A method for transforming and harvesting low-yield forests

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of low-efficiency forest reconstruction felling method, it is related to forest cultivation field, comprising the following steps: felling operation, felling pile processing, log handling and tending management step.Felling operation according to stand characteristics and management goal, innovatively adopt at least one combination mode of global felling method, crown felling method, lower layer felling method, crown diameter felling method and target breast height felling method;Its felling intensity adopts breast height felling intensity;Felling cycle is differentiated according to tree age, wind damage risk, tree growth height and stand canopy density, and is carried out in tree dormancy period.The low-efficiency forest reconstruction felling method is combined by a variety of targeted felling mode, realizes the accurate control to stand structure;Adopt breast height felling intensity index, simplify operation design process, improve operability;Combined with felling pile processing and log in situ scientific stacking and the like measures, effectively give consideration to soil and water conservation, soil maintenance and ecological restoration multiple goals.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to forest cultivation technology, specifically to a method for the transformation and harvesting of inefficient forests. Background Technology

[0002] In forest tending and transformation, logging is a key means of transforming low-efficiency forests, which is of great significance for adjusting forest structure and improving forest quality. However, there are prominent problems in the logging field for low-efficiency forest transformation. Inappropriate traditional logging methods generally result in damage to forest community structure and serious soil erosion after logging. This not only increases the cost of transformation but also has an adverse impact on forest community structure and growth quality. Its limitations are becoming increasingly apparent when dealing with complex problems.

[0003] Traditional logging methods often involve individual felling, aiming to control the interaction between trees surrounding the target tree and achieve local density adjustments. This involves selecting individual undesirable or competing trees for felling. In actual logging operation design, volumetric felling intensity is used. However, since volumetric value needs to be obtained from the diameter at breast height (DBH) using a volume table, this adds a tedious process of looking up the volume table and performing complex calculations.

[0004] Existing technologies and methods for logging in the context of low-efficiency forest transformation are insufficient to effectively address the aforementioned problems, severely hindering the efficient implementation of low-efficiency forest transformation efforts. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a method for logging in the context of low-efficiency forest transformation to solve these technical problems. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for transforming and harvesting inefficient forests, in order to solve the problem of the single forest structure in the existing technology, which leaves only the tall tree layer and the unsustainable forest management.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for the transformation and harvesting of inefficient forests, comprising the following steps:

[0007] S1. Logging Operations: Based on the stand characteristics and management objectives, at least one of the following logging methods shall be used for logging:

[0008] Global harvesting method: Treating the forest stand as a whole to reduce the overall stand density. Specific implementation methods include: removing large tracts of trees from the entire forest stand area without considering the characteristics between individual trees; removing entire rows of trees to open harvesting channels, and selecting individual trees in the remaining rows for harvesting based on the criteria of tree size and shape; and combining global harvesting with individual harvesting, implementing global harvesting first and then individual harvesting.

[0009] Canopy harvesting method: Harvesting some dominant trees from top to bottom to reduce crowding in the main canopy. Specific implementation methods include: dividing the canopy into four levels from top to bottom (1-4), harvesting only the first and second level canopy trees that compete with the target tree, and not harvesting the lower-level trees; using drone cameras to assist in identifying the target tree and its interfering trees;

[0010] Lower layer felling method: felling trees with a canopy level of 3-4 from bottom to top, and retaining trees with a canopy level of 1-2. The specific implementation method includes: removing trees with poor shape, bent trunks, severe branching, severe damage, disease, weakness, death and unwanted trees;

[0011] Crown diameter harvesting method: For target trees in young and middle-aged stands, all other trees within the crown diameter range below the target tree are removed, with the center point of the target tree on the ground as the center and the crown diameter of the target tree as the diameter.

[0012] Target diameter at breast height (DBH) harvesting method: Selective harvesting of middle-aged and mature forests with a target DBH of 45 to 80 centimeters.

[0013] The logging intensity of the logging operation is based on the diameter at breast height (DBH) logging intensity, specifically: the sum of the DBH of the trees to be logged in the sample plot accounts for 15% to 30% of the total DBH of all trees in the sample plot before logging.

[0014] The logging cycle is determined based on tree age and wind damage risk, specifically: a logging cycle of 3 to 5 years is used for fast-growing trees and young and middle-aged forests, and a logging cycle of 8 to 10 years is used for slow-growing trees and mature forests; light and frequent logging is used in areas with high wind damage risk.

