Corrosion resistant multi-layer composite wall pressure vessel

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of physical hydrogen storage, and particularly relates to a corrosion-resistant multilayer composite wall pressure container for physical hydrogen storage, which comprises a gas-tight inner container, a load-bearing outer shell and a floating layer, the load-bearing outer shell is wrapped outside the gas-tight inner container and provides radial and axial support for the gas-tight inner container, the floating layer is arranged between the gas-tight inner container and the load-bearing outer shell, and the floating layer comprises a floating grid and an elastic interlayer, the floating grid is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the load-bearing outer shell, the elastic interlayer is filled between the floating grid and the gas-tight inner container, and the elastic interlayer allows the gas-tight inner container to slide relative to the floating grid. The present application buffers the deformation of the inner container by arranging the elastic interlayer between the inner container and the outer shell, and the elastic interlayer is provided with multistage openings to match hydrogen consumption, so that the purpose of protecting the hydrogen storage inner container is achieved in a way of adaptively cutting off the heat bridge, and low-pressure storage and high-pressure discharge of hydrogen are promoted.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of physical hydrogen storage technology, specifically to a corrosion-resistant multilayer composite wall pressure vessel. Background Technology

[0002] The global energy structure is shifting towards cleaner and lower-carbon energy. Due to its wide availability, high energy density, and clean combustion products, hydrogen energy is regarded as the most promising secondary energy source in the 21st century. The key to its large-scale application lies in safe and efficient storage and transportation.

[0003] Traditional physical hydrogen storage includes room-temperature high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage (CGH2), whose core equipment is a type III (metal-lined fiber-wound) or type IV (polymer-lined fiber-wound) high-pressure hydrogen storage container. Although the technology of type IV bottles has advanced to 70 MPa, the system's weight-based hydrogen storage density is still difficult to meet production needs. Therefore, the industry is actively exploring higher-density physical hydrogen storage solutions. Cryo-compressed hydrogen (CcH2) is a promising cutting-edge technology route. This technology cools hydrogen to a cryogenic temperature of -200°C and then stores it at a medium-high pressure of 30-50 MPa. It combines the high density of liquid hydrogen with the convenience of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen and is regarded as a key breakthrough direction for achieving ultra-high-density physical hydrogen storage.

[0004] However, the structural design of hydrogen storage containers is being challenged like never before by the extreme operating conditions that combine "cryogenic" and "high pressure". This is because most modern advanced hydrogen storage containers are multi-layered composite wall structures consisting of an inner liner that acts as an airtight barrier and a fiber composite material reinforcement layer that provides mechanical strength to the outside. Although existing technology knows that the interfacial bonding between the inner liner and the reinforcement layer is the key to ensuring the integrity of the container structure, most of the solutions are for normal temperature and high pressure conditions, such as adding mechanical interlocking structures to improve the interfacial bonding strength.

[0005] When a structure designed for room temperature operation is used for cryogenic and high-pressure hydrogen storage, the thermal expansion coefficient of the metal or polymer inner liner material differs from that of the outer carbon fiber composite reinforcement layer by several times. The huge temperature difference from room temperature to cryogenic temperature causes the inner liner to shrink and deform much more than the outer reinforcement layer. This uncoordinated deformation will generate high-intensity shear stress and normal stress at the interface between the inner liner and the outer shell. At this time, stress concentration will occur at the rigid mechanical locking structure, which will lead to micro-cracks and delamination at the interface between the inner liner and the outer shell. This will cause the inner liner to become unstable and wrinkle. As a result, high-pressure hydrogen will leak into the gap between the inner liner and the outer shell. When the container is warmed up, the leaked hydrogen expands rapidly, which will further increase the stress at the mechanical locking structure, thus creating a vicious cycle of "delamination-leakage-re-delamination".

