Mechanical Large Deformation Energy Self-Consistent Anchor System and its Construction Method

Abstract

This invention provides a mechanically large deformation energy-self-sufficient anchor system and its construction method, relating to the field of slope support technology. The system uses a rack and pinion transmission mechanism to convert the displacement generated by large slope deformation into the precise rotational motion of the anchor head nut, achieving dynamic and active adjustment of prestress, effectively adapting to large deformation of the surrounding rock and preventing anchor failure. An internal thermosiphon utilizes geothermal energy from the soil layer to drive temperature difference power generation, providing a continuous and self-sufficient energy supply for monitoring elements such as vibrating wire sensors and reading instruments, solving the power supply problem for long-term monitoring. The system integrates real-time stress monitoring, accurately reflecting the working status of the anchors and improving the safety and intelligence level of the support. The ingenious overall structure integrates energy self-supply, status monitoring, and mechanical performance control, significantly improving the durability, reliability, and eco-friendliness of slope support.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of slope protection technology, and in particular relates to a mechanical large deformation energy self-consistent anchor system and its construction method. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of geotechnical engineering, anchor bolt structures, as one of the key technologies for slope support, have been widely used in various geological engineering projects. However, in practical engineering applications, existing anchor bolt systems still face several technical challenges that urgently need to be addressed. For example, as revealed by Chinese invention patents CN114607428B (An internally anchored telescopic anchor bolt for soft rock reinforcement and its application method) and CN109707424B (A flexible self-anchored prestressed anchor bolt with anti-hook claws), although optimizing the mechanical structure design of the anchor bolt has improved its adaptability to ground deformation to a certain extent, its energy dissipation mechanism still has significant shortcomings. When the slope undergoes large displacement or continuous deformation, high strain energy easily accumulates inside the anchor bolt, and this energy cannot be effectively released, leading to frequent local stress concentration phenomena, which may eventually cause the anchor bolt itself to fracture or the entire support system to fail.

[0003] Secondly, the functions of existing anchor systems remain relatively limited, confined to traditional passive support modes, failing to fully realize their potential for multifunctional integration. For example, while Chinese utility model patent CN213450437U (“A Prestressed Multifunctional Composite Anchor”) has made some progress in improving mechanical properties, it still hasn't broken through the functional limitation of merely serving as a load-bearing component. It is worth noting that a significant geothermal gradient generally exists between the slope soil and the external environment, reaching 50–80℃ in typical engineering environments. However, traditional anchor systems lack effective energy conversion and utilization mechanisms, failing to develop this potential thermal energy resource and resulting in a waste of renewable energy.

[0004] Furthermore, the limitations of monitoring capabilities are a significant shortcoming of existing technologies. For example, patent CN107605519B provides a multifunctional monitoring and early warning anchor bolt, but this system relies on an external power source, limiting its application in remote areas or regions with limited energy supply. Another example is patent CN202311465091.1, which relates to a self-tightening early warning anchor bolt for monitoring changes in soil pressure; however, its monitoring range and accuracy are limited, making it difficult to meet the high-precision requirements for anchor bolt stress-deformation monitoring under complex geological conditions. These existing technologies fail to fully consider the real-time monitoring needs during soil and rock deformation processes, lack effective energy self-sufficiency solutions and high-precision monitoring capabilities, and are unable to provide reliable and continuous data support for engineering safety under complex geological conditions. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a mechanically large deformation energy self-sufficient anchor system to achieve structural anchoring, energy self-supply, and real-time high-precision monitoring of anchor stress.

[0006] The second objective of this invention is to provide a construction method for a mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent anchor system.

[0007] A mechanically large deformation energy self-consistent anchor bolt system includes an anchor bolt body, an energy unit, and an anchor head unit; wherein the energy unit includes a thermosiphon, a thermoelectric generator, a heat sink, an energy storage device, a vibrating wire sensor, a thermally conductive coating, a generator holder, a voltmeter, and a reading instrument;

[0008] The anchor head unit includes a first drive gear, a driven gear, an inner ring pad, an outer ring pad, an anchor head nut, a gear base, a locking nut, a gear bearing, a rack, and a second drive gear.

[0009] The thermosiphon is installed inside the anchor rod body. The evaporation section of the thermosiphon absorbs geothermal energy from the stable soil layer through the grouting protective layer. The condensation section of the thermosiphon is thermally coupled to the hot end of the thermoelectric generator.

[0010] The rack is fixed to the outer ring pad and drives the anchor nut to rotate and move through the linkage of the second drive gear, the first drive gear and the driven gear.

[0011] Furthermore, the thermosiphon tube is filled with a working fluid, the filling amount of which is 30%-50% of the volume of the thermosiphon tube, and the inner wall of the thermosiphon tube is provided with capillary walls with a porosity of 60%-90%; the vibrating wire sensor is fixed to the inner wall of the anchor rod through an adhesive fixing layer.

[0012] Furthermore, the working fluid is composed of difluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoropropane in a mass ratio of 40:30:30; the thermally conductive coating is applied to the outer surface of the thermosiphon tube.

[0013] Furthermore, the condensation section of the thermosiphon is 1 / 5 to 1 / 4 of the total length of the thermosiphon and has a diameter of 2 / 3 to 4 / 5 of the thermosiphon's diameter; the heat sink is located at the cold end of the thermoelectric generator; the heat sink has a finned structure, with a height of 1.2 to 1.5 times the diameter of the thermosiphon, a thickness of 2 to 3 mm, and a spacing of 3 to 5 mm.

[0014] Furthermore, the radii of the first driving gear, the second driving gear, and the driven gear satisfy the following: where is the radius of the second driving gear, is the radius of the first driving gear, is the radius of the driven gear, and is the thread pitch of the anchor rod body.

