Tunnel three-dimensional drainage system and tunnel intelligent drainage method

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of tunnel engineering, and particularly relates to a tunnel three-dimensional drainage system and a tunnel intelligent drainage method, the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system comprising a loss-preventing drainage well module, in the loss-preventing drainage well module, a circumferential drainage pipe is fixedly arranged in a tunnel lining inner wall along a contour direction of a tunnel tunnel face, and two ends of the circumferential drainage pipe are respectively communicated with two side drainage ditches in the tunnel; a plurality of gravity drainage pipes are arranged on the circumferential drainage pipe, the gravity drainage pipes can collect water in tunnel surrounding rock, and intercept soil particles of a corresponding layer; a capillary drainage pipe is communicated with both sides of the circumferential drainage pipe, a first end of the capillary drainage pipe is communicated with the drainage ditch, and a second end of the capillary drainage pipe extends into soil under a tunnel base, and the capillary drainage pipe can adsorb pore water in the soil through capillary action. The present application organically integrates gravity drainage and capillary drainage, systematically solves the problem of soil particle migration in the drainage process, and ensures the drainage effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of tunnel engineering technology, and in particular to a three-dimensional drainage system and intelligent drainage method for tunnels. Background Technology

[0002] During long-term operation, groundwater seepage and water accumulation at the base of heavy-haul railway tunnels are the main causes of structural defects, such as lining cracking, mud pumping and settlement at the base. Traditional drainage solutions, such as dredging side ditches, grouting to seal leaks, or installing simple blind pipes, often focus on "draining water" while seriously neglecting the secondary geological disasters that may be caused by the drainage process—soil erosion.

[0003] In the surrounding rock and foundation soil of tunnels, especially in strata containing silty fine sand or weathered rock fragments, groundwater flow generates seepage force as it passes through drainage facilities. If the drainage facilities have insufficient filtration layers or improper flow rate control, this seepage force will cause fine soil particles to migrate and be discharged with the water. This continuous process will create erosion channels within the soil, gradually expanding and eventually developing into cavities. The formation of cavities in the tunnel foundation or behind the lining significantly reduces the bearing capacity of the foundation, leading to track structure instability and potentially causing sudden lining failure, seriously threatening train safety.

[0004] While existing technologies employ blind drainage pipes wrapped with geotextiles or equipped with simple filters, these are prone to clogging or filtration failure under long-term, high-flow drainage conditions. Furthermore, they cannot control the instantaneous erosion of the soil caused by frequent pump starts and stops or sudden flow changes. In addition, the drainage systems for the arch, sidewalls, and foundation are typically designed independently, lacking hydraulic linkage and intelligent control. This can exacerbate unbalanced seepage in the surrounding soil due to excessive local drainage, accelerating erosion.

[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a new tunnel three-dimensional drainage system and a tunnel intelligent drainage method to solve the above-mentioned technical problems. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The main objective of this invention is to provide a tunnel three-dimensional drainage system and a tunnel intelligent drainage method, which aims to solve the problem that existing drainage systems cannot efficiently drain water while preventing soil erosion.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, this invention proposes a tunnel three-dimensional drainage system, which includes a runoff prevention drainage well module. The runoff prevention drainage well module includes a circumferential drainage pipe, a gravity drainage pipe, and a capillary drainage pipe. The circumferential drainage pipe is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the tunnel lining along the contour direction of the tunnel face, and both ends of the circumferential drainage pipe are respectively connected to the drainage ditches on both sides inside the tunnel. The circumferential drainage pipe is provided with a plurality of gravity drainage pipes evenly arranged. The first end of the gravity drainage pipe is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe, and the second end of the gravity drainage pipe extends into the surrounding rock of the tunnel. The second end of the gravity drainage pipe is set higher than the first end of the gravity drainage pipe. The gravity drainage pipe can collect water in the surrounding rock of the tunnel and intercept soil particles in the corresponding layer. Both sides of the circumferential drainage pipe are provided with capillary drainage pipes. The first end of the capillary drainage pipe is connected to the drainage ditch, and the second end of the capillary drainage pipe extends into the soil under the tunnel foundation. The second end of the capillary drainage pipe is horizontally inclined downward in a direction away from the first end. The capillary drainage pipe can adsorb pore water in the soil through capillary action.

[0008] Optionally, the gravity drainage pipe includes a drainage nail and a connecting pipe. The drainage nail is installed in the surrounding rock of the tunnel. The first end of the connecting pipe is connected to the drainage nail, and the second end passes through the tunnel lining and is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe. The outer periphery of the drainage nail is covered with a permeable cloth, a fine sand layer, and a gravel layer from the inside out.

[0009] Optionally, a transparent sedimentation trough may be detachably provided at the connection between the connecting pipe and the circumferential drainage pipe, and the transparent sedimentation trough may be provided on the inner wall of the tunnel.

[0010] Optionally, the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system further includes a main drainage pipe arranged along the tunnel axis, and the circumferential drainage pipe and the capillary drainage pipe are both connected to the drainage ditch through the main drainage pipe.

[0011] Optionally, the capillary drainage pipe includes an impermeable connecting section, a capillary permeable section, a sedimentation and water collection section, and a water pump connected in sequence. The impermeable connecting section is connected to the drainage ditch. The capillary permeable section includes a drainage body and capillary permeable drainage strips. The drainage body is provided with grooves arranged along the axial direction of the drainage body. The grooves are connected to the impermeable connecting section and the sedimentation and water collection section respectively. Multiple capillary permeable drainage strips are spirally wrapped around the outer periphery of the drainage body, and each capillary permeable drainage strip is also wrapped with a permeable cloth and a fine sand layer in sequence. The sedimentation and water collection section is used to collect water. The water pump is located in the sedimentation and water collection section and is connected to the main drainage pipe through a drainage branch pipe. The water pump can pump the accumulated water in the sedimentation and water collection section into the drainage ditch.

[0012] Optionally, the capillary drainage pipe further includes a double mechanical filter screen, which is disposed at the water inlet of the water pump for filtering sand particles.

[0013] Optionally, the number of the anti-leakage drainage well modules is multiple, and the multiple anti-leakage drainage well modules are evenly arranged along the tunnel axis.

[0014] Optionally, the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system further includes a data monitoring module, a control module, and an electrical module. The data monitoring module is configured correspondingly to the anti-leakage drainage well module and is used to monitor the real-time status data of the anti-leakage drainage well module. The control module is electrically connected to the water pump, the data monitoring module, and the electrical module respectively. The control module can control the start and stop of the water pump and its rotation speed according to the real-time status data monitored by the data monitoring module. The electrical module can supply power to the water pump, the data monitoring module, and the control module respectively.

[0015] Optionally, the data monitoring module includes a high water level sensor, a low water level sensor, a water level rise / fall rate sensor, a soil seepage pressure sensor, and a voltage and current sensor. The high water level sensor is located at one end of the sedimentation and collection section near the capillary permeable section to sense the highest water level. The low water level sensor is located at one end of the sedimentation and collection section near the water pump to sense the lowest water level. The water level rise / fall rate sensor is located within the sedimentation and collection section to monitor the rate of water level rise. The soil seepage pressure sensor is located between the fine sand layer and the soil in the capillary drainage pipe to monitor the seepage pressure. The voltage and current sensor is correspondingly located to the water pump to monitor the current and voltage during pump operation.

[0016] In addition, the present invention also provides a tunnel intelligent drainage method, which uses the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system as described above for intelligent drainage operations, including the following steps: S1: Multiple anti-leakage drainage well modules are evenly installed along the tunnel axis, and corresponding data monitoring modules are installed at the same time; S2: A control module and an electrical module are installed inside the tunnel's passing bay, and cables are used to connect the water pump and the data monitoring module to the control module and the electrical module, respectively; S3: Start the control module and electrical module to perform intelligent drainage operation.

[0017] Optionally, S1 includes: S1.1 Drill multiple drainage wells evenly arranged along the contour direction of the tunnel face on the inner wall of the tunnel lining. S1.2. Capillary drainage pipes are installed in two drainage wells near the arch foot on both sides of the tunnel, and gravity drainage pipes are installed in the other drainage wells, with corresponding data monitoring modules installed in each well. S1.3. The circumferential drainage pipes are fixedly installed on the inner wall of the tunnel lining along the contour direction of the tunnel face, and are connected to each gravity drainage pipe respectively. S1.4. Along the tunnel axis, a main drainage pipe connected to the drainage ditch is installed on both sides of the tunnel, and the circumferential drainage pipe and capillary drainage pipe are connected to the main drainage pipe respectively; wherein: the slope of the main drainage pipe is continuous and the slope variation range is 15‰, and the slope direction is towards the tunnel exit.