[0006] To address this, a corrosion-resistant multilayer composite wall pressure vessel is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to provide a corrosion-resistant multi-layer composite wall pressure vessel that solves the problem of easy damage to the hydrogen storage liner during "deep cryogenic temperature change" and "high pressure circulation". By setting an elastic interlayer between the liner and the outer shell to buffer the deformation of the liner, and by making multi-level openings in the elastic interlayer to cooperate with hydrogen consumption, the "thermal bridge" is adaptively isolated, thus achieving the purpose of protecting the hydrogen storage liner and promoting low-pressure storage and high-pressure discharge of hydrogen.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A corrosion-resistant multi-layer composite wall pressure vessel for physical hydrogen storage includes: an airtight inner liner; A supporting outer shell, which covers the airtight inner liner and provides radial and axial support for the airtight inner liner; A floating layer is disposed between the airtight inner liner and the supporting outer shell, and the floating layer includes a floating mesh and an elastic interlayer; The floating mesh is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the supporting shell; The elastic interlayer is filled between the floating mesh and the airtight inner liner, and the elastic interlayer allows the airtight inner liner to slide relative to the floating mesh; In the above scheme, the outer shell provides rigid support for the airtight inner liner, while the elastic interlayer between the airtight inner liner and the outer shell buffers the slight deformation of the airtight inner liner. This ensures that the airtight inner liner can deform freely to release thermal stress when it contracts or expands due to a large temperature difference. At the same time, the floating support grid can transfer the internal pressure borne by the inner liner to the outer shell. This avoids the generation of huge, repeated alternating shear stress on the airtight inner liner due to thermophysical property mismatch, inhibits the occurrence of interfacial micro-cracks, debonding and fatigue failure, and greatly improves the long-term service safety and lifespan of the container under cryogenic high-pressure coupling conditions.

[0009] Preferably, the floating grid includes support ribs, support rings, and mounting positions. A plurality of support ribs are arranged in a circumferential array on the inner wall of the supporting shell, and a plurality of support rings are arranged in a linear array along the length direction of the support ribs. The cross-sections of the support rings and support ribs are set as I-shaped structures. In the above scheme, the support ring and support ribs are made of I-shaped material. On the one hand, while providing the same support stiffness, the structure significantly reduces the weight of the support grid itself, making the hydrogen storage container lighter and thus increasing the container's hydrogen storage capacity. On the other hand, the gaps formed by the I-shaped cross-section can effectively isolate the "thermal bridge" between the outer shell and the airtight inner liner, thereby suppressing heat exchange between the airtight inner liner and the outer shell, that is, suppressing the temperature rise of low-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen in the airtight inner liner.

[0010] Preferably, the mounting position is located within the grid space formed by the support rib and the support ring, and multiple elastic interlayers are filled in the mounting position, with the inner surface of the elastic interlayer protruding from the inner surface of the support rib and the support ring. In the above scheme, the elastic interlayer is manufactured in a modular form, and the displacement of each elastic interlayer is limited by the installation position, thereby reducing the volume of the elastic interlayer and facilitating production and installation. Since the support ribs and support rings are installed in an array, the installation positions are basically the same, and correspondingly, the specifications of multiple elastic interlayers are consistent, thus standardizing the production and installation of the elastic interlayer and improving the production and assembly efficiency of the pressure vessel. The part of the elastic interlayer that protrudes from the support ribs and support rings avoids contact between the outer wall of the airtight inner liner and the support rings and support ribs, so that the outer wall of the airtight inner liner only contacts the elastic interlayer, thereby effectively buffering the deformation of all parts of the airtight inner liner and releasing thermal stress in a timely manner.

[0011] Preferably, the elastic interlayer is provided with buffer holes, and the plurality of buffer holes are arranged in a three-dimensional corrugated or honeycomb pattern. In the above scheme, the buffer holes make the elastic interlayer more sensitive to the deformation of the airtight inner liner, and can buffer the thermal stress of the airtight inner liner in a timely manner. Compared with using a more elastic material to manufacture the elastic interlayer, this scheme retains a certain rigidity of the elastic interlayer, thus facilitating its transportation and installation. Moreover, the buffer holes can also effectively isolate the "thermal bridge" between the load-bearing outer shell and the airtight inner liner, thereby further suppressing the heating phenomenon of hydrogen inside the airtight inner liner. In addition, the regular arrangement of the buffer holes can evenly apply the rebound force of the elastic interlayer to the entire surface of the airtight inner liner, thereby avoiding local pressure points and ensuring the uniformity of the stress on the airtight inner liner, which is conducive to the structural stability of the airtight inner liner. It also facilitates the production of the elastic interlayer.