[0015] Furthermore, the gear base is fixed to the upper surface of the inner ring pad, and the gear bearing is mounted on the gear base; the first drive gear and the second drive gear are fixed to the gear bearing by locking nuts.

[0016] Furthermore, the generator holder is embedded in the groove at the top of the anchor rod, and the thermoelectric generator is fixed on the generator holder; the storage device, voltmeter, and reading instrument are installed on the upper surface of the outer ring pad and connected by wires.

[0017] Furthermore, the vibrating wire sensor is connected to the reader via a data acquisition line, and the reader is connected to the monitoring terminal via a wire.

[0018] A construction method for a mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent anchor system includes the following steps:

[0019] S1: Fabricate the anchor rod body with spiral ribs, and reserve the mounting position of the vibrating wire sensor on the inner wall;

[0020] S2: Fix the vibrating wire sensor with an adhesive fixing layer, and install the thermosiphon tube after applying a thermally conductive coating;

[0021] S3. Drill holes and insert anchor rods, then grout to form a grouting protective layer and anchor them to the stable soil and rock layer;

[0022] S4. Install the inner and outer ring pads, and adjust the anchor head nut to the design position;

[0023] S5. Install gear bearings on the gear base and fix the first drive gear and the second drive gear with lock nuts;

[0024] S6. Install the generator holder, thermoelectric generator, and heat sink onto the top of the anchor bolt in sequence;

[0025] S7. Install the accumulator, voltmeter, and reading instrument on the outer ring pad, and connect them to the monitoring terminal through wires and acquisition lines.

[0026] Furthermore, in step S5, the meshing clearance between the rack and the second drive gear is controlled at 0.1-0.3 mm; during grouting in step S3, the pressure of the grouting protective layer is monitored to prevent obstruction of the working fluid backflow.

[0027] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention include the following:

[0028] The mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent intelligent anchor system of this invention, through a rack and pinion anchor head design, achieves dynamic adjustment of the prestress inside the anchor structure during large soil deformation. The main drive gear (large gear) and the driven gear work together to adjust the position of the anchor head nut in the anchor structure according to the soil deformation, converting the vertical displacement of the outer ring pad in the slope rock and soil into the radial rotation of the anchor head nut along the length of the anchor rod, so as to achieve consistent displacement of the outer ring pad and the anchor head nut on the horizontal plane, and essentially consistent prestress inside the anchor rod.

[0029] This invention innovatively integrates a thermosiphon and a TEG thermoelectric generator into an anchor system, constructing a highly efficient geothermal-to-electrical energy conversion system. The thermosiphon is installed inside the anchor rod, with its evaporation section extending deep underground to efficiently absorb geothermal energy. The condensation section of the thermosiphon is thermally coupled to the hot end of the TEG thermoelectric generator. The cold end of the TEG thermoelectric generator is connected to a heat sink, utilizing the Seebeck effect to achieve thermoelectric conversion and provide a stable power supply to the system. The design of the thermosiphon and TEG thermoelectric generator eliminates the anchor system's dependence on an external power source, reduces operation and maintenance costs, and achieves a deep integration of energy utilization and slope support functions.

[0030] This invention introduces a vibrating wire sensor to monitor the axial stress of the anchor bolt in real time, improving the safety and reliability of slope engineering through real-time data transmission. A TEG thermoelectric generator provides stable power to the vibrating wire sensor, reducing power supply costs. The mechanically large deformation energy-self-sufficient intelligent anchor bolt system provided by this invention integrates large deformation slope support, geothermal energy utilization, and slope monitoring, offering a new path for the application of geothermal energy in geotechnical engineering and possessing significant promotional value. Attached Figure Description

[0031] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0032] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the upper structure of the anchor system provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of the anchor system provided for an embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the lower structure of the anchor system provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 4A schematic diagram of the structure of the thermosiphon assembly provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the installation of the gear assembly provided for an embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 6 A working fluid circulation flow chart of a thermosiphon assembly provided for an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 7 Connection diagram of the anchor system provided for embodiments of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 8 A geometric dimension drawing of a gear assembly provided for an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] In the diagram, 1. Anchor rod body; 2. First drive gear; 3. Driven gear; 4. Inner ring pad; 5. Outer ring pad; 6. Anchor head nut; 7. Gear base; 8. Locking nut; 9. Gear bearing; 10. Rack; 11. Second drive gear; 12. Grouting protective layer; 13. Vibrating wire sensor; 14. Bonding and fixing layer; 15. Thermal conductive coating; 16. Thermosiphon tube; 17. Working fluid; 18. Capillary pore wall; 19. Stabilized soil layer; 20. Generator holder; 21. Thermoelectric generator; 22. Heat sink; 23. Storage device; 24. Voltmeter; 25. Reading instrument; 26. Monitoring terminal; 27. Wire; 28. Data acquisition line. Detailed Implementation

[0041] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0042] This embodiment provides a mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent anchor system, including an energy unit and an anchor head unit. The energy unit includes an anchor rod body 1, a vibrating wire sensor 13, an adhesive fixing layer 14, a thermally conductive coating 15, a thermosiphon 16, a generator holder 20, a thermoelectric generator 21, a heat sink 22, an energy storage device 23, a voltmeter 24, and a reading instrument 25. Figure 3 As shown, the anchor rod body 1 is specifically constructed of hollow alloy structural steel; the vibrating wire sensor 13 is disposed on the inner wall of the hollow threaded rod. Furthermore, the hollow threaded rod also integrates a thermally conductive coating 15 and a thermosiphon tube 16 assembly. Specifically, the vibrating wire sensor 13, the thermally conductive coating 15, and the thermosiphon tube 16 are arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside along the radial direction of the rod body.