[0018] Optionally, S2 includes: S2.1 Install a waterproof box inside the tunnel's passing bay, and house the control module and electrical module inside the waterproof box; S2.2. Rubber flexible cables are used to connect the control module to each water pump, the control module to the electrical module, and the data monitoring module to the electrical module. Shielded cables are used to connect the control module to the data monitoring module. All wiring points are completed inside potted waterproof junction boxes.

[0019] Optionally, S3 includes: S3.1 Start the control module and electrical module, initialize the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system, and keep the water pump in the stopped state; S3.2 The data processing module continuously collects real-time status data of the anti-leakage drainage well module at a set sampling period; S3.2.1 Real-time liquid level data is collected using a water level rise and fall rate sensor; real-time seepage pressure data is collected using a soil seepage pressure sensor. S3.2.2. Perform moving average filtering on the real-time liquid level data and real-time seepage pressure data to obtain smoothed liquid level values ​​and smoothed seepage force; S3.2.3 Calculate the smooth water level rise rate using the smooth liquid level value, and transmit the real-time status data consisting of the smooth water level rise rate, the smooth liquid level value, and the smooth seepage force to the control module. S3.3 The control module adaptively controls the operating parameters of the water pump based on the real-time status data and safety boundaries of the anti-leakage drainage well module.

[0020] Optionally, S3.3 includes: S3.3.1 Calculate the safety boundary, which includes the soil loss safety control threshold j. safe Maximum safe flow rate Q of a single well safe And the maximum permissible speed n of the water pump max ; S3.3.2 The control module controls the anti-leakage drainage well module to switch between the dormancy and monitoring phase, the start-up phase, the drainage operation phase, and the stop phase based on safety boundaries and real-time status data, in order to achieve intelligent drainage operation. Specifically: When h smooth (k) <H high And v h (k)≤vh_min At this time, the anti-leakage drainage well module is in the dormant and monitoring stage, and the water pump speed n(k) = 0; where: h smooth (k) represents the filtered, smoothed liquid level value at time k; v h (k) represents the smoothed water level rise rate at time k; v h_min The minimum effective seepage rate is set; H high H is the high water level trigger threshold. high =H well_top -ΔH safe H well_top The vertical height of the sedimentation and water collection section from the water pump. For safety reasons, , This represents the highest historical seepage volume for a single well; t delay1 To prevent fluctuations and startup delays, t delay1 =t0+k1×A vib t0 is the basic delay, k1 is the vibration coefficient, and A vib A represents the amplitude of liquid level fluctuation caused by train vibration. well This is the cross-sectional area of ​​the sedimentation and water collection section; When h smooth (k)≥H high And the duration t1≥t delay1 When the anti-leakage drainage well module enters the start-up phase, the control module calculates the initial speed of the water pump based on the safety boundary and real-time status data, and outputs the PWM signal corresponding to the initial speed to the water pump to control the water pump to start at the initial speed. The specific formula for calculating the initial rotational speed is as follows:

[0021] Where: j smooth (k) represents the smoothed seepage force after filtering at time k; This is the rated speed of the water pump; Rated speed n rated The rated flow rate below; The flow efficiency coefficient; n is the surplus coefficient; max Maximum safe speed; After the water pump starts, the anti-leakage drainage well module enters the drainage operation stage. The control module dynamically adjusts the water pump speed based on the dual-objective fusion control deviation using an incremental PID closed-loop control algorithm.

[0022] Optionally, dynamic adjustment specifically includes: ① With water level control and seepage safety as the two core objectives, a dual-objective fusion deviation e(k) is constructed, and the specific formula is as follows: e(k) = α × (h)smooth (k)-H target )+β×(j smooth (k)-j safe ); Wherein: H target To control the target water level, H high ≥H target ≥H low α represents the liquid level control weight; β represents the seepage safety weight. ② Calculate the real-time speed increment of the water pump based on the dual-objective fusion deviation. The specific formula is as follows: Δn(k)=K p ×[e(k)-e(k-1)]+K i ×e(k)+K d ×[e(k)-2e(k-1)+e(k-2)]; In the formula: Δn(k) is the speed increment at time k; K p For proportionality coefficient, K i For the integral coefficient, K d These are the differential coefficients, calibrated on-site using the engineering tuning method; ③ Update the pump speed n(k) in real time based on the real-time speed increment of the pump, and simultaneously monitor the filtered and smoothed seepage force data. When j smooth (k)>j safe Force correction of the updated water pump speed until j smooth (k)<j safe Stop forced correction; the specific formula for updating the pump speed n(k) is as follows: n(k) = clamp(n(k-1) + Δn(k), n min n max ); Where: clamp is the interval limiting function; n min n is the minimum stable speed of the water pump. min =30% n(k-1) is the pump speed at time k-1; The updated formula for the corrected pump speed n(k) is as follows: n(k) = min(n(k), 0.5 × n max ); When h smooth (k)≤H low When the duration t2 ≥ 0.5s, the anti-leakage drainage well module enters the stop phase. The control module calculates the adaptive delayed drainage time based on the remaining water volume and controls the water pump to run at the lowest speed for the adaptive delayed drainage time before shutting down the water pump; where: H low =H pump_in+ΔH min H pump_in ΔH is the height of the water pump suction inlet from the bottom of the well. min Minimum safe water depth to prevent the water pump from running dry; Adaptive Delay Drainage Time The specific calculation formula is as follows: ; Where: V residual For H low The remaining water volume at the pump suction inlet; Q min minimum speed n min The corresponding traffic.

[0023] Optionally, in S3.3.1, the soil loss safety control threshold j safe The specific calculation formula is as follows: j safe =K×j cr ; Where: K is the safety factor; j cr For the critical seepage force, j cr =γ w ×i cr γ w For the specific gravity of water, i cr This represents the critical hydraulic gradient of the soil. G s This refers to the specific gravity of soil particles. Porosity of the soil; Maximum safe flow rate Q of a single well safe The specific calculation formula is as follows: Q safe =A flow ×v cr ; Among them: A flow v is the flow area of ​​the contact surface between the drainage well and the soil corresponding to the capillary pump; cr The critical non-impact velocity, , τ cr Critical starting shear stress of soil, τ cr =θ cr ×(γ s -γ w )×d 50 θ cr γ is the critical parameter for Shields. s The unit weight of soil particles; d 50 denoted as the median particle size of the soil, and f as the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient. Maximum permissible speed n of water pump max The specific calculation formula is as follows: nmax =n rated ×Q safe / (Q rated η Q ).

[0024] Optionally, S3.3.2 further includes an emergency phase for extremely high seepage, an emergency phase for high-risk soil conditions, and a backup control phase, specifically: When v h (k)>3cm / s and j smooth (k)≤j safe At this point, the emergency phase with extremely high seepage volume is entered, triggering coordinated drainage, and the corresponding pump speed is increased to n. max Simultaneously, the capillary pumps in the two adjacent anti-loss drainage well modules are started, with an initial speed n. adj =0.8×n0; When j smooth (k)>0.8×j cr Furthermore, when the duration t ≥ 5s, the soil enters a high-risk emergency phase, triggering a high-risk warning, and the corresponding water pump speed is forcibly reduced to n. min Shut down the water pumps of adjacent anti-drainage well modules and suspend drainage operations; When the smoothed liquid level values ​​at 10 consecutive sampling points all satisfy |h smooth (k)-h smooth (k-1)∣>Δh max When entering the standby control phase, a sensor fault alarm is triggered. The control module controls the anti-leakage drainage well module to switch between the sleep and monitoring phase, the start-up phase, the drainage operation phase, and the stop phase at rated speed and rated flow. Simultaneously, current and voltage sensors detect the real-time current and voltage data of the water pump. When the pump current exceeds a set percentage of the rated value, a shutdown protection is triggered, directly shutting down the pump and uploading a fault warning. When the pump's no-load current is less than a set percentage of the rated value, the pump is immediately shut down. Where: h smooth (k-1) is the smoothed liquid level value after filtering at time k-1; after entering the standby control phase, the trigger condition t of the startup phase. delay1 Take 2s~3s; The threshold value for smoothing the difference in liquid level values. , Unit of time.

[0025] The anti-loss drainage module in this invention, composed of a circumferential drainage pipe, a gravity drainage pipe, and a capillary drainage pipe, forms a drainage network covering the entire cross-section of the tunnel. The second end of the gravity drainage pipe is higher than the first end, allowing water within the tunnel's surrounding rock to flow into the gravity drainage pipe under gravity and then into the circumferential drainage pipe. The gravity drainage pipe effectively intercepts soil particles within the tunnel's surrounding rock, while the capillary drainage pipe utilizes capillary action to adsorb pore water in the soil beneath the tunnel foundation, creating a good path for capillary water to rise and physically blocking soil particles. This invention organically integrates gravity drainage and capillary drainage, covering all water bodies from fissure water in the arch crown and seepage water in the sidewalls to pore water in the foundation. It systematically solves the problem of soil particle migration during the drainage process, ensuring drainage effectiveness while effectively eliminating the potential for cavitation in the foundation or surrounding rock caused by drainage, greatly improving the long-term structural safety of the tunnel. Attached Figure Description

[0026] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the structures shown in these drawings without creative effort.

