A biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of bionic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and preparation method thereof, belong to temperature sensor technical field.The sensor includes flexible substrate and composite sensing material.The composite sensing material can be made of hydrogen bond material, sheet layer material, electronic material, ionic material and phase change material composite.The sensor constructs dynamic supramolecular hydrogen bond network, through hydrogen bond network reconstruction, ion migration control and electronic seepage instability multi-mechanism cooperation, realize the high-resolution, high sensitivity response of resistance to temperature and pressure-temperature decoupling.The sensor does not need to rely on complex compensation algorithm or additional sensor, it can realize the ultra-high sensitivity, high-resolution detection of small temperature change, while realizing pressure-temperature decoupling at material level, with the advantages of fast response speed, good stability and high reliability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates primarily to the field of temperature sensors, and more specifically, to a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and its fabrication method. Background Technology

[0002] Electrically flexible temperature sensors have broad application prospects in fields such as robotic tactile sensing, wearable health monitoring, electronic skin, industrial automation, and aerospace. As various intelligent systems place higher demands on the accuracy, stability, environmental adaptability, and spatial resolution of temperature monitoring, temperature sensors are continuously developing towards higher sensitivity, higher resolution, greater flexibility, and environmental robustness. Especially in complex working environments that require simultaneous handling of mechanical deformation and temperature changes, such as robotic grasping, flexible electronic skin, and biological surface monitoring, the interference of mechanical stress on temperature signals (i.e., pressure-temperature crosstalk) becomes a key factor affecting measurement accuracy.

[0003] Traditional temperature sensing materials (such as metals and semiconductors) have limited sensitivity (TCR), typically operating at low levels (generally less than 1% °C). -1 These materials are difficult to detect minute temperature changes, resulting in insufficient sensor resolution. Furthermore, when subjected to mechanical loads such as pressure and bending, the resistance of these materials changes significantly, generating spurious signals unrelated to temperature, leading to distorted temperature readings and severely impacting the accuracy and reliability of the sensor output. Common decoupling methods to address this problem, such as using independent pressure sensors for signal compensation or employing complex algorithms for post-processing, can suppress mechanical interference to some extent, but also introduce problems such as high system complexity, response lag, increased power consumption, and greater integration difficulty, failing to meet the urgent needs of next-generation flexible electronic systems for high-performance, high-reliability sensing. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a novel temperature sensor with high temperature sensitivity and strong pressure-temperature decoupling capability to meet the requirements of complex operating conditions and high performance and high integration.

[0004] TRPM8 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8) ion channels are a type of human temperature receptor. These channels are triggered by low temperatures or agonists such as menthol, causing a conformational change that opens the ion channel and allows Ca2+ to pass through. 2+ The flow of cations inside and outside cells generates ionic currents and transmits nerve signals, ultimately causing the body to perceive cold. The temperature-sensing mechanism of the TRPM8 ion channel (temperature → conformational change → ion current change) and its distributed multi-scale sensing network characteristics provide a biomimetic basis for the design of temperature sensors. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Based on existing technologies, the objective of this invention is to propose a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and its fabrication method. Inspired by the multi-scale transduction logic of the cold-sensitive TRPM8 ion channel, it can achieve high temperature sensitivity while reducing the interference of mechanical stress and ambient temperature on the sensing output through the synergistic effect of multiple mechanisms such as internal ion migration, electron tunneling, and hydrogen bond network reconstruction. This improves the stability of the sensor under different operating conditions, thereby meeting the needs of complex operating conditions and high performance and high integration.

[0006] According to the present invention, the above tasks are achieved by a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and its preparation method.

[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor, the sensor comprising: Composite sensing materials include mixtures of hydrogen-bonded materials, layered materials, electronic materials, ionic materials, and phase change materials; and A flexible substrate, which is uniformly distributed in the composite sensing material and mixed with the composite sensing material, provides a flexible foundation for the sensor.

