A low-cost high-precision unmanned airborne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device and method

Abstract

This invention discloses a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device and method, including a ventilated radiation shield, a base, and a button-type temperature and humidity recorder. The ventilated radiation shield includes several horizontally arranged annular shading layers, and the gaps between adjacent annular shading layers and the hollow structure at the bottom of the base form airflow channels. Temperature and humidity data collected by the button-type temperature and humidity recorder are matched with UAV flight data based on timestamp information to obtain temperature and humidity data corresponding to different flight altitudes. Combining flight speed and the structure of the ventilated radiation shield, the temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, generating a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile. This invention fully considers the vertical atmospheric convection exchange of temperature and humidity sensors and constructs a correction equation for the observation results through comparative observation, achieving accurate measurement of the vertical distribution of low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, and specifically to a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device and method. Background Technology

[0002] Temperature and humidity are fundamental meteorological elements characterizing atmospheric conditions, and their vertical distribution characteristics (temperature and humidity profiles) play an irreplaceable role in atmospheric science research and meteorological operations. In particular, the temperature and humidity profiles of the lower atmosphere not only serve as crucial for applications such as simulating atmospheric pollutant diffusion and transport, ensuring aviation meteorological safety, and monitoring urban local thermal environments, but also provide important data support for scientific research such as atmospheric boundary layer structure analysis, energy exchange between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, and numerical weather prediction model research.

[0003] Currently, commonly used methods for monitoring atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles mainly include weather balloons, microwave radiometers, and lidar, but these methods all have limitations to varying degrees. Weather balloons are one of the most commonly used methods for obtaining atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, with advantages such as a wide vertical detection range and high data accuracy. However, they are complex to operate, requiring on-site launch by professionals, are disposable, have high costs, and are easily affected by weather factors such as wind speed, making their trajectory uncontrollable. Microwave radiometers can achieve continuous automatic observation, but the equipment is expensive, and their inversion accuracy is greatly affected by the atmospheric liquid water content, with errors increasing significantly in cloudy and rainy weather. Lidar has high spatiotemporal resolution and can capture detailed boundary layer changes, but it is also expensive, and its detection capabilities are limited in low visibility or complex weather conditions, limiting its application scenarios. The above-mentioned equipment has high observation costs, is usually deployed at fixed observation sites such as meteorological stations, and requires significant manpower and material resources for construction and maintenance. It can only detect atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles at fixed points, making it difficult to meet the needs for rapid, low-cost, and flexible observation. The development of UAV technology provides a new approach for atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation. Mounting temperature and humidity sensors on drones enables convenient and rapid observation of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. However, current designs simply house the sensors within the drone's radiation shield, which, while protecting against solar radiation, fails to adequately consider ventilation. In conditions of insufficient air convection, the sensors within the shield cannot accurately and promptly capture the atmospheric temperature and humidity at the drone's altitude, leading to significant errors in the observation results. To address ventilation, some radiation shields incorporate ventilation holes or additional ventilation devices. However, these existing devices lack specific optimization, offering only minor improvements in accuracy, and the accuracy remains highly inconsistent.

[0004] The invention disclosed in CN220391534U is a UAV upper-air meteorological detection pod, which proposes a ventilation hood assembly. This assembly is fixed below the top cover and includes an upper ventilation hood, a middle ventilation hood, and a lower ventilation hood connected from top to bottom by fixed columns. However, the ventilation hood structure proposed in this invention is designed to effectively mitigate wind force through a louvered structure when wind enters, preventing high-altitude winds from directly blowing on the temperature and humidity sensors and causing them to overheat. This invention is a device for upper-air meteorological detection and is not suitable for low-altitude environments. In the lower atmosphere, due to the influence of energy and moisture exchange between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, temperature and humidity vary drastically vertically, requiring high instrument observation accuracy. This structure is quite redundant for detecting temperature and humidity profiles, and due to poor ventilation, the observation accuracy is low and difficult to quantify and correct. Therefore, existing observation devices all suffer from their own inherent problems, making it difficult to obtain high-precision atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles at low altitudes. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned issues, this invention proposes a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device and method that fully considers ventilation conditions and is easy to deploy. This invention fully considers the vertical atmospheric convection exchange of temperature and humidity sensors and constructs a correction equation for the observation results through comparative observation, thereby achieving accurate measurement of the vertical distribution of low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity.

