured to produce green light.

[0099] Figure 3 A bottom-emitting, cavity-free simulation (i.e., a conventional RGB approach) is shown. To achieve close to 96% of Rec2020 in this arrangement, red and blue color filters are used along with a modified dark green color filter. This results in a power consumption of over 1028mW. Using an RGBY architecture with 4 OLEDs deposited side by side can have the same color gamut, but can use approximately 466mW (i.e., approximately 51% power reduction).

[0100] The previous method (ie, YB method) using only two YB side-by-side OLED depositions and 4 sub-pixels also achieves low power consumption, but may not achieve a very high color gamut (e.g., 83% of Rec2020). However, the RYB method using three OLED depositions (ie, RYB deposition) and 4 sub-pixels (ie, RGBY) also achieves 89% of Rec2020 at 424mW, which can be a 41% power saving.

[0101] Figure 3 The power consumption simulation results of the simulation of the top emission device are also shown. For devices with only 3 or less OLEDs deposited side by side, RBY deposition can provide both low power consumption and high color gamut. Figure 3In the BE+C / F arrangement shown, red, green, and blue color filters (C / F) may be used for each bottom-emitting (BE) subpixel. For the TE (top-emitting) arrangement, each color-optimized cavity may be free of color filters. For the TE+CF arrangement, the device may be a top-emitting (TE) with red and green color filters (CF). In the TE-Y+C / F arrangement, the top-emitting (TE) device may have a red or green color filter (C / F). There may be a red color filter for a GBY (green, blue, and yellow) device, and a green color filter for a RBY (red, blue, yellow) device. For the TE-adj Y+C / F arrangement (a top-emitting device with adjusted yellow including color filters), the yellow HTL (hole transport layer) may be adjusted to improve the green color with a green color filter. For example, the HTL may be 100-150nm, 250-300nm, or 400-450nm thick.

[0102] Figure 4 The display is for 500cd / m 2 Color gamut simulations of top-emitting and bottom-emitting devices of an operating 5" OLED display with a conventional RGB architecture consisting of three sub-pixels, with 3 OLEDs deposited side by side, and 4 additional RGBY architectures: four sub-pixels deposited using RGBY, YGB, RYB and YB OLEDs, respectively.

[0103] Figure 5 The demonstration includes 3 OLED deposits (red, yellow and blue, RYB) and 4 RGBY sub-pixels at 500cd / m 2 Graph of power (shown on the left axis) and color gamut (shown on the right axis) of an operating 5" OLED display. Figure 5 The graph is for the RBY arrangement. Figure 5 In the +C / F (color filter) arrangement shown, the device can be bottom emitting (BE), where red, green, and blue color filters are used. In the Y+GCF arrangement, a weak cavity can be paired with a green color filter. In the adY+GCF arrangement, the HTL of the yellow cavity can be adjusted for green, and a green color filter can be used. In the adY+RGCF arrangement, the HTL of the yellow cavity can be adjusted for green, and a red cavity with red and green color filters can be used. For example, the HTL can be 100-150nm, 250-300nm, or 400-450nm thick.

[0104] For a bottom emitting (BE) device of the disclosed subject matter with RYB (red, yellow, blue) deposition, the power can be 424 mW for 10.69 square inches (i.e., 69 sq. cm) at 7V and 70% polarizer, where the BE can be 89% of Rec2020. That is, for a BE device, the power can be 6.1 mW / cm 2 For a top emitting (TE) device of the disclosed subject matter with RYB (red, yellow, blue) deposition, the power may be 249 mW for a TE of 90% of Rec2020. That is, the power of the BE device may be 6.1 mW / cm 2 , and the power of the TE device can be (249 / 424)*6.1, which can be 3.6 mW / cm 2 .

[0105] In embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, for example Figure 3-5 In those embodiments shown, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device can have a full-color pixel arrangement, the OLED device including a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel includes: a first sub-pixel having a first emission region configured to emit light of a first color; a second sub-pixel having a second emission region configured to emit light of a second color; a third sub-pixel having a third emission region configured to emit light of a third color; and a fourth sub-pixel having the third emission region and a first color-changing layer disposed over at least a portion of the third emission region. The fourth sub-pixel can be configured to emit a fourth color different from the third color. Only one of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel can be configured to emit blue light, and wherein only one of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel can be configured to emit red light.