[0008] Optionally, the flexible substrate is made of at least one of the following materials: water-soluble polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyimide (PI), and / or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The hydrogen-bonded material includes at least one of the following: methanol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, and / or melamine; The sheet material includes at least one of the following: MXene, graphene, molybdenum disulfide, and / or layered double hydroxides; The electronic material includes at least one of the following: MXene, graphene, carbon nanotubes, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, and / or reduced graphene; The ionic material includes at least one of the following: carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, ionic liquid, and / or sodium chloride; and The phase change material includes at least one of the following: nickel oxide, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, and / or potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate.

[0009] Optionally, the sensor is constructed as a thin film, the thickness of which can be set to 50-5000 μm.

[0010] Optionally, the planar shape of the sensor can be constructed as any planar geometry, including but not limited to: rectangle, square, circle, triangle, and irregular polygon.

[0011] Optionally, the processing method of the sensor includes: screen printing, spin coating, 3D printing, laser patterning, drop coating and / or spray coating.

[0012] A second aspect of the present invention also provides a method for fabricating a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor, comprising the following steps: Step S1: Prepare composite sensing ink, wherein the composite sensing ink includes sheet materials, electronic materials, ionic materials, phase change materials and / or hydrogen bond materials; Step S2: Degas the composite sensing ink obtained in step S1; Step S3: Coat the composite sensing ink obtained in step S2 onto a flexible substrate to obtain the sensor precursor; and Step S4: Perform a curing process on the sensor precursor obtained in step S3.

[0013] Optionally, step S1 includes: Step S11: Dissolve carboxymethyl cellulose in deionized water and stir on a magnetic stirrer for 0.5-1.5 hours; Step S12: Add water-soluble polyurethane (PU) solution and stir for 0.5-1.5 hours; Step S13: Add MXene nanosheet dispersion, then place the beaker in an ice-water bath and sonicate for 15-45 minutes; and Step S14: Add nickel oxide nanoparticle dispersion and continue magnetic stirring for 6-12 hours.

[0014] Optionally, the mass ratio of each component of the composite sensing ink is carboxymethyl cellulose: water-soluble polyurethane (PU): MXene: nickel oxide = 6:25:25:100.

[0015] Optionally, the degassing process in step S2 includes vacuum degassing and / or ultrasonic degassing, and the degassing time is set to 15-45 minutes.

[0016] Optionally, the curing process in step S4 includes: The sensor precursor is placed in a vacuum oven for heat treatment to solidify and shape it. The heat treatment temperature is set to 80-100℃, and the treatment time is set to 2-5 hours.

[0017] This invention proposes a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and its preparation method, which has at least the following beneficial effects: First, inspired by the multi-scale transduction logic of the TRPM8 ion channel, the sensor integrates hydrogen bond reconstruction, hydrated ion dynamics, and nonlinear electron-ion tunneling within a supramolecular hydrogen bond network. This allows for an ultra-high nonlinear response of the sensor's resistance to temperature (its temperature sensitivity TCR reaches -22,280% °C) at the sensor's bulk material level. -1 With a temperature resolution below 0.01℃ and complete pressure-temperature decoupling capability, the sensor significantly suppresses the cross-interference of mechanical stress and ambient temperature changes on the sensing output. Experimental results show that the sensor exhibits extremely high sensitivity, negligible thermal hysteresis, and mechanical interference over a wide temperature range of -80℃ to 80℃, and its overall sensing performance is significantly better than existing flexible temperature sensors.

[0018] Secondly, the sensing mechanism of the sensor is entirely derived from the intrinsic physical-chemical processes of its material, without relying on complex algorithms or additional reference sensors, which greatly simplifies the system architecture. It has the advantages of low system complexity, fast response speed, low power consumption, and high integration.

[0019] Furthermore, the sensor can be constructed into any geometric shape according to the needs of actual application scenarios, improving its applicability. The manufacturing method of the sensor is compatible with modern manufacturing processes such as solution processing (e.g., slot coating, inkjet printing) and laser patterning, and is suitable for various application scenarios such as flexible substrates, wearable devices, electronic skin, and conformal integration of curved surfaces, possessing good process compatibility and the potential for large-scale production. Attached Figure Description

[0020] To further illustrate the advantages and other features of the various embodiments of the present invention, a more specific description of the embodiments of the present invention will be presented with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is understood that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not intended to limit its scope. In the drawings, identical or corresponding parts will be indicated by the same or similar reference numerals for clarity.