[0015] The logging operations were carried out during the autumn and winter seasons when the trees were dormant.

[0016] S2. For the stumps formed after felling, cut 3 to 5 shallow grooves with a depth of 2 to 3 cm on the cut surface. Mix willow water extract with yellow mud in a 1:3 ratio to make a treatment agent. Apply the treatment agent evenly to the cut surface of the stump and the shallow grooves.

[0017] S3. Calculate the total volume of timber obtained from logging, select 30% of the volume of fallen logs, and neatly stack them in the logging strip along the contour line. Transport the remaining 70% of the volume of timber out of the forest area.

[0018] S4. Retain all dead branches and fallen leaves in the logging strip. Starting in the spring of the second year after logging, regularly remove competing weeds that hinder seedling growth in the logging strip. Continue nurturing and management until the third year after logging.

[0019] Furthermore, in step S1, the specific method of combining global harvesting and individual harvesting is as follows: in a forest stand, multiple rows of trees are first completely removed, and then individual undesirable trees between these rows are selectively removed.

[0020] Furthermore, in step S1, when harvesting individual trees from young stands or the lower layers of a stand, the method used is to remove all adjacent trees within a certain radius around the target tree or within a square centered on the target tree.

[0021] Furthermore, in step S1, the canopy level is divided into 1-4 levels from the uppermost to the lowermost level. Canopy harvesting usually involves harvesting trees of canopy level 1-2, and lower-level harvesting usually involves harvesting trees of canopy level 3-4.

[0022] Furthermore, in step S1, the harvesting cycle can also be determined using tree growth height intervals, with height intervals of 2 to 4 meters used in the early stages of stand development. When stand height growth stagnates, the height at which stagnation occurs can be used as the harvesting cycle.

[0023] Furthermore, in step S1, the harvesting cycle can also be determined based on the canopy closure of the forest stand. When the growth of the forest stand slows down in the later stages, light-loving tree species are harvested when the canopies just touch, and shade-tolerant tree species are harvested when the canopies obstruct each other.

[0024] Further, in step S2, the willow water extract is prepared by the following method: take the current year's willow branches, cut them into 10 to 15 cm sections, mix them with water at a mass ratio of 1:5, soak for 48 hours, and then filter.

[0025] Furthermore, in step S2, the yellow mud is taken from the sticky soil within 20 centimeters below the ground around the forest.

[0026] Furthermore, in step S3, the fallen logs stacked along the contour line are spaced 1 to 1.5 meters apart.

[0027] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0028] 1. By comprehensively setting up various harvesting methods, including overall harvesting, canopy harvesting, understory harvesting, crown diameter harvesting, and target diameter at breast height harvesting, it is possible to flexibly select and combine these methods according to different stand characteristics and management objectives. This enables precise control of inefficient forest structure, effectively avoids the problems of stand structure destruction and ecological function degradation caused by traditional single harvesting methods, and improves the sustainability and ecological stability of forest management.

[0029] 2. By using diameter at breast height (DBH) harvesting intensity as the control index for harvesting intensity, the cumbersome process of volume lookup and calculation in traditional volume harvesting intensity is simplified, improving operational efficiency. At the same time, it ensures the scientific nature and operability of harvesting intensity, which is conducive to maintaining healthy forest growth and structural optimization.

[0030] 3. By using tree growth height intervals and determining the harvesting cycle based on the canopy closure of the forest stand, the growth status of trees can be seen more intuitively, making it easier to remove undesirable, competing, and disturbing trees.

[0031] 4. By making shallow grooves on the cut surface of the stumps to expand the treatment area, a treatment agent made from a mixture of willow water extract and yellow clay in a specific ratio is applied. Utilizing the natural broad-spectrum antibacterial properties of salicylic acid, formed from the natural transformation of salicin, abundant in willow, this treatment effectively inhibits the colonization and reproduction of harmful fungi and bacteria that cause wood rot, thus significantly delaying harmful rot and the occurrence of pests and diseases in the stumps. Simultaneously, this treatment guides the stumps towards a slow, stable, and beneficial decomposition pathway. Combined with the physical consolidation and isolation effects of the yellow clay, this forms a lasting protective barrier, promoting the gradual and stable return of nutrients from the stumps to the soil, enhancing forest fertility, and creating favorable conditions for subsequent natural regeneration and healthy growth of the trees.

