Lens and antenna assembly

Abstract

A lens is provided that is configured to be disposed on and substantially cover a plurality of spaced apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna. The lens includes a structured first major surface opposite a second major surface. The structured first major surface and the second major surface define a reference plane including and disposed between the structured first major surface and the second major surface and closest to the structured first major surface. The structured first major surface includes a center and a first annular peak region surrounding and substantially concentric with the center. The first annular peak region has a first annular peak having an average spacing P1 from the reference plane. A minimum spacing between the structured first major surface and the reference plane inside the first annular peak is P2, where P1 / P2 > = 2.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a lens and an antenna assembly including the lens. Background Art

[0002] Directional antennas, such as phased array antennas, may not be able to provide wide angle coverage (e.g., 120 degrees or greater) without significant gain degradation at wider scan angles. This may be due to the undesirable beam broadening typically observed at wider scan angles of phased array antennas. Summary of the invention

[0003] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a lens configured to be disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and to substantially cover the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements. The lens includes a structured first main surface opposite to a second main surface. The structured first main surface and the second main surface define a reference plane that is inclusively disposed between the structured first main surface and the second main surface and closest to the structured first main surface. The structured first main surface includes a center and a first annular peak region surrounding the center and substantially concentric with the center. The first annular peak region has a first annular peak having an average spacing P1 from the reference plane. The minimum spacing between the structured first main surface and the reference plane inside the first annular peak is P2, where P1 / P2≥2.

[0004] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes a phased array antenna, the phased array antenna including a plurality of spaced antenna elements, the plurality of spaced antenna elements being arranged into a plurality of rows and columns of antenna elements and defining a first symmetry axis. The antenna assembly also includes a lens of the first aspect, the lens being disposed on and substantially covering the plurality of spaced antenna elements of the phased array antenna.

[0005] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a lens configured to be disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially cover the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements. The lens includes a continuous closed annular first band, the continuous closed annular first band including a corresponding continuous closed annular first band peak. The annular first band defines a cavity therein, the cavity extending from a first open end of the cavity at the first band peak to an opposite second end along the thickness direction of the lens. The cavity has a maximum height Hc along the thickness direction of the lens. The first band has a height Hb1 along the thickness direction of the lens and has a base with a width Wb1, wherein Hc / Hb1≥0.5, and wherein Hb1>Wb1.

[0006] In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure provides an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes a phased array antenna, the phased array antenna including a plurality of spaced antenna elements, the plurality of spaced antenna elements being arranged into a plurality of rows and columns of antenna elements and defining a first axis of symmetry. The antenna assembly also includes an aspheric lens disposed on the phased array antenna and substantially covering at least some of the antenna elements in the antenna elements. The aspheric lens includes an aspheric first major surface facing away from the antenna element and an opposite second major surface facing the antenna element. The aspheric first major surface includes at least one curved portion curved along at least one direction. In a scanning plane including the first axis of symmetry and the normal of the phased array antenna, the antenna assembly guides a beam in the scanning plane, when guided along a first direction at an angle of less than about 10 degrees to the normal, the beam has a maximum gain G1 and a 3 decibel (dB) beam width W1, and when guided along a second direction at an angle of not less than about 30 degrees to the normal, the beam has a maximum gain G2 and a 3dB beam width W2. G1 and G2 differ from each other within 4dB. Furthermore, W1 and W2 are within 15% of each other.

[0007] In a fifth aspect, the present disclosure provides a lens configured to be disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially cover the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements. The lens includes a continuous closed annular first band, the continuous closed annular first band including a corresponding continuous closed annular first band peak. The annular first band defines a cavity therein, which extends along the thickness direction of the lens. When the lens is disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially covers the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements, in a scanning plane including a first axis of symmetry of the plurality of antenna elements and a normal to the phased array antenna, the antenna element guides a beam having a 3dB beam width W and propagating in the scanning plane along a scanning direction at a scanning angle to the normal. For scanning angles greater than about 15 degrees, the variation of W is less than 5% within a scanning angle range of at least 3 degrees.

[0008] In a sixth aspect, the present disclosure provides a lens configured to be disposed on a two-dimensional array of antenna elements. The lens defines a central cavity at or near the center of the lens. The cavity is surrounded by a continuous closed annular peak region having a continuous closed annular peak. The lens and the annular peak have respective maximum lateral dimensions T1 and T2, wherein T2 / T1≤0.8.

[0009] In a seventh aspect, the present disclosure provides an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes a phased array antenna, the phased array antenna including a plurality of spaced antenna elements, the plurality of spaced antenna elements being arranged into a plurality of rows and columns of antenna elements and defining a first axis of symmetry. The antenna assembly also includes an aspheric lens disposed on the phased array antenna and substantially covering at least some of the antenna elements. The aspheric lens includes an aspheric first major surface and an opposite second major surface. The aspheric first major surface includes at least one curved portion curved along at least one direction. In a scanning plane including the first axis of symmetry and a normal to the phased array antenna, the antenna assembly guides a beam in the scanning plane, the beam having a 3dB beam width, the beam width having a plurality of alternating peaks and troughs. Each of at least two of the plurality of alternating peaks and troughs has a full width FW95M at 95% of the maximum value greater than about 2 degrees and less than about 20 degrees.

[0010] In an eighth aspect, the present disclosure provides an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes a phased array antenna, the phased array antenna including a plurality of spaced antenna elements, the plurality of spaced antenna elements being arranged into a plurality of rows and columns of antenna elements and defining a first axis of symmetry. The antenna assembly also includes an aspheric lens, which is disposed on the phased array antenna and substantially covers at least some of the antenna elements. The aspheric lens includes an aspheric first principal surface facing away from the antenna element and an opposite second principal surface facing the antenna element. In a scanning plane including the first axis of symmetry and the normal of the phased array antenna, the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly have the same construction except that the first principal surface of the lens of the comparison antenna assembly is a spherical surface. In the scanning plane, the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly guide respective beams in the scanning plane, and the respective maximum gains of these beams terminate at respective maximum scanning angles S1 and S1'. S1 is at least 2 degrees greater than S1'.

[0011] In a ninth aspect, the present disclosure provides a lens configured to be disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially cover the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements. The lens includes a continuous closed loop first band defining a cavity therein, the cavity extending from a first open end of the cavity to an opposite second end along a thickness direction of the lens. When the lens is disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially covers the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements, an antenna assembly is formed, wherein a second major surface is disposed between the structured first major surface and the antenna elements. When the antenna assembly is formed, in a scanning plane including a first axis of symmetry of the plurality of antenna elements and a normal to the phased array antenna, the antenna assembly and a comparative antenna assembly having the same construction but not including a lens guide respective beams in the scanning plane, and these beams have respective maximum gains G L and G NLand their respective 3dB beamwidth W L and W NL For scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, G L >G NL , and W L / W NL >0.8. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Consider the following detailed description in conjunction with the following figures, a more complete understanding of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. The accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Like numbers used in the figures refer to like components. However, it should be understood that the use of numbers to refer to components in a given figure is not intended to limit the components marked with the same number in another figure.

