Photovoltaic device, photovoltaic module, power generation device and power utilization device

Abstract

The invention provides a photovoltaic device, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power utilization device. The compound comprises at least one of a linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent group, a cyclic alkane compound containing a second substituent group, an aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent group and an aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a fourth substituent group. The first substituent group, the second substituent group, the third substituent group or the fourth substituent group respectively and independently comprise at least one Q and at least one R, and Q comprises at least one of a first nitrogen-containing group, a first oxygen-containing group, a sulfur-containing group or a phosphorus-containing group; r comprises at least one of a second nitrogen-containing group, a second oxygen-containing group or a fluorine-containing structure.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the technical field of solar cells, and particularly relates to a photovoltaic device, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and an electricity-using device. Background Art

[0002] A solar cell is a photovoltaic device that uses an organometal halide perovskite material as a light-absorbing layer, and has excellent optoelectronic properties and a simple preparation method, bringing new space and hope for photovoltaic power generation.

[0003] In the production process of photovoltaic devices, how to further improve their device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency is an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic device, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and an electricity-using device, which can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and device stability of the photovoltaic device.

[0005] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic device. The photovoltaic device includes a compound, and the compound includes at least one of a linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent, a cycloalkane compound containing a second substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent, or a heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent. The first substituent, the second substituent, the third substituent, or the fourth substituent each independently includes at least one Q and at least one R. Wherein, Q includes at least one of a first nitrogen-containing group, a first oxygen-containing group, a sulfur-containing group, or a phosphorus-containing group; R includes at least one of a second nitrogen-containing group, a second oxygen-containing group, or a fluorine-containing structure.

[0006] Thus, the compound of the embodiments of this application includes an antioxidant group Q and a passivation group R. After being applied to a photovoltaic device, due to its own antioxidant property, the antioxidant group can combine with free radicals in the photovoltaic device, reduce the risk of chemical reactions between free radicals and perovskite materials, and reduce the risk of oxidation of perovskite materials. To a certain extent, it alleviates the oxidation reaction of free radicals in the perovskite absorption layer and improves the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; the passivation group can combine with the perovskite material to further improve the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; since the antioxidant group and the passivation group are in the same molecule, molecules can interact through hydrogen bonds and the like, making the compound more firmly bound to the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite material, thereby further improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device. Reduce the risk of chemical reactions between free radicals and perovskite materials and reduce the risk of oxidation of perovskite materials.

[0007] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound is from 30 to 1000, optionally from 100 to 500. The relatively small molecular weight of the above compound makes it easy to be distributed at grain boundaries and interfaces, and basically does not affect the crystallization of the perovskite material, thereby further improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0008] In some embodiments, Q includes a first nitrogen-containing group, and the first nitrogen-containing group includes at least one of a first amine group, an amide group, or a nitro group; optionally, the first amine group -NHS 2 、-NH 2 or at least one of, wherein S 11 、S 12 、S 2 、S 31 、S 32 and S 33 each independently includes a C1-C12 alkyl group or a C6-C30 aryl group. Q includes the above groups, which can play an antioxidant role, combine with free radicals, and reduce the risk of oxidation of the perovskite material.

[0009] In some embodiments, Q includes a first oxygen-containing group, and the first oxygen-containing group includes at least one of a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, or an ester group; optionally, the ester group includes at least one of a carboxylate, a phosphate, a phosphite, a hypophosphite, a sulfonate, or a borate. Q includes the above groups, which can play an antioxidant role, combine with free radicals, and reduce the risk of oxidation of the perovskite material.

[0010] In some embodiments, Q includes a sulfur-containing group, and the sulfur-containing group includes at least one of a mercapto group or a thiocarboxylic acid group. Q includes the above groups, which can play an antioxidant role, combine with free radicals, and reduce the risk of oxidation of the perovskite material.

[0011] In some embodiments, Q includes a phosphorus-containing group, and the phosphorus-containing group includes at least one of a phosphoric acid, a phosphorous acid, or a hypophosphorous acid group. Q includes the above groups, which can play an antioxidant role, combine with free radicals, and reduce the risk of oxidation of the perovskite material.

[0012] In some embodiments, R includes a second nitrogen-containing group, and the second nitrogen-containing group includes at least one of a second amine group, an amide group, or a nitro group; optionally, the second amine group includes -NHT 2 、-NH 2 or at least one of, wherein T 11 、T 12 、T 2 、T 31 、T32 and T 33 Each independently includes a C1-C12 alkyl group or a C6-C30 aryl group; R includes the above groups, can bind to the defects on the surface of the perovskite material, reduce the ability of the perovskite material to capture carriers, play a role in passivating defects; and can be distributed on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite material, slow down ion migration, further improve the device stability, and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0013] In some embodiments, R includes a second oxygen-containing group, and the second oxygen-containing group includes at least one of a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, an ether bond or an aldehyde group; R includes the above groups, can bind to the defects on the surface of the perovskite material, reduce the ability of the perovskite material to capture carriers, play a role in passivating defects; and can be distributed on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite material, slow down ion migration, further improve the device stability, and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0014] In some embodiments, R includes a fluorine-containing structure, and the fluorine-containing structure includes at least one of a fluorine-containing group or a fluorine-containing anion. The fluorine-containing group includes at least one of a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a trifluoroboric acid, a tetrafluoroboric acid or a hexafluoroisopropyl group; the fluorine-containing anion includes at least one of a difluorophosphate anion or a hexafluorophosphate anion. R includes the above groups, can bind to the defects on the surface of the perovskite material, reduce the ability of the perovskite material to capture carriers, play a role in passivating defects; and can be distributed on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite material, slow down ion migration, further improve the device stability, and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0015] In some embodiments, the linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent includes a C1-C20 linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent; optionally, the linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent includes a C3-C12 linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent; further optionally, the compound includes at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 1-1 to the compounds shown in Formula 1-7,

[0016]

[0017] Thus, when the compound of the embodiment of the present application is the above linear hydrocarbon compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0018] In some embodiments, the cyclic alkane compound containing a second substituent includes a C5-C20 cyclic alkane compound containing a second substituent;

[0019] Optionally, the cyclic alkane compound containing a second substituent includes a C5-C15 cyclic alkane compound containing a second substituent;

[0020] Further optionally, the compound includes at least one of the compounds represented by Formula 2-1 to the compounds represented by Formula 2-4.