[0043] In some specific embodiments, the vibrating wire sensor 13 is fixed to the inner wall of the anchor bolt body 1 by bonding, with its arrangement direction parallel to the axis of the anchor bolt body 1. The vibrating wire sensor 13 is bonded to the inner wall using epoxy adhesive, forming a high-strength and durable bonding layer 14 to ensure the stability and reliability of the vibrating wire sensor 13 under complex working conditions. The thermally conductive coating 15 is preferably a graphene-based thermally conductive coating, uniformly coated on the outer surface of the thermosiphon 16 by spraying or dipping to enhance heat conduction efficiency and achieve effective heat transfer and utilization within the anchor bolt system.

[0044] like Figure 1 The anchor rod 1, from top to bottom, passes through the driven gear 3, the anchor head nut 6, and the inner ring washer 4, penetrating deep into the soil to absorb geothermal energy and effectively anchor the stable soil and rock layer 19. A grouting protective layer 12 is provided around the anchor rod 1, formed by cement pouring, to enhance the bonding and sealing performance between the anchor rod and the surrounding soil and rock. To improve heat exchange efficiency, the outer surface of the anchor rod 1 is designed with a spiral rib structure. The evenly distributed spiral texture of the anchor rod 1 significantly increases the contact area between the anchor rod 1 and the grouting protective layer 12, thereby improving heat transfer efficiency and ensuring that the thermosiphon 16 can efficiently absorb geothermal energy from the strata.

[0045] like Figure 4In some specific embodiments, the thermosiphon 16 adopts a cylindrical structure, and its constituent materials can be selected from metal materials with good thermal conductivity and pressure resistance, such as copper, stainless steel, and aluminum alloy. The thermosiphon 16 is filled with a working fluid 17, and its inner wall is provided with capillary walls 18 to provide the capillary force required to drive the working fluid 17 to circulate back. The porosity of the capillary walls 18 is controlled between 60% and 90% to maintain a good fluid flow channel while ensuring sufficient capillary action. In this embodiment, the porosity effectively enhances the capillary force, allowing the working fluid 17 condensed in the condensation section to flow smoothly back to the evaporation section, while avoiding excessive flow resistance due to excessively small pores, which would affect the circulation efficiency of the working fluid 17. When the porosity exceeds 90%, although it theoretically provides a larger fluid flow space, the connectivity between the pores may decrease, leading to obstructed flow channels, which is detrimental to the stable circulation of the working fluid 17. Therefore, by optimizing the porosity range, a good balance can be achieved between capillary force and flow resistance, ensuring efficient and stable continuous circulation of the working fluid 17 inside the thermosiphon 16. The thermosiphon 16 is filled with the working fluid 17, the filling amount of which is controlled between 30% and 50% of the total volume of the thermosiphon 16. Insufficient filling will lead to insufficient liquid supply in the evaporation section, reduced heat transfer capacity, and difficulty in starting up; while excessive filling will block the vapor passage, reduce condensation efficiency, and increase system thermal inertia and overpressure risk. In this embodiment, a good balance between evaporation and condensation processes can be achieved within the working fluid 17 range, ensuring that the thermosiphon 16 possesses excellent heat transfer performance, response speed, and operational safety.

[0046] In some possible embodiments, the working medium 17 may be water, ammonia or other working medium 17, as long as it has a high boiling point, excellent thermal conductivity, low solidification temperature and good chemical stability within the operating temperature range, it is within the scope of this embodiment.

[0047] In some preferred embodiments, the working fluid 17 is a ternary refrigerant mixture composed of difluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane, and pentafluoropropane in a mass ratio of 40:30:30. The working fluid 17 achieves good evaporation and condensation matching characteristics within the operating temperature range of the thermosiphon 16 through the complementary thermophysical properties of its components. Specifically, R32 has a high volumetric refrigeration capacity and excellent heat transfer performance, which helps improve the overall heat exchange efficiency of the system; R134a has good thermal stability and chemical inertness, which helps enhance the stability and safety of the working fluid 17 under different operating conditions; and R245fa has a low boiling point and excellent flow properties, which helps to broaden the applicable temperature range of the system and improve low-temperature start-up performance. The three Freon refrigerants have certain similarities in molecular structure and polarity, exhibit good compatibility, are not prone to chemical reactions, and can form stable azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixtures. By using a reasonable ratio, the ternary mixed working fluid 17 in this embodiment can effectively combine the advantages of each individual component and make up for the deficiencies of the single working fluid 17 in specific performance, thereby significantly improving the heat transfer efficiency, operational stability and environmental adaptability of the thermosiphon device under various operating conditions.

[0048] In some possible implementations, the thermosiphon 16 can be functionally divided into three main sections: an evaporation section, an insulation section, and a condensation section. The portion extending underground to absorb geothermal energy is the evaporation section, where the working fluid 17 absorbs geothermal energy from the strata and evaporates. The portion connecting to the ground surface and contacting the generator fixture 20 is the condensation section, where the working fluid 17 releases heat, condenses, and flows back. The portion between the evaporation and condensation sections is called the insulation section, whose main function is to achieve thermal isolation, preventing heat loss before reaching the condensation section, thereby ensuring the stability and continuity of the overall heat conduction process of the thermosiphon 16. In some possible implementations, the insulation section is the portion of the thermosiphon 16 exposed 0.3–0.6 m above the ground surface; the portion extending underground is the evaporation section.

[0049] The inner wall of the condensation section is equipped with a tapered spiral microgroove structure, with the groove depth gradually decreasing along the flow direction of the working fluid 17. Its outer surface is arranged with an array of hydrophobic fins, and the fins are coated with a photocatalytic self-cleaning coating. When the working fluid 17 vapor is cooled and condensed in the condensation section, the spiral microgroove effectively guides the condensate back in a specific direction through its gradient structure, improving drainage efficiency. Simultaneously, the hydrophobic fins combined with the photocatalytic coating, under external field excitation, decompose organic pollutants and enhance surface self-cleaning ability, thereby effectively inhibiting fouling deposition and maintaining the long-term high-efficiency operation of the heat exchange surface.