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the layout of the anti-leakage drainage well module in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the gravity drainage pipe in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of the capillary extraction tubes in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the control module in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0028] Explanation of icon numbers: 1. Anti-loss drainage well module, 1.1 Circular drainage pipe, 1.2 Gravity drainage pipe, 1.2.1 Drainage nail, 1.2.2 Connecting pipe, 1.2.3 Transparent sedimentation trough, 1.3 Capillary drainage pipe, 1.3.1 Impermeable connecting section, 1.3.2 Capillary permeable section, 1.3.3 Sedimentation and water collection section, 1.3.4 Water pump, 1.3.5 Drainage connector, 1.3.6 Drainage branch pipe, 1.4 Permeable cloth, 1.5 Fine sand layer, 1.6 Gravel layer, 1.7 Cement, 2. Main drainage pipe, 3. High water level sensor, 4. Low water level sensor, 5. Control module, 6. Electrical module, 7. Tunnel surrounding rock, 8. Tunnel foundation, 9. Drainage ditch, 10. Tunnel lining.

[0029] The realization of the objective, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] It should be noted that all directional indications (such as up, down, left, right, front, back, etc.) in the embodiments of the present invention are only used to explain the relative positional relationship and movement of each component in a certain specific posture (as shown in the figure). If the specific posture changes, the directional indication will also change accordingly.

[0032] Furthermore, in this invention, descriptions involving "first," "second," etc., are for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying their relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0033] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "connection," "fixed," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, "fixed" can mean a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; it can mean a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can mean a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; it can mean the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise explicitly limited. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0034] Furthermore, the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other, but only if they are feasible for those skilled in the art. If the combination of technical solutions is contradictory or cannot be implemented, it should be considered that such combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of protection claimed by the present invention.

[0035] This invention proposes a three-dimensional drainage system and intelligent drainage method for tunnels, aiming to solve the problem that existing drainage systems cannot efficiently drain water while preventing soil erosion.

[0036] Example 1: See Figures 1 to 4 The tunnel's three-dimensional drainage system includes a runoff prevention drainage well module 1. The runoff prevention drainage well module 1 includes a circumferential drainage pipe 1.1, a gravity drainage pipe 1.2, and a capillary drainage pipe 1.3. The circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the tunnel lining 10 along the contour direction of the tunnel face, and both ends of the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 are connected to the drainage ditches 9 on both sides of the tunnel. Multiple evenly arranged gravity drainage pipes 1.2 are provided on the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1. The first end of each gravity drainage pipe 1.2 is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1, and the second end of each gravity drainage pipe 1.2 extends into the surrounding rock 7 of the tunnel. The second end of the gravity drainage pipe 1.2 is positioned higher than the first end of the gravity drainage pipe 1.2. The gravity drainage pipe 1.2 can collect water within the surrounding rock 7 of the tunnel and intercept soil particles at the corresponding layers. Both sides of the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 are provided with capillary drainage pipes 1.3. The first end of the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 is connected to the drainage ditch 9, and the second end of the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 extends into the soil below the tunnel foundation 8. The second end of the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 is horizontally inclined downward in a direction away from the first end. The capillary drainage pipe 1.3 can adsorb pore water in the soil through capillary action. In this embodiment, a drainage module consisting of a circumferential drainage pipe 1.1, a gravity drainage pipe 1.2, and a capillary drainage pipe 1.3 forms a drainage network covering the entire cross-section of the tunnel. The second end of the gravity drainage pipe 1.2 is higher than the first end, allowing water within the tunnel's surrounding rock 7 to flow into the gravity drainage pipe 1.2 under gravity and then into the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1. The gravity drainage pipe 1.2 effectively intercepts soil particles within the tunnel's surrounding rock 7, while the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 utilizes capillary action to adsorb pore water in the soil beneath the tunnel foundation, creating a good path for capillary water to rise and physically blocking soil particles. This embodiment organically integrates gravity drainage and capillary drainage, covering all water bodies from fissure water in the arch crown and seepage water in the sidewalls to pore water in the foundation. It systematically solves the problem of soil particle migration during drainage, ensuring effective drainage while effectively eliminating the potential for cavitation in the foundation or surrounding rock caused by drainage, greatly improving the long-term structural safety of the tunnel.

[0037] The gravity drainage pipe 1.2 includes a drainage nail 1.2.1 and a connecting pipe 1.2.2. The drainage nail 1.2.1 is installed in the surrounding rock 7 of the tunnel. The first end of the connecting pipe 1.2.2 is connected to the drainage nail 1.2.1, and the second end passes through the tunnel lining 10 and is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1. The outer periphery of the drainage nail 1.2.1 is covered from the inside out with a permeable cloth 1.4, a fine sand layer 1.5, and a gravel layer 1.6. Within the arch and sidewall surrounding rock behind the tunnel lining 10, upward or horizontally inclined drainage wells are drilled at designed intervals. Gravity drainage pipes 1.2 are installed. The drainage nails 1.2.1 of the gravity drainage pipes 1.2 are sequentially covered with permeable fabric 1.4 (high-strength permeable geotextile in this embodiment), a fine sand layer 1.5 (graded sand layer, such as medium sand in this embodiment), and a gravel layer 1.6 (graded gravel layer 1.6 in this embodiment, such as 5-10mm gravel) to form a filter body around the drainage nails 1.2.1. This allows water to pass through while preventing soil particles from passing through the corresponding layers, effectively intercepting weathered debris in the surrounding rock while maintaining long-term permeability. In this embodiment, the connecting pipe 1.2.2 is a galvanized steel pipe used for water conduction.

[0038] Specifically, a transparent sedimentation trough 1.2.3 is detachably installed at the connection point between the connecting pipe 1.2.2 and the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1, and the transparent sedimentation trough 1.2.3 is located on the inner wall of the tunnel. In this embodiment, the connecting pipe 1.2.2 is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 via a flexible hose, and a transparent sedimentation trough 1.2.3 is provided at the connection point to capture and visualize any trace suspended matter that may exist in the pipe network, facilitating regular cleaning. Capillary adsorption wells are drilled at an angle in the soil beneath the 8th track bed of the tunnel foundation. Further, the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 includes an impermeable connecting section 1.3.1, a capillary permeable section 1.3.2, a sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3, and a water pump 1.3.4 connected in sequence. The impermeable connecting section 1.3.1 is connected to the drainage ditch 9. The capillary permeable section 1.3.2 includes a drainage body and a capillary permeable drainage strip. The drainage body is provided with grooves arranged along the axial direction of the drainage body. The grooves are connected to the impermeable connecting section 1.3.1 and the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3, respectively. Multiple capillary drainage strips are spirally wrapped around the outer periphery of the drainage body, and each capillary drainage strip is also sequentially wrapped with a permeable cloth 1.4 and a fine sand layer 1.5. The sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 is used for water collection, and the water pump 1.3.4 is installed in the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3. The water pump 1.3.4 is connected to the main drainage pipe 2 through a pumping branch pipe 1.3.6. The water pump 1.3.4 can pump the accumulated water in the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 into the drainage ditch 9. In the soil under the tunnel foundation 8 track bed, a capillary adsorption well is drilled at an angle, and a capillary pumping pipe 1.3 is installed. The drainage body is a PVC main pipe with axial grooves, and the drainage body is tightly spirally wrapped with capillary drainage strips. This strip material actively adsorbs pore water in the soil using capillary force. A layer with a weight of not less than 200g / m² is wrapped around the drainage strip. 2 A high-density long-filament nonwoven geotextile (i.e., permeable fabric 1.4) serves as the primary fine filtration barrier. The outermost layer is a 1.5 to 2.0 cm thick uniform quartz fine sand layer (particle size 0.1-0.5 mm) filled and compacted between the geotextile and the borehole wall. The fine sand layer is in direct contact with the soil, and the pore size between its particles can both form a good capillary water rise path and block the passage of most silt and clay particles, thus achieving the ultimate physical barrier to soil particles at the "water collection interface". In this embodiment, the drainage belt is formed by one or more drainage sections connected sequentially, and adjacent drainage sections are connected by drainage joints 1.3.5.