[0021]

[0022] Thus, when the compound of the embodiment of the present application is the above cyclic alkane compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0023] In some embodiments, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent includes a C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent;

[0024] Optionally, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent includes a C6 to C18 aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent;

[0025] Further optionally, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent includes at least one of benzene containing a third substituent, naphthalene containing a third substituent, or biphenyl containing a third substituent;

[0026] Further optionally, the compound may include at least one of the compounds represented by Formula 3-1 to the compounds represented by Formula 3-6.

[0027]

[0028] Thus, when the compound of the embodiment of the present application is the above aromatic hydrocarbon compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0029] In some embodiments, the heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent includes a C5 to C30 heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent;

[0030] Optionally, the heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent includes a C5 to C18 heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent;

[0031] Further optionally, the compound may include at least one of the compounds represented by Formula 4-1 to the compounds represented by Formula 4-4.

[0032]

[0033] Thus, when the compound of the embodiment of the present application is the above heteroaromatic compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0034] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device includes a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, and an electron transport layer. The perovskite absorption layer includes two opposite sides along its thickness direction, and the perovskite absorption layer includes a perovskite material and a compound; the hole transport layer is disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer; the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer facing away from the hole transport layer.

[0035] Thus, the perovskite absorption layer of the embodiments of the present application includes a compound, which can effectively play an antioxidant and passivation role, and improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0036] In some embodiments, based on the mass of the perovskite absorption layer, the molar content of the compound is 0.01% to 5.00%. When the molar content of the compound is within the above range, it can effectively play an antioxidant and passivation role, and improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0037] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device includes a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and a passivation layer. The perovskite absorption layer includes two opposite sides along its thickness direction; the hole transport layer is disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer; the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer facing away from the hole transport layer, and the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite absorption layer and the electron transport layer, and the passivation layer includes a compound.

[0038] Thus, the passivation layer of the embodiments of the present application includes a compound, which can effectively play an antioxidant and passivation role, and improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0039] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device includes a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and a passivation layer. The perovskite absorption layer includes two opposite sides along its thickness direction; the hole transport layer is disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer; the electron transport layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer facing away from the hole transport layer, and the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite absorption layer and the hole transport layer, and the passivation layer includes the compound of any one of the embodiments of the first aspect of the present application.

[0040] Thus, the passivation layer of the embodiments of the present application includes a compound, which can effectively play an antioxidant and passivation role, and improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0041] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including the solar cell of any one of the embodiments of the first aspect of the present application.

[0042] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a power generation device, including the photovoltaic module of any one of the embodiments of the second aspect of the present application.

[0043] Fourthly, an embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, which includes a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the second aspect of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following briefly introduces the drawings required to be used in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the following described drawings are only some embodiments of the present application. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the drawings without creative efforts.

[0045] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0046] Figure 2 It is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0047] Figure 3 It is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by some further embodiments of the present application;

[0048] Figure 4 It is a schematic structural diagram of an electrical device provided by some embodiments of the present application.

[0049] In the drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to actual scale.

[0050] Among them, the reference numerals in the drawings are as follows:

[0051] X, thickness direction;

[0052] 10, perovskite absorption layer;

[0053] 20, hole transport layer;

[0054] 30, electron transport layer;

[0055] 40, passivation layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0056] Hereinafter, embodiments of the photovoltaic device, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and electrical device of the present application are specifically disclosed with appropriate reference to the drawings. However, there may be cases where unnecessary detailed descriptions are omitted. For example, there may be cases where detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of actually identical structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following descriptions from becoming unnecessarily long and to facilitate the understanding of those skilled in the art. In addition, the drawings and the following descriptions are provided for those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0057] The "ranges" disclosed in this application are defined in the form of a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundaries of a particular range. The ranges defined in this way can include or exclude the end values, and can be combined arbitrarily, that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60 - 120 and 80 - 110 are listed for a specific parameter, ranges of 60 - 110 and 80 - 120 are also contemplated. In addition, if the minimum range values 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range values 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1 - 3, 1 - 4, 1 - 5, 2 - 3, 2 - 4, and 2 - 5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "a - b" represents an abbreviated representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where both a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0 - 5" means that all real numbers between "0 - 5" are fully listed herein, and "0 - 5" is only an abbreviated representation of these numerical combinations. Additionally, when stating that a certain parameter is an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0058] If there is no special instruction, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0059] If there is no special instruction, all technical features and optional technical features of this application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0060] If there is no special instruction, all steps of this application can be carried out sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, a method includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method can include steps (a) and (b) carried out sequentially, or can also include steps (b) and (a) carried out sequentially. For example, when it is mentioned that the method may further include step (c), it means that step (c) can be added to the method in any order. For example, the method can include steps (a), (b), and (c), or can also include steps (a), (c), and (b), or can also include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0061] The term "hydrogen" refers to 1H (protium, H), 2H (deuterium, D), or 3H (tritium, T). In each embodiment, "hydrogen" can be 1H (protium, H).

[0062] Throughout this specification, substituents of compounds are disclosed in groups or ranges. It is expressly contemplated that such descriptions include every individual sub-combination of the members of these groups and ranges. For example, it is expressly contemplated that the term "C1 to C8 alkyl" individually discloses C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C1 to C8, C1 to C7, C1 to C6, C1 to C5, C1 to C4, C1 to C3, C1 to C2, C2 to C8, C2 to C7, C2 to C6, C2 to C5, C2 to C4, C2 to C3, C3 to C8, C3 to C7, C3 to C6, C3 to C5, C3 to C4, C4 to C8, C4 to C7, C4 to C6, C4 to C5, C5 to C8, C5 to C7, C5 to C6, C6 to C8, C6 to C7, and C7 to C8 alkyl.

[0063] As other examples, it is expressly contemplated that integers in the range of 5 to 40 individually disclose 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40; it is expressly contemplated that integers in the range of 1 - 20 individually disclose 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Accordingly, other groups or ranges can be expressly contemplated.

[0064] The solar cell includes a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and electrodes. The working process of the perovskite cell mainly includes: the generation and separation of excitons, the transport of free carriers, the collection of carriers, and the generation of current. The specific process is as follows: In the solar cell, sunlight is absorbed by the perovskite absorption layer, and the perovskite absorption layer absorbs photons to generate excitons. Due to the low Coulomb force binding in the perovskite absorption layer, the excitons are then separated into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers are transported in the perovskite absorption layer and are transmitted out through the transport layer. The electron transport layer plays a role in transporting electrons and blocking holes, and the hole transport layer plays a role in transporting holes and blocking electrons. The electrons and holes transmitted out through the transport layer are respectively collected by the electrodes to form a current.