[0032] 5. By neatly stacking fallen logs along contour lines at intervals of 1 to 1.5 meters, small biological fences are effectively constructed, intercepting surface runoff and eroded soil particles flowing down the slope. This significantly reduces soil erosion, which is very likely to occur after logging, thus achieving the effect of soil and water conservation. Furthermore, it increases the time and opportunity for rainwater infiltration, thereby greatly improving the water conservation capacity of the forest land, replenishing groundwater resources, and achieving the ecological effect of improving the regional microclimate.

[0033] 6. By orderly preserving some fallen trees within the logging zone, shelters and habitats are provided for various soil microorganisms, insects, and small animals. As the fallen trees decompose slowly, they can continuously return organic matter and nutrients to the soil, becoming a long-term source of organic fertilizer. This effectively maintains the health and vitality of the soil ecosystem and continuously provides necessary nutrient support for the growth of residual wood and regenerating seedlings on the forest floor.

[0034] 7. By preserving the layer of dead branches and leaves and regularly removing competing weeds, the soil and water conservation function of the forest land has been effectively maintained, natural regeneration and seedling growth have been promoted, the forest stand restoration cycle has been shortened, and the overall ecological benefits and management efficiency of low-efficiency forest transformation have been improved. Attached Figure Description

[0035] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in this invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings.

[0036] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a method provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0037] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0038] As attached Figure 1 As shown:

[0039] Example 1:

[0040] This invention provides a method for the transformation and harvesting of inefficient forests, which is suitable for artificial young and middle-aged monoculture forests with a single tree species, simple structure, excessive initial planting density, and intense competition for nutrients and space among trees, such as Chinese fir, poplar, or eucalyptus plantations.

[0041] The logging methods are as follows:

[0042] S1. Logging operations:

[0043] Logging method selection and combination: A combination of global logging and individual logging methods is adopted.

[0044] Step 1: Global Harvesting. First, survey the forest stand and design a suitable harvesting strip. Adopt a "4-for-1" pattern, meaning completely remove the third row out of every five rows of trees. This operation does not consider minor differences between individuals within the row; its main purpose is:

[0045] Rapidly and significantly reduce the overall density of the forest stand.

[0046] A mechanized operation channel with a width of about 3 to 4 meters was opened up, which facilitates subsequent logging operations and timber collection and transportation, significantly improves work efficiency, reduces labor costs and damage to the retained trees.

[0047] Step Two: Individual Harvesting. Within the remaining four rows of trees, precise individual selection harvesting is conducted. A target tree tending system is employed, marking straight-trunked, vigorous, and disease-free superior trees as "target trees" (or "retained trees"). Then, trees that directly compete with the growth of the target trees are harvested, primarily including:

[0048] Competing trees: Adjacent trees that overlap with the canopy of the target tree and compete for light space.

[0049] Unhealthy trees: Trees with crooked trunks, double forks, multiple heads, damage, infection by pests or diseases, or weak growth.

[0050] Suppressed trees: Trees located in the lower canopy that have stopped growing and are difficult to recover.

[0051] This step aims to further optimize the tree structure within the preserved rows, concentrating growth potential on the target trees.

[0052] Logging intensity control: The diameter at breast height (DBH) logging intensity is used as the control indicator. After the above two logging steps, ensure that the sum of the DBH of all felled trees in the sample plot accounts for 20% of the total DBH of all trees in the sample plot before logging (falling within the preferred range of 15% to 30%). This intensity can effectively alleviate competition and avoid excessive logging leading to excessively large forest gaps, exposed forest land, and increased risk of wind damage.

[0053] Harvesting cycle determination: Given that the target forest is composed of fast-growing tree species in their middle and young age, the harvesting cycle is determined to be 4 years (within the range of 3 to 5 years) based on their growth characteristics. After 4 years, a decision will be made on whether to carry out the next intervention based on the canopy closure and the growth status of the target trees.

[0054] Harvesting time: All harvesting operations are strictly scheduled during the autumn and winter months when trees are dormant. At this time, the physiological activities of trees are slow and the flow of sap is low, which helps to reduce the chance of stump sap flow and pest and disease infection. At the same time, the ground surface is frozen or dry, which facilitates mechanical operations and minimizes the compaction and damage to the forest soil.

[0055] S2. Stubble treatment:

[0056] All logs formed after logging should be disposed of immediately.