[0106] As used throughout, an emission region (e.g., a first emission region, a second emission region, and a third emission region) may include one or more emission materials, which may be included in a single emission layer. An emission region may be provided by a plurality of emission materials, each of which has an emission spectrum or peak emission wavelength that is different from the final color of the entire region.

[0107] In some embodiments, an "emission region" may include emissive materials that emit multiple colors of light. For example, a yellow emissive region may include multiple materials that, when each material is used alone in an OLED device, emit red and green light. When used in a yellow device, typically, the individual materials are not arranged so that they can be individually activated or addressed. That is, a "yellow" OLED stack containing the material cannot be driven to produce red, green, or yellow light; in fact, the stack can be driven as a whole to produce yellow light. Such an emissive region may be referred to as a yellow emissive region, although at the energy levels of the individual emitters, the stack does not directly produce yellow light. The individual emissive materials used in the emissive region (if more than one) may be placed in the same emissive layer within the device, or in multiple emissive layers within the OLED device that include an emissive region. The embodiments disclosed herein may allow an OLED device (e.g., a display) to include emissive regions of a limited number of colors, while including sub-pixels or other OLED devices having more colors than the number of colors in the emissive region. Other colors of sub-pixels can be achieved by using a color change layer, such as a color change layer disposed in a stack with an emissive region, or more generally, by using a color change layer, an electrode, or other structure forming a microcavity disclosed herein, or any other suitable configuration. In some cases, the general color provided by a sub-pixel can be the same as the color provided by the emissive region in the stack defining the sub-pixel. Similarly, the color provided by a sub-pixel can be different from the color provided by the emissive region in the stack defining the sub-pixel.

[0108] In some configurations, the emissive region and / or emissive layer of a device may span multiple sub-pixels, such as where additional layers and circuitry are fabricated to allow portions of the emissive region or layer to be individually addressable.

[0109] The emission regions disclosed herein may be different from the emission "layers" commonly referred to in the art and used herein. In some cases, a single emission region may include multiple layers, such as where a yellow emission region is fabricated by sequentially manufacturing red and green emission layers to form a yellow emission region. When such layers are present in the emission regions disclosed herein, the layers are not individually addressable within a single emission stack; rather, the layers are activated or driven in parallel for the emission region to produce light of the desired color. In other configurations, the emission region may include a single emission layer having a single color, or multiple emission layers having the same color, in which case the color of such emission layer will be the same as the color of the emission region in which the emission layer is disposed, or will be in the same spectral interval as the color of the emission region in which the emission layer is disposed.

[0110] In some embodiments, the first emission region, the second emission region, and the third emission region can be the only emission regions in the full-color pixel arrangement, wherein the first emission region, the second emission region, and the third emission region are each configured to emit light of a different color.

[0111] The device may be configured to emit light greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and / or 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut. In some embodiments, the device may be configured to emit light greater than Adobe 3D Color Gamut. TM 80% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 85% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 90% of RGB gamut and / or greater than Adobe TM Light that is 95% of the RGB color gamut. In some embodiments, the device may be configured to emit light that is 51%, 54%, 57%, 60%, or 63.5% of the total 1931 CIE color space.

[0112] The power consumption of the device can be less than 3.6 mW / cm at a brightness of 500 nits and emitting light greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut. 2 In some embodiments, the device may be a top emitting device.

[0113] The first emission region, the second emission region, and the third emission region may be arranged side by side with each other. In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and / or the fourth sub-pixel of the device may be arranged in a stacked arrangement. The stacked arrangement may include two or more emission regions that are the same or different from each other. The stacked arrangement may include at least a second color changing layer.

[0114] At least a second color change layer of the device may be disposed on at least another portion of the first emission region, the second emission region, and / or the third emission region. At least the second color change layer may have a peak transmission at a wavelength less than 530 nm. The transmittance starting point of at least the second color filter may be 590 nm or less. As used herein, the transmittance starting point may be the longest wavelength with a transmittance of not less than 5% below 650 nm. In some embodiments, at least the second color change layer may have a transmittance greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, and / or greater than 95%.