[0012] Preferably, the buffer hole includes a radial hole and an axial hole. The radial hole is opened along the thickness direction of the elastic interlayer, and the axial hole is opened along the height direction of the elastic interlayer. The axial hole and the radial hole are interconnected. A detection port is provided on the top of the bearing shell, and the axial hole of the uppermost elastic interlayer is connected to the detection port. In the above scheme, the opening of the radial hole is directly connected to the outer wall of the airtight inner liner. If the airtight inner liner leaks locally, the leaked gas will be discharged into the axial hole along the radial hole at the first time, and will spread from bottom to top along the axial holes of the elastic interlayer until it enters the detection port.

[0013] Preferably, the buffer hole further includes a circumferential hole, which is opened along the circumferential direction of the elastic interlayer and is connected to the radial hole. The groove direction of the support rib is arranged along the circumferential direction of the bearing shell. The support ring is a split structure and multiple support rings are installed between adjacent support ribs. The support rib is connected to the detection port. In the above scheme, by using the cooperation of circumferential holes and radial holes, the leaked hydrogen gas can be directly discharged to the groove of the support rib along the radial holes and circumferential holes. Compared with the disordered flow in the elastic interlayer, the directional flow of hydrogen gas in the smooth support rib groove has lower flow resistance, thereby allowing the leaked hydrogen gas to be discharged to the detection port more quickly, thus improving the response speed of the leakage signal.

[0014] Preferably, the groove direction of the support ring is arranged radially along the bearing shell, the support ring is configured as a split structure, and the support ring is installed between adjacent support ribs; In the above scheme, the support ring is installed in such a way that the entire plane of the support ring contacts the upper and lower surfaces of the elastic interlayer, thereby providing stable support for the elastic interlayer.

[0015] Preferably, the elastic interlayer is interference-fitted to the mounting position, and the height interference between the elastic interlayer and the mounting position is denoted as a, and the arc length interference between the elastic interlayer and the mounting position is denoted as b, then a>b; In the above scheme, the interference fit restricts the movement of the elastic interlayer, thereby ensuring the stability of the entire pressure vessel structure. However, the contact between the elastic interlayer and the support rib is not complete. To avoid damage to the elastic interlayer by local pressure, a>b is made. Thus, after the elastic interlayer is installed in the mounting position, the axial pressure provided by the support ring is much greater than the circumferential pressure provided by the support rib. This ensures the stability of the elastic interlayer while avoiding damage to the elastic interlayer by excessive local pressure.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. This invention solves the problem of inner liner damage caused by the huge difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of materials under low temperature and high pressure conditions by setting a floating layer containing a floating mesh and an elastic interlayer between the airtight inner liner and the load-bearing outer shell. This structure allows the inner liner to expand and contract freely when the temperature changes drastically. The elastic interlayer buffers deformation and releases stress, while the floating mesh effectively transmits internal pressure, thereby avoiding the risks of interface micro-cracks, debonding and fatigue failure. It significantly improves the long-term service reliability and safety of the container under the coupled effects of "deep cryogenic temperature change" and "high pressure cycle".

[0017] 2. This invention utilizes a floating mesh to provide stable radial and axial support for the airtight inner liner, ensuring effective pressure transmission. Simultaneously, the elastic interlayer filled within the mesh acts as a buffer medium, allowing the inner liner to slide relative to the supporting outer shell, effectively absorbing and releasing deformation stress caused by temperature differences. Furthermore, the elastic interlayer and its internal buffer hole structure, together with the I-shaped support ribs and support rings, constitute multiple "thermal bridge" barriers, effectively inhibiting the transfer of external heat to the low-temperature inner liner, reducing hydrogen evaporation loss, and achieving an integrated design of structural support, stress buffering, and efficient heat insulation.