[0013] Figure 1 shows a schematic top view of an antenna assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0014] Figure 2 The embodiment according to the present disclosure is shown Figure 1 A detailed schematic cross-sectional view of an antenna assembly;

[0015] Figure 3 The embodiment according to the present disclosure is shown Figure 1 and Figure 2 A schematic cross-sectional view of a lens of an antenna assembly;

[0016] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0017] Figure 5A and Figure 5B showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0018] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0019] 7A to 7C showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0020] FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0021] 9A to 9C showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0022] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C showing different views of a lens of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0023] FIG. 11A to FIG. 11G Showing various embodiments according to the present disclosure Figure 1 and Figure 2 A top view of a first annular peak region of a lens of an antenna assembly;

[0024] Fig.12 The embodiment according to the present disclosure is shown Figure 2 Antenna components and Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the lens;

[0025] Fig.13 A schematic cross-sectional view showing a lens of a comparative antenna assembly;

[0026] Fig.14 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 A graph showing the relationship between the maximum gain of the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly and the scanning angle;

[0027] Fig.15 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 a graph of the relationship between the 3 decibel (dB) beamwidth and the scan angle for the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly;

[0028] Fig.16 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 Another graph showing the relationship between the 3 dB beam width and the scan angle of the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly;

[0029] Fig.17 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 Another graph showing the relationship between the maximum gain and the scanning angle of the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly;

[0030] Fig.18 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 A graph showing the relationship between the 3 dB beam width and the scanning angle of the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly;

[0031] Fig.19 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 A graph of the relationship between the maximum gain of the antenna assembly and the maximum gain of the comparison antenna assembly and the scanning angle; and

[0032] Fig. 20 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 A graph showing the relationship between the ratio of the 3 dB beam width of the antenna assembly and the 3 dB beam width of the comparison antenna assembly and the scanning angle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof, and in which various embodiments are shown by way of illustration. It should be understood that other embodiments may be conceived and have without departing from the scope or essence of the present disclosure. Therefore, the following specific embodiments should not be considered to have a limiting meaning.

[0034] In the following disclosure, the following definitions apply.

[0035] As used herein, all numbers should be considered to be modified by the term "about". As used herein, "a", "an", "said", "at least one" and "one or more" are used interchangeably.

[0036] As used herein, as a modifier of a characteristic or property, unless otherwise specifically defined, the term "substantially" means that the characteristic or property will be readily discernible by a person of ordinary skill without requiring absolute precision or a perfect match (e.g., within + / - 20% for quantifiable characteristics).

[0037] Unless specifically defined otherwise, the term "substantially" means a high degree of approximation (eg, within + / - 10% for a quantifiable characteristic), but again does not require an absolutely precise or perfect match.

[0038] Unless specifically defined otherwise, the term "about" means a close approximation (eg, within + / - 5% for a quantifiable property), but again does not require absolute precision or a perfect match.

[0039] As used herein, the terms "first" and "second" are used as identifiers. Therefore, such terms should not be understood as limitations on the present disclosure. Throughout the embodiments of the present disclosure, the terms "first" and "second" are interchangeable when used in conjunction with a feature or element.

[0040] As used herein, “at least one of A and B” should be understood to mean “only A, only B, or both A and B”.

[0041] As used herein, the term "between about..." generally refers to an inclusive or closed range unless explicitly defined otherwise. For example, if parameter X is between about A and B, then A≤X≤B.

[0042] As used herein, the "gain" of an antenna is a measure of the maximum effectiveness with which the antenna can radiate toward a target a unit power delivered to it by a transmitter.

[0043] As used herein, "antenna boresight" is the axis of maximum antenna gain or maximum radiated power of a directional antenna.

[0044] As used herein, "scan angle" means the angle from the antenna boresight at which the main lobe of the radiation pattern is directed. "Scan angle" may be defined in terms of "maximum gain", "3dB midpoint", or other criteria based on radiation pattern characteristics.

[0045] As used herein, "scan range" means the range of scan angles that can be obtained through appropriate phasing of an antenna array.

[0046] As used herein, "loss tangent" quantifies the intrinsic dissipation of electromagnetic energy of a dielectric material. Specifically, the loss tangent is the ratio of the resistive component to the reactive component of a system.

[0047] As part of upgrading the current mobile network infrastructure to provide fifth generation (5G) voice and data services, millimeter wave (mmWave) phased array antennas are now being installed on existing radio access network (RAN) cell sites. These cell sites typically support three sector antenna arrays, each of which provides 120 degrees of azimuth coverage within the cell site. In combination, the three sector antennas provide 360 ​​degrees of azimuth coverage within the cell site, providing omnidirectional coverage within the cell site.

[0048] In order to provide the same network coverage within existing RAN cell sites, highly directional mmWave antennas are used. Highly directional mmWave antennas include one or a small number of phased arrays, and each phased array also includes a large number of radiating elements. However, due to beam widening, highly directional mmWave antennas may limit the azimuth scanning range of the entire antenna assembly. Beam widening may occur when the phased array broadcasts further from the antenna boresight, that is, at wider azimuth scanning angles. Therefore, the mmWave phased array may not be able to provide 120 degree coverage without significant gain degradation at wider azimuth scanning angles. This may result in reduced network coverage at the seams of the cell sites (i.e., at wider azimuth scanning angles). Therefore, additional cell sites may be required to provide the same network coverage as existing RAN cell sites.

[0049] The present disclosure provides an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes a phased array antenna, which includes a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements, which are arranged into a plurality of rows and columns of antenna elements and define a first symmetry axis. The antenna assembly also includes an aspheric lens, which is disposed on the phased array antenna and substantially covers at least some of the antenna elements. An aspheric lens refers to a lens that does not include a sphere or any portion of a sphere (such as a hemisphere or other spherical segment). The aspheric lens includes an aspheric first major surface facing away from the antenna element and an opposite second major surface facing the antenna element. The aspheric first major surface includes at least one curved portion that is curved along at least one direction. In a scan plane including a first axis of symmetry and a normal to the phased array antenna, the antenna assembly directs a beam in the scan plane having a maximum gain G1 and a 3 dB beam width W1 when directed in a first direction at an angle less than about 10 degrees from the normal, and having a maximum gain G2 and a 3 dB beam width W2 when directed in a second direction at an angle not less than about 30 degrees from the normal. G1 and G2 are within 4 dB of each other. In addition, W1 and W2 are within 15% of each other.

[0050] The 3dB beamwidth W1 of a beam directed along a first direction (at an angle less than about 10 degrees from the normal) and the 3dB beamwidth W2 of a beam directed along a second direction (at an angle equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal) are within 15% of each other. This means that when directed along two different angles (one angle less than about 10 degrees from the normal and the other angle equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal), the 3dB beamwidths W1, W2 of the beam do not vary by more than 15%. Therefore, the antenna assembly of the present disclosure including an aspheric lens can limit beam widening at wider azimuth scanning angles (e.g., angles greater than about 30 degrees). In other words, the antenna assembly of the present disclosure including an aspheric lens can extend the azimuth scanning range, which otherwise may be limited due to beam widening. In addition, additional cell sites may not be required to provide the same network coverage as existing RAN cell sites.

[0051] In addition, the maximum gain G1 of the beam directed along the first direction (at an angle less than about 10 degrees from the normal) and the maximum gain G2 of the beam directed along the second direction (at an angle equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal) are within 4 dB of each other. This means that when directed along two different angles (one angle less than about 10 degrees from the normal and the other angle equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal), the maximum gains G1, G2 of the beam do not vary by more than 4 dB. Therefore, the antenna assembly of the present disclosure including the aspheric lens can limit beam widening without gain degradation at wider azimuth scan angles.

[0052] In addition, in a scanning plane including the first axis of symmetry and the normal of the phased array antenna, the comparison antenna assembly has the same construction as the antenna assembly of the present disclosure, except that the first principal surface of the lens of the comparison antenna assembly is a spherical surface. In the scanning plane, the antenna assembly and the comparison antenna assembly guide respective beams in the scanning plane, and the respective maximum gains of these beams terminate at respective maximum scanning angles S1 and S1'. S1 is at least 2 degrees greater than S1'. Since the scanning angle S1 at which the maximum gain of the beam guided by the antenna assembly terminates is at least 2 degrees greater than the scanning angle S1' at which the maximum gain of the beam guided by the comparison antenna assembly terminates, the antenna assembly of the present disclosure can operate at a larger azimuth scanning angle than the comparison antenna assembly. Therefore, the aspheric lens can enable the antenna assembly of the present disclosure to operate at a larger azimuth scanning angle.

[0053] Now referring to the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 A schematic top view of an antenna assembly 300 is shown according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 2 A detailed schematic cross-sectional side view of an antenna assembly 300 is shown in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0054] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 , the antenna assembly 300 may have an operating frequency between about 3 gigahertz (GHz) and 100 GHz. In some embodiments, the operating frequency of the antenna assembly 300 may be one or more of about 3.5 GHz, about 10 GHz, about 24 GHz, about 28 GHz, about 39 GHz, about 60 GHz, and about 95 GHz. The antenna assembly 300 defines an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis that are orthogonal to each other. The x-axis and the y-axis are in-plane axes of the antenna assembly 300, while the z-axis is a transverse axis disposed along the thickness of the antenna assembly 300. In other words, the x-axis and the y-axis are along the plane of the antenna assembly 300 defining the xy plane, and the z-axis is perpendicular to the xy plane of the antenna assembly 300.