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned technical objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: In a first aspect, the present invention discloses a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device, the device comprising a ventilated radiation shield, a base, and a button-type temperature and humidity recorder; The base is mounted on the top of the drone. Its bottom has a fan-shaped hollow structure and a groove on the upper surface. A fixing seat is set in the center of the groove. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder is detachably installed in the fixing seat and its position extends beyond the upper surface of the fixing seat. The outer side of the base has external threads, and the inner side of the ventilation and radiation shield has internal threads. The ventilation and radiation shield is installed on the base by screwing it on, and the button-type temperature and humidity recorder is covered inside the ventilation and radiation shield. The ventilation and radiation shield includes several horizontally arranged annular sunshade layers. The annular sunshade layers are connected from top to bottom by multiple vertically arranged support strips. The outer side wall of each annular sunshade layer forms an angle with the support strip, and the lower edge of the upper sunshade layer is flush with the upper edge of the lower sunshade layer. The gap between adjacent annular sunshade layers and the hollow structure at the bottom of the base form an air flow channel. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder collects temperature and humidity data and timestamp information during the drone's flight. Based on the timestamp information, the temperature and humidity data is matched with the drone's flight data to obtain temperature and humidity data at different flight altitudes. Combining the flight speed and the ventilation and radiation shield structure, the temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, generating a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile.

[0007] Furthermore, the outer wall of the annular sunshade layer slopes downwards at a 45° angle.

[0008] Furthermore, ventilation holes are provided at the contact point between the support strip and the annular sunshade layer.

[0009] Furthermore, a support portion is provided below the base, and a gap is provided on each side of the support portion. Straps or buckles on the drone pass through the gaps to fix the base to the drone, and there is a ventilation gap between the fan-shaped hollow structure at the bottom of the base and the drone.

[0010] Secondly, this invention discloses a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne method for observing low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, the method being executed based on the aforementioned device; the method includes the following steps: Select a ventilated radiation shield with the appropriate number of sunshade layers based on the drone's payload range and observation accuracy requirements; Install the button-type temperature and humidity recorder inside the base's mounting bracket with its position extending beyond the upper surface of the mounting bracket. Then, screw the ventilation and radiation shield onto the top of the base so that the button-type temperature and humidity recorder is enclosed inside the ventilation and radiation shield. Secure the base to the drone, activate the button-type temperature and humidity recorder, and control the drone to ascend and descend at a set speed to collect temperature and humidity data during the flight. The system reads time-stamped temperature and humidity data collected by a button-type temperature and humidity recorder and time-stamped flight data sent by the UAV. The temperature and humidity data and flight data are matched based on the timestamps to obtain temperature and humidity data at different flight altitudes. According to the ventilation channel design of the radiation shield and base of this invention, the descent phase of the UAV is more conducive to convection ventilation of the button-type temperature and humidity recorder inside the shield. Comparison with meteorological flux tower observation data also proves that the observation results during the descent phase are significantly better than those during the ascent phase. Therefore, based on the flight data, only the temperature and humidity observation data during the descent phase of the UAV are selected. By combining flight speed and ventilation radiation shield structure, temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, and low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles are generated.