[0018] 3. In this invention, the connection between the radial and axial holes and the radial and circumferential holes within the elastic interlayer serves two purposes. First, it acts as a hydrogen leak detection channel. If a local leak occurs in the inner liner, hydrogen will be rapidly conducted to the detection port through the pore system, enabling a rapid alarm. Second, it actively adjusts the thermal bridge between the airtight inner liner and the external environment: when storing hydrogen, the buffer holes have the largest opening and the best heat insulation effect, thus maintaining the low temperature and low pressure storage state of hydrogen; when using hydrogen, as the inner liner heats up and expands, the pores are compressed, the thermal conductivity is enhanced, and the inner liner absorbs heat from the outside to maintain a stable discharge pressure, thereby maintaining the hydrogen discharge rate. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall isometric structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the overall internal section isometric structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the floating layer structure of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the floating mesh structure of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the elastic interlayer structure of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the floating mesh welding of the present invention; Figure 7 For the present invention Figure 2 Enlarged diagram of section C.

[0020] In the diagram: 1. Airtight inner liner; 2. Load-bearing outer shell; 21. Inspection port; 3. Floating layer; 31. Floating mesh; 311. Support rib; 312. Support ring; 313. Mounting position; 32. Elastic interlayer; 321. Buffer hole; 3211. Radial hole; 3212. Axial hole; 3213. Circumferential hole. Detailed Implementation

[0021] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] Please see Figures 1 to 7 This invention provides a corrosion-resistant multi-layer composite wall pressure vessel, the technical solution of which is as follows: A corrosion-resistant multi-layer composite wall pressure vessel for physical hydrogen storage includes: an airtight inner liner 1. To improve the impermeability, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance of the airtight inner liner 1, a composite inner liner is manufactured using metals (such as 6061 aluminum alloy or 316L stainless steel) and polymer materials (such as high-density ethylene HDPE). An injection port and an exhaust port are provided at the top of the airtight inner liner 1. Figure 1 As shown; The supporting outer shell 2 covers the airtight inner liner 1 and provides radial and axial support for it. The supporting outer shell 2 requires high specific strength and specific modulus to improve fracture resistance and deformation resistance per unit mass, thereby maximizing the hydrogen storage capacity of the container. It also needs excellent fatigue resistance to ensure safety during thousands of high-pressure charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, considering the cryogenic storage of hydrogen, good low-temperature toughness and extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion are essential physical properties. Therefore, high-strength carbon fiber is selected, specifically grades such as T700, T800, or T1000. The specific structure of the supporting outer shell 2 is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, it is divided into a body and two ends; Floating layer 3 is disposed between the airtight inner liner 1 and the load-bearing outer shell 2, and the floating layer 3 includes a floating mesh 31 and an elastic interlayer 32. The floating mesh 31 is fixed to the inner wall of the supporting shell 2, which can be achieved by welding or other methods; The elastic interlayer 32 is filled between the floating mesh 31 and the airtight inner liner 1, and the elastic interlayer 32 allows the airtight inner liner 1 to slide relative to the floating mesh 31; The elastic interlayer 32 is preferably a low-temperature resistant polymeric elastomer material. Specifically, the elastic interlayer 32 is made of modified polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or low-temperature silicone rubber. To achieve the buffering, heat insulation, and sliding functions of this invention, the elastic interlayer 32 should have an elastic modulus in the range of 50 MPa to 500 MPa and a coefficient of thermal expansion between 50 x 10⁻⁻⁻⁶ in an environment of -200°C. 6 / K to 150x10⁻ 6Between / K, the thermal conductivity should be less than 0.1 W / (m·K); in addition, to ensure the sliding effect, the surface of the elastic interlayer 32 in contact with the airtight inner liner 1 can be coated with a solid lubricating layer such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide, or the material itself has a static friction coefficient of less than 0.2.

[0023] As one embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figures 1-4 The floating grid 31 includes support ribs 311, support rings 312 and mounting positions 313. Multiple support ribs 311 are arranged in a circular array on the inner wall of the bearing shell 2, and multiple support rings 312 are arranged in a linear array along the length direction of the support ribs 311. The cross-sections of the support rings 312 and the support ribs 311 are set as I-shaped structures.