[0065] The material characteristics of the solar cell itself cause it to be prone to oxidation of the perovskite material in the perovskite absorption layer under light and / or heat conditions, turning it into an ineffective component, thereby significantly reducing the performance and stability of the device and reducing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0066] In view of the above problems, the present application proposes a compound for use in a photovoltaic device. The compound includes an antioxidant group and a passivation group. When the compound is applied to a photovoltaic device, especially a perovskite photovoltaic device, due to its own antioxidant property, the antioxidant group can combine with free radicals in the photovoltaic device, reduce the risk of chemical reactions between free radicals and perovskite materials, and lower the risk of oxidation of perovskite materials. To a certain extent, it alleviates the oxidation reaction of free radicals in the perovskite absorption layer and improves the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; the passivation group can combine with perovskite materials to further improve the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; since the antioxidant group and the passivation group are in the same molecule, molecules may be able to bind more firmly to the surface and grain boundaries of perovskite materials through hydrogen bonding and other interactions, thereby further improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0067] Compound

[0068] In a first aspect, the present application proposes a compound. The compound can be used in a photovoltaic device, especially a perovskite photovoltaic device. The perovskite photovoltaic device includes a perovskite absorption layer containing perovskite materials. The compound can be located in the perovskite absorption layer, or between the perovskite absorption layer and a transport layer (such as an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer), or between the perovskite absorption layer and other functional layers (such as an electron blocking layer or a hole blocking layer). The compound can improve the stability of perovskite materials, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer. Specifically, the perovskite photovoltaic device can include a single-junction solar cell or a tandem solar cell.

[0069] The compound includes at least one of a linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent, a cycloalkane compound containing a second substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent, or a heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent. The first substituent, the second substituent, the third substituent, or the fourth substituent each independently includes at least one Q and at least one R.

[0070] Q includes at least one of a first nitrogen-containing group, a first oxygen-containing group, a sulfur-containing group, or a phosphorus-containing group.

[0071] R includes at least one of a second nitrogen-containing group, a second oxygen-containing group, or a fluorine-containing structure.

[0072] The Q group is considered to replace at least one hydrogen atom on the backbone structure of the compound, such as replacing one hydrogen atom, replacing two or more hydrogen atoms, etc.; the R group is considered to replace at least one hydrogen atom on the backbone structure of the compound, such as replacing one hydrogen atom, replacing two or more hydrogen atoms, etc.

[0073] Q and R can be selected from the same group or different groups; optionally, Q and R are selected from different groups. In the same compound, Q and R are selected from different groups and can jointly play an antioxidant role and a passivation role.

[0074] Q can be regarded as an antioxidant group. The above compound can combine with free radicals in the system, reduce the risk of chemical reactions between free radicals and perovskite materials, reduce the risk of oxidation of perovskite materials, improve the stability of perovskite materials, and thus contribute to enhancing the stability of the perovskite absorption layer.

[0075] R can be regarded as a passivation group with relatively high electronegativity. It can combine with perovskite materials to passivate the defects of perovskite materials and further enhance the stability of the perovskite absorption layer. Since the antioxidant group and the passivation group are in the same molecule, molecules may be able to bind more firmly to the surface and grain boundaries of perovskite materials through hydrogen bonding and other interactions, thereby further enhancing the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0076] Since the antioxidant group and the passivation group are in the same molecule, molecules may be able to bind more firmly to the surface and grain boundaries of perovskite materials through hydrogen bonding and other interactions, which can enhance the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0077] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound is from 30 to 1000, optionally from 100 to 500, such as 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or a range composed of any two of the above values. The molecular weight of the above compound is relatively small and is easily distributed at grain boundaries and interfaces, and basically does not affect the crystallization of perovskite materials, thereby further enhancing the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0078] [Q]

[0079] Q is an antioxidant group that plays an antioxidant role, combines with free radicals, and reduces the risk of oxidation of perovskite materials.

[0080] Q may include a first nitrogen-containing group, and the first nitrogen-containing group includes at least one of a first amine group, an amide group, or a nitro group; optionally, the first amine group includes:

[0081] -NHS 2 、-NH 2 or at least one of

[0082] wherein, S 11, S 12 , S 2 , S 31 , S 32 and S 33 each independently includes a C1 - C12 alkyl group or a C6 - C30 aryl group.

[0083] For example, S 11 , S 12 , S 2 , S 31 , S 32 and S 33 each independently includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, etc.

[0084] Q may include a first oxygen - containing group, and the first oxygen - containing group may include at least one of a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group or an ester group; optionally, the ester group may include at least one of a carboxylate, a phosphate, a phosphite, a hypophosphite, a sulfonate or a borate.

[0085] Q may include a sulfur - containing group, and the sulfur - containing group may include at least one of a mercapto group or a thiocarboxylic acid group.

[0086] Q may include a phosphorus - containing group, and the phosphorus - containing group may include at least one of a phosphoric acid, a phosphorous acid or a hypophosphorous acid group.

[0087] [R]

[0088] R is a passivation group that can bind to the defects on the surface of the perovskite material, reduce the ability of the perovskite material to capture carriers, play a role in passivating defects, can reduce non - radiative recombination, and improve the device stability of the solar cell. Moreover, since the passivation group is distributed on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite material, it can slow down ion migration, further improve the device stability, and thus enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0089] R may include a second nitrogen - containing group, and the second nitrogen - containing group includes at least one of a secondary amine group, an amide group or a nitro group; optionally, the secondary amine group includes:

[0090] -NHT 2 , -NH 2 or at least one of them,

[0091] wherein, T 11 , T 12 , T 2 , T 31 , T 32 and T 33Each independently includes a C1 to C12 alkyl group or a C6 to C30 aryl group.

[0092] For example, T 11 、T 12 、T 2 、T 31 、T 32 and T 33 each independently includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, etc.

[0093] R may include a second oxygen-containing group, and the second oxygen-containing group includes at least one of a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, an ether bond, an aldehyde group or an amide.

[0094] R includes a fluorine-containing structure, and the fluorine-containing structure includes at least one of a fluorine-containing group or a fluorine-containing anion. The fluorine-containing group includes at least one of a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, trifluoroboric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid or a hexafluoroisopropyl group; the fluorine-containing anion includes at least one of a difluorophosphate anion or a hexafluorophosphate anion.