[0011] Furthermore, the process of correcting temperature and humidity data at different altitudes, taking into account flight speed and the structure of the ventilation and radiation shield, includes: Based on the number of layers in the ventilation and radiation shield and the flight speed of the UAV during its descent, appropriate temperature and humidity correction functions are selected to correct the second temperature and humidity data acquired at different altitudes during the UAV's descent. The process of obtaining the temperature and humidity correction functions includes: Acquire the first temperature and humidity data recorded by meteorological observation instruments at different heights on the meteorological flux tower; Near the meteorological flux tower, drones carrying observation devices with different layers of radiation shields were used to fly vertically at different speeds to obtain second temperature and humidity data during the descent phase of the drones corresponding to different flight speeds and radiation shield structures. Using the first temperature and humidity data as a benchmark, the least squares algorithm is used to fit the second temperature and humidity data. With altitude as a variable, the temperature correction function and humidity correction function corresponding to different flight speeds and ventilation radiation shield structures are obtained.

[0012] Furthermore, the method further includes the following steps: The drone is controlled to repeatedly perform observation actions. The average value of the temperature and humidity data during all descent phases is taken as the final observation data to reduce random errors. Then, temperature correction function and humidity correction function are used to correct the data, resulting in corrected temperature and humidity data, and generating a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: This invention presents a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device and method. Targeting the vertical flight characteristics of UAVs, it designs a flexible and controllable ventilated radiation shield that simultaneously considers ventilation conditions and radiation protection. This shield, addressing the drastic vertical changes in the low-altitude atmosphere, effectively blocks solar radiation while ensuring adequate ventilation and convection, significantly improving the accuracy of temperature and relative humidity recorded by the built-in temperature and humidity recorder during UAV flight. Furthermore, based on the structure of this ventilated radiation shield, a novel temperature and humidity data correction method is designed. This method, combined with the structure of the ventilated radiation shield and flight speed, corrects the temperature and humidity data recorded by the recorder, ultimately yielding a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile. This invention offers advantages such as high precision, simple structure, low cost, and flexible application, enabling rapid and flexible observation of low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles under various terrain and meteorological conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figures 1a to 1c This is a schematic diagram of the structural components of the UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device of the present invention, wherein, Figure 1a This is a schematic diagram of a ventilation radiation shield. Figure 1b This is a schematic diagram of the base. Figure 1cThis is a schematic diagram of a button-type temperature and humidity recorder; Figure 2 This is a physical image of the ventilation and radiation shield of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a photograph of the base of the button-type temperature and humidity recorder of the present invention. Figure 4 This is a top view of the base of the button-type temperature and humidity recorder of the present invention. Figure 5 A schematic diagram of an atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device installed on a drone; Figure 6 This is a flowchart of the low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile processing method of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile generated by the present invention; The attached diagrams are labeled as follows: 1. Ventilated radiation shield; 2. Base; 3. Button-type temperature and humidity recorder. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0016] This invention discloses a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device, the device comprising a ventilated radiation shield, a base, and a button-type temperature and humidity recorder; The base is mounted on the top of the drone. Its bottom has a fan-shaped hollow structure and a groove on the upper surface. A fixing seat is set in the center of the groove. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder is detachably installed in the fixing seat and its position extends beyond the upper surface of the fixing seat. The outer side of the base has external threads, and the inner side of the ventilation and radiation shield has internal threads. The ventilation and radiation shield is installed on the base by screwing it on, and the button-type temperature and humidity recorder is covered inside the ventilation and radiation shield. The ventilation and radiation shield includes several horizontally arranged annular sunshade layers. The annular sunshade layers are connected from top to bottom by multiple vertically arranged support strips. The outer side wall of each annular sunshade layer forms an angle with the support strip, and the lower edge of the upper sunshade layer is flush with the upper edge of the lower sunshade layer. The gap between adjacent annular sunshade layers and the hollow structure at the bottom of the base form an air flow channel. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder collects temperature and humidity data and timestamp information during the drone's flight. Based on the timestamp information, the temperature and humidity data is matched with the drone's flight data to obtain temperature and humidity data at different flight altitudes. Combining the flight speed and the ventilation and radiation shield structure, the temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, generating a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile.