[0024] As one embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 6 The mounting position 313 is located within the grid space enclosed by the support rib 311 and the support ring 312. Multiple elastic interlayers 32 are filled in the mounting position 313, and the inner surface of the elastic interlayers 32 protrudes from the inner surface of the support rib 311 and the support ring 312. Before being welded to the supporting shell 2, the floating mesh 31 first completes its own welding, such as... Figure 6 As shown, when the floating mesh 31 is welded, three welded bodies need to be welded, corresponding to the body and two ends of the supporting shell 2 respectively. After the floating mesh 31 is welded, the elastic interlayer 32 is first filled into the mounting position 313, and then the three welded bodies are welded to the corresponding parts of the supporting shell 2 respectively. Next, the assembly of the body of the supporting shell 2 and the lower end of the supporting shell 2 is completed. Then, the airtight inner liner 1 is inserted into the assembly of the supporting shell 2. When inserting, the "cold installation process" is used. The airtight inner liner 1 is first immersed in liquid nitrogen to cool it fully. Its diameter and length will shrink significantly. Then, a special lifting tool and guide device are used to quickly insert the cooled and shrunken airtight inner liner 1 into the supporting shell 2. Finally, the installation of the upper end of the supporting shell 2 and the body of the supporting shell 2 is completed.

[0025] As one embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figure 3 and Figure 5 The elastic interlayer 32 has buffer holes 321 inside, and multiple buffer holes 321 are arranged in a three-dimensional corrugated or honeycomb pattern. like Figure 5 As shown in the figure, the buffer hole 321 is a honeycomb structure that penetrates the elastic interlayer 32. However, to clearly show in the figure, the number of buffer holes 321 is reduced and the diameter of the buffer holes 321 is increased. In actual production, the elastic interlayer 32 should be covered with dense small-diameter buffer holes 321. When the airtight inner liner 1 is filled with hydrogen, its temperature is at its lowest, and correspondingly, its contraction is at its maximum. The elastic interlayer 32 remains in contact with the outer wall of the airtight inner liner 1. At this time, the buffer hole 321 inside the elastic interlayer 32 is at its maximum opening. In this state, its insulation effect against "thermal bridges" is strongest, thus preventing a large amount of liquid hydrogen inside the airtight liner from vaporizing due to temperature rise, thereby preventing excessive pressure rise inside the airtight inner liner 1. As the hydrogen inside the airtight inner liner 1 is consumed, the airtight inner liner 1 continues to heat up and expand, and the elastic interlayer 32 is also continuously compressed. During this process, the opening degree of the buffer hole 321 continuously decreases, and its insulation effect against "thermal bridges" gradually weakens. Therefore, while the hydrogen inside the airtight inner liner 1 is released, the heat that the airtight inner liner 1 can obtain from the outside gradually increases, thereby suppressing the rapid decay of its internal pressure and maintaining the hydrogen discharge rate.

[0026] As one embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figure 5 and Figure 7 The buffer hole 321 includes a radial hole 3211 and an axial hole 3212. The radial hole 3211 is opened along the thickness direction of the elastic interlayer 32, and the axial hole 3212 is opened along the height direction of the elastic interlayer 32. The axial hole 3212 and the radial hole 3211 are interconnected. A detection port 21 is provided above the bearing shell 2. The axial hole 3212 of the uppermost elastic interlayer 32 is connected to the detection port 21. The detection port 21 is an integrated key component used to convert minute amounts of leaked hydrogen signals within the container's interlayer space into measurable physical signals. Its structure mainly consists of four parts: a base, a sensing chamber, filtering and explosion-proof elements, and signal output terminals. The base is the main mounting body for this interface, typically made of corrosion-resistant metal. One end is designed with a sealing surface and threads that tightly fit with the upper end of the supporting housing 2 to achieve airtight installation; the other end is machined with a standardized flange or threads for connecting external pipelines or sensors. The sensing chamber, located inside the base, is a tiny cavity directly connected to the radial hole 3211, used to collect gas samples guided from the interlayer and provide a stable measurement environment for the sensor probe. The filter and explosion-proof element is the core of ensuring safety. It is usually composed of one or more layers of sintered metal mesh or porous ceramic sheet, which is placed between the sensing chamber and the external connection port. This element has a dual function: first, it filters out tiny particles that may be brought out from the interlayer, protecting the sensor from contamination; second, as an explosion-proof device, its tiny porous structure can effectively quench the flame when an electric spark occurs outside, preventing the flame from flowing back into the hydrogen-rich interlayer space and preventing internal explosion. The signal output terminal leads the electrical signal of the sensor (such as a miniature thermal conductivity or MEMS hydrogen sensor) installed in the chamber to the sealed electrical connector outside the container, so as to communicate with the central control unit (ECU) or external monitoring system and realize real-time alarm of leakage.