[0057] Using an axe or chainsaw, make four (3 to five) shallow grooves, each about 2.5 cm deep (2 to 3 cm), diagonally cut into the cut surface of the stump. This is to increase the contact area of ​​the treatment agent.

[0058] Preparation of the treatment agent: Take current-year willow branches, cut them into 10-15 cm sections, mix them with water at a mass ratio of 1:5, soak for 48 hours, and then filter to obtain willow water extract. Mix the water extract with sticky yellow mud taken from the surrounding forest at a volume ratio of 1:3 and stir to form a uniform paste.

[0059] Apply the prepared treatment agent evenly to the entire cut surface and the inside of the shallow groove of the stump using a brush, ensuring that the wood cut is completely covered. This treatment effectively inhibits the growth of stump rot fungi and pests, guiding them to decompose slowly and gradually return nutrients.

[0060] S3. Processing of fallen wood:

[0061] Calculate the total volume of all felled timber.

[0062] 30% of the total timber (mainly branches, tops, and some small-diameter timber with lower economic value) will be utilized locally. These fallen logs will be neatly stacked within the logging zone, strictly following the contour lines (perpendicular to the slope direction).

[0063] When stacking, the distance between adjacent stacks should be controlled at 1.2 meters (within the range of 1 to 1.5 meters), and the stack height should not exceed 0.5 meters to form effective biological fences.

[0064] If the spacing is too large (e.g., more than 2 meters), the exposed slope between two fallen log fences is too long, allowing runoff to re-accelerate and accumulate sufficient kinetic energy. This weakens or even completely bypasses the interception effect of the next barrier, leading to a decrease in soil and water conservation. If the spacing is too small (e.g., less than 0.5 meters), although the interception effect is excellent, it will cause excessive accumulation of fallen logs, wasting timber resources that could be transported and utilized, and may excessively shade the ground, hindering the regeneration of seedlings of the target tree species. A spacing of 1 to 1.5 meters is an optimal distance. It ensures that runoff slowed down at any fallen log fence is effectively intercepted by the next fence before it re-accelerates to a level with strong erosive power. This continuously reduces the total kinetic energy of the runoff, making it unable to erode the soil and promoting water infiltration.

[0065] The remaining 70% of the commercially valuable dry timber and logs will be transported out of the forest area for sale, maximizing economic benefits.

[0066] The decision to leave 30% of fallen logs on-site is primarily based on ecological considerations, while the decision to transport 70% of the timber out of the forest area is mainly based on economic benefits and operational needs. This represents an upper limit set to maximize economic benefits and control risks, while ensuring the basic preservation of ecological functions. It guarantees the economic viability of forestry operations.

[0067] S4. Nurturing and Management:

[0068] All dead leaves and branches within the logging zone should be preserved without being cleared, in order to protect the surface, reduce evaporation, and maintain soil fertility and microbial activity.

[0069] Starting in the spring of the second year after logging, regularly (1-2 times a year) manually or using small machinery, remove competitive weeds and shrubs that hinder seedling growth within the logging strip (especially around the target trees).

[0070] This nurturing and management work continues until the third year after logging to ensure that the target trees and naturally regenerated seedlings have sufficient growing space and to consolidate the logging and transformation effects.

[0071] The combined harvesting method of "first planting, then individual felling" perfectly balances operational efficiency and tending precision. Global harvesting quickly opens up access roads, laying the foundation for mechanized operations and significantly reducing operating costs; subsequent individual felling achieves precise tree placement, optimizing the structure of the remaining trees. Combined with scientific stump treatment, soil and water conservation measures for fallen trees, and subsequent tending, this approach effectively extracts timber revenue while significantly improving the stand's growth environment, promoting the growth of target trees, and laying the foundation for the next round of efficient management. It is particularly suitable for widespread application in intensive plantations.

[0072] Example 2:

[0073] This invention provides a method for the transformation and harvesting of inefficient forests, applicable to natural secondary forests or mixed forests of different ages that consist of multiple tree species, have complex canopy structures, and are in different stages of succession.

[0074] The logging methods are as follows:

[0075] S1. Logging operations:

[0076] Logging method selection and combination: A combination of canopy logging and understory logging is used for coordinated intervention.

[0077] Step 1: Drone-Assisted Survey and Target Identification. Before the operation, drones equipped with high-resolution cameras are used to conduct aerial photography of the forest stand. The acquired image data is used to generate a 3D model of the canopy. This model helps operators accurately identify the top dominant trees (first and second level canopies), potential target trees (valuable tree species with cultivation potential), and their direct competitors (disturbing trees) in the forest stand. Simultaneously, the distribution and health status of trees in the understory are assessed. This technical preparation is crucial for achieving precision logging.