[0050] In some specific embodiments, the generator fixing device 20 is installed on the top of the anchor rod 1 to ensure a tight connection between the thermoelectric generator 21 and the top of the anchor rod 1, and to provide stable and reliable mechanical support for the thermoelectric generator 21.

[0051] In some possible implementations, the top of the anchor rod 1 is provided with a groove that matches the generator fixation device 20. The generator fixation device 20 is embedded in the groove. Specifically, the TEG fixation device is embedded and fixed in the groove by threads or snaps.

[0052] The hot end of the thermoelectric generator 21 is connected to the condensing section of the thermosiphon 16 via a generator holder 20, thereby effectively transferring the heat converted from underground geothermal energy. A heat sink 22 is provided at the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 21. The heat sink 22 adopts a finned structure design to enhance convective heat transfer efficiency and overall heat dissipation capacity. The heat sink 22 is fixedly installed on the outer surface of the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 21, and its function is to continuously dissipate the heat from the thermosiphon 16 into the surrounding environment, thereby maintaining the temperature stability of the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 21 and ensuring its continuous and efficient thermoelectric power generation.

[0053] In this embodiment, the space of the anchor system is limited, and integrating the thermoelectric generator 21 into the anchor requires miniaturization while ensuring its power generation efficiency. This necessitates the rational arrangement of the generator's hot and cold ends and connecting components within the limited space, while also considering its compatibility and coordinated operation with other components such as the thermosiphon 16 and heat sink 22. By integrating the thermoelectric generator 21 into the anchor system and utilizing geothermal energy for power generation, this embodiment achieves self-sufficiency in energy supply for the anchor system, eliminating dependence on external power sources and reducing operation and maintenance costs. It is particularly suitable for remote areas or regions with difficult energy supply. In this embodiment, the surface area of ​​the condensation section is directly proportional to the heat transfer efficiency. Increasing the surface area of ​​the condensation section helps improve heat transfer efficiency, thereby increasing the power generation efficiency of the thermoelectric generator 21. At the same time, limiting the size of the condensation section ensures the compactness of the entire thermosiphon 16 structure. The length of the condensation section is designed to be 1 / 5 to 1 / 4 of the total length of the thermosiphon 16, and the diameter is approximately 2 / 3 to 4 / 5 of the diameter of the thermosiphon 16. For example, if the total length of the thermosiphon 16 is 10 meters, the length of the condensation section can be set between 2 and 2.5 meters.

[0054] In this embodiment, the height and length of the heat sink 22 directly affect the heat dissipation area, and thus the heat dissipation efficiency. The dimensions of the heat sink 22 are designed based on the diameter of the thermosiphon 16. In this embodiment, the height of the heat sink 22 is 1.2 to 1.5 times the diameter of the thermosiphon 16, the thickness of the heat sink 22 is 2 to 3 mm, and the spacing between the heat sink 22 is 3 to 5 mm. For example, if the diameter of the thermosiphon 16 is 30 mm, the height of the heat sink 22 can be set to 36 to 45 mm. This range effectively increases the heat dissipation area, improves heat dissipation efficiency, and meets size requirements. The fin thickness of the condensation section affects its structural strength and heat dissipation performance; excessive thickness increases thermal resistance, while excessive thinness may reduce structural strength. Heat dissipation fins are provided on the outer wall of the condensation section, with a fin spacing of 3 to 5 mm, a thickness of 2 to 3 mm, and a height of 10 to 15 mm. In this embodiment, the fin spacing of the condensation section ensures airflow and avoids airflow short-circuiting, thereby improving heat dissipation efficiency.

[0055] In this embodiment, the anchor rod 1 has a long and narrow structure. To ensure that the geothermal energy absorbed by the thermosiphon 16 is efficiently transferred to the thermoelectric generator 21, an efficient heat transfer path needs to be designed to reduce heat loss during the transfer process and improve power generation efficiency. Materials with high thermal conductivity, such as copper and aluminum, are used to manufacture the thermosiphon 16 and the thermoelectric generator 21 fixing components to improve heat transfer efficiency. For example, copper has a thermal conductivity as high as 385 W / (m·K), and aluminum has a thermal conductivity of 205 W / (m·K). These materials can effectively reduce thermal resistance and accelerate heat transfer.

[0056] In this embodiment, the electrical energy generated by the thermoelectric generator 21 needs to be effectively managed and distributed to meet the power requirements of various monitoring devices in the anchor system. This involves designing a reasonable energy storage and distribution system to ensure stable power output and achieve a dynamic balance between power generation and power demand. The mechanically large deformation anchor head design adopted in this application can broaden the application boundaries of the thermoelectric power generation system under complex geological conditions.

[0057] like Figure 2 , Figure 5 As shown, the anchor head unit includes a first drive gear 2, a driven gear 3, an inner ring pad 4, an outer ring pad 5, an anchor head nut 6, a gear base 7, a locking nut 8, a gear bearing 9, a rack 10, and a second drive gear 11.

[0058] like Figure 2As shown, the inner annular pad 4 is tightly fitted at the interface between the anchor rod body 1 and the ground surface, located below the anchor head nut 6, and its diameter is 3 to 4 times the diameter of the anchor rod body 1. The inner annular pad 4 is used to directly bear the axial force transmitted by the anchor head and evenly distribute this axial force to a larger area of ​​the soil and rock mass below the slope, thereby effectively avoiding slope soil and rock mass crushing failure caused by local stress concentration. The anchor head nut 6 is coaxially fixed below the driven gear 3 and can be rotated and adjusted along the thread on the outer surface of the anchor rod body 1 to achieve its position adjustment on the anchor rod body 1, so as to meet the anchoring requirements under different working conditions.