[0115] The first emission region, the second emission region and / or the third emission region may be a fluorescent emission layer, a phosphorescent emission layer, a phosphorescence-sensitized fluorescence (PSF) layer, a thermally activated delayed fluorescence layer, a quantum dot, and the like.

[0116] The third sub-pixel may be a yellow sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel may be a green sub-pixel or another yellow sub-pixel. In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel may be a red sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel may be a blue sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel may be a yellow sub-pixel. The red sub-pixel and the blue sub-pixel may have a reflective electrode, and the yellow sub-pixel may have a non-reflective electrode. The fourth sub-pixel may be a green sub-pixel. In some embodiments, the green sub-pixel may have a reflective electrode. In some embodiments, the third sub-pixel and the fourth sub-pixel may have different cavity thicknesses.

[0117] Inorganic or conventional light emitting diodes (LEDs) have different advantages and disadvantages compared to OLEDs. For example, LEDs can generally operate at higher brightness than OLEDs and can produce blue light more efficiently or can produce blue light efficiently with a longer lifetime. Recent technological advances allow micro-LEDs to be efficiently manufactured and precisely placed at predetermined locations on a substrate, making them suitable for use as sub-pixels in pixel-based devices such as full-color displays. In addition, combining micro-LEDs with OLEDs can allow displays to have improved performance and properties compared to similar devices than using either technology independently.

[0118] Micro LED technology enables a range of colors to be produced by changing the materials or device design used to make the micro LED elements. Full-color displays can be made using micro LEDs as emitting elements that provide red, green, and blue light to form sub-pixels in pixels that can produce white light. Typically, micro LEDs produce light output with a narrow FWHM (full width at half maximum), allowing very saturated colors to be produced. This means that micro LED displays are capable of producing a BT2020 color gamut. However, as with OLED displays, increasing the color gamut will require more power consumption from the display, and therefore adding a fourth yellow sub-pixel in a micro LED display will achieve a high color gamut and reduce power consumption.

[0119] In one embodiment, the LED can be a micro-LED, that is, an LED with micron-scale dimensions, for example, having a width of about 1-50 μm, which can be suitable for relatively small applications, such as mobile devices, televisions, etc. In some embodiments, the LED can be larger, for example, it can be suitable for larger applications, such as signs, etc. The micro-LED can have a variety of shapes, including squares, diamonds, rectangles, or other shapes. As used herein, "LED" can refer to a micro-LED, a mini-LED, or a larger LED, depending on the context or the application in which the LED is used.

[0120] Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide a device having one or more pixels. At least one pixel of the one or more pixels may have n sub-pixels. Each of the n sub-pixels is an LED or a micro-LED. In one embodiment, at any given time, no more than n-1 of the n sub-pixels may be configured to emit light. In one embodiment, the device may be configured to emit light that, when combined, may produce a color point greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut. In one embodiment, the device may be configured to emit light that, when combined, may produce a color point greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut. TM 80% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 85% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 90% of RGB color gamut and greater than Adobe TM In one embodiment, the device may be configured to emit light that, when combined, produces a color point that is 51%, 54%, 57%, 60%, or 63.5% of the total 1931 CIE color space. In one embodiment, the device may be configured to emit light that, when combined, produces a power consumption of the device that is less than 3.6 mW / cm at a brightness of 500 nits and when emitting light greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut. 2 In one embodiment, one or more of the sub-pixels may include an OLED or an LED.

