Wireless non-contact continuous biomarker sensor and methods of use thereof

Abstract

Provided herein are compact sensors that sense blood constituents continuously and wirelessly, including newly designed mm-wave sensors that demonstrate their ability to correlate changes in the baseband power level they receive (rather than S-parameters) to changes in serum blood glucose levels [FBS] and jugular and carotid blood glucose levels in animals and humans.

Description

Background Technology

[0001] In recent years, antennas (including arrays) have been widely used in various medical applications, most notably biomarker sensing, imaging, and hyperthermic cancer therapy.

[0002] To create a millimeter (mm) wave operable design that is both small in size and easy to embed in portable devices.

[0003] Antenna feeding technology is one of the most challenging bottlenecks in the design process.

[0004] In body surface telemetry, the common human tissue movements and postures make it almost impossible for body surface antennas to maintain a fixed orientation relative to an external receiver. Circular polarization and wide beamwidth characteristics would be an excellent solution, as they are inherently unaffected by the time-varying orientation between the transmitter and receiver.

[0005] Despite the aforementioned advantages, only a few researchers have focused on designing small, circularly polarized antenna arrays for biomarker sensing using mm-wave technology.

[0006] This invention attempts to solve these problems, as well as others. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This paper presents a compact sensor that, as part of a millimeter-wave transmit / receive system, continuously and wirelessly senses blood components. The compact sensor includes a newly designed millimeter-wave antenna array. The sensing system was validated for its ability to correlate received changes in baseband power levels (rather than S-parameters) with changes in serum glucose levels [FBS] and glucose levels in the jugular vein and carotid artery in animals and humans.

[0008] The methods, systems, and apparatuses are set forth in part in the following description and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practice of the methods, apparatuses, and systems. The advantages of the methods, apparatuses, and systems will be realized and obtained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and illustrative only, and do not limit the claimed methods, apparatuses, and systems.

[0009] Therefore, the purpose of this invention is not to cover any previously known products, processes for manufacturing products, or methods of using products as described herein, so that the applicant reserves rights and hereby discloses a disclaimer of liability for any previously known products, processes, or methods. It should also be noted that this invention is not intended to cover any products, processes, or methods of manufacturing or using products that do not meet the written description and implementation requirements of the USPTO (35 U.S. SC § 112, paragraph 1) or EPO (EPC Section 83), so that the applicant reserves rights and hereby discloses a disclaimer of liability for any previously known products, processes for manufacturing products, or methods of using products. In the practice of this invention, compliance with EPC Clause 53(c) and EPC Rules 28(b) and (c) may be advantageous. It is expressly reserved that all rights to embodiments of the subject matter of any one or more of the applicant's granted patents in any series of this application or any other series or any previously filed application of any third party are expressly excluded. Nothing herein shall be construed as a commitment. Attached Figure Description

[0010] In the accompanying drawings, similar elements are identified by similar reference numerals in several preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0011] Figure 1A This is an exploded view of the sensor model: a stacked 16-element 4x4 antenna array with assembled nylon bolts and nuts; Figure 1B This is a top view of the sensor model, showing the power supply network and the extended intermediate laminate material for the 1.85 connector assembly.

[0012] Figure 2 This is a perspective view of a fabricated sensor model implementation: a 16-element 4x4 antenna array with 1.85mm connectors, showing top and bottom views of the fabrication layer.

[0013] Figure 3A This is an exploded view of a radiating element design in one implementation method. Figure 3B It is a top view.

[0014] Figure 4 This is a graph showing how the baseband received power level from a receiver in one embodiment changes with variations in blood glucose levels.

[0015] Figures 5A-5C The graph shows the reflection coefficient, axial ratio, and radiation pattern of the antenna array at 62.25 GHz, confirming that the antenna array is highly directive and circularly polarized.

[0016] Figure 6It is one implementation of a 4x4 antenna array that radiates electromagnetic waves targeting both the jugular vein and carotid artery in the neck of a human model.

[0017] Figure 7 It is a wireless sensing device on a human head model, featuring TX / RX 3D radiation beams.

[0018] Figure 8 This is a top view of the power supply network.

[0019] Figures 9A-9C These are photos of human experimental setups and sensor alignment.

[0020] Figures 10A-10C This is a top view of the radiating element design.

[0021] Figure 11A-11B It is a graph showing estimated and reference values ​​of glucose concentrations from 30 mg / dL to 300 mg / dL, as measured by a receiving power level of dBm.