[0055] The antenna assembly 300 includes a phased array antenna 100. The phased array antenna 100 includes a two-dimensional array of antenna elements 10. In other words, the phased array antenna 100 includes a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 arranged into a plurality of rows 11 and columns 12 of antenna elements 10. Specifically, the antenna elements 10 are spaced apart in an xy plane. The rows 11 extend substantially along the x-axis, and the columns 12 extend substantially along the y-axis. The plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 define a first axis of symmetry 13. Figure 1In the illustrated embodiment, the phased array antenna 100 includes twelve antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 includes at least 16, at least 64, at least 128, or at least 256 antenna elements 10. However, in some other embodiments, the array may include any number of antenna elements 10 depending on the desired application properties.

[0056] In some embodiments, the array of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 may include an equal number of rows 11 and columns 12. In other words, the array of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 may be a regular array of antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the regular array of antenna elements 10 may include a regular array of at least sixteen antenna elements 10. Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment, the array of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 includes four rows 11 and three columns 12 of antenna elements 10 .

[0057] The phased array antenna 100 may include one or more feed-throughs 15 to provide electrical connections to corresponding antenna elements 10 through a power source (not shown). Specifically, at high frequencies, one or more feed-throughs 15 provide electrical connections to corresponding antenna elements 10 through an RF signal source. In some embodiments, all antenna elements 10 are configured to operate at the same power level. In some other embodiments, at least two of the antenna elements 10 are configured to operate at different power levels. In other words, the power source may be configured to provide electrical power of different magnitudes and phases to at least two of the antenna elements 10.

[0058] The phased array antenna 100 may also include one or more ground vias 16 to connect corresponding antenna elements 10 to a common ground (eg, Figure 2 shown).

[0059] In some embodiments, a regular array of antenna elements 10 is arranged on a surface 17 of a substrate 18. In some embodiments, surface 17 is substantially planar. Figure 2 In the embodiment shown, the surface 17 is planar and defined in the xy plane.

[0060] In some embodiments, each of the antenna elements 10 includes a top portion 19. Specifically, Figure 2 In the embodiment shown, the top 19 of the antenna element 10 is substantially planar.

[0061] One or more feed through holes 15 may include openings on a surface 17 of a substrate 18. One or more feed through holes 15 may be drilled through the substrate 18 to provide an electrical connection between the corresponding antenna element 10 and a power source. In some applications, one or more feed through holes 15 may be plated with metal on the substrate 18. One or more feed through holes 15 may include an electrical connector. Each electrical connector may be electrically connected to a bus 15z that is electrically coupled to a power source. The bus 15z may be a feed network or a transmission line.

[0062] One or more ground vias 16 may include openings on a surface 17 of a substrate 18. One or more ground vias 16 may be drilled through the substrate 18. One or more ground vias 16 may include electrical connectors. Each electrical connector of a ground via 16 may be electrically connected to a bus 16z that is electrically coupled to a common ground.

[0063] The antenna assembly 300 further includes a lens 20 disposed on the phased array antenna 100. In other words, the lens 20 is configured to be disposed on the two-dimensional array of antenna elements 10.

[0064] Figure 3 A schematic cross-sectional view of a lens 20 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. In some embodiments, lens 20 may be interchangeably referred to herein as an "aspheric lens 20."

[0065] refer to Figures 1 to 3 The lens 20 is configured to be disposed on and substantially cover a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of the phased array antenna 100. In some embodiments, the aspheric lens 20 is disposed on the phased array antenna 100 and substantially covers at least some of the antenna elements 10.

[0066] In some embodiments, the aspheric lens 20 substantially covers at least 20% of the antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the aspheric lens 20 substantially covers at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 includes at least 64 antenna elements, and the aspheric lens 20 substantially covers at least 16 antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 includes at least 64 antenna elements, and the aspheric lens 20 substantially covers at least 32 antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the aspheric lens 20 substantially covers all antenna elements 10. In some embodiments, the aspheric lens 20 is a solid lens (e.g., such as Figure 2In some embodiments, the aspheric lens 20 includes a plurality of voids 29. The plurality of voids 29 can direct any heat generated by the antenna assembly 300 away from the antenna element 10. The plurality of voids 29 can be introduced into the lens 20 during manufacture of the lens 20. Figure 3 In the embodiment shown, the voids 29 are substantially spherical voids.

[0067] In some embodiments, at a frequency of about 28 GHz, the aspheric lens 20 has a dielectric constant between about 1.2 and about 2. In some embodiments, at a frequency of about 28 GHz, the aspheric lens 20 has a dielectric constant between about 1.3 and about 1.8, between about 1.4 and about 1.6, or between about 1.4 and about 1.55.

[0068] In some embodiments, at a frequency of about 28 GHz, the aspheric lens 20 has a loss tangent between about 0.001 and about 0.005. In some embodiments, at a frequency of about 28 GHz, the aspheric lens 20 has a loss tangent between about 0.002 and about 0.004 or between about 0.0025 and about 0.004.

[0069] The lens 20 includes a structured first major surface 21 opposite to the second major surface 22. In some embodiments, the structured first major surface 21 may be interchangeably referred to herein as an "aspheric first major surface 21". Specifically, the aspheric lens 20 includes an aspheric first major surface 21 facing away from the antenna element 10 and an opposite second major surface 22 facing the antenna element 10. In other words, the aspheric lens 20 includes an aspheric first major surface 21 and an opposite second major surface 22. It can be said that when the lens 20 is disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of the phased array antenna 100 and substantially covers the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements, an antenna assembly 300 is formed.

[0070] The aspheric first major surface 21 includes at least one curved portion that is curved along at least one direction. In some embodiments, the second major surface 22 of the aspheric lens 20 is substantially planar. In some embodiments, the second major surface 22 of the lens 20 and the antenna element 10 define a non-zero minimum gap D between them. In some embodiments, the minimum gap D is between about 1 / 8 and about 1 / 2 of the free space wavelength of the operating frequency of the antenna assembly 300. In some embodiments, the minimum gap D may be between about 1.5 mm and about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the minimum gap D may be about 1.75 mm to about 4.5 mm or about 2 mm to about 4 mm.

[0071] In some embodiments, lens 20 has a height H. Height H can be substantially along the z-axis. Height H can correspond to the maximum distance between structured first major surface 21 and second major surface 22. In some embodiments, height H of lens 20 is about 1.1 times to about 3.4 times the effective wavelength in lens 20, where the effective wavelength is the free space wavelength divided by the square root of the relative dielectric constant.

[0072] In some embodiments, the height H of the lens 20 is greater than or equal to about 10 mm and less than or equal to about 30 mm, that is, 10 mm ≤ H ≤ 30 mm. In some embodiments, 15 mm ≤ H ≤ 25 mm, or 20 mm ≤ H ≤ 25 mm. However, the height H of the lens 20 can be any height depending on the desired application properties.

[0073] The structured first major surface 21 and the second major surface 22 define a reference plane 70 which is disposed inclusively therebetween and closest to the structured first major surface 21. Furthermore, the structured first major surface 21 comprises a center 23a.

[0074] Based on the desired application properties, such as the desired performance, the antenna assembly 300 may include different types of aspheric lenses 20 having different shapes and properties (e.g., electromagnetic properties). Automated tools may be used to design the aspheric lenses 20 to obtain specific shapes that may be difficult to design manually. The different types of aspheric lenses 20 are discussed in detail below.

[0075] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C An antenna assembly 300 (in FIG. Figure 2 The lens 20a (shown in Figure 2 20). Specifically, Figure 4A A perspective view of lens 20a is shown, Figure 4B A perspective cutaway view of lens 20a is shown, and Figure 4C A schematic cross-sectional side view of lens 20a is shown.