[0059] like Figure 5 As shown, the gear base 7 is fixedly mounted on the upper surface of the inner ring pad 4 and installed in a symmetrical arrangement. Four pairs of gear bases 7 are arranged on the upper surface of the inner ring pad 4 to precisely position and fix the installation positions of the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11. The gear bearing 9 is mounted on the gear base 7, and its surface is hardened to improve wear resistance and contact rigidity while maintaining good smoothness. The gear bearing 9 passes sequentially through the center holes of the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11, thereby restricting the degrees of freedom of the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11 along the length of the anchor rod, ensuring their stable positioning in the axial direction. The locking nuts 8 are respectively located on both sides of the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11 to constrain the lateral displacement degree of freedom of the gears in the axial direction of the gear bearing 9, preventing them from shifting or loosening during operation, thereby ensuring the stability and reliability of the gear transmission system.

[0060] In some specific embodiments, the locking nut 8 cooperates with the gear bearing 9 to fix the second drive gear 11 and the first drive gear 2. Specifically, an internal thread matching the locking nut 8 is machined at the center hole of the gear. The locking nut 8 is screwed in and cooperates with the gear bearing 9 on the end face of the gear. The axial preload generated by tightening the nut firmly presses the gear onto the shaft, thereby effectively limiting the axial displacement of the gear and achieving reliable locking of the gear.

[0061] like Figure 8As shown, the outer ring pad 5 is arranged outside the inner ring pad 4, and the two are coaxially installed, maintaining a distance of 10–20 mm. Since the arrangement direction of the outer ring pad 5 needs to be consistent with the deformation direction of the slope soil and rock to achieve coordinated deformation, its diameter must not be smaller than that of the inner ring pad 4. At the same time, considering the structural integrity and the arrangement requirements of the rack 10 on the upper part of the outer ring pad 5, the diameter of the outer ring pad 5 should not be too large. In this embodiment, the diameter of the outer ring pad 5 is 1.2 to 1.5 times the diameter of the inner ring pad 4. When the slope soil and rock undergoes creep or expansion deformation, the outer ring pad 5 will deform synchronously with the slope soil and rock. At this time, the rack 10 installed on the outer ring pad 5 will generate an upward linear displacement, driving the second drive gear 11 meshing with it to rotate counterclockwise along the direction of the gear bearing 9. Since the second drive gear 11 and the first drive gear 2 are coaxially fixed, the first drive gear 2 will rotate synchronously and at the same angle, thereby driving the driven gear 3 meshing with the first drive gear 2 and the anchor nut 6 to rotate clockwise around the axis of the anchor rod body 1. During the rotation of the anchor nut 6, the anchor nut 6 will unscrew outward along the threaded structure on the outer surface of the anchor rod body 1, realizing the dynamic adjustment of the preload of the anchoring system, thereby adapting to the continuous deformation of the slope soil and rock, and maintaining the active response capability and stability of the anchor support system.

[0062] Conversely, when the slope soil and rock mass undergoes settlement or shrinkage deformation, the rack 10 installed on the outer ring pad 5 will generate a downward linear displacement. This linear displacement is transmitted through the second drive gear 11 meshing with the rack 10, and drives the first drive gear 2, which is coaxially fixed with it, to rotate clockwise along the direction of the gear bearing 9. Thus, the first drive gear 2 further drives the driven gear 3 and the anchor nut 6 to rotate counterclockwise around the axis of the anchor rod 1. Under this rotation, the anchor nut 6 screws inward along the threaded structure on the outer surface of the anchor rod 1, achieving automatic compensation and adjustment of the anchoring preload. Through the above-mentioned kinematic relationship, the rack 10-gear transmission system effectively converts the axial linear displacement borne by the outer ring pad 5 into the rotational motion of the anchor nut 6 along the anchor rod axis, thereby achieving an adaptive response to external soil and rock deformation. This implementation ensures that the displacement between the outer ring pad 5 and the anchor head nut 6 is coordinated and consistent, maintains the relative stability of the prestress inside the anchor system, ensures the continuous effectiveness and mechanical performance consistency of the support structure under complex deformation conditions, and guarantees the normal operation of the thermoelectric power generation system.

[0063] like Figure 7As shown, the energy storage device 23, voltmeter 24, and reading instrument 25 are integrated on the upper surface of the outer ring pad 5 and arranged sequentially along the side of the rack 10 on the outer ring pad 5, namely the energy storage device 23, voltmeter 24, and reading instrument 25. The positive and negative terminals of the energy storage device 23 are electrically connected to the power output terminal of the thermoelectric generator 21 through the wire 27, and are used to store and distribute the electrical energy converted by the thermoelectric generator 21, providing a stable and continuous power supply for the vibrating wire sensor 13 and the reading instrument 25. The voltmeter 24 is connected to the positive and negative output terminals of the energy storage device 23 through the wire 27, and is used to monitor the output voltage of the thermoelectric generator 21 in real time, thereby reflecting the working status and energy conversion efficiency of the thermoelectric conversion device in the anchor system. The reading instrument 25 is connected to the voltmeter 24 through the wire 27, and the acquisition line 28 of the vibrating wire sensor 13 is connected to its upper part to realize the stable transmission of sensor signals. The reading instrument 25 has a high-precision data acquisition function, which can capture the vibration frequency of the vibrating wire sensor 13 in real time and convert the frequency signal into a corresponding digital signal, which is then transmitted to the monitoring terminal 26 via wired or wireless means to construct a complete closed-loop monitoring system. The battery 23, voltmeter 24 and reading instrument 25 can be flexibly adjusted according to the spatial conditions of the specific engineering site to meet the deployment requirements of different installation environments, while ensuring the stability of system operation and the convenience of maintenance.

[0064] In this embodiment, the string sensor is the FHF05 flexible heat flux sensor manufactured by Hukseflux, and the reader 25 is the VM103 full-function reader 25 from Nanjing Yusi Engineering Instrument Co., Ltd. Of course, other string sensors and matching reader 25 with the same function can also be selected according to actual needs. All technical means implemented using equivalent substitutions or alternative solutions are within the scope of this embodiment.