[0022] Figure 12A It is a graph showing blood glucose levels (in mg / dL) over a period of 5 to 115 minutes. Figure 12B It is a graph showing the predicted blood glucose level (BGL) in mg / dL compared with the reference BGL, ranging from 0 mg / dL to 500 mg / dL.

[0023] Figure 13 This is a graph from Clarke's Error Grid analysis, showing a comparison of predicted BGL (mg / dL) with reference BGL (mg / dL), ranging from 0 to 600 mg / dL.

[0024] Figure 14A It is a graph showing the predicted blood glucose level (BGL) (in mg / dL) compared to the reference BGL, ranging from 0 mg / dL to 400 mg / dL. Figure 14B It is a graph showing the relationship between blood glucose (BGL) mg / dL and time periods from 5 minutes to 115 minutes.

[0025] Figure 15 This is a graph from the Clark error grid analysis, showing a comparison of the predicted BGL (mg / dL) with the reference BGL (mg / dL), ranging from 0 to 600 mg / dL.

[0026] Figure 16A It is a graph showing the predicted blood glucose level (BGL) (in mg / dL) compared to the reference BGL, ranging from 0 mg / dL to 400 mg / dL. Figure 16BIt is a graph showing blood glucose (BGL) levels in mg / dL over a period of 0 to 100 minutes.

[0027] Figure 17 This is a graph from the Clark error grid analysis, showing a comparison of the predicted BGL (mg / dL) with the reference BGL (mg / dL), ranging from 0 to 600 mg / dL. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments, which are read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative and not limiting of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0029] Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals always denote like elements. The terminology used in the description herein is not intended to be limiting or restrictive in any way, simply because it is used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the invention. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may include several novel features, none of which is solely responsible for its desired properties or is essential for carrying out the invention described herein.

[0030] In the context of describing this invention, unless otherwise stated herein or clearly contradicted by the context, the use of the terms "a / an" and "the," and similar indicators, should be interpreted to cover both the singular and plural. It will also be understood that the terms "comprising," "includes," and / or "including," when used herein, specify the presence of said features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0031] Unless otherwise stated herein, the descriptions of numerical ranges herein are intended only as a shorthand method for individually referring to each individual value falling within the range, and each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were described separately herein. When accompanied by numerical values, the term “about” should be interpreted as indicating a deviation from the indicated value of up to and including 10%. Unless otherwise required, the use of any and all instances or exemplary language (“e.g.” or “such as”) provided herein is intended only to better illustrate the invention and does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the invention. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating that any unclaimed element is necessary for the practice of the invention.

[0032] References to "one embodiment," "implementation," "exemplary embodiment," "various embodiments," etc., may indicate that one or more embodiments of the invention described herein may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment must include that particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, repeated use of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an exemplary embodiment" does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although they may refer to the same embodiment.

[0033] As used herein, the term "method" refers to the manner, means, technique, and procedure for accomplishing a given task, including but not limited to those known to practitioners in the fields of chemistry, pharmacology, biology, biochemistry, and medicine, or those readily developed by them from known methods, means, techniques, and procedures. Unless expressly stated otherwise, no method or aspect set forth herein is intended to be construed as requiring its steps to be performed in a particular order. Therefore, when a method claim does not specifically state in the claim or description that the steps are limited to a particular order, no order is implied in any respect. This applies to any possible non-explicit basis of interpretation, including logical questions about the arrangement of steps or operational procedures, simple meanings derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification.

[0034] Description of the implementation method

[0035] Generally, a wireless sensor consists of an NxN transmitting antenna array and an NxN receiving antenna array. The transmitting antenna array transmits a directional beam through a vein, artery, or blood vessel group to the receiving antenna array, which receives the signal transmitted by the transmitter. The received signal can be read by a dedicated receiver circuit at the operating frequency of the antenna array, or it can be down-converted to a baseband signal between approximately 100 MHz and approximately 600 MHz. The amplitude of the received signal is captured and monitored. Any changes in these amplitudes are attributed to changes in certain blood biomarkers (such as glucose). Both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays operate at any frequency between approximately 1 MHz and approximately 300 GHz. Both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays can be narrowband or broadband. Both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays have the same polarization direction. In one embodiment, they are both circularly polarized.

[0036] In one implementation, the wireless sensor consists of 4x4 elements to operate as a transmitter and receiver in the V-band. Each antenna array comprises 16 radiating elements spaced apart by a spacing of approximately 0.125λ, as shown in Figure 1. In the same implementation, the antenna array has four copper layers. The top layer consists of 16 radiating microstrip patches forming the sensing area. The second layer is grounded and has 16 cross-shaped slots. The third layer is a series-fed network using a "T" power divider, rotating sequentially below each cross-shaped slot, and single-fed at the input. The bottom layer of the antenna array is a metal plate implemented as a reflector. Every two consecutive conductive layers are separated by a dielectric material.