[0095] [Skeleton structure of the compound]

[0096] The skeleton structure of the compound can be a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, a heteroaromatic ring, etc. The linear hydrocarbon can be a linear alkane, a linear unsaturated alkane such as an alkene, an alkyne, etc. The skeleton structure of the compound can further contain a substituent group, and the substituent group can include a halogen atom. Optionally, the halogen atom includes at least one of a chlorine atom and a bromine atom.

[0097] When the skeleton structure is long or large, for example, when the linear hydrocarbon is long, the proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds is high, it is not easy to interact with water molecules, and its hydrophobic property is good, which is beneficial to improving the hydrophobic property of the solar cell, beneficial to improving the device stability of the solar cell, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Another example is that when the skeleton structure is an aromatic hydrocarbon or a heteroaromatic ring, the carbon-hydrogen bond is non-polar, its hydrophobic property is good, which is beneficial to improving the hydrophobic property of the solar cell, beneficial to improving the device stability of the solar cell, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0098] In the case where the compound is a linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent, it can be a C1 to C20 linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent. Further, it can be a C3 to C12 linear hydrocarbon compound. On the one hand, the above compound has good hydrophobicity. On the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0099] Exemplarily, the skeleton structure of the compound can be -C 3 H 6 -、-C 4 H8 -, -C 5 H 10 -, -C 6 H 12 -, -C 7 H 14 -, -C 8 H 16 -, -C 9 H 18 -, -C 10 H 21 -, -C 11 H 22 -, -C 12 H 25 -. Of course, the hydrogen atoms in the skeleton structure can be further substituted by Q, R, etc., which can further enhance the antioxidant and passivation properties of the compound.

[0100] Exemplarily, the compound can include at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 1-1 to Formula 1-7,

[0101] CAS No.: 109055-42-7;

[0102] CAS No.: 27780-89-8;

[0103] CAS No.: 324760-87-4;

[0104] CAS No.: 616-30-8 or CAS No.: 13552-31-3;

[0105] CAS No.: 94219-61-1;

[0106] CAS No.: 756461-65-1;

[0107] CAS No.: 102845-64-7.

[0108] In the case where the compound is a cycloalkane compound containing a second substituent, it can be optionally a C5 to C20 cycloalkane compound containing a second substituent. Further optionally, it can be a C5 to C15 cycloalkane compound containing a second substituent. For example, the compound can be cyclopentane containing a second substituent, cyclohexane containing a second substituent, methylcyclohexane containing a second substituent, dimethylcyclohexane containing a second substituent, cycloheptane containing a second substituent, bicycloheptane containing a second substituent, or bicyclooctyl containing a second substituent, etc.

[0109] When the compound is the above-mentioned cycloalkane compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0110] Optionally, the cycloalkane compound can also be a cycloalkane compound containing heteroatoms, and the heteroatoms can include at least one of O, N, and S.

[0111] Optionally, the cycloalkane compound can also be grafted with a side-chain alkyl group.

[0112] Exemplarily, the compound can include at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 2-1 to the compounds shown in Formula 2-4.

[0113] CAS No.: 921753-35-7;

[0114] CAS No.: 1461708-43-9;

[0115] CAS No.: 1529781-98-3;

[0116] CAS No.: 1294008-60-8.

[0117] When the compound is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent, it can be a C6-C30 aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent. Further, it can be a C6-C18 aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent. When the compound is the above-mentioned aromatic hydrocarbon compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is beneficial to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0118] Exemplarily, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent can be at least one of benzene containing a third substituent, naphthalene containing a third substituent, or biphenyl containing a third substituent.

[0119] Exemplarily, the compound can include at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 3-1 to the compounds shown in Formula 3-6.

[0120] CAS No.: 1134-36-7;

[0121] CAS No.: 34588-30-2;

[0122] CAS No.: 2835-95-2;

[0123] CAS number: 89277-83-8;

[0124] CAS number: 1372402-27-1;

[0125] CAS number: 98334-25-9.

[0126] In the case where the compound is an aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a fourth substituent, a C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a fourth substituent may be selected; further, a C5 to C18 aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a fourth substituent may be selected. The heteroaromatic ring may contain at least one of the elements N, O, S, etc. Therefore, when the compound of the embodiment of the present application is the above-mentioned aromatic heterocyclic compound, on the one hand, it has good hydrophobicity, and on the other hand, its steric hindrance is not too large, which is conducive to the combination with the perovskite material.

[0127] Illustratively, the compound may include at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 4-1 to the compounds shown in Formula 4-4,

[0128] CAS number: 30766-12-2;

[0129] CAS number: 29682-14-2;

[0130] CAS number: 868552-25-4;

[0131] CAS number: 33919-50-5.

[0132] The above compounds can be purchased commercially or synthesized using conventional methods in the art.

[0133] Perovskite solar cell

[0134] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application proposes a perovskite solar cell.

[0135] like Figure 1 As shown, the perovskite solar cell 1 includes a perovskite absorption layer 10, a hole transport layer 20 and an electron transport layer 30, the hole transport layer 20 is arranged on one side of the perovskite absorption layer 10 along the thickness direction X, and the electron transport layer 30 is arranged on the side of the perovskite absorption layer 10 away from the hole transport layer 20 along the thickness direction X, and the perovskite absorption layer 10 may include a perovskite material and a compound as in any embodiment of the first aspect of the present application. The perovskite absorption layer 10 includes a compound, which can effectively play an antioxidant and passivation role, and improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0136] In some embodiments, based on the mass of the perovskite absorption layer 10, the molar content of the compound is from 0.01% to 5.00%. When the molar content of the compound is within the above range, it can effectively play an antioxidant and passivation role, improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0137] Exemplarily, the molar content of the compound is 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.30%, 0.50%, 0.80%, 1.00%, 1.10%, 1.20%, 1.50%, 2.00%, 2.50%, 2.80%, 2.90%, 3.00%, 3.20%, 3.50%, 3.80%, 3.90%, 4.00%, 4.20%, 4.50%, 4.60%, 4.80%, 5.00% or the range composed of any two of the above data.

[0138] In the embodiments of the present application, the molar content of the compound has the meaning well-known in the art and can be detected by the equipment and methods well-known in the art. For example, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is used for detection. Specifically, the perovskite solar cell is disassembled to obtain the perovskite absorption layer, which is dissolved in an organic solvent (a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide DMF and dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO with a volume ratio of 4:1) as a test sample, and the sample is placed in a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer for quantitative and qualitative detection of the compound.