[0027] As one embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 7 The buffer hole 321 also includes a circumferential hole 3213, which is opened along the circumferential direction of the elastic interlayer 32 and is connected to the radial hole 3211. The groove direction of the support rib 311 is arranged along the circumferential direction of the bearing shell 2. The support ring 312 is a split structure and multiple support rings 312 are installed between adjacent support ribs 311. The support ribs 311 are connected to the detection port 21. The groove direction of the support ring 312 is arranged along the radial direction of the bearing shell 2. The support ring 312 is set as a split structure and the support ring 312 is installed between adjacent support ribs 311.

[0028] Compared to the disordered and slow permeation of leaked hydrogen in the porous medium of the elastic interlayer 32, the transmission of gas along the groove of the support rib 311 is smooth and directional. Once a leak occurs, the hydrogen will quickly gather along the preset high-speed channel and be conducted to the detection port 21, ensuring that the leak signal can be captured at the first time, which greatly improves safety.

[0029] As one embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figure 5 and Figure 6 The elastic interlayer 32 is interference-fitted to the mounting position 313. The height interference between the elastic interlayer 32 and the mounting position 313 is denoted as a, and the arc length interference between the elastic interlayer 32 and the mounting position 313 is denoted as b. Then a>b. In this method, refer to Figure 5 The height of the elastic interlayer 32 is a1, and the arc length of the elastic interlayer 32 is b1; refer to Figure 6 The height of the mounting position 313 is a2, and the arc length of the mounting position 313 is b2; then a = a1 - a2, b = b1 - b2, therefore (a1 - a2) > (b1 - b2); to ensure the stability and functionality of the installation of the elastic interlayer 32, its interference with the mounting position 313 needs to be precisely controlled. The height interference a is set to 1.0% to 3.0% of the mounting position height; the arc length interference b is set to 0.2% to 0.8% of the mounting position arc length, and always satisfies the relationship a > b; for example, for a mounting position with a2 = 50mm and b2 = 80mm, a1 = 51mm (a = a1 - a2 = 1mm) and b1 = 80.4mm (b = b1 - b2 = 0.4mm).