[0037] In one implementation, the antenna array (sensor) achieves broadband circular polarization using a cross-slot design and sequential rotational feeding. The antenna array is designed using various laminated materials with different dielectric materials and / or different thicknesses, such as... Figure 2 As shown.

[0038] The top layer of the antenna array [M1] comprises a rectangular patch design to resonate within a target frequency range over the spectral millimeter range, and specifically at approximately 62.25 GHz, with a cross in its geometry positioned directly above the aperture that excites the antenna array elements. Each patch has two consecutive vertical slots at each of its four corners to help enhance circular polarization, as shown in Figure 3.

[0039] The top layer of the antenna array represents the sensing area. Placing these radiating elements, which act as RF transmitter and receiver antennas, at small distances from both ends of the material under test will cause a specific shift in the received power level. This allows for the fusion of electromagnetic wave propagation principles and data analysis algorithms to extract and monitor changes in blood component concentrations from the interaction between electromagnetic wave propagation and blood vessels.

[0040] As shown in Figures 1-3, the second layer [M2] of the antenna array includes a ground plane. Sixteen cross-shaped slots are etched from this plate to form sixteen apertures for feeding the multilayer antenna array. The dimensions of the cross-shaped slots are optimized to achieve circular polarization, as shown in Figure 1.

[0041] The third layer [M3] of the antenna array includes a series feed network, such that each aperture is fed by a single hook-shaped feed line. The feed network is shown as a single element, as shown in Figure 3.

[0042] The bottom layer [M4] of the antenna array is a full-plane reflector for the approximately 62.25 GHz antenna array to suppress back lobe radiation from the slots in the multilayer structure, as shown in Figure 3. The performance of the antenna array is shown in Figure 5. The antenna array has an extended intermediate laminate material.

[0043] In one implementation, two miniaturized 62.25 GHz, 4x4 multilayer circularly polarized antenna arrays can serve as two wireless sensors targeting both the jugular vein and carotid artery, where blood concentration is high in the neck. These sensors are capable of detecting the concentrations of various biomarkers, particularly glucose. Signals transmitted from one antenna array are received by another antenna array at the receiver. The received signal is down-converted to baseband, where the received power level varies with changes in blood glucose concentration, such as… Figure 4 As shown. Figure 6 and Figure 7 A description of the antenna array implementation is shown.

[0044] One antenna array is connected to the transmitter of the transmitter / receiver system at approximately 57 to approximately 64 GHz, and another is connected to the receiver. Data analysis of the sensing system is then performed at the baseband level. The proposed system is designed to exhibit a high correlation between the power level received at the baseband level and changes in blood component concentration.

[0045] The signal measured from the receiver is converted using an algorithm that allows the amplitude of the received power level to be converted into the concentration of blood components via a trained model.

[0046] In another embodiment, the antenna array can be designed as a phased array with continuous beamforming capability, which generates a narrow beam that can be manipulated in any desired sensing direction without changing the position of the antenna. The phased antenna array at the transmitter can cooperate with another phased antenna array at the receiver to capture the transmitted signal, such as... Figure 7 As shown.

[0047] In another embodiment, an antenna array at the transmitter can be used as a phased antenna array, which continuously scans blood vessels with a narrow beam. The reflected waves are then read and analyzed at the input of the transmitting antenna to extract levels of various blood biomarkers, such as glucose.

[0048] Antenna Array Design Implementation Methods

[0049] Circular polarization can only be achieved when the amplitudes of the two vector components of the electric field are equal and orthogonal, and the time phase difference between them is an odd multiple of approximately 90°.

[0050] For antenna arrays designed at approximately 60 GHz and above, cross-aperture has proven to be the optimal method for maintaining radiation pattern symmetry and better inducing circularly polarized radiation beams. Therefore, we also employed cross-aperture designs on both the ground plane and the rectangular patch to help enhance circular polarization.

[0051] The sequential rotation method introduces the possibility of designing circularly polarized antennas from a single-feed linearly polarized element. Typically, CP antenna feed structures can be categorized into single-feed and hybrid-feed structures. Single-feed CP antennas offer a simple structure, are easy to manufacture, and facilitate antenna miniaturization. However, they have a narrower axial ratio bandwidth. Hybrid-feed structures are complex, difficult to manufacture, and result in larger antenna dimensions, but offer a wider axial ratio bandwidth. Our radiating element aperture uses a single-series feeding technique under sequential rotation to avoid the use of dual-path feeds or hybrid loops.