[0039] Furthermore, the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 also includes a double mechanical filter screen, which is located at the suction port of the water pump 1.3.4 and is used to filter sand particles. In this embodiment, the first layer is a nylon coarse filter screen with a pore size of 2mm to intercept any sand particles that may fall off; the second layer is a stainless steel precision filter screen with a pore size of 1mm for final screening. Both filters can be easily disassembled and cleaned.

[0040] In this embodiment, there are multiple anti-leakage drainage well modules 1, which are evenly arranged along the tunnel axis. Multiple anti-leakage drainage well modules 1 are provided to meet the drainage needs of tunnels of different lengths in actual operation.

[0041] In this embodiment, the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system further includes a main drainage pipe 2 arranged along the tunnel axis. The circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 and the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 are both connected to the drainage ditch 9 through the main drainage pipe 2. In this embodiment, a high-pressure flushing interface is provided every 15-20 meters along the straight section of the main drainage pipe 2 for periodic system maintenance.

[0042] In this embodiment, the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system further includes a data monitoring module, a control module 5, and an electrical module 6. The data monitoring module is correspondingly configured with the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 and is used to monitor the real-time status data of the anti-leakage drainage well module 1. The control module 5 is electrically connected to the water pump 1.3.4, the data monitoring module, and the electrical module 6, respectively. The control module 5 can control the start-up, shutdown, and speed of the water pump 1.3.4 based on the real-time status data monitored by the data monitoring module. The electrical module 6 can supply power to the water pump 1.3.4, the data monitoring module, and the control module 5, respectively. The control module 5 performs intelligent control of the water pump 1.3.4 based on the data from the data monitoring module, which can ensure stable and efficient drainage operations and minimize hydraulic disturbance to the soil. At the same time, it adapts to the scenario of fluctuating seepage in the tunnel, and achieves dynamic regulation through multi-parameter fusion decision-making, thereby strengthening equipment operation protection and long-term system reliability.

[0043] In this embodiment, the data monitoring module includes a high water level sensor 3, a low water level sensor 4, a water level rise / fall rate sensor 11, a soil seepage pressure sensor, and a voltage and current sensor. The high water level sensor 3 is located at one end of the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 near the capillary permeable section 1.3.2 to sense the highest water level. The low water level sensor 4 is located at one end of the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 near the water pump 1.3.4 to sense the lowest water level. The water level rise / fall rate sensor 11 is located within the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 to monitor the rate of water level rise. The soil seepage pressure sensor is located between the fine sand layer and the soil in the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 to monitor the seepage pressure. The voltage and current sensor is correspondingly located to the water pump 1.3.4 to monitor the current and voltage of the water pump 1.3.4 during operation. Based on the intelligent control strategy of high and low level sensors, the drainage process is fully automated and optimized. The smooth start-stop logic reduces the hydraulic disturbance to the soil, while the low water level delay pumping mechanism maximizes the efficiency of a single drainage operation and significantly improves the system's energy efficiency ratio. Furthermore, the real-time data monitoring of the anti-loss drainage well module 1 by the water level rise and fall rate sensor 11, the soil seepage pressure sensor, and the voltage and current sensors helps the control module 5 to achieve smooth start-stop and efficient operation of the water pump 1.3.4, avoiding disturbance to the soil structure caused by drastic fluctuations in water flow.

[0044] In this embodiment, two submersible hydrostatic level sensors (high level sensor 3 and low level sensor 4) are vertically fixed in the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 of each base capillary adsorption well. The sensor range is 0-5 meters and the accuracy is ±1 cm. The sensing surface of the high level sensor 3 is set at a height of 20 cm from the bottom of the well, and the sensing surface of the low level sensor 4 is set at a height of 5 cm from the bottom of the well, serving as the basic criterion for starting and stopping drainage. A water level rise rate sensor is added to continuously collect liquid level data and calculate the water level change per unit time (Δh / Δt) in real time with an accuracy of ±0.1 cm / s, which is used to determine the amount of seepage. A soil seepage pressure sensor is installed at the contact surface between the fine sand layer and the soil in the capillary adsorption well, with a range of 0-10 kPa and an accuracy of ±0.05 kPa, to monitor the seepage force on the soil during drainage. In addition, each water pump 1.3.4 is equipped with a current and voltage sensor to monitor the operating current and voltage parameters of the water pump 1.3.4 and to determine whether there are abnormal operating conditions such as overload or no-load. All sensor data is uploaded to the remote monitoring platform in real time via 4G signal, supporting dynamic decision-making and fault early warning.

[0045] In this embodiment, the water pump 1.3.4 is a 12V DC brushless adjustable speed micro submersible pump 1.3.4, retaining the double-end mechanical seal design, with an overall protection level of IP68, suitable for long-term immersion operation; the rated head is maintained at 5-6 meters to ensure that the drainage power meets the requirements, supports 0-100% stepless speed adjustment, corresponding to a flow rate of 3-10L / min (3L / min at 30% speed, 10L / min at 100% speed), and can dynamically match the drainage rate according to the seepage volume; a new speed feedback module is added to transmit the current speed data back to the controller in real time, forming a "command-execution-feedback" closed-loop control; the motor has a built-in overheat protection function, which automatically reduces the speed when the temperature exceeds 85℃, extending the service life of the equipment.

[0046] See Figure 5 The control module 5 includes a transformer 5.1, a primary control box 5.2, a secondary control box 5.3, and a water level controller 5.4. The transformer 5.1 is used for voltage conversion. The primary control box 5.2 is used for overall control of the control module 5. The secondary control box 5.3 receives instructions from the primary control box 5.2 and is used to control the water level controller 5.4. Each water level controller 5.4 corresponds to a specific anti-leakage drainage well module 1 and is used to control the water level in that module. This embodiment addresses the harsh environment of tunnels, including dampness, conductive dust, and mechanical vibration, and designs a power supply and wiring scheme and a pipeline and cable laying device scheme, specifically: (1) Power supply and wiring scheme A centralized power supply and distributed control mode is adopted. A main waterproof control box (IP54) is installed inside the tunnel's passing bay, integrating: a 12V / 200Ah lithium iron phosphate battery pack, an intelligent solar / wind power charging controller with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) function, a multi-channel relay output module, and a programmable logic controller (PLC). The battery pack is also connected to the tunnel's existing lighting power supply. Each capillary adsorption well is equipped with a separate level relay to control the start / stop of water pumps 1.3.4.

[0047] ① Power line for water pumps 1.3.4: From the control box to each water pump 1.3.4, use RVV2×1.5mm. 2 Copper core waterproof rubber-sheathed flexible cable. All connection points in underwater or humid environments are completed within a potted waterproof junction box. Wire connections use tinned copper crimp terminals, and after tightening, a two-component epoxy resin waterproof sealant is used to fill and seal the entire junction cavity, achieving permanent waterproofing and vibration resistance.

[0048] ② Sensor signal circuit: RVVP2×0.5mm 2 The shielded cable transmits 4-20mA current signals. The shielding layer is reliably grounded at a single point on the controller, effectively suppressing electromagnetic interference generated by high-voltage equipment in the tunnel. Signal lines and power cables are laid with a minimum distance of 20 cm between them.

[0049] ③ Safety grounding system: All exposed conductive parts, including the metal casing of the water pump (1.3.4), the control box, and the cable shielding layer, are grounded using BVR4mm steel. 2 The yellow-green grounding conductor is connected to the tunnel's inherent integrated grounding network, and the grounding resistance is strictly ≤4Ω.

[0050] (2) Pipe and cable laying device ① Cable mechanical protection: All cables are protected by Φ25mm flame-retardant rigid PVC conduits. The conduits are laid along the tunnel sidewalls and fixed with 304 stainless steel double clamps at intervals not exceeding 1.0 meter. Rubber pads are placed between the clamps and the conduit wall to reduce vibration.

[0051] ② Drainage pipe network: The branch pipe 1.3.6 from the outlet of water pump 1.3.4 to the main drainage pipe 2 uses a Φ10mm polyurethane (PU) reinforced flexible hose, which is pressure-resistant, wear-resistant, flexible, and easy to install. A one-way check valve is added 5cm before connecting to the main drainage pipe 2 to prevent water from flowing back into the arch foot.

[0052] Main drainage pipe 2 uses Φ80mm pressure-bearing UPVC pipe with a nominal pressure of not less than 1.0MPa. During pipe installation, adjustable-height stainless steel gantry supports are used for support, with a support spacing of 1.5 meters. During installation, a laser level is used for calibration to ensure that the slope of the entire pipeline is continuous and strictly maintained at 15‰ (i.e., a drop of 1.5 cm per meter), with the slope pointing towards the tunnel exit to ensure smooth gravity flow.