[0065] In this embodiment, the thermosiphon 16 is vertically installed inside the anchor rod body 1. The evaporation section at its bottom efficiently absorbs geothermal energy from the stratum through the spiral rib structure on the outer surface of the anchor rod body 1, thereby causing the liquid working fluid 17 inside the thermosiphon 16 to evaporate into a gaseous state. Driven by a small pressure difference, the gaseous working fluid 17 carries heat and rises along the inner cavity of the thermosiphon 16 to the condensation section at the top, where it exchanges heat with the thermoelectric generator 21. In the condensation section, the gaseous working fluid 17 releases heat and condenses into a liquid state. Relying on the high-porosity capillary structure (porosity range of 60%–90%) of the capillary walls 18 on the inner wall of the thermosiphon 16, a continuous liquid film is formed through surface tension, achieving the directional reflux of the working fluid 17 from the condensation section to the evaporation section, thus completing a complete thermodynamic cycle (e.g., Figure 6(As shown). The hot end of the thermoelectric generator 21 is connected to the condensing section of the thermosiphon 16, while its cold end is connected to the heat sink 22. Based on the Seebeck effect, the thermoelectric generator 21 directly converts the temperature difference between the cold and hot ends into a potential difference, thereby generating voltage and current output. This electrical energy is connected to the storage device 23 via the wire 27, providing a stable power supply for the vibrating wire sensor 13 and its matching reading instrument 25, enabling the monitoring system to operate self-powered. In this embodiment, the total power consumption of the system is less than 20W, resulting in low overall power consumption and facilitating energy self-sufficiency. When the temperature difference between the cold and hot ends of the thermoelectric generator 21 exceeds 10°C, the system's power generation needs can be met. In practical applications, this embodiment ensures that the temperature difference between the cold and hot ends remains above 15°C for more than 80% of the day, thus providing a reliable guarantee for stable power generation. When power generation exceeds power consumption, the excess energy is stored in the energy storage device 23. In case of insufficient power generation or system malfunction, the energy stored in the energy storage device 23 can be used to maintain the normal operation of the system. This energy supply and demand regulation mechanism effectively improves the stability and reliability of the system.

[0066] Example

[0067] Assemble the anchor bolt device according to the above structure. Select a ternary mixed refrigerant composed of R32 (difluoromethane), R134a (tetrafluoroethane), and R245fa (pentafluoropropane) in a mass ratio of 40:30:30 as the working fluid 17. The filling amount of the working fluid 17 is 40% of the total volume of the thermosiphon tube 16. The total length of the thermosiphon tube 16 is 10m and the diameter is 30mm. The length of the condensing section is 2m, the length of the isolation section is 0.3m, and the part extending into the ground is the evaporation section. The height of the heat sink 22 is 36mm, the thickness is 3mm, and the spacing is 5mm. The height of the condensing section fins is 10mm, the thickness is 3mm, and the spacing is 5mm.

[0068] Operating data of the geothermal temperature differential power generation system based on thermosiphon 16 under typical summer meteorological conditions show that: the cold end temperature variation is ≤3℃ (15.0~18.0℃), the hot end extends deep underground through anchor rod 1, and the thermosiphon 16 extracts geothermal energy, with the temperature stabilizing at 36.6~38.1℃; the average temperature difference between the cold and hot ends is 20.7±0.8℃, ≥20.6℃ for 100% of the day, and the average daily power is 25.3W (26.5% exceeding system demand). Fluctuations in the cold end temperature result in a daily power variation of 19.8~27.5W. Under extreme operating conditions, the pure geothermal mode maintains a power of 19.8W during continuous cloudy and rainy weather; in winter at -10℃, enhanced heat dissipation of the cold end fins increases ΔT to 43.2℃, boosting the power to 32.1W. During 72 hours of full-load operation: the heat transfer attenuation rate of the thermosiphon 16 is <1.2%, and the voltage fluctuation of the vibrating wire sensor supply is <±4.7%.

[0069] like Figure 8 As shown, this embodiment also provides a method for determining the radius ratio of the first driving gear 2, the second driving gear 11, and the driven gear 3.

[0070] S1. In the gear design, ensure that the gears meshing with each other have the same module. The module of rack 10 and second drive gear 11 is the same, and the module of first drive gear 2 and driven gear 3 is the same. Ensure that second drive gear 11 and first drive gear 2 are coaxially fixed. The radius of second drive gear 11 is R1, the radius of first drive gear 2 is R2, the radius of driven gear 3 is R3, the thread pitch of anchor rod body 1 is d, the rotation angle of second drive gear 11 is θ1, the rotation angle of first drive gear 2 is θ2, the rotation angle of driven gear 3 is θ3, and the linear displacement of outer ring pad 5 or rack 10 is Δl1.

[0071] S2: When the outer ring pad 5 or the rack 10 moves a certain distance Δl1 with the slope surface, due to the meshing action of the rack 10 and the second drive gear 11, the rotation arc length L1 (L1=Δl1) of the second drive gear 11 will drive the gear bearing 9 to rotate, thereby driving the first drive gear 2 to rotate along the axis. Since the second drive gear 11 and the first drive gear 2 are coaxially fixed, their rotation angles are the same, i.e., θ1=θ2. Since Δl1 is the rotation arc length of the second drive gear 11, the rotation angles of the second drive gear 11 and the first drive gear 2 can be calculated based on the displacement Δl1.

[0072]

[0073] S3: Calculate the rotation arc length of the first driving gear 2 based on the obtained θ2. Since the first driving gear 2 and the driven gear 3 are meshed and have the same module, their rotation arc lengths are the same. The rotation angle of the driven gear 3 can be calculated based on the rotation arc length of the first driving gear 2.