[0139] After the perovskite material in the perovskite absorption layer 10 absorbs photons, electron-hole pairs are generated, which are thermally activated to form excitons, and then charge separation occurs. The photo-generated electrons transition to the LUMO energy level of the perovskite absorption layer 10, and the photo-generated holes transition to the HOMO energy level of the perovskite absorption layer 10.

[0140] The perovskite material refers to a metal oxide with a perovskite structure. The perovskite material includes at least one of the compounds with the molecular formula ABX 3 or M 2 CDN 6 where A, B, C, and D are cations and X is an anion. Taking ABX 3 as an example, in an ideal cubic structure, the B cation has 6-fold coordination and is surrounded by an anion octahedron, and the A cation has 12-fold cubic octahedron coordination. The cubic unit cell of this compound consists of an A cation located at the cubic corner position, a B at the body center position, and an X anion occupying the face-centered position.

[0141] Optionally, A and M each independently include Li + , Na + , K +, Rb + , Cs + , at least one of methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, formamidinyl or imidazolyl;

[0142] Optionally, B includes divalent cations of at least one element selected from lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum or europium;

[0143] Optionally, X and N each independently include F - , Cl - , Br - or I - ;

[0144] Optionally, C includes Cs + , Ag + , K + or Ru + ;

[0145] Optionally, D includes Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ or Cu 3+ ;

[0146] For example, the perovskite material includes Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 , CsPbBr 3 , CsPbI 3 ;

[0147] In some embodiments, the bandgap of the perovskite absorption layer 10 is 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV.

[0148] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite absorption layer 10 is between 200 nm and 1000 nm.

[0149] The electron transport layer 30, as a transport layer, can effectively transport electrons, reduce the carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite absorption layer 10 and the electron transport layer 30, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0150] The electron transport layer 30 may include an electron transport material, which may include at least one of doped or undoped tin oxide, doped or undoped titanium oxide, doped or undoped zinc oxide, and doped or undoped organic molecular materials. The doping element may include at least one of Mg, Zn, Ag, Li, Rb, Ta, and Nb. For example, doping may be carried out using chlorides of the above elements. Specifically, the electron transport material may include [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene C60, fullerene C70, tin dioxide (SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0151] As a transport layer, the hole transport layer 20 can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite absorption layer 10 and the hole transport layer 20, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0152] The hole transport layer 20 includes a hole transport material, which is at least one of the following materials and their derivatives and the materials obtained by doping or passivating them: nickel oxide, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), etc.

[0153] The perovskite solar cell 1 can be a normal structure (n-i-p) or an inverted structure (p-i-n).

[0154] The normal structure perovskite solar cell includes a transparent conductive electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, and a back electrode stacked in sequence along its own thickness direction. The electrode material in the back electrode includes organic or inorganic or organic-inorganic hybrid conductive materials, including but not limited to at least one of the following materials: Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc. The transparent conductive electrode may include at least one of the following materials: FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc. Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer and a passivation layer may further be included between the transport layer and the perovskite absorption layer.

[0155] The inverted perovskite solar cell includes a transparent conductive electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer, an electron transport layer and a back electrode which are sequentially stacked along the thickness direction. The electrode material in the back electrode includes an organic or inorganic or organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, including but not limited to at least one of the following materials: Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc. The transparent conductive electrode may include at least one of the following materials: at least one of FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc. Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer and a passivation layer may be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite absorption layer.

[0156] Perovskite solar cell

[0157] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application proposes a perovskite solar cell.

[0158] like Figure 2 As shown, the perovskite solar cell 1 includes a perovskite absorption layer 10, a hole transport layer 20, an electron transport layer 30, and a passivation layer 40, wherein the hole transport layer 20 is arranged on one side of the perovskite absorption layer 10 along the thickness direction X, and the electron transport layer 30 is arranged on the side of the perovskite absorption layer 10 away from the hole transport layer 20 along the thickness direction X, and the passivation layer 40 is arranged between the perovskite absorption layer 10 and the electron transport layer 30, and the passivation layer 40 may include a compound in any embodiment of the first aspect of the present application. The passivation layer 40 includes a compound, which can effectively play an anti-oxidation and passivation role, and improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0159] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 40 may be 1 nm to 5 nm, such as 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0160] The perovskite solar cell 1 may be a normal structure (nip) or a reverse structure (pin), and the specific structure may refer to the structure of the perovskite solar cell in the second aspect.

[0161] The specific material selection of the perovskite absorption layer 10 , the specific material selection of the hole transport layer 20 , and the specific material selection of the electron transport layer 30 in the perovskite solar cell 1 can refer to the material of the perovskite solar cell 1 in the second aspect.

[0162] Perovskite solar cell

[0163] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present application proposes a perovskite solar cell.

[0164] like Figure 3As shown, the perovskite solar cell 1 includes a perovskite absorption layer 10, a hole transport layer 20, an electron transport layer 30, and a passivation layer 40. The hole transport layer 20 is disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer 10 along the thickness direction X, and the electron transport layer 30 is disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer 10 away from the hole transport layer 20 along the thickness direction X. The passivation layer 40 is disposed between the perovskite absorption layer 10 and the hole transport layer 20, and the passivation layer 40 may include the compound in any implementation manner of the first aspect of the present application.

[0165] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 40 may be 1 nm to 5 nm, such as 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, or a range composed of any two of the above values.

[0166] The perovskite solar cell 1 may be a normal structure (n-i-p) or an inverted structure (p-i-n), and the specific structural form may refer to the structural form of the perovskite solar cell 1 in the second aspect.

[0167] For the specific material selection of the perovskite absorption layer 10, the specific material selection of the hole transport layer 20, and the specific material selection of the electron transport layer 30 in the perovskite solar cell 1, reference may be made to the materials of the perovskite solar cell 1 in the second aspect.

[0168] Photovoltaic device

[0169] In a fifth aspect, the present application also proposes a photovoltaic device, which can be understood as a battery based on the photovoltaic effect, such as a solar cell, which can efficiently convert solar energy into electrical energy.

[0170] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device may be a single-junction solar cell, such as a perovskite solar cell.