[0021] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown.

[0022] Figure 2 and Figure 3 The image shown is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor—a PU / CMC / MXene / NiO supramolecular sensitive film—in one embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] It should be noted that the components in the various figures may be shown exaggeratedly for illustrative purposes and are not necessarily to scale. In each figure, the same reference numerals are used for components that are identical or have the same function.

[0024] In this invention, the various embodiments are merely intended to illustrate the solutions of the invention and should not be construed as limiting.

[0025] In this invention, unless otherwise specified, the quantifiers “a” and “one” do not exclude scenarios involving multiple elements.

[0026] It should also be noted that, for clarity and simplicity, only a portion of the components may be shown in the embodiments of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will understand that, under the teachings of the present invention, the required components can be added according to specific needs. Furthermore, unless otherwise stated, features in different embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other. For example, a feature in the second embodiment can replace a corresponding or functionally identical or similar feature in the first embodiment, and the resulting embodiment will also fall within the scope of disclosure or description of this application.

[0027] It should also be noted that within the scope of this invention, the terms "same", "equal", and "equal to" do not mean that the two values ​​are absolutely equal, but allow for a certain reasonable error. In other words, the terms also cover "substantially the same", "substantially equal", and "substantially equal to".

[0028] Furthermore, the numbering of the steps in the methods of the present invention does not limit the execution order of the method steps. Unless otherwise specified, the method steps may be executed in different orders.

[0029] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0030] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. Figure 1 As shown, the sensor is constructed as a supramolecular sensitive film, comprising a composite sensing material and a flexible substrate uniformly distributed within and mixed with the composite sensing material. The composite sensing material includes hydrogen-bonding materials, sheet materials, electronic materials, ionic materials, and / or phase change materials. Through the mixing of the flexible substrate and the composite sensing material, a stable and conductive supramolecular hydrogen-bonded network is formed. In this supramolecular hydrogen-bonded network, the molecules of each component are arranged in an ordered manner. The functions of each component in the sensor and their possible material composition are explained in detail below: Flexible substrates provide a flexible foundation for sensors, adapting to the form factors required for complex applications. They can be adapted to diverse processing techniques and, by mixing with composite sensing materials, help maintain the structural and sensing performance stability of the sensor. Materials for flexible substrates may include one or more of the following: water-soluble polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyimide (PI), and / or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). All of these materials possess excellent flexibility, mechanical adaptability, and processing compatibility, meeting the functional requirements of flexible substrates.

[0031] Hydrogen-bonded materials are the core of the dynamic supramolecular hydrogen bond network within sensors, playing a crucial role in achieving high-sensitivity temperature response and pressure-temperature decoupling. They also participate in the compatibility regulation among the components of composite sensing materials. Hydrogen-bonded materials can include one or more of the following: methanol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, and / or melamine. These materials all possess abundant hydrogen bond donor / acceptor groups (such as hydroxyl, amino, and carbonyl groups), good chemical compatibility, and dynamic response characteristics, thus meeting the functional requirements of hydrogen-bonded materials.

[0032] Layered materials provide a stable pathway for electron transport and, through synergistic effects with other components, optimize the sensing layer structure, ensuring the dynamic response of the conductive network under temperature changes and the stability under mechanical pressure. Layered materials may include one or more of the following: MXene, graphene, molybdenum disulfide, and / or layered double hydroxides. These materials all possess excellent two-dimensional sheet-like structural characteristics, good conductivity, and dispersibility, meeting the functional requirements for layered materials to construct conductive networks and participate in sensing mechanisms.

[0033] Electronic materials are responsible for conducting electrons and stabilizing resistance through electron permeation in response to temperature changes, directly supporting the core requirement of high-sensitivity temperature detection in sensors. Electronic materials can include one or more of the following: MXene, graphene, carbon nanotubes, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, and / or reduced graphene. All of these materials possess excellent electronic conductivity, temperature sensitivity, and chemical stability, meeting the functional requirements of electronic materials for conducting electrons and responding to temperature changes.