[0076] refer to FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C , the structured first major surface 21 includes a first annular peak region 61 surrounding the center 23a and substantially concentric with the center. In some embodiments, the first annular peak region 61 may be interchangeably referred to herein as a "continuous closed annular first band 61". In other words, the lens 20a (i.e., lens 20) includes a continuous closed annular first band 61. The first annular peak region 61 has a first annular peak 62. In some embodiments, the first annular peak 62 may be interchangeably referred to herein as a "continuous closed annular first band peak 62". In other words, the continuous closed annular first band 61 includes a corresponding continuous closed annular first band peak 62. FIG. 4A to FIG. 4CIn the illustrated embodiment, the continuous closed loop first band 61 is substantially rotationally symmetric about the center 23a of the lens 20a.

[0077] like Figure 4C As shown, the first annular peak 62 has an average spacing P1 from the reference plane 70. The minimum spacing between the structured first major surface 21 and the reference plane 70 within the first annular peak 62 is P2, such that P1 / P2 ≥ 2. In some embodiments, P1 / P2 ≥ 3, P1 / P2 ≥ 4, P1 / P2 ≥ 5, P1 / P2 ≥ 10, P1 / P2 ≥ 15, P1 / P2 ≥ 20, P1 / P2 ≥ 30, P1 / P2 ≥ 40, P1 / P2 ≥ 50, P1 / P2 ≥ 100, P1 / P2 ≥ 150, P1 / P2 ≥ 200, P1 / P2 ≥ 300, P1 / P2 ≥ 400, or P1 / P2 ≥ 500.

[0078] Furthermore, relative to the reference plane 70, the first annular peak region 61 has an annular 70% maximum full width FW70M1. FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C In the embodiment shown, FW70M1 / P1≤0.5.

[0079] exist FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C In the illustrated embodiment, the annular first band 61 defines a cavity 75 therein that extends in a thickness direction of the lens 20a. The thickness direction may be substantially along the z-axis. Specifically, the cavity 75 extends from a first open end 77 of the cavity 75 at the first band peak 62 to an opposite second end 78. The cavity 75 has a maximum height Hc in the thickness direction of the lens 20a. The first band 61 has a height Hb1 in the thickness direction of the lens 20a. In addition, the first band 61 has a base 79 having a width Wb1. FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C In the embodiment shown, Hc / Hb1≥0.5. FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C In the embodiment shown, Hb1>Wb1.

[0080] In some embodiments, the lens 20a further comprises a protrusion 51 located near or at the center 23a of the second end 78 and protruding toward the first open end 77. The protrusion 51 and the continuous closed loop first band 61 define a continuous closed loop first channel 52 that is substantially coextensive and concentric with the continuous closed loop first band 61. FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C In the illustrated embodiment, the lens 20 a further includes a protrusion 51 located near the center 23 a of the second end 78 and protruding toward the first open end 77 .

[0081] In addition, the structured first major surface 21 includes a central cusp region 60 having a vertex 63 located at or near the center 23a. The lens 20a also defines a central cavity 82 at or near the center 23a of the lens 20a. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, the central cusp region 60 defines the central cavity 82. The structured first major surface 21 further includes a second annular peak region 64 disposed between the center 23a and the first annular peak region 61. The second annular peak region 64 surrounds the center 23a and is substantially concentric with the center. The second annular peak region 64 includes a second annular peak 65. In addition, the second annular peak 65 has an average spacing P3 from the reference plane 70. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, P3 < P1.

[0082] The cavity 82 is surrounded by a continuous closed annular peak region 83 having a continuous closed annular peak 84. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, the continuous closed annular peak region 83 corresponds to the second annular peak region 64. In addition, the continuous closed annular peak 84 corresponds to the second annular peak 65. The lens 20a and the annular peak 84 have respective maximum lateral dimensions T1 and T2. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, T2 / T1 ≤ 0.8.

[0083] The vertex 63 of the central cusp region 60 is spaced a distance P4 from the reference plane 70. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, P4 < P3. In addition, with respect to the reference plane 70, the second annular peak region 64 has a full width at 70% of the maximum value FW70M2 in the annulus. In other words, with respect to the reference plane 70, the first annular peak region 61 and the second annular peak region 64 have respective full widths at 70% of the maximum value FW70M1 and FW70M2 in the annulus. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, FW70M2 > FW70M1.

[0084] In addition, in some embodiments, at a distance of about 0.7P3 from the reference plane 70, the central cusp region 60 has a maximum full width B1. The second annular peak 65 has a maximum lateral width B2. In FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C the illustrated embodiment, B1 / B2 ≤ 0.5. In some embodiments, B1 / B2 ≤ 0.4, B1 / B2 ≤ 0.3, B1 / B2 ≤ 0.2, or B1 / B2 ≤ 0.1.

[0085] In addition, in at least a first planar cross section (i.e., xz plane) substantially parallel to the thickness direction of lens 20a (i.e., along the z-axis) and including vertex 63, structured first major surface 21 includes a cusp region 60 and vertex 63 of cusp region 60 disposed between first peak 65a and second peak 65b. First peak 65a and second peak 65b are part of second annular peak 65 and are shown as two separate peaks in the first planar cross section (i.e., xz plane). FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C In the embodiment shown, the slope of the structured first major surface 21 changes sign across the cusp region 60 .

[0086] Figure 5A and Figure 5B An antenna assembly 300 (in FIG. Figure 2 20b (another type of aspherical lens 20). Specifically, Figure 5A A perspective view of lens 20b is shown, and Figure 5B A schematic cross-sectional view of lens 20b is shown.

[0087] Lens 20b and FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C The lens 20a is substantially similar and functionally equivalent to the lens 20b, and common components are indicated by the same reference numerals. However, the lens 20b does not include a central cusp region (i.e., Figure 4C The cusp region 60 shown in FIG. 1 ), the second annular peak region (ie, Figure 4C The second annular peak region 64 shown in FIG. 20 ) and a protrusion located near or at the center 23a of the second end 78 of the lens 20b (ie, Figure 4C In other words, lens 20b does not include a central cavity (i.e., Figure 4C In addition, in the central cavity 82 shown in Figure 5A and Figure 5B In the embodiment shown, the second end 78 is open.

[0088] In addition, Figure 5A and Figure 5B In the illustrated embodiment, FW70M1 / P1≤0.5. In addition, the first annular peak region 61 defines a central hollow annular portion of the lens 20b extending in the thickness direction (i.e., along the z-axis) from a first open end 66 at the first annular peak 62 to the second major surface 22 (at Figure 2 The first end 66 and the second end 69 have respective maximum transverse dimensions D1 and D2. Figure 5A and Figure 5B In the embodiment shown, 0.5 <D2 / D1<1。

[0089] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C An antenna assembly 300 (in FIG. Figure 2 20c (another type of aspheric lens 20). Specifically, Fig. 6A A side perspective view of lens 20c is shown, Figure 6B A schematic cross-sectional view of lens 20c is shown, and Figure 6C A top perspective view of lens 20c is shown.

[0090] Lens 20c and FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C The lens 20a is substantially similar and functionally equivalent to the lens 20c, and common components are indicated by the same reference numerals. However, the lens 20c does not include a second annular peak region (i.e., Figure 4C The second annular peak region 64 shown in FIG. 1 ), the cavity (ie, Figure 4C The cavity 75 shown in FIG. Figure 4C Thus, in lens 20c, a first annular peak region 61 surrounds apex 63.

[0091] exist FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C In the illustrated embodiment, the continuous closed annular peak region 83 corresponds to the first annular peak region 61. The continuous closed annular peak 84 corresponds to the first annular peak 62. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C In the embodiment shown, FW70M1 / P1≥0.5. The vertex 63 of the central cusp region 60 is spaced a distance P1' from the reference plane 70. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C In the embodiment shown, P1' <P1。

[0092] 7A to 7C An antenna assembly 300 (in FIG. Figure 2 20d (another type of aspherical lens 20). Specifically, Fig. 7A A top perspective view of lens 20d is shown, and Figure 7B A schematic side cross-sectional view of lens 20d is shown. Figure 7C A side perspective view of lens 20d is shown.