[0053] ③ Environmental Adaptability Measures: In cold regions, all outdoor and frost-prone drainage pipes (including main drainage pipe 2 and key branch pipes) are tightly wrapped with a 30mm thick closed-cell rubber-plastic insulation shell, and sealed with waterproof aluminum foil tape. In extremely cold areas, a self-regulating electric heating tape can be laid between the insulation layer and the pipe wall. It is automatically controlled by a temperature controller and activates when the pipe temperature drops below 5℃ to prevent water inside the pipe from freezing.

[0054] Example 2: This embodiment provides a tunnel intelligent drainage method, which uses the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system described above for intelligent drainage operations, including the following steps: S1: Multiple anti-loss drainage well modules 1 are evenly installed along the tunnel axis, and corresponding data monitoring modules are installed at the same time; S1 includes: S1.1 Drill multiple drainage wells evenly arranged along the contour direction of the tunnel face on the inner wall of the tunnel lining 10. S1.2. Install capillary drainage pipes 1.3 in two drainage wells near the arch foot on both sides of the tunnel, and install gravity drainage pipes 1.2 in other drainage wells, and install corresponding data monitoring modules in each well. S1.3. The circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the tunnel lining 10 along the contour direction of the tunnel face, and is connected to each gravity drainage pipe 1.2 respectively. S1.4. Along the tunnel axis, a main drainage pipe 2 connected to the drainage ditch 9 is set on both sides of the tunnel, and the circumferential drainage pipe 1.1 and the capillary drainage pipe 1.3 are connected to the main drainage pipe 2 respectively; wherein: the slope of the main drainage pipe 2 is continuous and the slope variation range is 15‰, and the slope direction is towards the tunnel exit.

[0055] S2: A control module 5 and an electrical module 6 are installed inside the tunnel's passing bay, and water pumps 1, 3, and 4 and the data monitoring module are connected to the control module 5 and the electrical module 6 respectively using cables; S2 includes: S2.1 Install a waterproof box inside the tunnel's passing bay, and place the control module 5 and electrical module 6 inside the waterproof box; S2.2, Rubber flexible cables are used to connect control module 5 to each water pump 1.3.4, control module 5 to electrical module 6, and data monitoring module to electrical module 6. Shielded cables are used to connect control module 5 to data monitoring module; wherein, all wiring points are completed in potting waterproof junction boxes.

[0056] S3: Start the control module 5 and electrical module 6 to perform intelligent drainage operations.

[0057] S3 includes: S3.1 Start control module 5 and electrical module 6, initialize the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system, and keep water pump 1.3.4 in the stopped state; S3.2 The data processing module continuously collects real-time status data of the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 at a set sampling period; S3.2.1 Real-time liquid level data is collected using water level rise and fall rate sensor 11; real-time seepage pressure data is collected using soil seepage pressure sensor. S3.2.2. Perform moving average filtering on the real-time liquid level data and real-time seepage pressure data to obtain smoothed liquid level values ​​and smoothed seepage force; S3.2.3 Calculate the smooth water level rise rate using the smooth liquid level value, and transmit the real-time status data consisting of the smooth water level rise rate, the smooth liquid level value, and the smooth seepage force to the control module 5. S3.3, The control module 5 uses the real-time status data and safety boundary of the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 to adaptively control the operating parameters of the water pump 1.3.4.

[0058] S3.3 includes: S3.3.1 Calculate the safety boundary, which includes the soil loss safety control threshold j. safe Maximum safe flow rate Q of a single well safe And water pump 1.3.4 maximum permissible speed n max ; In S3.3.1, the soil loss safety control threshold j safe The specific calculation formula is as follows: j safe =K×j cr ; Where: K is the safety factor (taken as 0.6~0.8); j cr For the critical seepage force, j cr =γ w ×i cr γ w For the specific gravity of water, i cr This represents the critical hydraulic gradient of the soil. G sThe specific gravity of soil particles (2.65~2.70 for fine sand). Porosity of the soil; Maximum safe flow rate Q of a single well safe The specific calculation formula is as follows: Q safe =A flow ×v cr ; Among them: A flow v is the flow area at the contact surface between the capillary adsorption well and the soil. cr The critical non-impact velocity, , τ cr Critical starting shear stress of soil, τ cr =θ cr ×(γ s -γ w )×d 50 θ cr γ is the critical parameter for Shields (0.03~0.06 for silty sand formations); s The unit weight of soil particles (taken as 26.5 kN / m³) 3 ); d 50 is the median particle size of the soil (m), and f is the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient (determined based on pipe wall roughness and flow regime). Water pump 1.3.4 Maximum permissible speed n max The specific calculation formula is as follows: n max =n rated ×Q safe / (Q rated η Q ).

[0059] S3.3.2, Control Module 5 controls the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 to switch between the dormancy and monitoring phase, the start-up phase, the drainage operation phase, and the stop phase based on safety boundaries and real-time status data, in order to achieve intelligent drainage operation. Specifically: When h smooth (k) <H high And v h (k)≤v h_min At that time, the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 is in the dormant and monitoring stage, and the water pump 1.3.4 speed n(k) = 0; where: h smooth (k) represents the filtered, smoothed liquid level value at time k; v h (k) represents the smoothed water level rise rate at time k; v h_min The minimum effective seepage rate is set; H high H is the high water level trigger threshold. high =H well_top -ΔHsafe H well_top The vertical height of the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 from the water pump 1.3.4. For safety reasons, , This represents the highest historical seepage volume for a single well; t delay1 To prevent fluctuations and startup delays, t delay1 =t0+k1×A vib t0 is the basic delay, which in this embodiment is 2s~3s, k1 is the vibration coefficient, and A vib A represents the amplitude of liquid level fluctuation caused by train vibration. well This refers to the cross-sectional area of ​​the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3; When h smooth (k)≥H high And the duration t1≥t delay1 When the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 enters the start-up phase, the control module 5 calculates the initial speed of the water pump 1.3.4 based on the safety boundary and real-time status data, and outputs the PWM signal corresponding to the initial speed to the water pump 1.3.4 to control the water pump 1.3.4 to start at the initial speed; The specific formula for calculating the initial rotational speed is as follows:

[0060] Where: j smooth (k) represents the smoothed seepage force after filtering at time k; This refers to the rated speed of water pump 1.3.4; Rated speed n rated The rated flow rate below; The flow efficiency coefficient; n is the surplus coefficient; max Maximum safe speed; In this embodiment, a four-dimensional sensing network of "liquid level-rate-seepage force-equipment status" is constructed within the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 of each base capillary adsorption well. All sensing data are uploaded to the remote monitoring platform in real time via 4G signal. Core parameters are quantified and calibrated using theoretical formulas. Simultaneously, anti-interference filtering and fault diagnosis algorithms are added to address the problem of sensing data fluctuations caused by train vibration. The quantification and calibration of the core liquid level sensing threshold retains the original system's dual-liquid level control architecture, upgrading the original fixed empirical values ​​(high water level 20cm, low water level 5cm) to adaptive thresholds that can be dynamically calculated based on well structure and on-site hydrological parameters. The calculation formulas for the high water level trigger threshold and the low water level trigger threshold are as follows: Cross-sectional area of ​​the water collection section: ; In the formula: D wellThe inner diameter (m) of sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3; A well The cross-sectional area of ​​the water collection section (m²) 2 ).

[0061] High water level trigger threshold: H high =H well_top -ΔH saf It can be dynamically corrected based on on-site parameters; Among them, the safety level is extremely high: ; In the formula: H well_top The vertical height (m) of the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3 from the water pump 1.3.4; q max The highest historical seepage volume of a single well (m³) 3 / s);t delay1 To prevent fluctuations, start-up delay (s); Low water level stop threshold: H low =H pump_in +ΔH min In the formula: H pump_in The height (m) of the water pump suction inlet from the bottom of the well in section 1.3.4; ΔH min To prevent the water pump from running dry in section 1.3.4, the minimum safe water depth (m) is set as follows: the original empirical value of 5cm is used as the default initial value.