[0121] In an embodiment, the device may be configured to emit light in a color space (i.e., a 1931 CIE color chromaticity diagram). In this color space, four primary colors, such as red, yellow, green, and blue, may be drawn. In one embodiment, the line formed between blue and yellow and connected to green may form a first color region in the shape of a first triangle, and the line formed between blue and yellow and connected to red will form a second color region in the shape of a second triangle. Here, the device may be configured to use blue, yellow, and green sub-pixels to emit colors in the first color region. Alternatively, the device may be configured to use blue, yellow, and red sub-pixels to emit colors in the second color region. In an alternative embodiment, the line formed between red and green and connected to yellow may form a first color region in the shape of a first triangle, and the line formed between red and green and connected to blue will form a second color region in the shape of a second triangle. Here, the device may be configured to use red, yellow, and green sub-pixels to emit colors in the first color region. Alternatively, the device may be configured to use red, green, and blue sub-pixels to emit colors in the second color region. In each case, all colors can be rendered using only 3 of the four primary colors at any given moment.

[0122] In one embodiment, the first pixel and the second pixel can have the design characteristics previously discussed herein. In addition, in one embodiment, when the first pixel and the second pixel are adjacent, the adjacent pixels can share a single deposition (e.g., yellow EML), and a single deposition can be used for both the yellow sub-pixel in the first pixel and the yellow sub-pixel in the second pixel. In addition, in one embodiment, for shared deposition, one or more of the sub-pixels can have a single color filter, or a color filter shared between two adjacent pixels. For example, a single deposition (e.g., yellow EML) and a single deposition can be used for both the green sub-pixel in the first pixel and the green sub-pixel in the second pixel. In one embodiment, the green sub-pixel in the first pixel and the green sub-pixel in the second pixel can share a color change layer. Alternatively, the green sub-pixel in the first pixel and the green sub-pixel in the second pixel can have its own color change layer. In these embodiments, five depositions can be used to form two pixels.

[0123] In one embodiment, the first subpixel and the second subpixel have a distance from edge to edge, wherein the edge is defined by the end of the active area or anode of the subpixel, and wherein the distance is the distance from the edge of the first subpixel closest to the edge of the second subpixel. In addition, in one embodiment, the minimum edge-to-edge distance between the first subpixel and the second subpixel is less than 7 microns. In addition, in one embodiment, the minimum edge-to-edge distance between the first subpixel and the second subpixel is less than 5 microns. In addition, in one embodiment, the minimum edge-to-edge distance between the first subpixel and the second subpixel is less than 3 microns. In one embodiment, the first subpixel and the second subpixel are part of the same pixel. In an alternative embodiment, the first subpixel is part of the first pixel, and the second subpixel is part of the second pixel, and the first pixel and the second pixel are different pixels. In one embodiment, the above-mentioned minimum edge-to-edge distance can be in at least one device having a display size distance of 10 inches (one main edge) or more. For example, the horizontal or vertical edge of the display can be 10 inches or more. In an alternative embodiment, the above-mentioned minimum edge-to-edge distance can be in a device having at least one diagonal distance of 50 inches or more. For example, the distance from one corner of the device to the opposite corner.

[0124] Embodiments described herein may be found in devices having pixels including one or more sub-pixels. Embodiments described herein may be found in at least one of the one or more sub-pixels. In a first embodiment, at least one sub-pixel may be in a side-by-side (SBS) architecture. In an SBS architecture, at least one or more emission layers of each sub-pixel in a pixel are different from the emission layers of another sub-pixel in the pixel. Typically, a "red" sub-pixel will have a red emission layer, and the red emission layer emits red light and the sub-pixel emits red light. In one embodiment, there may be no color filter or color change layer in the SBS architecture, but this is not necessary and a color filter or color change layer may be used. In a second embodiment, at least one sub-pixel may be in a stacked architecture. In a stacked architecture, at least one or more emission layers are shared between two or more sub-pixels in a pixel. Typically, this is used in a white plus color filter / color change layer architecture, where the emission layer in the pixel produces "white" light, and different color filters / color change layers are arranged for the sub-pixels in the pixel to produce the desired color. For example, a stack can produce "white", a first sub-pixel can have a red filter / color change layer so the first sub-pixel will produce red light, and a second sub-pixel can have a green filter / color change layer so the second sub-pixel will produce green light. Any color filter / color change can be used to produce any color of light. Additionally, a stack does not necessarily need to produce "white" light, and any color of light can be produced. Devices that are a hybrid of both SBS and stacked architectures can be manufactured to produce pixel / sub-pixel designs that include some or all of the described embodiments. Embodiments of the present invention may be included in one or more SBS or stacked pixel / sub-pixel designs.