[0093] Lens 20d and FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C The lens 20a is substantially similar and functionally equivalent to the lens 20d, and common components are indicated by the same reference numerals. However, the lens 20d does not include a central cusp region (i.e., Figure 4C The central cusp region 60 shown in FIG. 1 ), the second annular peak region (ie, Figure 4C The second annular peak region 64 shown in FIG. Figure 4C The central cavity 82 is shown in FIG.

[0094] In addition, in lens 20d, the structured first major surface 21 includes a central convex peak region 67 having a peak 68 located at or near the center 23a. The first annular peak region 61 surrounds the peak 68. The peak 68 of the central convex peak region 67 is spaced a distance P1” from the reference plane 70. In 7A to 7C the illustrated embodiment, P1” < P1. Additionally, in lens 20d, relative to the reference plane 70, the first annular peak region 61 and the central convex peak region 67 have respective full widths at 70% of the maximum value, FW70M1 and FW70M1'. In 7A to 7C the illustrated embodiment, FW70M1' > FW70M1.

[0095] FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C Shows different views of a lens 20e (another type of aspherical lens 20) of an antenna assembly 300 (shown in Figure 2 ) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig. 8A shows a perspective top view of the lens 20e, Figure 8B shows a top view of the lens 20e, and Figure 8C shows a schematic side cross-sectional view of the lens 20e.

[0096] The lens 20e is substantially similar and functionally equivalent to the FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C lens 20a, and common components are denoted by the same reference numerals. However, compared to the Figure 4C central cusp region 60 of the lens 20a, the central cusp region 60 of the lens 20e is slightly different in shape. In FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C the illustrated embodiment, FW70M1 / P1 ≤ 1. Additionally, P3 < P1, and 0.5 ≤ P4 / P3 < 1.

[0097] In the lens 20e, the continuous closed annular first band 61 has a substantially polygonal shape (rather than being substantially rotationally symmetric). In some embodiments, the substantially polygonal shape is a substantially square shape. In some embodiments, the substantially polygonal shape is a substantially rectangular shape.

[0098] 9A to 9C Shows different views of a lens 20f (another type of aspherical lens 20) of an antenna assembly 300 (shown in Figure 2 ) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig. 9A shows a perspective top view of the lens 20f, Fig. 9B shows a top view of the lens 20f, and Fig. 9C shows a schematic side cross-sectional view of the lens 20f.

[0099] The lens 20f is similar to the FIG. 4A to FIG. 4CThe lens 20a is substantially similar and functionally equivalent, and common components are denoted by the same reference numerals. However, in the lens 20f, FW70M1 / P1≤0.7.

[0100] Furthermore, in lens 20f, structured first major surface 21 includes a central convex peak region 71 having a peak 72 located at or near center 23a (rather than Figure 4C The structured first main surface 21 further includes a second annular peak region 73 (instead of a second annular peak region 74) disposed between the central convex peak region 71 and the first annular peak region 61. Figure 4C The second annular peak region 73 includes a second annular peak 74 (rather than a second annular peak region 74) having an average spacing P3' from the reference plane 70. Figure 4C The second annular peak 65 shown in FIG. 9A to 9C In the embodiment shown, 0.5≤P3' / P1≤1. 9A to 9C In the illustrated embodiment, the continuous closed annular peak region 83 corresponds to the second annular peak region 73. In addition, the continuous closed annular peak 84 corresponds to the second annular peak 74. The central convex peak region 71 defines a central cavity 82. In addition, the peak 72 of the central convex peak region 71 is spaced a distance P4' from the reference plane 70. 9A to 9C In the embodiment shown, P4' <P3'。

[0101] In lens 20f, the continuous closed annular first band 61 has a substantially polygonal shape (rather than being substantially rotationally symmetrical). In some embodiments, the substantially polygonal shape is a substantially square shape. In some embodiments, the substantially polygonal shape is a substantially rectangular shape. In addition, the second annular peak area 73 has a substantially polygonal shape.

[0102] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C An antenna assembly 300 (in FIG. Figure 2 20g (another type of aspherical lens 20). Specifically, Fig. 10A A perspective top view of lens 20g is shown, Fig. 10B A top view of lens 20g is shown, and Fig. 10C A schematic side cross-sectional view of lens 20g is shown.

[0103] Lens 20g with 9A to 9C Lens 20f is substantially similar and functionally equivalent, and common components are indicated by the same reference numerals. However, lens 20g does not include a central convex peak region (ie, central convex peak region 71 and peak 72).

[0104] In lens 20g, a second annular peak region 73 defines a cavity 75' therein. The second annular peak region 73 is disposed within the first annular peak region 61 and is substantially coextensive and concentric with the first annular peak region. In FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C the illustrated embodiment, P3' < P1. Further, the minimum spacing between the first major surface 21 structured within the cavity 75' and the reference plane 70 is P5. In FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C the illustrated embodiment, P5 < P3'. Further, FW70M1 / P1 ≤ 0.7.

[0105] The first annular peak region 61 and the second annular peak region 73 define an annular cavity 76 therein. The annular cavity 76 is substantially coextensive and concentric with the first annular peak region 61 and the second annular peak region 73. Thus, the minimum spacing between the first major surface 21 structured within the annular cavity 76 and the reference plane 70 is P2. In FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C the illustrated embodiment, the continuous closed annular peak region 83 corresponds to the second annular peak region 73. The continuous closed annular peak 84 corresponds to the second annular peak 74. The central cavity 82 corresponds to the cavity 75'.

[0106] Fig.11A A top view of the first annular peak region 61 of the lens 20 of the antenna assembly 300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown (shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). In Fig.11A the illustrated embodiment, the first annular peak region 61 has a circular shape 61a.

[0107] Fig. 11B A top view of the first annular peak region 61 of the lens 20 of the antenna assembly 300 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown (shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). In Fig. 11B the illustrated embodiment, the first annular peak region 61 has an oval shape 61b.

[0108] Fig. 11C A top view of the first annular peak region 61 of the lens 20 of the antenna assembly 300 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown (shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). In Fig. 11C the illustrated embodiment, the first annular peak region 61 has a polygonal shape 61c.

[0109] Fig.11D A top view of the first annular peak region 61 of the lens 20 of the antenna assembly 300 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown (shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). In Fig.11DIn the illustrated embodiment, the first annular peak region 61 has a curvilinear shape 61d.

[0110] Fig.11E The lens 20 (in FIG. Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) is a top view of the first annular peak region 61. Fig.11E In the embodiment shown, the first annular peak region 61 has a piecewise linear shape 61e.

[0111] Fig.11F The lens 20 (in FIG. Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) is a top view of the first annular peak region 61. Fig.11F In the illustrated embodiment, the first annular peak region 61 has a segmented curved shape 61f.

[0112] In some embodiments, first annular peak region 61 is a closed ring having a continuous circumference.

[0113] Fig.11G The lens 20 (in FIG. Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) is a top view of the first annular peak region 61. Fig.11G In the illustrated embodiment, the first annular peak region 61 is a split ring 61g having a circumference 140 including one or more discontinuities 140a, 140b, the total length of which is less than about 30% of the total length of the circumference 140 of the first annular peak region 61. In some embodiments, the total length of the one or more discontinuities 140a, 140b is less than about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, or about 5% of the total length of the circumference 140 of the first annular peak region 61.

[0114] Fig.12 Schematic diagram of an antenna assembly 300 including a lens 20 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. The lens 20 may be Figure 4A , Figure 5A , Fig. 6A , Fig. 7A , Fig. 8A , Fig. 9A and Fig. 10A Any one of lenses 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d, 20e, 20f, 20g.

[0115] exist Fig.12 In the illustrated embodiment, the array of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 is comprised of antenna elements 10 arranged along rows 11 (in Figure 1) and column 12 (shown in Figure 1 10) is a regular array of sixty-four antenna elements 10 arranged in a phased array (shown in FIG. 10). In some embodiments, the antenna system 300 further includes a control device 80 coupled to the antenna element 10 and energizing the antenna element. The antenna assembly 300 further includes a scanning plane 30 that includes a first axis of symmetry 13 of the plurality of antenna elements 10 and a normal 31 of the phased array antenna 100 (i.e., along the z-axis).