[0062] After water pump 1.3.4 starts, the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 enters the drainage operation stage. Control module 5, based on the dual-objective fusion control deviation, uses an incremental PID closed-loop control algorithm to dynamically adjust the speed of water pump 1.3.4, specifically including: ① With water level control and seepage safety as the two core objectives, a dual-objective fusion deviation e(k) is constructed, and the specific formula is as follows: e(k) = α × (h) smooth (k)-H target )+β×(j smooth (k)-j safe ); Wherein: H target To control the target water level, H high ≥H target ≥H low α is the liquid level control weight (taken as 0.6); β is the seepage safety weight; ② Calculate the real-time speed increment of pump 1.3.4 based on the dual-objective fusion deviation. The specific formula is as follows: Δn(k)=K p ×[e(k)-e(k-1)]+K i ×e(k)+K d ×[e(k)-2e(k-1)+e(k-2)]; In the formula: Δn(k) is the speed increment at time k; K p For proportionality coefficient, K i For the integral coefficient, K d These are the differential coefficients, calibrated on-site using the engineering tuning method; ③ Update the speed n(k) of pump 1.3.4 in real time based on the real-time speed increment of pump 1.3.4, and monitor the filtered smooth seepage force data simultaneously. When j smooth (k)>j safe Forcefully correct the updated water pump speed in version 1.3.4 until j smooth (k)<j safe Stop forced correction; the specific update formula for pump speed n(k) in section 1.3.4 is as follows: n(k) = clamp(n(k-1) + Δn(k), n min n max ); Where: clamp is the interval limiting function; n min For the minimum stable speed of water pump 1.3.4, n min =30% n(k-1) represents the pump speed at time k-1 (1.3.4); to avoid low-speed instability; The updated formula for the corrected rotational speed n(k) of the water pump in section 1.3.4 is as follows: n(k) = min(n(k), 0.5 × n max ); When h smooth (k)≤H low When the duration t2 ≥ 0.5s, the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 enters the stop phase. The control module 5 calculates the adaptive delayed drainage time based on the remaining water volume and controls the water pump 1.3.4 to run at the lowest speed for the adaptive delayed drainage time before shutting down the water pump 1.3.4; where: H low =H pump_in +ΔH min H pump_in The height of the water pump's suction inlet from the bottom of the well (ΔH) is the distance between the inlet and the bottom of the well. min Minimum safe water depth to prevent water pump 1.3.4 from running dry; Adaptive Delay Drainage Time The specific calculation formula is as follows: ; Where: V residual For H low The remaining water volume at the suction inlet of pump 1.3.4; Q min minimum speed n min The corresponding traffic volume; the upper and lower limits of the delay time are 10~15 seconds.

[0063] This embodiment also includes: based on a lower limit of n min Within the safe speed range of n(k) with an upper limit, the optimal energy efficiency speed is obtained by matching with the goal of minimizing energy consumption per unit flow rate; controlling the water pump 1.3.4 to operate at the optimal energy efficiency speed can effectively prevent soil erosion and reduce system energy consumption.

[0064] The formula for the optimal energy efficiency speed is as follows: ; In the formula: w(n) is the energy consumption per unit flow rate at rotational speed n (Wh / m³). 3 P(n) represents the real-time power (W) of water pump 1.3.4; U represents the rated voltage (12V) of water pump 1.3.4; and I(n) represents the real-time operating current (A) at speed n. Using a pre-calibrated w(n) curve, the system automatically selects the optimal speed with the lowest unit energy consumption while meeting drainage requirements, thereby reducing system energy consumption and extending battery life. This is the set displacement at rotational speed n.

[0065] The incremental PID closed-loop control from ① to ③ is the highest priority core logic. Its core objective is to maintain the safety boundary for soil erosion prevention and drainage control. Through dual-objective fusion deviation calculation, dynamic PID adjustment, and safety hard limiting, an absolute safe and feasible domain for speed regulation is defined, forming the basic framework for speed output. The optimal energy-efficiency speed matching formula is a secondary optimization logic within this safe and feasible domain. It seeks optimization only within the compliant range defined by the PID, aiming to minimize energy consumption per unit flow rate. It neither exceeds the safety boundary nor changes the core control objective, making energy-saving corrections only while meeting drainage and erosion prevention requirements. In actual operation, it follows a coherent process of "PID first defines the safety boundary → energy-efficiency formula optimizes within the boundary to output the final speed." Both are dynamically updated synchronously when operating conditions change; they are complementary rather than contradictory.

[0066] S3.3.2 also includes an emergency phase for extreme high seepage, an emergency phase for high-risk soil conditions, and a backup control phase, specifically: When v h (k)>3cm / s and j smooth (k)≤j safe When the emergency phase of extreme high seepage occurs, coordinated drainage is triggered, and the corresponding pump speed 1.3.4 is increased to n. max Simultaneously, the capillary pumps 1.3.4 in the two adjacent anti-loss drainage well modules 1 are started, with an initial speed n. adj =0.8×n0; When j smooth (k)>0.8×j crFurthermore, when the duration t ≥ 5s, the soil enters a high-risk emergency phase, triggering a high-risk warning, and the corresponding water pump speed 1.3.4 is forcibly reduced to n. min Shut down the water pumps 1.3.4 of the adjacent anti-leakage drainage well module 1 and suspend drainage operations; When the smoothed liquid level values ​​at 10 consecutive sampling points all satisfy |h smooth (k)-h smooth (k-1)∣>Δh max When entering the standby control phase, a sensor fault alarm is triggered. Control module 5 controls the anti-leakage drainage well module 1 to switch between the sleep and monitoring phase, the start-up phase, the drainage operation phase, and the stop phase at rated speed and rated flow. Simultaneously, current and voltage sensors detect the real-time current and voltage data of water pump 1.3.4. When the current of water pump 1.3.4 exceeds the set percentage of the rated value (120% in this embodiment), shutdown protection is triggered, directly shutting down water pump 1.3.4 and uploading a fault warning. When the no-load current of water pump 1.3.4 is less than the set no-load percentage of the rated value (30% in this embodiment), water pump 1.3.4 is immediately shut down. Where: h smooth (k-1) is the smoothed liquid level value after filtering at time k-1; , Unit of time.

[0067] This embodiment is applied to a water hazard control project in section A to section B of a tunnel, and specifically includes the following steps: Step 1: Survey and Design.

[0068] Detailed ground-penetrating radar scanning and borehole exploration were conducted on the remediation section to identify areas of concentrated seepage, locations of cavities behind the lining, and characteristics of the foundation soil. Based on the exploration results, the layout parameters of the drainage facilities at each layer were determined: Gravity drainage wells at the arch: circumferential spacing of 3 meters, upward inclination angle of 10°, and hole depth of 2.0 meters.

[0069] Gravity drainage wells on the side wall: They are installed starting 1.2 meters above the rail surface, with a longitudinal spacing of 2.5 meters, and are drilled horizontally to a depth of 1.8 meters.

[0070] Base capillary adsorption wells: located at the arch line on both sides, with a longitudinal spacing of 1.8 meters, a downward inclination angle of 30°, and a depth of 4.6 meters.

[0071] Step 2: Phased construction and installation.

[0072] Construction of gravity drainage layer: During the railway operation "window period," a light hydraulic drilling rig is used to drill holes according to the design parameters. After cleaning the holes, the pre-assembled drainage structure is immediately inserted into the holes, with the exposed end of the perforated pipe threaded to a circumferential HDPE drainage pipe (φ50mm). After installation, a water injection test is conducted to check the self-flowability.

[0073] Base capillary well construction: After drilling, install the well casing strictly in sequence: First, lower the impermeable section with connecting joints; then, fill the outside of the hole with fine sand to form a permeable capillary section (already wrapped with capillary tape and geotextile), and seal the opening with 1.7 cement. Use a special tool to insert it into the hole and connect it to the upper part; finally, install the sedimentation and water collection section 1.3.3. Ensure that the fine sand layer is uniform and dense inside the hole.

[0074] Piping and Electrical System Installation: Install the longitudinal UPVC main drainage pipe 2 (φ80mm) and its bracket, ensuring the slope is strictly calibrated to 15‰. Lay PVC conduit and run cables through it. Install the main control box inside the parking space. Install water pumps 1, 3, and 4, and sensors at the bottom of the capillary well. Connect the drainage branch pipe (φ10mm PU pipe) between water pumps 1, 3, and 4 and the main drainage pipe 2. Complete all electrical wiring strictly according to waterproofing procedures.

[0075] Freeze protection and construction: Wrap all exposed drainage pipes with rubber and plastic insulation, and install electric heating tape at the predetermined locations. Secure all pipelines with stainless steel pipe clamps.

[0076] Step 3: System debugging and verification.

[0077] Single-point function debugging: Perform manual water injection tests on each capillary adsorption well. Observe and record whether water pumps 1, 3, and 4 automatically start when the water level rises to 20cm, and whether they stop after a delay of approximately 12 seconds when the water level drops to 5cm. Test whether the operating current of water pumps 1, 3, and 4 is normal and whether there are any abnormal noises.

[0078] System linkage debugging: Simulate rainy season conditions by simultaneously injecting water into multiple gravity drainage wells and capillary adsorption wells. Observe whether the outflow rate of the main drainage pipe 2 is stable, whether the human-machine interface of the control system displays the status of each device normally, and whether the alarm function is sensitive.

[0079] Verification of anti-loss effect (long-term monitoring): After the system is put into operation, soil samples will be taken regularly (e.g., quarterly) from the soil around representative capillary adsorption wells for particle size analysis. By comparing the particle size distribution curves of soil samples before and after operation, it will be verified whether significant loss of fine particles (especially silt and clay) has occurred. At the same time, ground-penetrating radar will be used to regularly scan the base of the treated section to monitor for the formation of new cavities.