[0171] In some other embodiments, the photovoltaic device may be a tandem solar cell. By connecting a wide-bandgap cell in series with a narrow-bandgap cell, the tandem solar cell can more reasonably utilize photons in the full spectral range and reduce energy loss. Specifically, the tandem solar cell includes a bottom cell and a top cell. The bottom cell has a relatively narrow bandgap, and the top cell has a relatively wide bandgap. The tandem solar cell may include any one of a crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell or an all-perovskite solar cell. The crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell includes a silicon cell and a perovskite solar cell. Exemplarily, the above crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell may include a crystalline silicon bottom cell, a composite layer, and a perovskite top cell that are sequentially stacked. Among them, the silicon cell has a relatively narrow bandgap, and the perovskite solar cell has a relatively wide bandgap. The perovskite solar cell can be used as the perovskite top cell in the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell. The all-perovskite solar cell includes multiple perovskite solar cells. The perovskite solar cells serve as the bottom cell and the top cell respectively, and the bandgaps of the bottom cell and the top cell are different. Exemplarily, the above all-perovskite solar cell may include a first perovskite solar cell, a composite layer, and a second perovskite solar cell that are sequentially stacked.

[0172] In the embodiments of the present application, the specific structure and material selection of the perovskite solar cell in the single-junction solar cell and the tandem solar cell may be as described in the content of the perovskite solar cell in any one of the second to fourth aspects of the present application.

[0173] Photovoltaic module

[0174] In a sixth aspect, the embodiments of the present application further provide a photovoltaic module, which includes the perovskite solar cell according to any one of the embodiments of the second aspect of the present application, the perovskite solar cell according to any one of the embodiments of the third aspect of the present application, or the perovskite solar cell according to any one of the embodiments of the fourth aspect of the present application, or the photovoltaic device according to any one of the embodiments of the fifth aspect of the present application.

[0175] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module may include at least one perovskite solar cell. For example, the photovoltaic module may include one perovskite solar cell, or may include multiple perovskite solar cells. When the photovoltaic module includes multiple perovskite solar cells, the multiple perovskite solar cells can be connected in series, parallel, or in a hybrid connection. Hybrid connection means that multiple perovskite solar cells are divided into multiple groups of cells. Each group of cells is connected in series internally, and then adjacent groups of cells are connected in parallel; or each group of cells is connected in parallel internally, and then adjacent groups of cells are connected in series.

[0176] Power generation device

[0177] In a seventh aspect, an embodiment of the present application further provides a power generation device, including the photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the sixth aspect of the present application. By using the above photovoltaic module, the transparency of the power generation device can be ensured, and the power generation device can have a high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and can be applied to application scenarios that require both transparency and conductivity.

[0178] Electrical device

[0179] In an eighth aspect of the present application, an electrical device is further provided, including the photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the sixth aspect of the present application.

[0180] The photovoltaic module can be used as the power source of the electrical device or as the energy storage unit of the photovoltaic module. The electrical device can be, but is not limited to, a mobile device (such as a mobile phone, a laptop computer, etc.), an electric vehicle (such as a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, an electric bicycle, an electric scooter, an electric golf cart, an electric truck, etc.), an electric train, a ship, a satellite, an energy storage system, etc.

[0181] Figure 4 FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device 2 as an example. The electrical device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc. The electrical device 2 includes a perovskite solar cell 1.

[0182] Another example of the electrical device can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc.

[0183] Example

[0184] The following examples more specifically describe the content disclosed in the present application. These examples are only for illustrative purposes, because various modifications and changes within the scope of the present application are obvious to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise stated, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following examples are based on weight, and all reagents used in the examples are commercially available or synthesized according to conventional methods and can be used directly without further treatment, and the instruments used in the examples are all commercially available.

[0185] Example 1

[0186] Preparation of perovskite solar cell (compound as an additive material in the perovskite absorption layer)

[0187] (1) Cleaning of FTO conductive glass

[0188] The etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water, acetone, and isopropanol for 30 minutes respectively, and finally dried with nitrogen and placed in an ultraviolet ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0189] (2) Preparation of nickel oxide NiOx hole transport layer

[0190] Use magnetron sputtering to prepare the hole transport layer material of NiOx.

[0191] Put the above-mentioned FTO conductive glass into the vacuum chamber, and use a mechanical pump and a molecular pump to pump the vacuum degree to 3×10 -4 Pa, then select a sputtering power of 70W, a sputtering intensity of 0.3Pa, and a sputtering duration of 10min to prepare a 30nm-thick NiOx thin film as the hole transport layer.

[0192] (3) Preparation of perovskite absorption layer

[0193] Weigh lead iodide, formamidinium iodide, cesium iodide, methylammonium bromide, and lead bromide, and dissolve them in an organic solvent. The organic solvent is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide DMF and dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO (volume ratio 4:1). The concentration of the prepared perovskite precursor solution is 1.3mol / L, and the perovskite component is Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 , add 1% (in molar amount) of the compound, stir for 3h, filter with a 0.22μm organic filter membrane to obtain the perovskite precursor solution, spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the obtained hole transport layer at 3000rpm, anneal at 100°C for 30min, and cool to room temperature to obtain the perovskite absorption layer. Among them, the active substance of the perovskite absorption layer is the CsFAMA system.

[0194] (4) Preparation of electron transport layer and Ag electrode

[0195] Spin-coat the electron transport layer PC61BM (a 20mg / mL chlorobenzene solution) on the perovskite absorption layer at 1500rpm, anneal at 100°C for 10min, and after cooling to room temperature, spin-coat the insertion layer bathocuproin BCP (C 26 H 20 N 2 , a 0.5mg / mL isopropanol solution).

[0196] Transfer the device after spin-coating to the evaporation chamber, put silver grains into the evaporation boat, and close the chamber door. Pump the vacuum to 10 - 4 Pa, and evaporate a 100nm silver electrode at a speed, take it out after stopping the vacuum, and finally complete the preparation of the perovskite solar cell.

[0197] Examples 2-1 to 2-6

[0198] A perovskite solar cell was prepared by a method similar to that of Example 1. Different from Example 1, the types of compounds were adjusted.

[0199] Examples 3-1 to 3-3

[0200] A perovskite solar cell was prepared by a method similar to that of Example 1. Different from Example 1, the dosages of compounds were adjusted.

[0201] Comparative Example 1

[0202] A perovskite solar cell was prepared by a method similar to that of Example 1. Different from Example 1, no compound was added.

[0203] The parameters of the examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0204] Performance test:

[0205] V OC represents the open-circuit voltage. J SC represents the short-circuit current. FillFactor is the fill factor. PCE is the English full name "Power conversion efficiency", and the Chinese full name is "photovoltaic conversion efficiency".