[0116] Fig.13 A schematic perspective view of a lens 22' is shown for comparison with an antenna assembly (not shown). Fig.12 and Fig.13 , except that the first main surface 21' of the lens 22' of the contrast antenna assembly is spherical, the antenna assembly 300 (in Figure 2 and Fig.12 ) and the comparative antenna assembly have the same construction.

[0117] Fig.14 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Figure 2 and Fig.12 FIG. 5 is a graph 500 showing the relationship between the maximum gain and the scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly. The scan angle is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the horizontal axis. The maximum gain is represented in decibels (dB) on the vertical axis.

[0118] Graph 500 includes curves 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 516, and 518. Curve 502 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C Curve 504 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20b (shown in FIG. Figure 5A and Figure 5B Curve 506 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20c (shown in FIG. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C Curve 508 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20d (shown in FIG. 7A to 7C Curve 510 depicts the maximum gain of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20e (shown in FIG. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C Curve 512 depicts the maximum gain of the antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 5 ) versus the scan angle. 9A to 9C Curve 514 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20g (shown in FIG. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Curve 516 depicts the maximum gain of the antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) versus the scan angle. Fig.13Curve 518 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of a comparative antenna assembly having the same configuration as antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) except that no lens is included. Figure 2 In other words, curve 518 depicts the relationship between the maximum gain and scanning angle of the phased array antenna 100 (shown in Figure 2 The relationship between the maximum gain and the scanning angle is shown in FIG.

[0119] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 , Fig.13 and Fig.14 , when the lens 20 is disposed on and substantially covers a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of the phased array antenna 100 (wherein the second major surface 22 is disposed between the structured first major surface 21 and the antenna elements 10), in the scan plane 30, the antenna elements 10 direct a beam 90 in the scan plane 30, and the beam has a maximum gain G1 when directed along a first direction 92 (interchangeably referred to herein as the scan direction 92) that is less than about 10 degrees from the normal 31. In other words, in the scan plane 30, the antenna assembly 300 directs the beam 90, and the beam has a maximum gain G1 when directed along the first direction 92 that is less than about 10 degrees from the normal 31. For purposes of illustration, only the scan plane including FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C The antenna assembly 300 of the lens 20c (depicted by curve 506) is labeled G1. In the curve 500, the angle α1 is about 0.8 degrees, and G1 is about 18.2 dB.

[0120] Furthermore, when the lens 20 is disposed on and substantially covers the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of the phased array antenna 100 (where the second major surface 22 is disposed between the structured first major surface 21 and the antenna elements 10), in the scanning plane 30, the antenna elements 10 direct the beam 91 in the scanning plane 30, and the beam has a maximum gain G2 when directed along a second direction 93 that is at an angle α2 of not less than about 30 degrees to the normal 31. In other words, in the scanning plane 30, the antenna assembly 300 directs the beam 91, and the beam has a maximum gain G2 when directed along a second direction 93 that is at an angle α2 of not less than about 30 degrees to the normal 31. For purposes of illustration, only the scanning plane including FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C The antenna assembly 300 of the lens 20c of FIG. 500 (depicted by curve 506) is labeled G2. In the graph 500, the angle α2 is about 30 degrees, and G2 is about 15.6 dB. As is apparent from the curve 506, G1 and G2 are within 4 dB of each other.

[0121] For other curves 502, 504, 508, 510, 512 and 514, G1 and G2 are not marked. However, according to curve 502, it is obvious that G1 and G2 differ from each other within 2dB. In addition, according to curve 504, it is obvious that G1 and G2 differ from each other within 1dB. According to curve 508, it is obvious that G1 and G2 differ from each other within 2dB. Therefore, in some embodiments, G1 and G2 differ from each other within 3.5dB, within 3dB, within 2.5dB, within 2dB, within 1.5dB, within 1dB or within 0.5dB. This means that when guided along respective angles α1, α2 (α1 is less than about 10 degrees from the normal, and α2 is equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal 31), the change of the maximum gain G1, G2 of each beam 90, 91 does not exceed 4dB. Furthermore, when comparing curve 516 to curves 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, and 514, it is apparent that for a beam directed in a direction having a scan angle greater than about 25 degrees, antenna assembly 300 including lens 20 directs the beam at a relatively higher maximum gain than the comparative antenna assembly.

[0122] Fig.15 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Figure 2 11 and a graph 550 of 3 dB beamwidth versus scan angle for the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly. The scan angle is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the abscissa. The 3 dB beamwidth is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the ordinate.

[0123] Graph 550 includes curves 552, 554, 556, 558, 560, 562, 564, 566, and 568. Curve 552 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C Curve 554 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20b (shown in FIG. Figure 5A and Figure 5B Curve 556 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20c (shown in FIG. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C Curve 558 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20d (shown in FIG. 7A to 7C Curve 560 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20 e (shown in FIG. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C Curve 562 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20f (shown in FIG. 9A to 9C Curve 564 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20g (shown in FIG. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10CCurve 566 depicts the relationship between the 3 dB beam width and the scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including the lens 22' (shown in FIG. Fig.13 Curve 568 depicts a 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for a comparative antenna assembly having the same configuration as antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) except that no lens is included. Figure 2 In other words, curve 568 depicts the relationship between the 3 dB beam width and the scan angle of the phased array antenna 100 (shown in FIG. Figure 2 The relationship between the 3dB beamwidth and the scanning angle is shown in FIG.

[0124] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 , Fig.13 and Fig.15 , when lens 20 is disposed on and substantially covers a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of phased array antenna 100 (wherein second major surface 22 is disposed between structured first major surface 21 and antenna elements 10), in scan plane 30, antenna elements 10 direct beam 90 in scan plane 30, and when directed along first direction 92 that is less than about 10 degrees from normal 31, the beam has a 3 dB beam width W1. In other words, in scan plane 30, antenna assembly 300 directs beam 90 in scan plane 30, and when directed along first direction 92 that is less than about 10 degrees from normal 31, the beam has a 3 dB beam width W1. For purposes of illustration, only the scanning plane including FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C The antenna assembly 300 of lens 20c (depicted by curve 556) is labeled W1. In the curve 550, the angle α1 is about 0.8 degrees, and W1 is about 21.5 degrees.

[0125] Furthermore, when lens 20 is disposed on and substantially covers a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of phased array antenna 100 (wherein second major surface 22 is disposed between structured first major surface 21 and antenna elements 10), in scanning plane 30, antenna elements 10 direct beam 91 in scanning plane 30, and when directed along second direction 93 that is at an angle α2 of not less than about 30 degrees to normal 31, the beam has a 3 dB beam width W2. In other words, in scanning plane 30, antenna assembly 300 directs beam 91 in scanning plane 30, and when directed along second direction 93 that is at an angle α2 of not less than about 30 degrees to normal 31, the beam has a 3 dB beam width W2. For purposes of illustration, only the scanning plane including FIG. 6A to FIG. 6CThe antenna assembly 300 of lens 20c (depicted by curve 556) is labeled W2. In graph 550, angle α2 is about 30 degrees, and W2 is about 21.7 degrees. As is apparent from curve 556, W1 and W2 are within 15% of each other.

[0126] For the other curves 552, 554, 558, 560, 562 and 564, W1 and W2 are not marked. However, from curve 552, it is obvious that W1 and W2 are within 7% of each other. In addition, from curve 554, it is obvious that W1 and W2 are within 5% of each other. From curve 558, it is obvious that W1 and W2 are within 5% of each other. Therefore, in some embodiments, W1 and W2 are within 12.5%, within 10%, within 7.5% or within 5% of each other. This means that when guided along respective angles α1, α2 (α1 is less than about 10 degrees from the normal, and α2 is equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal 31), the 3dB beamwidths W1, W2 of each beam 90, 91 do not vary by more than 15%. In contrast, in the comparative antenna assembly, when the beam is directed along two different scan angles (i.e., one scan angle is less than about 10 degrees and the other scan angle is equal to or greater than about 30 degrees), the variation in 3dB beamwidth can exceed 15%. For example, for an angle α1 of about 9 degrees and an angle α2 of about 30 degrees in the comparative antenna assembly, the variation in 3dB beamwidth exceeds 10%. Thus, the antenna assembly 300 illustrates a relatively small variation in beamwidth for a beam directed along two different angles α1, α2 (α1 is less than about 10 degrees from the normal and α2 is equal to or greater than about 30 degrees from the normal 31). In other words, the antenna assembly 300 can extend the azimuth scan range that otherwise may be limited due to beam widening. In addition, additional cell sites may not be required to provide the same network coverage as existing RAN cell sites.