[0080] Step 4: Operation and maintenance.

[0081] The system has entered the automated operation phase. Maintenance personnel check system operation data (water level, pump 1.3.4 operating time, battery voltage, etc.) weekly through the remote monitoring center. A monthly on-site inspection is conducted to check sensor probe cleanliness, filter blockage, and pipe leaks. The sedimentation tank is opened quarterly to remove sediment, and the main drainage pipe 2 is high-pressure flushed. A comprehensive overhaul is performed annually, including testing grounding resistance, checking battery health, tightening all electrical and mechanical connections, and generating a system performance evaluation report based on the year's operating data to guide potential parameter optimization.

[0082] This embodiment not only efficiently eliminates water damage in the tunnel, but also ensures the safety of the drainage process through innovative design, providing a reliable technical guarantee for the long-term healthy operation of heavy-haul railway tunnels. Specifically, it has the following beneficial effects: 1. Excellent ability to prevent runoff and voids: Through a four-level protection system consisting of "graded filter body - fine sand interface layer - double-layer mechanical filter screen - pipeline sedimentation tank", the problem of soil particle migration during drainage is systematically solved, fundamentally eliminating the hidden danger of voids in the foundation or surrounding rock caused by drainage, and greatly improving the long-term structural safety of the tunnel.

[0083] 2. Intelligent and Refined Drainage: Based on an intelligent control strategy using high and low level sensors, the drainage process is fully automated and optimized. Smooth start-stop logic reduces hydraulic disturbance to the soil, while the low-water-level delayed emptying mechanism maximizes the efficiency of a single drainage operation, significantly improving the system's energy efficiency ratio.

[0084] 3. Full-section three-dimensional coordinated drainage: The system organically integrates gravity drainage and active pumping, covering all water sources from fissure water in the arch and seepage in the sidewalls to pore water in the foundation. It also realizes information interaction and strategy coordination between subsystems through a unified control platform, and can adapt to complex and ever-changing hydrogeological conditions.

[0085] 4. Extremely high environmental adaptability and reliability: The IP68 waterproof water pump 1.3.4, glue-sealed wiring, flame-retardant and corrosion-resistant conduit, stainless steel bracket and anti-freeze design selected for the special working conditions of tunnels ensure that the entire system can operate stably and without maintenance for a long time in harsh environments such as humidity, vibration and large temperature difference.

[0086] 5. Significantly low operating and maintenance costs: Modular design and a clear system structure make daily inspections, fault location, and component replacement simple and quick. The intelligent monitoring system can provide early warnings of potential faults, transforming passive repair into proactive maintenance. The total lifecycle operating and maintenance costs are far lower than traditional drainage systems that rely on external power grids or frequent battery replacements.

[0087] Since the intelligent tunnel drainage method includes the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system as described above, it possesses all the beneficial effects of the aforementioned tunnel three-dimensional drainage system, which will not be elaborated upon here.

[0088] This embodiment also includes a readable storage medium storing computer program instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the intelligent tunnel drainage method described above.

[0089] It should be noted that the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs. Furthermore, in the accompanying drawings of the device embodiments provided by this invention, the connection relationships between modules indicate that they have communication connections, which can be specifically implemented as one or more communication buses or signal lines. Those skilled in the art can understand and implement this without any creative effort.

[0090] This embodiment also includes an electronic device, comprising: at least one processor, at least one memory, and computer program instructions stored in the memory, wherein the computer program instructions are executed by the processor to perform the tunnel intelligent drainage method as described above.

[0091] For example, the computer program may be divided into one or more modules / units, which are stored in the memory and executed by the processor to complete the present invention. The one or more modules / units may be a series of computer program instruction segments capable of performing a specific function, which describe the execution process of the computer program in the electronic device.

[0092] The electronic device can be a mobile phone, desktop computer, laptop, handheld computer, cloud server, or other computing device. The electronic device may include, but is not limited to, processors and memory. For example, the electronic device may also include input / output devices, network access devices, buses, etc.

[0093] The processor can be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), or other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, etc. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor or any conventional processor. The processor is the control center of the electronic device, connecting all parts of the electronic device via various interfaces and lines.

[0094] The memory can be used to store the computer program and / or modules. The processor implements the computer program by running or executing the computer program and / or modules stored in the memory, and by calling data stored in the memory. The memory may mainly include a program storage area and a data storage area. The program storage area may store the operating system, at least one application program required for a function (such as sound playback function, image playback function, etc.), etc.; the data storage area may store data created according to the use of the mobile phone (such as audio data, phonebook, etc.). In addition, the memory may include high-speed random access memory, and may also include non-volatile memory, such as hard disk, memory, plug-in hard disk, smart media card (SMC), secure digital card (SD) card, flash card, at least one disk storage device, flash memory device, or other volatile solid-state storage device.

[0095] If the modules / units integrated in the electronic device are implemented as software functional units and sold or used as independent products, they can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, all or part of the processes in the methods of the above embodiments of the present invention can also be implemented by a computer program instructing related hardware. The computer program can be stored in a readable storage medium, and when executed by a processor, it can implement the steps of the various method embodiments described above. The computer program includes computer program code, which can be in the form of source code, object code, executable files, or certain intermediate forms. The computer-readable medium can include: any entity or device capable of carrying the computer program code, recording media, USB flash drives, portable hard drives, magnetic disks, optical disks, computer memory, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrical carrier signals, telecommunication signals, and software distribution media, etc. It should be noted that the content included in the computer-readable medium can be appropriately added or removed according to the requirements of legislation and patent practice in the jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, according to legislation and patent practice, computer-readable media do not include electrical carrier signals and telecommunication signals.

[0096] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the scope of the present invention. All equivalent structural transformations made under the inventive concept of the present invention using the contents of the present invention specification and drawings, or direct / indirect applications in other related technical fields, are included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for intelligent drainage in tunnels, characterized in that, Intelligent drainage operations are carried out using a tunnel three-dimensional drainage system. The tunnel three-dimensional drainage system includes a drainage well module (1) to prevent runoff. The drainage well module (1) includes a circumferential drainage pipe (1.1), a gravity drainage pipe (1.2), and a capillary drainage pipe (1.3). The circumferential drainage pipe (1.1) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the tunnel lining (10) along the contour direction of the tunnel face, and both ends of the circumferential drainage pipe (1.1) are respectively connected to the drainage ditches (9) on both sides of the tunnel. The capillary drainage pipe (1.3) is provided on both sides of the circumferential drainage pipe (1.1). The capillary drainage pipe (1.3) includes an impermeable connecting section (1.3.1) and a capillary permeable section (1.3.1) connected in sequence. .3.2), sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) and water pump (1.3.4); the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system also includes a data monitoring module, a control module (5) and an electrical module (6); the data monitoring module is set up corresponding to the anti-loss drainage well module (1) and is used to monitor the real-time status data of the anti-loss drainage well module (1); the control module (5) can control the start and stop of the water pump (1.3.4) and the speed according to the real-time status data monitored by the data monitoring module; the data monitoring module includes a high water level sensor (3), a low water level sensor (4), a water level rise and fall rate sensor (11), a soil seepage pressure sensor and a voltage and current sensor; Includes the following steps: S1: Multiple anti-loss drainage well modules (1) are evenly installed along the tunnel axis, and corresponding data monitoring modules are installed at the same time; S2: A control module (5) and an electrical module (6) are installed in the tunnel's passing bay, and the water pump (1.3.4) and the data monitoring module are connected to the control module (5) and the electrical module (6) respectively by cables; S3: Start the control module (5) and electrical module (6) to perform intelligent drainage operation; S3 includes: S3.1 Start the control module (5) and electrical module (6), initialize the tunnel three-dimensional drainage system, and keep the water pump (1.3.4) in the stopped state; S3.2 The data processing module continuously collects real-time status data of the anti-leakage drainage well module (1) at a set sampling period; S3.2.

1. Real-time liquid level data is collected using a water level rise and fall rate sensor (11); real-time seepage pressure data is collected using a soil seepage pressure sensor. S3.2.