[0017] To ensure the efficient exchange of ambient temperature and humidity data between the built-in button-type temperature and humidity recorder within the ventilated radiation shield and the outside atmosphere during the drone's vertical flight, and to guarantee accurate and real-time recording of atmospheric temperature and humidity information, the design of the ventilated radiation shield fully considers both sunshade and ventilation. (See also...) Figure 2 This example uses a four-layer shading system, each angled downwards at 45°. The lower edge of the upper shading layer is flush with the upper edge of the lower shading layer, ensuring that solar radiation cannot directly penetrate the radiation shield from any angle. This prevents solar radiation from causing heating interference to the temperature and humidity recorder, thus improving measurement accuracy. This angle was determined after actual testing of different schemes. Tests were conducted on annular shading layers at angles of 25°, 35°, 45°, 55°, and 65°, and it was found that the observation accuracy was highest at a 45° angle. While a smaller angle might facilitate ventilation and convection between the radiation shield and the outside environment, in the early morning or late afternoon when the solar altitude angle is low, solar radiation might directly penetrate the radiation shield through gaps between the shading layers, affecting observation accuracy. Conversely, a larger angle would interfere with ventilation and convection between the button-type temperature and humidity recorder inside the shield and the outside environment, reducing observation accuracy.

[0018] The choice of the number of layers is limited by the drone's payload and observation accuracy requirements. Too few layers result in limited internal space and poor heat dissipation; at least three layers are needed to effectively ensure ventilation and sunshade. More layers increase observation accuracy, but also increase the overall weight of the device, making it unsuitable for low-payload drones. In practical applications, users choose the number of ventilation and radiation shielding layers according to their needs. The number of layers for the annular sunshade layer needs to consider the drone's payload and observation accuracy requirements. Too few layers result in limited internal space and poor heat dissipation. Through observation and comparison, it was found that at least three sunshade layers are needed to effectively ensure ventilation and sunshade, thereby ensuring observation accuracy. However, more layers lead to a linear increase in the overall weight of the device, which is unsuitable for low-payload drones. In practical applications, users choose the number of ventilation and radiation shielding layers according to their needs. The sunshade layers are perforated and connected by three longitudinal support strips. Ventilation holes are also cut at the junction of each support strip and the annular radiation layer to further enhance air circulation, enabling the temperature and humidity sensors to respond quickly to environmental changes and accurately record atmospheric temperature and humidity.

[0019] See Figure 3 and Figure 4The ventilated base features grooves to securely hold the temperature and humidity recorder, ensuring its proper positioning during measurements. The bottom employs a fan-blade-like perforated structure, which, combined with the perforated layer and ventilation holes of the ventilated radiation shield, forms upper and lower ventilation channels, further enhancing ventilation efficiency. The top periphery of the base features a threaded structure for reliable connection to the radiation shield, ensuring the overall structure's airtightness and detachability. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder's socket within the base is surrounded by the ventilated radiation shield, effectively isolating it from external solar radiation interference. Ventilation is achieved through the perforated sections of the shield and base, improving the accuracy and reliability of the measurement data. A support unit connects to the lower part of the base, with two gaps on either side for securely mounting the observation device to the top of the drone using straps or clips. This ensures the device's robustness and observation safety without affecting the drone's flight performance. Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of an atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device installed on a drone.

[0020] The button-type temperature and humidity logger is small, lightweight, and encased in a robust stainless steel shell, allowing it to operate stably in various harsh environments. It can be set to observe temperature and relative humidity at fixed time intervals, recording the observed data and time in its built-in storage. Connecting the logger to a computer via a connector allows users to start recording, set observation intervals, and calibrate the logger's time to prevent misleading data entry, all through the accompanying software.

[0021] The ventilation and radiation shield and base can be manufactured using 3D printing, and the button-type temperature and humidity recorder can utilize readily available commercial equipment. Compared to other atmospheric temperature and humidity observation devices, the atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device of this invention has extremely low cost. Furthermore, the entire device weighs no more than 300g, thus requiring very low payload capacity from the drone platform it is mounted on, allowing it to be mounted on commonly used consumer-grade multi-rotor drones, making it convenient and flexible to use.