[0074]

[0075]

[0076] In the formula, Δl2 is the distance that the anchor head nut 6 moves along the vertical direction of the anchor rod 1, and L2 is the arc length of the rotation of the first drive gear 2.

[0077] S4: To ensure that the displacement Δl1 of the outer ring washer 5 and the distance Δl2 of the anchor nut 6 are the same, the following should be satisfied:

[0078]

[0079] Organized

[0080]

[0081] R2d=2πR1R3 (7)

[0082] When the radii of the first driving gear 2, the second driving gear 11, and the driven gear 3 satisfy equation (7), the displacement of the outer ring pad 5 and the anchor head nut 6 can be consistent (i.e., Δl1=Δl2), thereby achieving a basic consistency of the internal prestress of the anchor system.

[0083] The specific application process of a mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent anchor bolt in this embodiment is as follows:

[0084] S1: Fabricate anchor rod body 1 (inner diameter ≥ 25mm, outer diameter ≥ 40mm, wall thickness ≥ 5mm). A conduit is pre-installed inside anchor rod body 1 for accommodating the vibrating wire sensor 13, thermally conductive coating 15, and thermosiphon 16. The outer surface of anchor rod body 1 is designed with a spiral rib structure to ensure that the thread pitch of the anchor head nut 6 matches the thread specification of the outer surface of anchor rod body 1.

[0085] S2: Apply epoxy adhesive or other bonding agents evenly to the installation position of the vibrating wire sensor 13. Attach the vibrating wire sensor 13 parallel to the axial direction of the inner wall of the anchor rod 1, ensuring that the vibrating wire sensor 13 is tightly adhered to the inner wall of the rod, forming a stable and firm adhesive layer 14.

[0086] S3: Drill holes at predetermined locations on the slope, ensuring the drilling depth meets the requirements of the anchoring section and geothermal conditions. Insert the anchor rod 1 into the hole, ensuring the bottom of the anchoring section penetrates deep into the stable soil layer 19. Inject cement grout into the borehole through the hollow anchor rod to form a grouting protective layer 12.

[0087] S4: A high-porosity (60%-90%) capillary structure is configured on the inner wall of the thermosiphon 16, and the tube is filled with a low-boiling-point working fluid 17, the filling amount of which is 30%-50% of the total volume of the thermosiphon 16. The thermosiphon 16 is installed inside the anchor rod body 1 to ensure that the working fluid 17 can achieve efficient reflux under gravity. A thermally conductive coating 15 is uniformly coated on the outer surface of the thermosiphon 16 by spraying or dipping, and the thermosiphon 16 covered with the thermally conductive coating 15 is inserted into the anchor rod body 1.

[0088] S5: Install the inner ring pad 4 and the outer ring pad 5 at the junction of the anchor rod body 1 and the ground surface. Weld the anchor head nut 6 to the lower part of the driven gear 3 and rotate it along the outer surface of the anchor rod body 1 to adjust it to a suitable position. Both the inner ring pad 4 and the outer ring pad 5 are coaxially installed with the anchor rod body 1, and the coaxiality deviation is ≤0.5mm.

[0089] S6: Install a gear base 7 on the inner ring pad 4, and fix a gear bearing 9 on the gear base 7. The gear bearing 9 pre-passes through the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11. Install locking nuts 8 on both sides of the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11 to prevent the first drive gear 2 and the second drive gear 11 from moving along the direction of the gear bearing 9. Ensure that the rack 10 meshes with the second drive gear 11 and the transmission is flexible.

[0090] S7: Install the generator holder 20 on the top of the anchor rod 1, ensuring a tight connection between the generator holder 20 and the anchor rod 1. Clean the surface of the thermoelectric generator 21 to remove oil, dust, and other impurities, improving heat transfer efficiency and contact stability. Fix the thermoelectric generator 21 to the top of the generator holder 20, and connect the wires 27 of the thermoelectric generator 21 to the storage device 23.

[0091] S8: The accumulator 23, voltmeter 24, and reading instrument 25 are fixedly installed on the upper surface of the outer ring pad 5. The positive and negative terminals of the accumulator 23 are connected to the corresponding terminals of the voltmeter 24 via wires 27. The output terminal of the voltmeter 24 is connected to the power input terminal of the reading instrument 25 via wires 27 to provide power to the reading instrument 25. At the same time, the signal input terminal of the reading instrument 25 is connected to the acquisition line 28 of the vibrating wire sensor 13 to realize real-time data transmission.

[0092] S9: A heat sink 22 is installed on top of the anchor system. The heat sink 22 is finned to enhance heat dissipation efficiency and maintain the cold end temperature of the TEG. The heat sink 22 is securely installed on the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 21 with bolts or special fasteners to ensure a tight fit between the two and reduce thermal resistance.

[0093] Optionally, in the aforementioned mechanically large deformation energy self-consistent intelligent anchor bolt construction method:

[0094] In step S1, the inner diameter of the anchor rod body 1 should be larger than the outer diameter of the thermosiphon tube 16, and a position should be reserved for installing the vibrating wire sensor 13.

[0095] In step S2, the position of the vibrating wire sensor 13 is parallel to the axis of the anchor rod 1, the surface of the adhesive fixing layer 14 should be tightly attached to the rod body, and at the same time, the root acquisition lines 28 should be kept independent of each other before installation to prevent the acquisition lines 28 from affecting each other.

[0096] In step S3, the working medium 17 should be injected slowly, while observing the pressure change of the thermosiphon tube 16 to avoid the formation of bubbles or cavities, and to prevent the reflux of the working medium 17 from being blocked.

[0097] In step S4, after grouting is completed, the grouting protective layer 12 needs to be properly cured to ensure that the grout is not disturbed by the outside world before initial setting, and to avoid damage to the grout structure due to vibration or water immersion.