[0052] Power supply network

[0053] The antenna array is fed via aperture coupling. Each aperture is fed using a single-series feeding technique in sequential rotation to avoid using dual-path feeds or hybrid loops.

[0054] like Figure 8 As shown, the feed length between every two apertures is λ / 4, rotating sequentially for circular polarization. The tuning stubs, along with the width and length of the crossing apertures, are optimized. The 16-element antenna array is then fed in series using a T-type power divider.

[0055] Substrate

[0056] The sensor consists of three Rogers laminates stacked together using nylon bolts and nuts. Rogers 5880 laminate (d = 0.25 mm). Rogers 4003C laminate (d = 0.2 mm). Rogers 5880 laminate (d = 0.787 mm).

[0057] To achieve high efficiency of antenna elements at mm-wave frequencies, the substrate thickness is chosen to be as small as possible, and the dielectric constant is typically gradually reduced above 40 GHz.

[0058] Due to its advantages of low dielectric constant and low loss tangent, Rogers 5880 substrate (d=0.25mm, ε r =1.94, and tanδ=0.0009 were used for the 62.25GHz antenna design. To reduce feed loss, a Rogers 4003C substrate (d=0.2mm, ε) was introduced between the ground and feed networks. r =3.38, and tanδ =0.0027.

[0059] Experimental setup design

[0060] Two miniaturized, approximately 62.25 GHz, 4x4 multilayer circularly polarized antenna arrays serve as two wearable sensors targeting the jugular vein and carotid artery, both of which have sufficient blood concentration in the neck.

[0061] Two 4x4 antenna arrays are connected to the TX and RX boards using two WR-15 to 1.85mm adapters. The TX / RX boards are mounted on two tripods and powered via a USB port. The RF source operating frequency is set using the synthesizer frequency box on the controller. This control sets the digital divider ratio of the synthesizer in the RF module.

[0062] The standard frequency range can be set from approximately 57.24 GHz to approximately 64.8 GHz, in steps of approximately 540 MHz. Sensitivity will increase with the increase in the number of features.

[0063] Figures 9A-9C These are photos of human experimental setups and sensor alignment.

[0064] Measurement indicators

[0065] The aim is to place RF sensors at a certain distance from volunteers to enable biosensing in a frequency range of approximately 57–64 GHz, while simultaneously performing data analysis at the baseband level.

[0066] For each high-frequency transmitted signal, the baseband received signal at approximately 500.5 MHz was visualized on a spectrum analyzer to record changes in the received power level (in dBm) at each instantaneous change in the biomarker.

[0067] Predictive modeling for selecting key features

[0068] The sensor is connected to a signal processing system to convert amplitude and / or phase into the concentration of blood components. Predictive modeling for selecting key features includes steps 1-5.

[0069] Step 1 includes measuring the received power level at approximately 500.5 MHz.

[0070] Step 2 includes data preprocessing, which involves using different techniques (wavelet, moving average filter, or other types of filters) to remove outliers and noise.

[0071] Step 3 involves extracting features from the power levels of different frequency components and then normalizing the features (between -1 and 1), including removing reference values, removing the average value of each indicator, and dividing by the maximum value of each indicator.

[0072] Step 4: Modeling, calibration, and tuning, including using regularized regression to predict glucose concentration (Lasso, PLS, mixed models, etc.), as well as single-feature models, multi-feature models, and time-based models.

[0073] Step 5: Recalibrate the model to improve accuracy.

[0074] Design Features

[0075] A wireless sensor for long-range detection and monitoring of changes in blood components. An extremely miniaturized sensor, in one implementation, allows for use as an earring and integration with a millimeter-wave transceiver chip. Data analysis is not dependent on S-parameter levels at millimeter-wave frequencies, but rather performed at the baseband level. Designing an RF-based sensor at approximately 62.25 GHz can enhance the system's sensitivity.

[0076] Antenna array characteristics allow for overcoming severe propagation loss, enabling beam shaping, switching, or scanning of the propagating beam, and allowing for the design of highly directive sensors with very narrow beams, thereby improving sensitivity. Circular polarization characteristics allow sensors to overcome the effects of multipath distortion and polarization mismatch.

[0077] The design of the sensor's radiating element and its feed network was optimized to achieve broadband circular polarization. Figure 10 illustrates an implementation of the radiating element design.