[0206] The test was carried out according to the national standard IEC61215. A solar simulator from Guangyan was used, and the intensity of light was calibrated with a crystalline silicon solar cell to reach one sun intensity, AM 1.5. The battery was connected to a digital source meter, and its photovoltaic conversion efficiency was measured under illumination. The efficiency on the third day can reflect the photovoltaic conversion ability of the device, and the performance on the thirtieth day can reflect the stability of the device.

[0207] Test results

[0208] The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0209] Table 1

[0210]

[0211] As can be seen from Table 1, in Comparative Example 1, no functional material similar to the compound in this application was added to the perovskite absorption layer, and the risk of oxidation of the perovskite material was relatively high, resulting in poor performance and stability of the device. In the examples of this application, by adding a compound to the perovskite absorption layer, the compound includes an antioxidant group and a passivation group. The antioxidant group can combine with free radicals to improve the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; the passivation group can combine with the perovskite material to further improve the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; thereby further improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and enhancing the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the device.

[0212] Example 4

[0213] Preparation of perovskite solar cell (using a compound as a passivation layer material, and the passivation layer is located between the electron transport layer and the perovskite absorption layer)

[0214] (1) Cleaning of FTO conductive glass

[0215] The etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water, acetone, and isopropanol for 30 minutes respectively, and finally dried with nitrogen and placed in an ultraviolet ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0216] (2) Preparation of NiOx hole transport layer

[0217] NiOx was prepared as the hole transport layer material by magnetron sputtering.

[0218] The above-mentioned FTO conductive glass was placed in a vacuum chamber, and the vacuum was pumped to 3×10 -4 Pa using a mechanical pump and a molecular pump. Then, a sputtering power of 70W, a sputtering intensity of 0.3Pa, and a sputtering duration of 10 minutes were selected to prepare a 30nm-thick NiOx thin film as the hole transport layer.

[0219] (3) Preparation of perovskite absorption layer

[0220] Weighed lead iodide, formamidinium iodide, cesium iodide, methylammonium bromide, and lead bromide, and dissolved them in an organic solvent. The solvent was a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide DMF / dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO = 4:1, and the concentration of the prepared perovskite precursor solution was 1.3mol / L. The perovskite composition was Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 . Stirred for 3h, filtered with a 0.22μm organic filter membrane to obtain the perovskite precursor solution, and spin-coated the perovskite precursor solution on the obtained hole transport layer at 3000rpm and annealed at 100℃ for 30min, then cooled to room temperature to obtain the perovskite absorption layer. Among them, the active substance of the perovskite absorption layer was the CsFAMA system.

[0221] (4) Preparation of passivation layer, electron transport layer and Ag electrode

[0222] The compound was dissolved in isopropanol at a concentration of 1mg / mL, filtered with a 0.22μm filter membrane to prepare an isopropanol solution with the compound as the solute, and spin-coated the isopropanol solution of A on the perovskite absorption layer at 1500rpm and annealed at 100℃ for 10min to obtain the passivation layer.

[0223] The electron transport layer PC61BM (chlorobenzene solution with a concentration of 20 mg / mL) was spin-coated on the passivation layer at 1500 rpm and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, the insertion layer bathocuproine BCP (C 26 H 20 N 2 , isopropanol solution with a concentration of 0.5 mg / mL) was spin-coated.

[0224] The device after spin-coating was transferred to the evaporation chamber. Silver grains were placed in the evaporation boat, and the chamber door was closed. The vacuum was pumped to 10 - 4 Pa, and a 100-nm silver electrode was evaporated at a speed of . After stopping the vacuum, it was taken out, and finally the preparation of the perovskite solar cell was completed.

[0225] Example 5

[0226] Preparation of perovskite solar cell (using the compound as the passivation layer material, and the passivation layer is located between the hole transport layer and the perovskite absorption layer)

[0227] (1) Cleaning of FTO conductive glass

[0228] The etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water, acetone, and isopropanol for 30 minutes respectively, and finally dried with nitrogen and placed in an ultraviolet ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0229] (2) Preparation of NiOx hole transport layer

[0230] NiOx was prepared as the hole transport layer material by magnetron sputtering.

[0231] The above-mentioned FTO conductive glass was placed in the vacuum chamber, and the vacuum was pumped to 3×10 -4 Pa using a mechanical pump and a molecular pump. Then, a sputtering power of 70 W, a sputtering intensity of 0.3 Pa, and a sputtering duration of 10 min were selected to prepare a 30-nm-thick NiOx thin film as the hole transport layer.

[0232] (3) Preparation of passivation layer

[0233] The compound was dissolved in isopropanol at a concentration of 1 mg / mL, filtered through a 0.22-μm filter membrane, and an isopropanol solution with the compound as the solute was prepared. The isopropanol solution of A was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at 1500 rpm and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min to obtain the passivation layer.

[0234] (4) Preparation of perovskite absorption layer

[0235] Weigh lead iodide, formamidinium iodide, cesium iodide, methylammonium bromide, and lead bromide, and dissolve them in an organic solvent. The solvent is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide DMF / dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO = 4:1, and the concentration of the prepared perovskite precursor solution is 1.3 mol / L. The perovskite component is Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 . Stir for 3 h, filter with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain the perovskite precursor solution. Spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the obtained passivation layer at 3000 rpm, anneal at 100 °C for 30 min, and cool to room temperature to obtain the perovskite absorption layer. Among them, the active substance of the perovskite absorption layer is the CsFAMA system.

[0236] (4) Electron transport layer and Ag electrode

[0237] Spin-coat the electron transport layer PC61BM (a chlorobenzene solution of 20 mg / mL) on the perovskite absorption layer at 1500 rpm, anneal at 100 °C for 10 min, and after cooling to room temperature, spin-coat the insertion layer bathocuproin BCP (C 26 H 20 N 2 , an isopropanol solution of 0.5 mg / mL).

[0238] Transfer the device after spin-coating to the evaporation chamber, put silver grains into the evaporation boat, and close the chamber door. Evacuate to 10 - 4 Pa, and evaporate a 100 nm silver electrode at a speed of . After stopping the vacuum, take it out, and finally complete the preparation of the perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell is denoted as Cell 5.

[0239] Test results

[0240] Conduct corresponding detections using the test methods adopted in Table 1.