[0098] In step S5, the anchor nut 6 needs to be tightened to the designed torque to ensure that its connection with the anchor rod body 1 is firm and reliable.

[0099] In step S6, ensure that the meshing clearance between the rack 10 and the second drive gear 11 is appropriate, and the meshing clearance should be controlled within the range of 0.1-0.3mm.

[0100] In step S7, the contact surfaces between the thermoelectric generator 21 and the thermosiphon 16 and the heat sink 22 must be clean and flat. If necessary, a high thermal conductivity interface material should be used to reduce thermal resistance.

[0101] In step S8, the battery 23, voltmeter 24, and reading instrument 25 are installed inside a protective housing to avoid mechanical damage and environmental factors (such as water, dust, etc.).

[0102] In step S9, the arrangement of the heat sink 22 should take into account environmental adaptability, and anti-corrosion and dustproof treatment should be carried out. In dusty environments, a dust filter can be installed, and it should be cleaned regularly to avoid dust accumulation affecting heat dissipation.

[0103] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a related manner. Similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to mutually. Each embodiment focuses on describing the differences from other embodiments. In particular, the system embodiments are basically similar to the method embodiments, so the description is relatively simple; relevant parts can be referred to the descriptions of the method embodiments.

[0104] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention are included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent anchor system, characterized in that, It includes an anchor rod body (1), an energy unit and an anchor head unit; wherein the energy unit includes a thermosiphon (16), a thermoelectric generator (21), a heat sink (22), an energy storage device (23), a vibrating wire sensor (13), a thermally conductive coating (15), a generator holder (20), a voltmeter (24) and a reading instrument (25). The generator holder (20) is embedded in the top groove of the anchor rod body (1), and the thermoelectric generator (21) is fixed on the generator holder (20); the storage device (23), voltmeter (24), and reading instrument (25) are installed on the upper surface of the outer ring pad (5) and connected by wires (27); The anchor head unit includes a first drive gear (2), a driven gear (3), an inner ring pad (4), an outer ring pad (5), an anchor head nut (6), a gear base (7), a locking nut (8), a gear bearing (9), a rack (10), and a second drive gear (11). The gear base (7) is fixed on the upper surface of the inner ring pad (4), and the gear bearing (9) is installed on the gear base (7); the first drive gear (2) and the second drive gear (11) are fixed on the gear bearing (9) by locking nuts (8); The thermosiphon (16) is installed inside the anchor rod body (1). The evaporation section of the thermosiphon (16) absorbs geothermal energy from the stable soil layer (19) through the grouting protective layer (12). The condensation section of the thermosiphon (16) is thermally coupled to the hot end of the thermoelectric generator (21). The thermosiphon tube (16) is filled with working fluid (17), the filling amount is 30%-50% of the volume of the thermosiphon tube (16), and the inner wall of the thermosiphon tube (16) is provided with capillary walls (18) with a porosity of 60%-90%; the vibrating wire sensor (13) is fixed to the inner wall of the anchor rod body (1) by an adhesive fixing layer (14); The rack (10) is fixed on the outer ring pad (5) and drives the anchor head nut (6) to rotate and shift through the second drive gear (11), the first drive gear (2) and the driven gear (3).

2. The mechanical large deformation energy self-consistent anchor system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The working medium (17) is composed of difluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoropropane in a mass ratio of 40:30:30; the thermally conductive coating (15) is coated on the outer surface of the thermosiphon (16).

3. The mechanical large deformation energy self-consistent anchor system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The length of the condensation section of the thermosiphon (16) is 1 / 5 to 1 / 4 of the total length of the thermosiphon (16), and the diameter is 2 / 3 to 4 / 5 of the diameter of the thermosiphon (16); the heat sink (22) is located at the cold end of the thermoelectric generator (21); the heat sink (22) is a finned structure, with a height of 1.2 to 1.5 times the diameter of the thermosiphon (16), a thickness of 2 to 3 mm, and a spacing of 3 to 5 mm.

4. The mechanical large deformation energy self-consistent anchor system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The radii of the first driving gear (2), the second driving gear (11), and the driven gear (3) satisfy the following conditions: ;in, The radius of the second drive gear (11) The radius of the first drive gear (2) is... The radius of the driven gear (3) is... The thread pitch of the anchor rod body (1) is given.

5. The mechanical large deformation energy self-consistent anchor system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vibrating wire sensor (13) is connected to the reader (25) via the acquisition line (28), and the reader (25) is connected to the monitoring terminal (26) via the wire (27).

6. A construction method for a mechanically large deformation energy-self-consistent anchor system as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Fabricate the anchor rod body (1) with spiral ribs, and reserve the installation position of the vibrating wire sensor (13) on the inner wall; S2: Fix the vibrating wire sensor (13) by bonding and fixing layer (14), and install the thermosiphon (16) after applying thermal conductive coating (15). S3: Drill a hole to insert the anchor rod body (1), grout to form a grouting protective layer (12) and anchor it to the stable soil layer (19). S4: Install the inner ring pad (4) and the outer ring pad (5), and adjust the anchor head nut (6) to the design position; S5: Install gear bearings (9) on gear base (7) and fix the first drive gear (2) and the second drive gear (11) with lock nuts (8); S6: Install the generator fixing device (20), thermoelectric generator (21), and heat sink (22) on the top of the anchor rod in sequence; S7: Install the accumulator (23), voltmeter (24), and reader (25) on the outer ring pad (5), and connect them to the monitoring terminal (26) through the wire (27) and the acquisition line (28).

7. The construction method of a mechanically large deformation energy self-consistent anchor system according to claim 6, characterized in that: In step S5, the meshing gap between the rack (10) and the second drive gear (11) is controlled at 0.1-0.3 mm; during grouting in step S3, the pressure of the grouting protective layer (12) is monitored to prevent the backflow of the working medium (17) from being obstructed.

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