[0022] See Figure 6 This invention discloses a low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne method for observing low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The method is performed using the aforementioned device and includes the following steps: Select a ventilated radiation shield with the appropriate number of sunshade layers based on the drone's payload range and observation accuracy requirements; Install the button-type temperature and humidity recorder inside the base's mounting bracket with its position extending beyond the upper surface of the mounting bracket. Then, screw the ventilation and radiation shield onto the top of the base so that the button-type temperature and humidity recorder is enclosed inside the ventilation and radiation shield. Secure the base to the drone, activate the button-type temperature and humidity recorder, and control the drone to ascend and descend at a set speed to collect temperature and humidity data during the flight. Read the time-stamped temperature and humidity data collected by the button-type temperature and humidity recorder and the time-stamped flight data sent by the drone. Match the temperature and humidity data and flight data according to the timestamps to obtain temperature and humidity data at different flight altitudes. By combining flight speed and ventilation radiation shield structure, temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, and low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles are generated.

[0023] Before starting the observation, connect the button-type temperature and humidity recorder to the computer, calibrate its time, set the observation interval (such as 1 second or 2 seconds), start the button-type temperature and humidity recorder to start recording, then insert the button-type temperature and humidity recorder into the socket in the base of the temperature and humidity profile observation device, connect the ventilation radiation shield to the base by screwing it on, and then firmly fix the entire device to the top of the drone through the gap of the base support with straps or buckles to ensure the stable operation of the device during flight.

[0024] Control the drone to take off at a constant speed and ascend to the preset altitude, then descend at a constant speed until landing. After landing, remove the button-type temperature and humidity recorder from the device, connect it to the computer to export the temperature and humidity data; export POS data from the drone, which records the drone's position and attitude during flight, including recording time and altitude information.

[0025] By matching the time records in the temperature and humidity data and the time records in the POS data as mediating variables, the temperature and humidity recorded by the button-type temperature and humidity recorder are connected with the altitude data recorded by the drone to generate temperature and relative humidity data corresponding to each altitude during the entire flight process.

[0026] The drone observation included two phases: ascent and descent. To determine which phase recorded more accurate temperature and humidity profiles, a comparative experiment was conducted. A drone equipped with a temperature and humidity profile observation device was used for vertical flight near a meteorological flux tower. Temperature and humidity profiles were acquired during the ascent, descent, and average of the ascent and descent phases, and compared with the meteorological flux tower's observation results. Meteorological instruments were installed every 10 meters on the atmospheric flux tower to record temperature and humidity information at these altitudes. The average temperature and humidity data from the drone's ascent, descent, and ascent-descent phases at these altitudes were extracted and compared with the meteorological flux tower's observation results at the corresponding altitudes. The results showed that the temperature and humidity observed during the descent phase had the smallest difference and the highest accuracy compared to the meteorological tower's observations. This is likely because the observation system's base has a fan-blade-like perforated structure, allowing air to enter rapidly during descent, while the top of the observation system is solid and sealed for sun shading, preventing air from entering during ascent. Based on the comparative observation results and analysis, the temperature and humidity profiles recorded by the drone during the descent phase are more accurate.

[0027] However, there are still some discrepancies between the temperature and humidity recorded by the drone's descent observation device and the results observed by the meteorological flux tower.

[0028] To further improve accuracy, a correction equation for the air temperature and relative humidity observation data during the UAV's descent phase is constructed, using meteorological tower observations as a reference. This correction equation relies on the structure of the annular shading layer, which is one of the main purposes of the annular shading layer structure design: to achieve a targeted data correction process through a stable and controllable airflow channel. Analysis shows that in this invention, the more layers of shading layer there are, the higher the observation accuracy; the two exhibit an approximately logarithmic relationship. Flight speed during descent is another major parameter affecting accuracy.