[0127] Fig.16 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Figure 2 and Fig.12 A graph 600 of the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly is shown. The scan angle is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the abscissa. The 3 dB beam width is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the ordinate.

[0128] Graph 600 includes curves 602, 604, 608, 610, 612, 614, 616, and 618. Curve 602 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C Curve 604 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20 b (shown in FIG. Figure 5A and Figure 5BCurve 608 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20d (shown in FIG. 7A to 7C Curve 610 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20 e (shown in FIG. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C Curve 612 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20f (shown in FIG. 9A to 9C Curve 614 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20g (shown in FIG. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Curve 616 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 22' (shown in FIG. Fig.13 Curve 618 depicts a 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for a comparative antenna assembly having the same configuration as antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) except that no lens is included. Figure 2 In other words, curve 618 depicts the relationship between the 3 dB beam width and the scan angle of the phased array antenna 100 (shown in FIG. Figure 2 The relationship between the 3dB beamwidth and the scanning angle is shown in FIG.

[0129] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 , Fig.13 and Fig.16 , when the lens 20 is disposed on and substantially covers the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements 10 of the phased array antenna 100, in the scan plane 30, the antenna elements 10 direct a beam 90 in the scan plane 30 having a 3 dB beam width W and propagating in the scan plane 30 along a scan direction 92 at a scan angle α1 from the normal 31. For scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, W varies by less than 5% over a scan angle range 81 of at least 3 degrees. For example, referring to curve 602, for scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, W varies by less than 5% over a scan angle range 81 defined between 26 degrees and 31 degrees. In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, W varies by less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1% over a scan angle range 81 of 3.5 degrees, 4 degrees, 4.5 degrees, or 5 degrees. In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 17.5 degrees, greater than about 20 degrees, greater than about 22.5 degrees, or greater than about 25 degrees, W varies by less than 5% over at least a 3-degree scan angle range 81. In contrast, referring to curve 616, for scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, the 3 dB beamwidth of a beam directed by the comparison antenna assembly may show a relatively higher variation over a scan angle range 81 of about 5 degrees as compared to antenna assembly 300 including lens 20.

[0130] Fig.17 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Figure 2 and Fig.12 A graph 650 of the maximum gain versus scan angle for the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly is shown. The scan angle is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the abscissa. The maximum gain is represented in decibels (dB) on the ordinate.

[0131] Graph 650 includes curves 652, 654, 658, 660, 662, 664, 666, and 668. Curve 652 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C Curve 654 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20b (shown in FIG. Figure 5A and Figure 5B Curve 658 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20d (shown in FIG. 7A to 7C Curve 660 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20e (shown in FIG. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C Curve 662 depicts the maximum gain of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20f (shown in FIG. 9A to 9C Curve 664 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of the antenna assembly 300 including lens 20g (shown in FIG. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Curve 666 depicts the maximum gain of the antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) versus the scan angle. Fig.13 Curve 668 depicts the maximum gain versus scan angle of a comparative antenna assembly having the same configuration as antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) except that no lens is included. Figure 2 ) The relationship between the maximum gain and the scanning angle of the antenna assembly with the same structure.

[0132] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 , Fig.13 and Fig.17, beam 90 propagating in scan plane 30 along scan direction 92 has a maximum gain G. For scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, G varies by less than 15% over a scan angle range 81 of at least 3 degrees. In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, G varies by less than 12.5%, less than 10%, less than 7.5%, or less than 5% over a scan angle range 81 of 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 degrees. In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 17.5, greater than about 20, greater than about 22.5, or greater than about 25 degrees, G varies by less than 15% over a scan angle range 81 of at least 3 degrees. In contrast, referring to curve 666, for scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, the maximum gain of the contrast antenna assembly varies by more than 15% over a scan angle range 81 of about 5 degrees.

[0133] Furthermore, in the scan plane 30 , the antenna assembly 300 and the comparison antenna assembly direct respective beams 90 , 91 in the scan plane 30 whose respective maximum gains G, G′ terminate at respective maximum scan angles S1 and S1 ′. The maximum gain G′ is represented by curve 666 .

[0134] As is apparent from graph 650, S1 is at least 2 degrees greater than S1'. In some embodiments, S1 is at least 3 degrees, at least 4 degrees, at least 5 degrees, at least 6 degrees, or at least 7 degrees greater than S1'. Because the scan angle S1 at which the maximum gain of the beam directed by antenna assembly 300 terminates is at least 2 degrees greater than the scan angle S1' at which the maximum gain of the beam directed by the comparative antenna assembly terminates, the antenna assembly 300 of the present disclosure can operate at a larger azimuth scan angle than the comparative antenna assembly.

[0135] Fig.18 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Figure 2 and Fig.12 A graph 700 of the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly is shown. The scan angle is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the abscissa. The 3 dB beam width is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the ordinate.

[0136] Graph 700 includes curves 702, 704, 706, 708, 710, 712, 714, 716, and 718. Curve 702 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C Curve 704 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20 b (shown in FIG. Figure 5A and Figure 5B Curve 706 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20c (shown in FIG. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6CCurve 708 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20d (shown in FIG. 7A to 7C Curve 710 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20 e (shown in FIG. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C Curve 712 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20f (shown in FIG. 9A to 9C Curve 714 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 20g (shown in FIG. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Curve 716 depicts the 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for an antenna assembly 300 including lens 22' (shown in FIG. Fig.13 Curve 718 depicts a 3 dB beam width versus scan angle for a comparative antenna assembly having the same configuration as antenna assembly 300 (shown in FIG. 1 ) except that no lens is included. Figure 2 ) shows the relationship between the 3dB beamwidth and scanning angle of the antenna assembly with the same structure.

[0137] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 , Fig.13 and Fig.18 , in the scan plane 30, the antenna assembly 300 directs a beam (i.e., beams 90, 91) having a 3 dB beam width having a plurality of alternating peaks 85b, 85d and troughs 85a, 85c. For purposes of illustration, only the scanning plane including Figure 5A and Figure 5B The antenna assembly 300 of the lens 20b (depicted by curve 704) marks alternating peaks 85b, 85d and troughs 85a, 85c. Each of at least two of the plurality of alternating peaks 85b, 85d and troughs 85a, 85c has a full width at 95% maximum FW95M (indicated by 86b, 86d) greater than about 2 degrees and less than about 20 degrees. Fig.17 In the illustrated embodiment, peak 85b has a full width at 95% maximum FW95M 86b of approximately 8 degrees, and peak 85d has a full width at 95% maximum FW95M 86d of approximately 10 degrees.

[0138] In some embodiments, the FW95M 86b of the peak 85b is greater than about 3 degrees, 4 degrees, or 5 degrees, and less than about 18 degrees, 15 degrees, 14 degrees, 12 degrees, or 10 degrees. In some embodiments, the FW95M 86d of the peak 85d is greater than about 3 degrees, 4 degrees, 5 degrees, or 8 degrees, and less than about 18 degrees, 15 degrees, 14 degrees, 12 degrees, or 8 degrees.

[0139] For the other curves 702, 706, 708, 710, 712, and 714, the alternating peaks 85b, 85d and troughs 85a, 85c are not labeled. However, for the curves 702, 706, 708, 710, 712, and 714, each of at least two of the plurality of alternating peaks and troughs also has a 95% full width at maximum greater than about 2 degrees and less than about 20 degrees.