[0034] Phase change materials (PCMs) are crucial functional components for optimizing the temperature response mechanism of biomimetic flexible temperature sensors. They further modulate the resistance of composite sensing materials through phase or chemical changes under temperature variations, and synergistically enhance the sensor's sensitivity to minute temperature changes in conjunction with electronic and ionic materials. PCMs can include one or more of the following: nickel oxide, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, and / or potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. All of these materials possess well-defined temperature response characteristics, good chemical stability, and good dispersibility, thus meeting the functional requirements for PCMs to participate in temperature response and optimize sensing performance.

[0035] The working principle of the biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor is explained below: The biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor achieves extremely high resistance sensitivity to temperature by constructing a dynamic, temperature-responsive supramolecular hydrogen bond network that couples ion migration, electron transport, and phase transition behavior. Specifically, when the ambient temperature decreases, the mobility of polymer chain segments within the sensor weakens, while internal hydrogen bonding strengthens and rearranges, thus restricting the movement of ions (such as H3O). + Na + On the one hand, the mobility of the conductive network (such as MXene, nickel oxide) is reduced, and on the other hand, the percolation path of the conductive network (such as MXene, nickel oxide) is disrupted. Simultaneously, some phase change materials can further regulate resistance through phase transitions or chemical changes under temperature variations. For example, hydration occurs on the surface of nickel oxide nanoparticles, gradually forming a Ni(OH)₂ shell with insulating properties, further blocking the conductive pathway. Through the synergistic effect of these multiple effects, the sensor resistance increases non-linearly, or even exponentially, with decreasing temperature, thereby achieving ultra-high non-linear response sensitivity.

[0036] When external mechanical pressure is applied to the sensor, its internal dynamic hydrogen bond network can dissipate mechanical energy through reversible breakage and recombination, maintaining the stability of the contact resistance between conductive nanomaterials. As a result, the sensor's resistance output signal only responds to temperature changes and is not sensitive to pressure interference, thus achieving essential mechanical-thermal decoupling at the material level.

[0037] This invention also proposes a method for fabricating a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor, the method comprising the following steps: Step S1: Prepare composite sensing ink, wherein the composite sensing ink comprises the sheet material, the electronic material, the ionic material, the phase change material and / or the hydrogen bond material; Step S2: Degas the composite sensing ink obtained in step S1; Step S3: Coat the composite sensing ink obtained in step S2 onto a flexible substrate to obtain the sensor precursor; and Step S4: Perform a curing process on the sensor precursor obtained in step S3.

[0038] The method for preparing the sensor will be further illustrated below with reference to a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0039] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the sensor is constructed as a PU / CMC / MXene / NiO supramolecular sensitive thin film, and its preparation process is as follows: Step S01: Dissolve 0.12g of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in 10ml of deionized water and stir on a magnetic stirrer at 1500rpm for 1 hour to ensure that the CMC is fully and uniformly dissolved. Then, add 0.5g of water-soluble polyurethane (PU) solution and stir for 1 hour at 1500rpm to obtain a uniform and transparent polymer mixture solution.

[0040] Step S02: Add 0.5g of MXene (Ti3C2T) to the solution from step S01. x The nanosheet dispersion was then placed in an ice-water bath and sonicated for 30 minutes at a power of 300W to prevent MXene aggregation.

[0041] Step S03: Add 2.0g of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticle dispersion to the mixture obtained in step S02, and continue magnetic stirring for 10 hours at a speed of 1500rpm to ensure that all components are mixed evenly and a stable composite sensing ink is formed. The mass ratio of each component in the composite sensing ink is CMC:PU:MXene:NiO = 6:25:25:100.

[0042] Step S04: Perform vacuum degassing on the composite sensing ink obtained in step S03 for 30 minutes to remove air bubbles introduced during stirring.

[0043] Step S05: Prepare a flexible substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film or polyimide (PI) film. Clean the flexible substrate ultrasonically with acetone and isopropanol, then dry the flexible substrate with nitrogen gas and place it in an 80°C oven to completely remove moisture.

[0044] Step S06: Use a slit coater to uniformly coat the degassed composite sensing ink from step S04 onto the flexible substrate that has been dried in step S05, to obtain the sensor precursor.