[0029] Based on the aforementioned structure of the ventilation and radiation shield and the flight attitude of the UAV, this invention proposes an effective method for obtaining the correction equation for air temperature and relative humidity observation data during the descent phase of the UAV, specifically including: Acquire the first temperature and humidity data recorded by observation instruments at different heights on the meteorological flux tower; After selecting the ventilation and radiation shield, a drone carrying an observation device was used to fly vertically near the meteorological flux tower to obtain the second temperature and humidity data during the descent phase of the drone at different flight speeds. Using the first temperature and humidity data as a benchmark, the least squares method is used to fit the second temperature and humidity data, and altitude is used as a variable to obtain the temperature correction function and humidity correction function corresponding to different flight speeds.

[0030] In practical applications, after acquiring temperature and humidity data, it is only necessary to select the appropriate temperature correction function and humidity correction function according to the number of layers of the ventilation and radiation shield and the flight speed of the drone during the descent phase, so as to correct the second temperature and humidity data acquired at different altitudes during the drone's descent phase.

[0031] like Figure 1a , Figure 1b and Figure 1c As shown, the UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device of the present invention mainly consists of a ventilated radiation shield 1, a base 2, and a button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3.

[0032] Combination Figure 2 The ventilation and radiation shield 1 has four shading layers, each angled downwards at 45°. The lower edge of the upper shading layer is flush with the upper edge of the lower shading layer, ensuring that solar radiation cannot directly enter the radiation shield from any angle, thus preventing solar radiation from causing heating interference to the temperature and humidity recorder. The shading layers are perforated and connected by three longitudinal support strips, each with four ventilation holes, effectively enhancing air circulation and enabling the temperature and humidity sensor to respond quickly to environmental changes and accurately record ambient temperature and humidity.

[0033] Combination Figure 3 and Figure 4 The bottom of base 2 features a fan-shaped perforated structure, which, combined with the perforated layer and ventilation holes of the ventilation and radiation shield 1, further enhances air convection. A groove is located in the center to secure the button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3, ensuring its stability and data acquisition accuracy during flight.

[0034] Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles were observed using an iButton DS1923 button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3 was inserted into a USB card reader, which was then connected to the computer port. Using the iButton software, the sampling interval was set to 1 second, the temperature resolution to 0.0625 ℃, and the humidity resolution to 0.04%. After setting the parameters, the button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3 was removed from the card reader.

[0035] Subsequently, it is installed in the groove within the base 2, and the ventilation radiation shield 1 and base 2 are screwed together using a threaded structure. Then, the entire observation device is secured to the back of the UAV using straps through the two gaps in the device base support. Figure 5 ).

[0036] The drone was controlled to take off vertically at a constant speed to an altitude of 500 m according to the set program, and then descend at a constant speed. During this process, in order to obtain high vertical resolution atmospheric temperature and humidity records, the speed was set to 1 m / s.

[0037] After the flight mission is completed, the computer reads the temperature and humidity data stored in the button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3, including information such as time, temperature, and humidity. Based on the time field shared by the button-type temperature and humidity recorder 3 and the drone camera photos, the two sets of data are matched to obtain the temperature and humidity data corresponding to different altitudes during the drone's ascent and descent.

[0038] Extract the temperature and humidity data collected during the descent of the UAV, substitute the temperature and altitude data into formula (1), and substitute the relative humidity and altitude data into formula (2) for correction to obtain an accurate low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile.

[0039] (1); In the formula, T is the corrected air temperature (unit: °C). The temperature (in °C) is measured during the descent phase, and H is the altitude (in meters).

[0040] (2); In the formula, RH is the corrected relative humidity (unit: %). The relative humidity (in %) is measured during the descent phase, and H is the altitude (in meters).

[0041] Figure 7 The atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles obtained at three different times are presented in this invention, corresponding to... Figure 7 (a), (b), and (c) in the example.

[0042] Although preferred embodiments of this application have been described, those skilled in the art, upon learning the basic inventive concept, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments as well as all changes and modifications falling within the scope of this application.