[0140] Fig.19 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly 300 L The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly compared with NL A graph 800 of the difference in gain versus scan angle is shown. The scan angle is represented in degrees (deg) on ​​the abscissa. The maximum gain is represented in decibels (dB) on the ordinate. The comparative antenna assembly has the same construction as antenna assembly 300 except that a lens is not included.

[0141] Graph 800 includes curves 802, 808, 810, 812, 814, and 816. Curve 802 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly 300 is shown in L Maximum gain G of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 808 depicts the relationship between the difference in scanning angle and the scanning angle. 7A to 7C The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly 300 is shown in L Maximum gain G of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 810 depicts the relationship between the difference in scanning angle and the scanning angle. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly 300 is shown in L Maximum gain G of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 812 depicts the relationship between the difference in scanning angle and the scanning angle. 9A to 9C The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly 300 is shown in L Maximum gain G of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 814 depicts the relationship between the difference in scanning angle and the scanning angle. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C The maximum gain G of the antenna assembly 300 is shown in L Maximum gain G of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 816 depicts the relationship between the difference in scanning angle and the scanning angle. Fig.13 The maximum gain G of the comparative antenna assembly 300 is shown in FIG. LMaximum gain G of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL The relationship between the difference and the scanning angle.

[0142] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 and Fig.19 , the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly (without a lens) direct respective beams 90 in the scan plane 30, these beams having respective maximum gains G L and G NL For scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, within a scan angle range 88 of at least 3 degrees, G L >G NL In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, within a scan angle range 88 of 3.5 degrees, 4 degrees, 4.5 degrees, or 5 degrees, G L >G NL In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 17.5 degrees, greater than about 20 degrees, greater than about 22.5 degrees, or greater than about 25 degrees, within a scan angle range 88 of at least 3 degrees, G L >G NL .

[0143] Fig. 20 A depiction showing an embodiment according to the present disclosure Fig.12 The 3dB beamwidth W of the antenna assembly 300 L 3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly NL A graph 850 of the ratio of φ to scan angle is shown. The scan angle is shown in degrees (deg) on ​​the abscissa. The 3 dB beam width is shown in degrees (deg) on ​​the ordinate. The comparative antenna assembly has the same construction as antenna assembly 300 except that a lens is not included.

[0144] Graph 850 includes curves 852, 858, 860, 862, 864, and 866. Curve 852 depicts a graph including lens 20a (at FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C 3dB beam width W of the antenna assembly 300 L 3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 858 depicts the relationship between the ratio of and the scanning angle. 7A to 7C 3dB beam width W of the antenna assembly 300 L 3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 860 depicts the relationship between the ratio of and the scanning angle. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C 3dB beam width W of the antenna assembly 300 L3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 862 depicts the relationship between the ratio of and the scanning angle. 9A to 9C 3dB beam width W of the antenna assembly 300 L 3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 864 depicts the relationship between the ratio of and the scanning angle. FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C 3dB beam width W of the antenna assembly 300 L 3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL Curve 866 depicts the relationship between the ratio of and the scanning angle. Fig.13 3dB beam width W of the comparative antenna assembly 300 L 3dB beamwidth W of the comparison antenna assembly (without lens) NL The relationship between the ratio and the scanning angle.

[0145] refer to Figure 2 , Fig.12 and Fig. 20 , the antenna assembly 300 and the comparative antenna assembly (without a lens) direct respective beams 90 in the scan plane 30, these beams having respective 3 dB beam widths W L and W NL For scan angles greater than about 15 degrees, within a scan angle range 88 of at least 3 degrees, W L / W NL >0.8. In some embodiments, for a scan angle greater than about 15 degrees, within a scan angle range 88 of 3.5 degrees, 4 degrees, 4.5 degrees, or 5 degrees, W L / W NL >0.8. In some embodiments, for scan angles greater than about 17.5 degrees, greater than about 20 degrees, greater than about 22.5 degrees, or greater than about 25 degrees, within a scan angle range 88 of at least 3 degrees, W L / W NL >0.8.

[0146] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as modified by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and the appended claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by one skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.

[0147] Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the specific embodiments shown and described may be replaced with a variety of alternative and / or equivalent implementations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present application is intended to cover any modifications or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, the present disclosure is intended to be limited only by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A lens, the lens being configured to be disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially covering the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements, the lens comprising a structured first main surface opposite to a second main surface, the structured first main surface and the second main surface defining a reference plane that is inclusively disposed between the structured first main surface and the second main surface and closest to the structured first main surface, the structured first main surface comprising a center and a first annular peak region surrounding the center and substantially concentric with the center, the first annular peak region having a first annular peak, the first annular peak having an average spacing P1 from the reference plane, the minimum spacing between the structured first main surface and the reference plane within the first annular peak being P2, P1 / P2≥2. 2 . The lens according to claim 1 , wherein the first annular peak region is a closed ring having a continuous circumference.

3. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first annular peak region is an open ring having a circumference including one or more discontinuities, the total length of the discontinuities being less than about 30% of the total length of the circumference of the first annular peak region.

4. The lens of claim 1, wherein the second major surface is substantially planar.

5. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the structured first major surface comprises a central cusp region having an apex located at or near the center and a second annular peak region disposed between the center and the first annular peak region, the second annular peak region surrounding the center and being substantially concentric with the center and comprising a second annular peak, the second annular peak having an average spacing P3, P3 from the reference plane <P1。 6. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the first annular peak region defines a central hollow annular portion of the lens, the central hollow annular portion extending along a thickness direction from a first open end at the first annular peak to an opposite second open end at the second major surface, the first end and the second end having respective maximum lateral dimensions D1 and D2, 0.5≤D2 / D1<1.

7. The lens of claim 1, wherein the structured first major surface includes a central cusp region having an apex located at or near the center, the first annular peak region surrounding the apex.

8. The lens of claim 1, wherein the structured first major surface comprises a central convex peak region having a peak located at or near the center, the first annular peak region surrounding the peak.

9. A lens, configured to be disposed on a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements of a phased array antenna and substantially covering the plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements, the lens comprising a continuous closed annular first band, the continuous closed annular first band comprising a corresponding continuous closed annular first band peak, the annular first band defining a cavity therein, the cavity extending along the thickness direction of the lens from a first open end of the cavity at the first band peak to an opposite second end, the cavity having a maximum height Hc along the thickness direction of the lens, the first band having a height Hb1 along the thickness direction of the lens, and having a base with a width Wb1, Hc / Hb1≥0.5, Hb1>Wb1.

10. The lens of claim 9, wherein the second end is open.

11. The lens according to claim 9 further comprises a protrusion located near or at the center of the second end and protruding toward the first open end, the protrusion and the continuous closed loop first band defining a continuous closed loop first channel, the continuous closed loop first channel being substantially coextensive and concentric with the continuous closed loop first band.

12. An antenna assembly, comprising: a phased array antenna comprising a plurality of spaced-apart antenna elements arranged in a plurality of rows and columns of the antenna elements and defining a first axis of symmetry; and an aspheric lens disposed on the phased array antenna and substantially covering at least some of the antenna elements, the aspheric lens comprising an aspheric first major surface facing away from the antenna elements and an opposite second major surface facing the antenna elements, the aspheric first major surface comprising at least one curved portion curved along at least one direction; such that in a scanning plane including the first axis of symmetry and a normal to the phased array antenna, the antenna assembly directs a beam in the scanning plane, the beam having a maximum gain G1 and a 3 dB beam width W1 when directed in a first direction at an angle less than about 10 degrees to the normal, and the beam having a maximum gain G2 and a 3 dB beam width W2 when directed in a second direction at an angle not less than about 30 degrees to the normal, G1 and G2 are within 4dB of each other, and W1 and W2 are within 15% of each other.

13. The antenna assembly of claim 12, wherein the aspheric lens substantially covers at least 20% of the antenna element.

14. The antenna assembly of claim 12, wherein the second major surface of the aspheric lens and the antenna element define a non-zero minimum gap between the second major surface and the antenna element.

15. The antenna assembly of claim 14, wherein the minimum gap is between about 1 / 8 and about 1 / 2 of a free space wavelength of an operating frequency of the antenna assembly.

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