[0078] Table 1: Dimensions of Radiation Elements

[0079]

[0080] Example

[0081] The following embodiments are provided to provide those skilled in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to manufacture and evaluate the compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and / or methods claimed herein, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and not to limit the scope of what the inventors believe their invention to be. However, based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will understand that many changes can be made to the specific embodiments disclosed, and similar or analogous results can be obtained without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0082] While efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of figures (e.g., quantities, temperatures, etc.), some errors and deviations should be taken into account. Unless otherwise stated, parts are parts by weight, temperatures are °C or ambient temperature, and pressures are atmospheric pressure or close to atmospheric pressure.

[0083] Example: Experiment with fetal bovine serum solution

[0084] Figure 11A-11B It is a graph showing estimated and reference values ​​of glucose concentrations from 30 mg / dL to 300 mg / dL, as measured by a receiving power level of dBm.

[0085] Figure 12A It is a graph showing blood glucose levels (in mg / dL) over a period of 5 to 115 minutes. Figure 12B It is a graph showing the predicted blood glucose level (BGL) in mg / dL compared with the reference BGL, ranging from 0 mg / dL to 500 mg / dL.

[0086] Figure 13 This is a graph from Clarke's Error Grid analysis, showing a comparison of predicted BGL (mg / dL) with reference BGL (mg / dL), ranging from 0 to 600 mg / dL.

[0087] Example: In vivo experiments using animal models

[0088] Figure 14A It is a graph showing the predicted blood glucose level (BGL) (in mg / dL) compared to the reference BGL, ranging from 0 mg / dL to 400 mg / dL. Figure 14B It is a graph showing blood glucose (BGL) levels in mg / dL over a period of 5 to 115 minutes.

[0089] Figure 15 This is a graph from the Clark error grid analysis, showing a comparison of the predicted BGL (mg / dL) with the reference BGL (mg / dL), ranging from 0 to 600 mg / dL.

[0090] Example: Clinical Study

[0091] Figure 16A It is a graph showing the predicted blood glucose level (BGL) (in mg / dL) compared to the reference BGL, ranging from 0 mg / dL to 400 mg / dL. Figure 16B It is a graph showing blood glucose (BGL) levels in mg / dL over a period of 0 to 100 minutes.

[0092] Figure 17 This is a graph from the Clark error grid analysis, showing a comparison of the predicted BGL (mg / dL) with the reference BGL (mg / dL), ranging from 0 to 600 mg / dL.

[0093] system

[0094] The terms "component" and "system" as used in this application are intended to refer to computer-related entities, which can be hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable file, an execution thread, a program, and / or a computer. For illustration, both an application running on a server and the server itself can be components. One or more components may reside within a process and / or an execution thread, and components may be located on a single computer and / or distributed across two or more computers.

[0095] Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the methods of this invention can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multi-processor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, personal computers, handheld computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, etc., each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

[0096] The aspects illustrated in this invention can also be practiced in a distributed computing environment, where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked via a communication network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can reside in both local and remote storage devices.

[0097] Computers typically include a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available medium accessible to a computer, and includes volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example and not limitation, computer-readable media can include computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented using any method or technology for storing information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other storage technologies, CD-ROM, Digital Universal Optical Disc (DVD) or other optical disc storage, magnetic tape cassettes, magnetic tape, disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired information and is accessible to a computer.

[0098] Communication media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in the form of modulated data signals such as carrier waves or other transmission mechanisms, and include any information transmission medium. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal having one or more of its characteristic sets or altered in a manner that encodes information in the signal. As an example, and not a limitation, communication media include wired media such as wired networks or direct-line connections, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Any combination of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0099] Software includes applications and algorithms. Software can be implemented in smartphones, tablets or personal computers, the cloud, wearable devices, or other computing or processing devices. Software may include logs, diaries, spreadsheets, games, recordings, communications, SMS messages, websites, charts, interactive tools, social networks, VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), email, and video.

[0100] In some embodiments, some or all of the functions or processes described herein and performed by a computer program are formed in computer-readable program code and embodied in a computer-readable medium. The phrase "computer-readable program code" includes any type of computer code, including source code, object code, executable code, firmware, software, etc. The phrase "computer-readable medium" includes any type of medium that can be accessed by a computer, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), hard disk drive, optical disc (CD), digital video disc (DVD), or any other type of storage.

[0101] References

[0102] All disclosures and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference, as if each individual disclosure or patent application were expressly and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.