[0045] Step S07: Place the sensor precursor coated in step S06 in a vacuum oven at 90°C for 3 hours to heat-treat it, so that the film can be cured and formed, and finally a supramolecular sensitive film with a thickness of about 200μm is formed and firmly bonded to the flexible substrate.

[0046] The functions of each component of the PU / CMC / MXene / NiO supramolecular sensitive film in a specific embodiment of the present invention are described in detail below: Water-soluble polyurethane (PU) serves as both a flexible substrate and a hydrogen-bonding material in the film. The PU molecule contains a large number of hydrogen bond donor / acceptor groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (-NH-), which can form multiple dynamic hydrogen bonds with the carboxyl groups (-COOH) of CMC and the oxygen-containing functional groups (-O, -OH) on the surface of MXene, providing key connecting units for the construction of the supramolecular hydrogen bond network inside the film.

[0047] Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as both an ionic and hydrogen-bonding material in the film. CMC can ionize hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, and the carboxyl groups (-COOH) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) in the CMC molecule can form hydrogen bonds with the amino and MXene surface functional groups of PU, further enriching the density and dynamics of the hydrogen bond network inside the film.

[0048] MXene serves as both a sheet material and an electronic material in the thin film, acting as a core functional component responsible for conductivity and electronic response. MXene is a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds. These materials consist of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides with a thickness of several atomic layers. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups or terminal oxygen atoms on their surface, MXene materials exhibit the metallic conductivity of transition metal carbides. In this embodiment, the molecular formula of the MXene is Ti3C2T. x MXene possesses a two-dimensional sheet-like structure, which can be uniformly dispersed and overlapped within the film to form continuous electron transport pathways. Its excellent conductivity ensures the basic transport performance of the conductive network, while the sheet-like structure enhances the network's stability, preventing the conductive pathways from breaking due to mechanical deformation. With temperature changes, the conductive network constructed by MXene undergoes changes in electron permeation state due to the reconstruction of the hydrogen bond network within the film and changes in polymer chain segment movement—at low temperatures, enhanced hydrogen bonds reduce the spacing between MXene sheets or decrease contact points, leading to obstructed conductive pathways and a significant increase in resistance; at high temperatures, hydrogen bonds dissociate, and the MXene sheets reform effective contacts, reducing resistance. This process achieves a high-sensitivity response of resistance to temperature.

[0049] Nickel oxide (NiO) acts as a phase change material in the thin film. When the temperature changes, hydration occurs on the surface of the NiO nanoparticles (such as absorbing water molecules from the environment at low temperatures to form a Ni(OH)2 shell with insulating properties). This phase change / chemical change further blocks the electron transport pathway of the MXene conductive network, causing the film resistance to increase nonlinearly.

[0050] Figure 2 and Figure 3 This image shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor—a PU / CMC / MXene / NiO supramolecular sensitive film—according to one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the film structure is intact, with uniform dispersion of all components. Functional components such as MXene nanosheets and NiO nanoparticles exhibit no significant agglomeration within the film, but are uniformly dispersed within the matrix composed of PU and CMC, as well as the MXene sheets. The PU substrate uniformly encapsulates these materials. This supramolecular sensitive film has a dense microstructure, free of large-area pores or cracks, and is tightly bonded to the flexible substrate without significant peeling gaps. The intact and dense structure of the PU / CMC / MXene / NiO supramolecular sensitive film provides the structural basis for constructing a dynamic hydrogen bond network, enabling high temperature sensitivity and high pressure-temperature decoupling capability.

[0051] Experimental results show that the PU / CMC / MXene / NiO supramolecular sensitive film exhibits extremely high sensitivity, negligible thermal hysteresis and mechanical interference in the temperature range of -80°C to 80°C, and its overall sensing performance is significantly better than that of the flexible temperature sensors reported in the prior art.

[0052] Although a specific embodiment of the invention has been described above, in which the composite sensing ink is coated onto a flexible substrate using a slot coater, it should be understood that this is merely an example and not a limitation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the composite sensing ink can also be used to prepare sensors with different planar geometries through screen printing, spin coating, 3D printing, laser patterning, drop coating, and / or spraying, including but not limited to: rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, and irregular polygons.