[0078] Step Two: Canopy Harvesting (Liberating the Target Tree). Based on the survey results, canopy harvesting is employed. Workers enter the forest and precisely remove the top-growing competing trees (disruptive trees) that are vying for light and space with the designated target tree. These trees may be tall and dominant in themselves, but their presence suppresses the canopy development of the target tree. Harvesting must be carried out carefully to ensure accurate felling and avoid damage to surrounding trees, understory saplings, and seedlings. This step aims to "cut open the ceiling" for the target tree, creating "liberating windows" so that its canopy can receive sufficient sunlight, accelerating diameter growth and canopy expansion.

[0079] Step 3: Substory Logging (Clearance and Optimization). Substory logging will be carried out simultaneously. The main targets for clearing are trees with a canopy level of 3-4, specifically including:

[0080] Non-target tree species: Tree species that occupy ecological niches but have low economic or ecological value.

[0081] Undesirable trees: Trees with bent trunks, double forks, severe branching, or mechanical damage.

[0082] Diseased and dead trees: Trees infected with pests and diseases, those with weak growth, and those that have already died, in order to improve forest sanitation and reduce sources of pests and diseases.

[0083] Overly dense planting: In areas where natural regeneration is too dense, appropriate thinning should be carried out to make room for the growth of high-quality seedlings and saplings.

[0084] By focusing on both ends (liberating the upper layer and clearing the lower layer), the vertical structure of the forest stand can be optimized and controlled.

[0085] Harvesting intensity control: This embodiment adopts a low diameter-of-breast-length (DBH) harvesting intensity, controlled at 18% (within the range of 15% to 30%). A strategy of "light intervention, multiple times" is adopted to avoid drastic changes in the forest environment due to excessive harvesting intensity in a single instance, which could lead to soil erosion or the proliferation of pioneer weeds. All harvesting decisions are based on serving the growth of the target trees and the health of the ecosystem.

[0086] Harvesting cycle determination: Given that the target stands are mostly broad-leaved tree species with moderate growth rates, and a light intervention strategy will be adopted, the harvesting cycle will be set at 8 years (within the range of 8 to 10 years). After 8 years, the canopy closure, competition among target trees, and regeneration layer development will be reassessed to determine the timing and method of the next intervention.

[0087] Harvesting time: All harvesting operations are strictly scheduled to be carried out in the autumn and winter when the trees are dormant, for the same reasons as in Example 1.

[0088] S2. Stubble treatment:

[0089] All logs formed after logging should be treated immediately, using the same method as in Example 1:

[0090] Several shallow grooves were cut obliquely into the cut surface of the stump.

[0091] Apply the treatment agent, made by mixing willow tree extract and yellow mud in a 1:3 ratio, evenly.

[0092] This is especially important in stands with high ecological value, as it can effectively prevent pests and diseases from invading healthy preserved trees through wounds and promote the slow return of nutrients.

[0093] S3. Processing of fallen wood:

[0094] The total volume of timber harvested is recorded.

[0095] 30% of the total timber (mainly including logging residues and timber species with no commercial value) should be strictly piled along the contour lines in open areas within the forest, with a spacing of approximately 1 meter between piles.

[0096] In secondary / mixed forest ecosystems, these fallen trees are important habitats for organisms. Preserving and providing diverse decaying wood resources is crucial for maintaining the diversity of fungi, insects, amphibians, and even birds.

[0097] The remaining 70% of the timber with commercial value is transported out and sold to generate economic benefits.

[0098] S4. Nurturing and Management:

[0099] Preserve all the dead leaves and branches in the forest, as this is the foundation for maintaining soil fertility, moisture, and microbial activity.

[0100] The focus of tending and management is to protect and promote natural regeneration of the understory. Starting in the spring of the second year after logging, competitive vines and shrubs (such as kudzu and purple-stemmed eupatorium) that suppress the growth of seedlings and saplings of valuable tree species should be removed manually on a regular (once a year) basis. For high-quality seedlings of target tree species, growing space should be created for them.

[0101] This nurturing and management work continues until the third year after logging to ensure that the freed target trees and seedlings in the regeneration layer can successfully occupy their ecological niches and consolidate the transformation effect.