[0043] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Therefore, if such modifications and variations fall within the scope of the claims of this application and their equivalents, this application also intends to include such modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A low-cost, high-precision unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device, characterized in that, The device includes a ventilated radiation shield, a base, and a button-type temperature and humidity recorder; The base is mounted on the top of the drone. Its bottom has a fan-shaped hollow structure and a groove on the upper surface. A fixing seat is set in the center of the groove. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder is detachably installed in the fixing seat and its position extends beyond the upper surface of the fixing seat. The outer side of the base has external threads, and the inner side of the ventilation and radiation shield has internal threads. The ventilation and radiation shield is installed on the base by screwing it on, and the button-type temperature and humidity recorder is covered inside the ventilation and radiation shield. The ventilation and radiation shield includes several horizontally arranged annular sunshade layers. The annular sunshade layers are connected from top to bottom by multiple vertically arranged support strips. The outer side wall of each annular sunshade layer forms an angle with the support strip, and the lower edge of the upper sunshade layer is flush with the upper edge of the lower sunshade layer. The gap between adjacent annular sunshade layers and the hollow structure at the bottom of the base form an air flow channel. The button-type temperature and humidity recorder collects temperature and humidity data and timestamp information during the flight of the UAV. Then, it matches the temperature and humidity data with the flight data of the UAV based on the timestamp information to obtain temperature and humidity data at different flight altitudes. Combined with the flight speed and ventilation and radiation shield structure, the temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data and generate a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile. The outer wall of the annular sunshade layer slopes downwards at a 45° angle.

2. The low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Ventilation holes are provided at the contact point between the support strip and the annular sunshade layer.

3. The low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The base has a support section at its bottom, with a slit on each side. Straps or buckles on the drone pass through the slits to fix the base to the drone, and there is a ventilation gap between the fan-shaped hollow structure at the bottom of the base and the drone.

4. A low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne method for low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation, characterized in that, The method is performed using the apparatus according to any one of claims 1-3; the method includes the following steps: Select a ventilated radiation shield with the appropriate number of sunshade layers based on the drone's payload range and observation accuracy requirements; Install the button-type temperature and humidity recorder inside the base's mounting bracket with its position extending beyond the upper surface of the mounting bracket. Then, screw the ventilation and radiation shield onto the top of the base so that the button-type temperature and humidity recorder is enclosed inside the ventilation and radiation shield. Secure the base to the drone, activate the button-type temperature and humidity recorder, and control the drone to ascend and descend at a set speed to collect temperature and humidity data during the flight. Read the time-stamped temperature and humidity data collected by the button-type temperature and humidity recorder and the time-stamped flight data sent by the drone. Match the temperature and humidity data and flight data according to the timestamps to obtain temperature and humidity data at different flight altitudes. By combining flight speed and ventilation radiation shield structure, temperature and humidity data at different altitudes are corrected to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, generating high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles.

5. The low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The process of correcting temperature and humidity data at different altitudes, taking into account flight speed and the structure of the ventilation and radiation shield, includes: Based on the number of layers in the ventilation and radiation shield and the flight speed of the UAV during its descent, appropriate temperature and humidity correction functions are selected to correct the second temperature and humidity data acquired at different altitudes during the UAV's descent. The process of obtaining the temperature and humidity correction functions includes: Acquire the first temperature and humidity data recorded by meteorological observation instruments at different heights on the meteorological flux tower; Near the meteorological flux tower, drones equipped with observation devices of different numbers of sunshade layers were used to fly vertically at different speeds to obtain second temperature and humidity data during the descent phase of the drones corresponding to different flight speeds and radiation shield structures. Using the first temperature and humidity data as a benchmark, the second temperature and humidity data are fitted using the least squares fitting method, with altitude as a variable, to obtain the temperature correction function and humidity correction function corresponding to different flight speeds and radiation shield structures.

6. The low-cost, high-precision UAV-borne low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile observation method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The method further includes the following steps: The drone is controlled to repeatedly perform observation actions. The average value of temperature and humidity data during all descent phases is calculated to reduce random errors. Temperature and humidity correction functions are used for correction to obtain corrected temperature and humidity data, generating a high-precision low-altitude atmospheric temperature and humidity profile.

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