[0053] In summary, this invention proposes a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor and its fabrication method. Inspired by the multi-scale transduction logic of the TRPM8 ion channel in the biological cold sensor, it integrates hydrogen bond reconstruction, hydrated ion dynamics, and nonlinear electron-ion tunneling by constructing a dynamic, temperature-responsive supramolecular hydrogen bond network. The sensor can achieve high-resolution, high-sensitivity resistance to temperature response and pressure-temperature decoupling without relying on complex compensation algorithms or additional reference sensors. It has the advantages of fast response speed, good stability, and high reliability.

[0054] Although various embodiments of the invention have been described above, it should be understood that they are presented by way of example only and not as limitations. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various combinations, modifications, and alterations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the breadth and scope of the invention disclosed herein should not be limited by the exemplary embodiments disclosed above, but should be defined solely by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor, characterized in that, The sensor includes: Composite sensing materials include mixtures of hydrogen-bonded materials, layered materials, electronic materials, ionic materials, and phase change materials; and A flexible substrate, uniformly distributed within the composite sensing material, is mixed with the composite sensing material to provide a flexible foundation for the sensor. The flexible substrate is made of water-soluble polyurethane (PU). The hydrogen-bonding material is water-soluble polyurethane; The sheet material is MXene; The electronic material is MXene; The ionic material is carboxymethyl cellulose; and The phase change material is nickel oxide. The sensor is constructed as a thin film with a thickness of 50-5000 μm. The process involves mixing hydrogen-bonded materials, sheet materials, electronic materials, ionic materials, and phase change materials through the following steps: dissolving carboxymethyl cellulose in deionized water and stirring on a magnetic stirrer for 0.5-1.5 hours; adding a water-soluble polyurethane (PU) solution and stirring for 0.5-1.5 hours; adding an MXene nanosheet dispersion, then placing the beaker in an ice-water bath and sonicating for 15-45 minutes; and adding a nickel oxide nanoparticle dispersion and continuing magnetic stirring for 6-12 hours. The mass ratio of carboxymethyl cellulose:water-soluble polyurethane (PU):MXene:nickel oxide is 6:25:25:

100.

2. The sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sensor's planar shape is constructed as an arbitrary planar geometry, including: rectangle, square, circle, triangle, and irregular polygon.

3. The sensor according to claim 2, characterized in that, The processing methods for the sensor include: screen printing, spin coating, 3D printing, laser patterning, drop coating, or spray coating.

4. A method for preparing a biomimetic supramolecular flexible temperature sensor as described in any one of claims 1-3, comprising the following steps: Step S1: Prepare composite sensing ink, wherein the composite sensing ink comprises sheet materials, electronic materials, ionic materials, phase change materials and hydrogen bond materials; Step S2: Degas the composite sensing ink obtained in step S1; Step S3: Apply the composite sensing ink obtained in step S2 onto a flexible substrate to obtain the sensor precursor; as well as Step S4: Perform a curing process on the sensor precursor obtained in step S3.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, Step S1 includes: Step S11: Dissolve carboxymethyl cellulose in deionized water and stir on a magnetic stirrer for 0.5-1.5 hours; Step S12: Add water-soluble polyurethane (PU) solution and stir for 0.5-1.5 hours; Step S13: Add MXene nanosheet dispersion, then place the beaker in an ice-water bath and sonicate for 15-45 minutes; and Step S14: Add nickel oxide nanoparticle dispersion and continue magnetic stirring for 6-12 hours.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The mass ratio of each component in the composite sensing ink is carboxymethyl cellulose: water-soluble polyurethane (PU): MXene: nickel oxide = 6:25:25:

100.

7. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The degassing process in step S2 includes vacuum degassing and / or ultrasonic degassing, and the degassing time is set to 15-45 minutes.

8. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The curing process in step S4 includes: The sensor precursor is placed in a vacuum oven for heat treatment to solidify and form the sensor precursor. The heat treatment temperature is set to 80-100℃ and the treatment time is set to 2-5 hours.

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