[0102] By employing a combined strategy of "liberating the upper layer and clearing the lower layer," precise control over the complex mixed forest structure was achieved. The application of drones significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of identifying target trees and competing trees. Logging operations not only liberated target trees and promoted the growth of valuable timber, but also significantly improved the health of the forest stand by clearing away non-target species and diseased or weak trees. Measures such as retaining fallen trees and litter, and controlling logging intensity, maximized the preservation of biodiversity and stability of the forest ecosystem.

[0103] Example 3:

[0104] This invention provides a method for the transformation and harvesting of inefficient forests, which is applicable to ecologically important but structurally degraded and declining protective functions of protective forests, such as soil and water conservation forests and water source conservation forests in high mountains, steep slopes, reservoir catchment areas, and areas with severe wind erosion.

[0105] The logging methods are as follows:

[0106] S1. Logging operations:

[0107] Selection and combination of logging methods: A precise intervention approach combining crown diameter logging and target diameter at breast height logging shall be adopted. Methods involving high intensity, such as overall logging, are strictly prohibited.

[0108] Step 1: Crown Diameter Harvesting (Cultivating Future Mainstay). Focus on nurturing young and middle-aged target trees in the stand (usually native species with strong adaptability, well-developed root systems, and good crown shape, such as oaks and pines). Using the center point of the target tree on the ground as the center and its existing crown diameter as the radius, remove all competing trees and undesirable trees (including shrubs and vines) within this circular area. The aim is to immediately provide ample space for the target tree's root system and crown expansion, enabling it to grow rapidly, form a stronger crown and root network, and thus more quickly and effectively retain soil and water, becoming the backbone of the future stand's protective function.

[0109] Step 2: Target Diameter-at-Breast-Length (DBH) Harvesting (Utilizing Mature Trees). Mature trees in the stand that have reached the target DBH (55 cm in this example) are selectively harvested. These trees typically grow at a slower pace; harvesting them creates space for understory regeneration while generating economic benefits. During harvesting, the felling direction of individual trees must be precisely controlled to ensure it is parallel to contour lines and to avoid damage to surrounding trees, saplings, and forest land.

[0110] Logging intensity control: This embodiment adopts an extremely low diameter-of-breast-length (DBH) logging intensity, strictly controlled at 15% (the lower limit of 15%–30%). In areas with high wind damage or extremely steep slopes, the intensity can be further reduced to around 10%. A "very light, relatively high frequency" intervention model is adopted, that is, each logging intensity is extremely small, but the tending interval is relatively short (e.g., 5–6 years), in order to continuously guide the forest stand structure towards optimization.

[0111] Harvesting cycle determination: Given that most of the tree species in protective forests are slow-growing species, and the management objective is long-term stability, a relatively long harvesting cycle is adopted, set at 10 years. Alternatively, the cycle can be determined based on the state of the forest stand when its growth has ceased.

[0112] Timing of logging: Logging operations must be strictly scheduled during the autumn and winter months when trees are dormant, and must be avoided during the rainy season. At this time, the soil is frozen or dry, and the surface is firm, which can minimize damage to the soil structure and soil erosion caused by the operation.

[0113] S2. Stubble treatment:

[0114] The treatment of all stumps formed after logging is crucial, and the method is the same as before:

[0115] Immediately cut a shallow groove at an angle on the cut surface of the stump.

[0116] Apply the mixture of willow bark extract and yellow mud evenly.

[0117] In such fragile ecosystems, the primary objective of this step is to strictly prevent large-scale invasion of pests and diseases through wounds, avoiding regional outbreaks that could threaten the health of the entire shelterbelt system. The secondary objective is to promote the slow return of nutrients.

[0118] S3. Processing of fallen wood:

[0119] The total volume of timber harvested is recorded.

[0120] 30% of the harvested timber (usually branches, tips, and some small-diameter timber) must be stacked on-site strictly along the contour lines.

[0121] The logs must be stacked neatly, with a strict spacing of 1 meter (within the range of 1 to 1.5 meters) to form a tight and effective biological fence. These log stacks can:

[0122] Physical obstruction: directly intercepting and dispersing surface runoff flowing downhill.

[0123] Reduce flow velocity: Effectively reduce the water flow velocity, thus weakening its erosive ability.

[0124] Promotes infiltration: It enables rainwater to infiltrate locally and replenish groundwater.