[0241] Table 2

[0242]

[0243] As can be seen from Table 2, adding the compound to the perovskite absorption layer or using it as a passivation layer provided on the perovskite absorption layer can both play the roles of antioxidant and passivation, and can improve the stability of the perovskite absorption layer; thus further improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0244] As described above, it is only the specific implementation manner of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present application can easily think of various equivalent modifications or substitutions, and these modifications or substitutions should be covered within the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic device, comprising a compound, the compound comprising at least one of a linear hydrocarbon compound containing a first substituent, a cycloalkane compound containing a second substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent, or a heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent, wherein the first substituent, the second substituent, the third substituent, or the fourth substituent each independently comprises at least one Q and at least one R, wherein, Q comprises at least one of a first nitrogen-containing group, a first oxygen-containing group, a sulfur-containing group, or a phosphorus-containing group; R comprises at least one of a second nitrogen-containing group, a second oxygen-containing group, or a fluorine-containing structure, Optionally, the molecular weight of the compound is from 30 to 1000, optionally from 100 to 500.

2. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein, Q comprises a first nitrogen-containing group, and the first nitrogen-containing group comprises at least one of a first amine group, an amide group, or a nitro group; Optionally, the first amine group comprises: Among them, S 11 , S 12 , S 2 , S 31 , S 32 and S 33 each independently includes a C1 to C12 alkyl group or a C6 to C30 aryl group; and / or Q comprises a first oxygen-containing group, and the first oxygen-containing group comprises at least one of a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, or an ester group; optionally, the ester group comprises at least one of a carboxylate ester, a phosphate ester, a phosphite ester, a hypophosphite ester, a sulfonate ester, or a borate ester; and / or Q comprises a sulfur-containing group, and the sulfur-containing group comprises at least one of a mercapto group or a thiocarboxylic acid group; and / or Q comprises a phosphorus-containing group, and the phosphorus-containing group comprises at least one of a phosphoric acid group, a phosphite group, or a hypophosphite group.

3. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, R comprises a second nitrogen-containing group, and the second nitrogen-containing group comprises at least one of a second amine group, an amide group, or a nitro group; Optionally, the second amine group comprises: -NHT 2 、 -NH 2 or at least one of Among them, T 11 , T 12 , T 2 , T 31 , T 32 and T 33 each independently includes C1-C12 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl; and / or R comprises a second oxygen-containing group, and the second oxygen-containing group comprises at least one of a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, an ether bond, or an aldehyde group; and / or R comprises a fluorine-containing structure, and the fluorine-containing structure comprises at least one of a fluorine-containing group or a fluorine-containing anion, the fluorine-containing group comprises at least one of a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, trifluoroboric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, or hexafluoroisopropyl; the fluorine-containing anion comprises at least one of a difluorophosphate anion or a hexafluorophosphate anion.

4. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The linear hydrocarbon compound containing the first substituent comprises a C1 to C20 linear hydrocarbon compound containing the first substituent; Optionally, the linear hydrocarbon compound containing the first substituent comprises a C3 to C12 linear hydrocarbon compound containing the first substituent; Further optionally, the compound comprises at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 1-1 to Formula 1-7, 5. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The cycloalkane compound containing the second substituent comprises a C5 to C20 cycloalkane compound containing the second substituent; Optionally, the cycloalkane compound containing the second substituent comprises a C5 to C15 cycloalkane compound containing the second substituent; Further optionally, the compound comprises at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 2-1 to Formula 2-4, 6. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent includes a C6 - C30 aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent; optionally, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent includes a C6 - C18 aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent; further optionally, the aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing a third substituent includes at least one of benzene containing a third substituent, naphthalene containing a third substituent, or biphenyl containing a third substituent; further optionally, the compound includes at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 3 - 1 to Formula 3 - 6; 7. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, the heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent includes a C5 - C30 heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent; optionally, the heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent includes a C5 - C18 heteroaromatic compound containing a fourth substituent; further optionally, the compound includes at least one of the compounds shown in Formula 4 - 1 to Formula 4 - 4; 8. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the photovoltaic device comprises: a perovskite absorption layer including two opposite sides along its thickness direction, the perovskite absorption layer including a perovskite material and the compound; a hole transport layer disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer; and an electron transport layer disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer opposite to the hole transport layer; optionally, based on the mass of the perovskite absorption layer, the molar content of the compound is 0.01% to 5.00%; optionally, The perovskite material includes at least one of compounds with the molecular formula ABX 3 or M 2 CDN 6 compounds A and M each independently include Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , at least one of methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, formamidine or imidazolyl; B includes a divalent cation of at least one element among lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, or europium; X and N each independently include at least one of F - , Cl - , Br - or I - ; C includes Cs + , Ag + , K + or Ru + or at least one of them; D includes Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ or Cu 3+ and at least one of them.

9. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the photovoltaic device comprises: a perovskite absorption layer including two opposite sides along its thickness direction; a hole transport layer disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer; and an electron transport layer disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer opposite to the hole transport layer, a passivation layer disposed between the perovskite absorption layer and the electron transport layer, the passivation layer including the compound; optionally, The perovskite material includes at least one of compounds with a molecular formula of ABX 3 or M 2 CDN 6 in the compound A and M each independently include Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , at least one of methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, formamidine or imidazolyl; B includes a divalent cation of at least one element among lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, or europium; X and N each independently include F - , Cl - , Br - or I - and at least one of them; C includes Cs + , Ag + , K + or Ru + and at least one of them; D includes Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ or Cu 3+ and at least one of them.

10. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the photovoltaic device comprises: a perovskite absorption layer including two opposite sides along its thickness direction; a hole transport layer disposed on one side of the perovskite absorption layer; and an electron transport layer disposed on the side of the perovskite absorption layer opposite to the hole transport layer, a passivation layer disposed between the perovskite absorption layer and the hole transport layer, the passivation layer including the compound; optionally, The perovskite material includes at least one of compounds with the molecular formula ABX 3 or M 2 CDN 6 in the compound A and M each independently include Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , at least one of methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, formamidine or imidazolyl; B comprises divalent cations of at least one element selected from lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum or europium; X and N each independently include F - , Cl - , Br - or I - and at least one of them; C includes Cs + , Ag + , K + or Ru + and at least one of them; D includes Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ or Cu 3+ and at least one of them.

11. A photovoltaic module, comprising the photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. A power generation device, comprising the photovoltaic module according to claim 11.

13. An electrical device, comprising the photovoltaic module according to claim 11.

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