[0030] Working Principle: To address the issue of easy damage to the airtight inner liner 1 caused by the significant thermophysical performance differences between the inner and outer layers of a hydrogen storage container under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions, a floating layer 3 is constructed between the airtight inner liner 1 and the supporting outer shell 2. The floating layer 3 achieves both "rigid pressure transmission" and "flexible buffering" through the synergistic effect of its internal floating mesh 31 and elastic interlayer 32: the floating mesh 31 acts as a rigid framework, reliably transmitting the pressure of the airtight inner liner 1 to the supporting outer shell 2, ensuring the container's pressure-bearing capacity; while the elastic interlayer 32 acts as a flexible medium, allowing the airtight inner liner 1 to deform relative to the supporting outer shell 2 under large temperature differences, thereby releasing the thermal stress of the airtight inner liner 1 and ensuring the structural integrity and long-term service safety of the container under extreme conditions. To ensure effective pressure transmission while providing unconstrained deformation space for the thermal expansion and contraction of the airtight inner liner 1, a specific method is to firmly weld the floating mesh 31 (composed of support ribs 311 and support rings 312) to the inner wall of the supporting outer shell 2, forming a stable support frame that does not deform with the airtight inner liner 1. At the same time, an elastic interlayer 32 is filled between the floating mesh 31 and the airtight inner liner 1. When the container cools from room temperature to cryogenic temperature, the shrinkage tendency of the airtight inner liner 1 is much greater than that of the supporting outer shell 2. At this time, the elastic interlayer 32 allows the airtight inner liner 1 to shrink freely inward, and relative sliding occurs between the two, avoiding the huge tensile stress generated in the traditional rigid connection structure. Conversely, during heating or high-pressure filling, the expansion of the airtight inner liner 1 is also buffered and adapted by the elastic interlayer 32, avoiding the generation of compressive stress. To further achieve a deep integration of structural function and thermal management, and to provide real-time safety monitoring, a specific approach is to set interconnected buffer holes 321 (including radial holes 3211, axial holes 3212, and circumferential holes 3213) inside the elastic interlayer 32. These buffer holes 321 have a dual function: First, as an adaptive thermal insulation structure, when the airtight inner liner 1 is in a low-temperature contraction state, the buffer holes 321 fully open, maximizing the isolation of the "thermal bridge" between the inner and outer layers, effectively reducing the heat exchange between the airtight inner liner 1 and the outside environment, and keeping the hydrogen gas in the airtight inner liner 1 at a low temperature. The low-pressure liquid state; when hydrogen is consumed, causing the airtight inner liner 1 to expand due to rewarming, the buffer hole 321 is compressed, thereby weakening the effect of the thermal bridge isolation, so as to moderately increase heat transfer, thereby accelerating the rewarming of the airtight inner liner 1, maintaining the internal pressure of the airtight inner liner 1, and allowing the hydrogen to be discharged stably; secondly, this through-pore network constitutes a sensitive leak detection channel. Once a small leak occurs in the airtight inner liner 1, the hydrogen will enter the channel immediately and be quickly guided to the preset detection port 21 on the supporting outer shell 2, thereby realizing early warning of potential risks and greatly improving the safety of the container.

[0031] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A corrosion-resistant multi-layer composite wall pressure vessel for physical hydrogen storage, characterized in that, include: An airtight inner liner; a supporting outer shell, the supporting outer shell covering the airtight inner liner and providing radial and axial support for the airtight inner liner; A floating layer is disposed between the airtight inner liner and the supporting outer shell, and the floating layer includes a floating mesh and an elastic interlayer; The floating mesh is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the supporting shell; The elastic interlayer is filled between the floating mesh and the airtight inner liner, and the elastic interlayer allows the airtight inner liner to slide relative to the floating mesh; The floating grid includes support ribs, support rings, and mounting positions. A plurality of support ribs are arranged in a circumferential array on the inner wall of the supporting shell, and a plurality of support rings are arranged in a linear array along the length direction of the support ribs. The cross-sections of the support rings and support ribs are set as I-shaped structures. The mounting position is located within the grid space enclosed by the support ribs and the support ring. Multiple elastic interlayers are filled in the mounting position, and the inner surface of the elastic interlayers protrudes from the inner surface of the support ribs and the support ring. The elastic interlayer is provided with buffer holes, and the multiple buffer holes are arranged in a three-dimensional corrugated or honeycomb pattern. The buffer hole includes a radial hole and an axial hole. The radial hole is opened along the thickness direction of the elastic interlayer, and the axial hole is opened along the height direction of the elastic interlayer. The axial hole and the radial hole are interconnected. A detection port is provided on the top of the bearing shell, and the axial hole of the uppermost elastic interlayer is connected to the detection port. The buffer hole also includes a circumferential hole, which is opened along the circumferential direction of the elastic interlayer and is connected to the radial hole. The groove direction of the support rib is arranged along the circumferential direction of the bearing shell. The support ring is a split structure and multiple support rings are installed between adjacent support ribs. The support rib is connected to the detection port. The groove of the support ring is arranged radially along the bearing shell. The support ring is configured as a split structure and is installed between adjacent support ribs.

2. The pressure vessel according to claim 1, characterized in that: The elastic interlayer is interference-fitted to the mounting position. The height interference between the elastic interlayer and the mounting position is denoted as a, and the arc length interference between the elastic interlayer and the mounting position is denoted as b. Then a>b.

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