[0125] Sediment interception: Directly intercepting soil particles that are washed away.

[0126] The remaining 70% of the timber was transported out. In extremely steep areas where machinery cannot access, the proportion of timber stockpiled on-site could be appropriately increased to enhance immediate soil and water conservation effects.

[0127] S4. Nurturing and Management:

[0128] All dead leaves and branches within the logging zone must be preserved at all times, and any form of clearing or burning is strictly prohibited. This is a natural barrier to protect the earth's surface and maintain soil fertility.

[0129] Nurturing and management primarily rely on manual patrols and supplemental natural regeneration. Starting in the spring of the second year after logging, the main task is to remove noxious weeds or vines that severely hinder the growth of native tree seedlings. Care must be taken during operations to avoid disturbing the soil surface.

[0130] This management work continues until the third year after logging to ensure the smooth regeneration of the understory.

[0131] By precisely cultivating future ecological leaders through "crown diameter logging" and prudently utilizing existing resources through "target diameter at breast height logging," extremely low logging intensity and strict soil and water conservation projects for fallen trees are the core of ensuring ecological security. The entire technical solution minimizes the potential negative impacts of logging activities on fragile ecosystems, while proactively enhancing the future stability and protective functions of forest ecosystems through structural adjustments.

[0132] Comparative example:

[0133] Current logging practices are driven by a single economic objective, emphasizing short-term output while neglecting the sustainability of ecological processes.

[0134] Logging operations:

[0135] The logging method is singular: almost all logging is selective felling based on intensity. That is, logging is carried out solely based on the market value of the timber and personal experience, selecting the trees with the largest diameter at breast height and the best trunk shape in the forest. This can also be understood as cutting down the superior trees and leaving the inferior ones.

[0136] Lack of scientific basis: logging decisions rely heavily on the experience of operators and lack scientific assessment of forest stand structure, tree species characteristics, ecological functions and management objectives.

[0137] High logging intensity: In pursuit of economic benefits from a single operation, logging intensity often exceeds 30%, and can even reach 40%-50%, creating huge forest gaps and severely damaging the forest environment.

[0138] Disorganized logging cycles: Logging cycles are unplanned and often driven by timber market prices rather than the natural growth patterns of forest stands. This can lead to overly frequent logging or prolonged neglect of tending.

[0139] Arbitrary logging time: In order to meet the construction schedule or market demand, logging is often carried out during the tree growing season. At this time, the tree sap flow is vigorous, which not only causes nutrient loss, but also makes the stumps more susceptible to pests and diseases.

[0140] Stubble treatment:

[0141] No treatment measures were taken. The stumps were left exposed to the elements, becoming a breeding ground for forest pests and diseases (such as longhorn beetles, bark beetles, termites, and decay fungi), seriously threatening the health of the surrounding preserved trees.

[0142] Logging residue disposal:

[0143] Complete removal and transport. To facilitate the next operation or reduce the risk of fire, all logging residues such as branches, tips, and small-diameter timber are usually transported out of the forest, or worse, piled up and burned directly in the forest.

[0144] Complete removal and transportation is equivalent to permanently removing a large amount of organic matter and nutrients from the ecosystem, leading to soil degradation.

[0145] Nurturing and Management:

[0146] Harvesting is done without any tending or is done heavily but with very little tending. After logging, very little follow-up tending and management is carried out. Understory weeds and shrubs grow rampantly, competing with preserved trees and naturally regenerated seedlings for water, fertilizer, and light, which greatly reduces the effectiveness of logging and makes it difficult to improve the quality of the forest stand.

[0147] Comparative Analysis Table:

[0148]

[0149]

[0150]

[0151] In summary, the existing comparative model represents a simple, extensive, short-sighted, and destructive forest management model. The three embodiments provided by this invention, however, collectively constitute a scientific, refined, and sustainable modern forest cultivation technology system. This represents a fundamental shift in management philosophy, moving from exploitation to nurturing, from a single economic activity to multiple benefits, and from destructive transformation to restoration and functional enhancement.