[0103] While the invention has been described in conjunction with various embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or modifications of the invention that generally follow the principles of the invention and include deviations from this disclosure within the scope of practice known and customary in the art to which this invention pertains.

Claims

1. A wireless sensor, comprising: An N×N element transmitting antenna array and an N×N element receiving antenna array; The transmitting antenna array transmits a directional beam to the receiving antenna array via a vein, artery, or blood vessel group, and the receiving antenna array receives the signal transmitted by the transmitter; The received signal is read through a dedicated receiver circuit at the operating frequency of the antenna array, or down-converted to a baseband signal between 100 MHz and 600 MHz; The amplitude of the received signal is captured and monitored; as well as Any variation in these magnitudes is attributed to changes in certain blood biomarkers; in Both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays operate at any frequency between 1 MHz and 300 GHz; Both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays are narrowband or broadband. Both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays have the same polarization direction; Each antenna array in the transmitter and receiver is planar and consists of 16 radiating elements that operate in the V-band and are separated by a spacing of 0.125 λ. The antenna array has four copper layers; the top layer consists of 16 radiating microstrip patches, forming a sensing area. The second grounding layer has 16 cross-shaped slots; The third layer is a series-fed network using a T-shaped power divider that rotates sequentially below each cross-shaped slot, with a single feed at the input; the bottom layer of the antenna array is a metal plate implemented as a reflector; and every two consecutive conductive layers are separated by a dielectric material.

2. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The blood biomarker is glucose.

3. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The antenna array achieves broadband circular polarization by using a cross-slot design and sequential rotational feeding.

4. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The antenna array is designed using multiple laminates with different dielectric materials and / or different thicknesses.

5. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The top layer [M1] of the transmitting antenna array includes a rectangular patch design to resonate in the target frequency range within the millimeter range of the spectrum and at 62.25 GHz, with a cross in its geometry located directly above the aperture that excites the antenna array elements; Each patch has two consecutive vertical slots at each of its four corners to help enhance circular polarization.

6. The wireless sensor of claim 5, wherein the top layer of the antenna array represents the sensing area; placing these radiating elements as RF transmitter and receiver antennas at a small distance from both sides of the material under test will cause a specific shift in the received power level; and the principle of electromagnetic wave propagation and data analysis algorithms are integrated to extract and monitor changes in blood component concentration from the interaction between electromagnetic wave propagation and blood vessels.

7. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The second layer [M2] of the antenna array includes: a ground plane; and the plate is etched with sixteen cross-shaped slots to form sixteen apertures for feeding the multilayer antenna array; and the size of the cross-shaped slots is optimized to achieve circular polarization.

8. The wireless sensor according to claim 7, wherein, The third layer [M3] of the antenna array includes a series feed network such that each aperture is fed by a single hook-shaped feed line.

9. The wireless sensor according to claim 8, wherein, The bottom layer [M4] of the antenna array is a full-plane reflector for the 62.25 GHz antenna array to suppress back lobe radiation from the slots in the multilayer structure.

10. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The antenna array has an extended intermediate laminate material.

11. The wireless sensor according to claim 1, further comprising two 62.25 GHz 4×4 multilayer circularly polarized antenna arrays as two wireless sensors targeting the jugular vein and carotid artery in the neck where blood concentration is sufficient; wherein, These sensors detect the concentration of biomarkers or glucose concentration; A signal transmitted from an antenna array is received by an antenna array at the receiver end; the received signal is down-converted to baseband, wherein the received power level varies with the concentration of glucose in the blood.

12. The wireless sensor according to claim 11, wherein, The antenna array is connected to the transmitter of the 57 to 64 GHz transmitter / receiver system, and another is connected to the receiver.

13. The wireless sensor of claim 11, further comprising data analysis of a sensing system implemented at the baseband level; wherein the power level received by the sensing system at the baseband level exhibits a high correlation with changes in blood component concentration.

14. The wireless sensor according to claim 12, wherein, The signal measured from the receiver is converted using an algorithm that allows the amplitude of the received power level to be converted into the concentration of blood components via a trained model.

15. The wireless sensor according to claim 12, wherein, The antenna array is a phased array with continuous beamforming capability, generating a narrow beam that can be manipulated in any desired sensing direction without changing the position of the antenna; the phased antenna array at the transmitter cooperates with another phased antenna array at the receiver to capture the transmitted signal.

16. The wireless sensor according to claim 12, wherein, An antenna array at the transmitter is used as a phased antenna array, which continuously scans the blood vessel with a narrow beam.

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