[0125] It should be understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. For example, other materials and structures may be used to replace many materials and structures described herein without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The present invention as required may therefore include variations of specific examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that the various theories about why the present invention works are not intended to be restrictive.

Claims

1. An organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a full-color pixel arrangement, comprising: A plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises: a first subpixel comprising a first emissive region configured to emit light of a first color; a second subpixel comprising a second emissive region configured to emit light of a second color; a third subpixel comprising a third emissive region configured to emit light of a third color; as well as a fourth subpixel comprising the third emissive region and a first color changing layer disposed over at least a portion of the third emissive region, wherein the fourth subpixel is configured to emit a fourth color different from the third color, Wherein only one of the first subpixel, the second subpixel, the third subpixel and the fourth subpixel is configured to emit blue light, and wherein only one of the first subpixel, the second subpixel, the third subpixel and the fourth subpixel is configured to emit red light.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first emission region, the second emission region, and the third emission region are the only emission regions in the full-color pixel arrangement, wherein the first emission region, the second emission region, and the third emission region are each configured to emit light of a different color.

3. A device according to claim 1, wherein the device is configured to emit light that is at least one of the following: greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is configured to emit light that is at least one selected from the group consisting of: greater than Adobe TM 80% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 85% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 90% of the RGB color gamut, and larger than Adobe TM 95% of the RGB color gamut.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is configured to emit light that is 51%, 54%, 57%, 60%, or 63.5% of the total 1931 CIE color space.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the power consumption of the device is less than 3.6 mW / cm at a brightness of 500 nits and greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut. 2 .

7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first emission region, the second emission region and the third emission region are selected from at least one of the following groups: a fluorescent emission layer, a phosphorescent emission layer, a phosphorescence-sensitized fluorescent (PSF) layer, a thermally activated delayed fluorescent layer and a quantum dot.

8. A consumer electronic device comprising: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a full-color pixel arrangement, comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises: a first subpixel comprising a first emissive region configured to emit light of a first color; a second subpixel comprising a second emissive region configured to emit light of a second color; a third subpixel comprising a third emissive region configured to emit light of a third color; as well as a fourth subpixel comprising the third emissive region and a first color changing layer disposed over at least a portion of the third emissive region, wherein the fourth subpixel is configured to emit a fourth color different from the third color, Only one of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel, and the fourth sub-pixel is configured to emit blue light or red light.

9. The consumer electronic device of claim 8, wherein the device is of at least one type selected from the group consisting of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for interior or exterior lighting and / or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a cellular telephone, a tablet computer, a tablet phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a microdisplay having a diagonal of less than 2 inches, a 3D display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, an in-vehicle display, a video wall comprising multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, and a sign.

10. An apparatus comprising: one or more pixels, wherein at least one pixel of the one or more pixels comprises: n sub-pixels, wherein each of the n sub-pixels comprises a light emitting diode (LED), and wherein at any given moment no more than n-1 of the n sub-pixels are activated to emit light. 11 . The device of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the one or more pixels comprises n sub-pixels, wherein one or more sub-pixels comprises an organic light emitting diode (OLED) or an LED.

12. The device of claim 10, wherein the device is configured to generate a color point selected from the group consisting of: greater than 80% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 85% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut, greater than 95% of the Rec2020 color gamut, and 100% of the Rec2020 color gamut.

13. The device of claim 10, wherein the device is configured to generate a color point selected from the group consisting of: greater than Adobe TM 80% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 85% of RGB color gamut, larger than Adobe TM 90% of the RGB color gamut, and larger than Adobe TM 95% of the RGB color gamut.

14. The device of claim 10, wherein the device is configured to emit light that, when combined, produces a color point selected from the group consisting of: 51%, 54%, 57%, 60%, or 63.5% of the total 1931 CIE color space.

15. The device of claim 10, wherein the device is configured to emit light that, when combined, produces a power consumption of the device of less than 3.6 mW / cm at a brightness of 500 nits and greater than 90% of the Rec2020 color gamut. 2 .

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