[0152] The foregoing has only described certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention by way of illustration. Undoubtedly, those skilled in the art can modify the described embodiments in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the foregoing drawings and descriptions are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for the transformation and harvesting of inefficient forests, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Harvesting Operations: Through the comprehensive setup of various harvesting methods, including overall harvesting, canopy harvesting, understory harvesting, crown diameter harvesting, and target diameter at breast height harvesting, these methods can be flexibly selected and combined according to different stand characteristics and management objectives. Global harvesting method: Treating the forest stand as a whole to reduce the overall stand density. Specific implementation methods include: removing large tracts of trees from the entire forest stand area without considering the characteristics between individual trees; removing entire rows of trees to open harvesting channels, and selecting individual trees in the remaining rows for harvesting based on the criteria of tree size and shape; and combining global harvesting with individual harvesting, implementing global harvesting first and then individual harvesting. Canopy harvesting method: Harvesting some dominant trees from top to bottom to reduce crowding in the main canopy. Specific implementation methods include: dividing the canopy into four levels from top to bottom (1-4), harvesting only the first and second level canopy trees that compete with the target tree, and not harvesting the lower-level trees; using drone cameras to assist in identifying the target tree and its interfering trees; Lower layer felling method: felling trees with a canopy level of 3-4 from bottom to top, and retaining trees with a canopy level of 1-2. The specific implementation method includes: removing trees with poor shape, bent trunks, severe branching, severe damage, disease, weakness, death and unwanted trees; Crown diameter harvesting method: For target trees in young and middle-aged stands, all other trees within the crown diameter range below the target tree are removed, with the center point of the target tree on the ground as the center and the crown diameter of the target tree as the diameter. Target diameter at breast height (DBH) harvesting method: Selective harvesting of middle-aged and mature forests with a target DBH of 45 to 80 centimeters. The logging intensity of the aforementioned logging operation is based on the diameter at breast height (DBH) logging intensity, specifically: the sum of the DBH of the trees to be logged in the sample plot accounts for 15% to 30% of the total DBH of all trees in the sample plot before logging; The logging cycle is determined based on tree age and wind damage risk, specifically: a logging cycle of 3 to 5 years is used for fast-growing trees and young and middle-aged forests, and a logging cycle of 8 to 10 years is used for slow-growing trees and mature forests; light and frequent logging is used in areas with high wind damage risk. The logging operations were carried out during the autumn and winter seasons when the trees were dormant. S2. For the stumps formed after felling, cut 3 to 5 shallow grooves with a depth of 2 to 3 cm on the cut surface. Mix willow water extract with yellow mud in a 1:3 ratio to make a treatment agent. Apply the treatment agent evenly to the cut surface of the stump and the shallow grooves. S3. Calculate the total volume of timber obtained from logging, select 30% of the volume of fallen logs, and neatly stack them in the logging strip along the contour line. Transport the remaining 70% of the volume of timber out of the forest area. S4. Retain all dead branches and fallen leaves in the logging strip. Starting in the spring of the second year after logging, regularly remove competing weeds that hinder seedling growth in the logging strip. Continue tending and management until the third year after logging. In step S1, the specific method of combining global logging and individual logging is as follows: in a forest stand, first completely remove multiple rows of trees, and then selectively remove individual undesirable trees between these rows; In step S1, when harvesting individual trees in young stands or the lower layers of a stand, the method used is to remove all adjacent trees within a certain radius around the target tree or within a square centered on the target tree. In step S2, the willow water extract is prepared by the following method: take the current year's willow branches, cut them into 10 to 15 cm sections, mix them with water at a mass ratio of 1:5, soak for 48 hours, and then filter.

2. The method for transforming and harvesting inefficient forests according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the canopy level is divided into 1-4 levels from the uppermost to the lowermost level. Canopy harvesting usually involves harvesting trees of canopy level 1-2, and lower canopy harvesting usually involves harvesting trees of canopy level 3-4.

3. The method for transforming and harvesting inefficient forests according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the yellow mud is taken from the sticky soil within 20 centimeters below the ground around the forest.

4. The method for transforming and harvesting inefficient forests according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the fallen logs stacked along the contour line are spaced 1 to 1.5 meters apart.

5. The method for transforming and harvesting inefficient forests according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the harvesting cycle can also be determined using tree growth height intervals. In the early stages of stand development, a height interval of 2 to 4 meters can be used. When the height growth of the stand stops, the height at which it stops can be used as the harvesting cycle.

6. A method for transforming and harvesting inefficient forests according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the harvesting cycle can also be determined based on the canopy closure of the forest stand. When the growth of tall trees slows down in the later stages of the forest stand, light-loving tree species are harvested when the canopies just touch, and shade-tolerant tree species are harvested when the canopies obstruct each other.

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