2. Perform moving average filtering on the real-time liquid level data and real-time seepage pressure data to obtain smoothed liquid level values ​​and smoothed seepage force; S3.2.3 Calculate the smooth water level rise rate using the smooth liquid level value, and transmit the real-time status data consisting of the smooth water level rise rate, the smooth liquid level value and the smooth seepage force to the control module (5). S3.3, The control module (5) is used to adaptively control the operating parameters of the water pump (1.3.4) based on the real-time status data and safety boundary of the anti-loss drainage well module (1); S3.3 includes: S3.3.1 Calculate the safety boundary, which includes the soil loss safety control threshold j. safe Maximum safe flow rate Q of a single well safe and the maximum permissible speed n of the water pump max ; S3.3.2, Control Module (5) controls the anti-leakage drainage well module (1) based on safety boundaries and real-time status data to switch between the dormancy and monitoring phase, the start-up phase, the drainage operation phase, and the stop phase to achieve intelligent drainage operation, specifically: When h smooth (k) <H high And v h (k)≤v h_min At that time, the anti-leakage drainage well module (1) is in the dormant and monitoring stage, and the water pump speed n(k) = 0; where: h smooth (k) represents the filtered, smoothed liquid level value at time k; v h (k) represents the smoothed water level rise rate at time k; v h_min The minimum effective seepage rate is set; H high H is the high water level trigger threshold. high =H well_top -ΔH safe H well_top The vertical height of the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) from the water pump (1.3.4) is [not specified]. For safety reasons, , This represents the highest historical seepage volume for a single well; t delay1 To prevent fluctuations and startup delays, t delay1 =t0+k1×A vib t0 is the basic delay, k1 is the vibration coefficient, and A vib A represents the amplitude of liquid level fluctuation caused by train vibration. well This is the cross-sectional area of ​​the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3); When h smooth (k)≥H high And the duration t1≥t delay1 When the anti-loss drainage well module (1) enters the start-up phase, the control module (5) calculates the initial speed of the water pump (1.3.4) based on the safety boundary and real-time status data, and outputs the PWM signal corresponding to the initial speed to the water pump (1.3.4) to control the water pump (1.3.4) to start at the initial speed; Initial speed The specific calculation formula is as follows: ； Where: j smooth (k) represents the smoothed seepage force after filtering at time k; This refers to the rated speed of the water pump (1.3.4); Rated speed n rated The rated flow rate below; The flow efficiency coefficient; n is the surplus coefficient; max Maximum safe speed; After the water pump starts, the anti-leakage drainage well module (1) enters the drainage operation stage, and the control module (5) dynamically adjusts the speed of the water pump (1.3.4) based on the dual-objective fusion control deviation using an incremental PID closed-loop control algorithm.

2. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The circumferential drainage pipe (1.1) is provided with a plurality of uniformly arranged gravity drainage pipes (1.2). The first end of the gravity drainage pipe (1.2) is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe (1.1), and the second end of the gravity drainage pipe (1.2) extends into the tunnel surrounding rock (7). The second end of the gravity drainage pipe (1.2) is set higher than the first end of the gravity drainage pipe (1.2). The gravity drainage pipe (1.2) can collect water in the tunnel surrounding rock (7) and intercept soil particles in the corresponding layer. The first end of the capillary drainage pipe (1.3) is connected to the drainage ditch (9), and the second end of the capillary drainage pipe (1.3) extends into the soil under the tunnel foundation (8). The second end of the capillary drainage pipe (1.3) is horizontally inclined downward in a direction away from the first end. The capillary drainage pipe (1.3) can adsorb pore water in the soil through capillary action.

3. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The gravity drainage pipe (1.2) includes a drainage nail (1.2.1) and a connecting pipe (1.2.2). The drainage nail (1.2.1) is installed in the surrounding rock (7) of the tunnel. The first end of the connecting pipe (1.2.2) is connected to the drainage nail (1.2.1), and the second end passes through the tunnel lining (10) and is connected to the circumferential drainage pipe (1.1). The outer periphery of the drainage nail (1.2.1) is covered with a permeable cloth (1.4), a fine sand layer (1.5), and a gravel layer (1.6) from the inside to the outside.

4. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 3, characterized in that, A transparent sedimentation trough (1.2.3) is detachably provided at the connection between the connecting pipe (1.2.2) and the circumferential drainage pipe (1.1), and the transparent sedimentation trough (1.2.3) is provided on the inner wall of the tunnel.

5. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The tunnel three-dimensional drainage system also includes a main drainage pipe (2) set along the tunnel axis. The circumferential drainage pipe (1.1) and the capillary drainage pipe (1.3) are both connected to the drainage ditch (9) through the main drainage pipe (2).

6. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The impermeable connecting section (1.3.1) is connected to the drainage ditch (9); the capillary permeable section (1.3.2) includes a drainage body and capillary permeable drainage strips, the drainage body is provided with grooves arranged along the axial direction of the drainage body, the grooves are respectively connected to the impermeable connecting section (1.3.1) and the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3); a plurality of capillary permeable drainage strips are spirally wrapped around the outer periphery of the drainage body, and each capillary permeable drainage strip is outside The surrounding area is wrapped with a permeable cloth (1.4) and a fine sand layer (1.5) in sequence; the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) is used for water collection, the water pump (1.3.4) is set in the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3), and the water pump (1.3.4) is connected to the main drainage pipe (2) through the pumping branch pipe (1.3.6). The water pump (1.3.4) can pump the accumulated water in the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) into the drainage ditch (9).

7. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The capillary suction pipe (1.3) also includes a double mechanical filter screen, which is located at the suction port of the water pump (1.3.4) and is used to filter sand particles.

8. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The number of the anti-leakage drainage well modules (1) is multiple, and the multiple anti-leakage drainage well modules (1) are evenly arranged along the tunnel axis.

9. The intelligent drainage method for tunnels according to any one of claims 6-8, characterized in that, The control module (5) is electrically connected to the water pump (1.3.4), the data monitoring module and the electrical module (6) respectively; the electrical module (6) can supply power to the water pump (1.3.4), the data monitoring module and the control module (5) respectively.

10. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The high water level sensor (3) is located at one end of the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) near the capillary permeable section (1.3.2) to sense the highest water level; the low water level sensor (4) is located at one end of the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) near the water pump (1.3.4) to sense the lowest water level; the water level rise and fall rate sensor (11) is located in the sedimentation and water collection section (1.3.3) to monitor the rate of water level rise; the soil seepage pressure sensor is located between the fine sand layer (1.5) and the soil in the capillary drainage pipe (1.3) to monitor the seepage pressure; the voltage and current sensor is correspondingly located to the water pump (1.3.4) to monitor the current and voltage of the water pump (1.3.4) during operation.

11. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 10, characterized in that, S1 includes: S1.1 Drill multiple drainage wells evenly arranged along the contour direction of the tunnel face in the inner wall of the tunnel lining (10); S1.

2. Capillary drainage pipes (1.3) are installed in two drainage wells near the arch feet on both sides of the tunnel, and gravity drainage pipes (1.2) are installed in other drainage wells, and corresponding data monitoring modules are installed in each well. S1.

3. The circumferential drainage pipe (1.1) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the tunnel lining (10) along the contour direction of the tunnel face, and connected to each gravity drainage pipe (1.2); S1.

4. A main drainage pipe (2) connected to the drainage ditch (9) is set on both sides of the tunnel along the tunnel axis, and the circumferential drainage pipe (1.1) and the capillary drainage pipe (1.3) are connected to the main drainage pipe (2) respectively; wherein: the slope of the main drainage pipe (2) is continuous and the slope variation range is 15‰, and the slope direction is towards the tunnel exit.

12. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 11, characterized in that, S2 includes: S2.1 Install a waterproof box inside the tunnel's passing bay, and place the control module (5) and electrical module (6) inside the waterproof box; S2.2, The control module (5) is connected to each water pump (1.3.4), the control module (5) is connected to the electrical module (6), and the data monitoring module is connected to the electrical module (6) using rubber flexible cables. The control module (5) is connected to the data monitoring module using shielded cables. All connection points are completed in a potting waterproof junction box.

13. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Dynamic adjustment specifically includes: ① With water level control and seepage safety as the two core objectives, a dual-objective fusion deviation e(k) is constructed, and the specific formula is as follows: e(k)=α×(h smooth (k)-H target )+β×(j smooth (k)-j safe ); Wherein: H target To control the target water level, H high ≥H target ≥H low α represents the liquid level control weight; β represents the seepage safety weight. ② Calculate the real-time speed increment of the water pump based on the dual-objective fusion deviation. The specific formula is as follows: Δn(k)=K p ×[e(k)-e(k-1)]+K i ×e(k)+K d ×[e(k)-2e(k-1)+e(k-2)]; In the formula: Δn(k) is the speed increment at time k; K p For proportionality coefficient, K i For the integral coefficient, K d The differential coefficients are calibrated on-site using the engineering tuning method; e(k-1) is the dual-target fusion bias at time k-1, and e(k-2) is the dual-target fusion bias at time k-2. ③ Update the pump speed n(k) of pump (1.3.4) in real time according to the real-time speed increment of pump (1.3.4), and monitor the filtered smooth seepage force data at the same time. smooth (k)>j safe The updated water pump (1.3.4) speed is forcibly corrected until j smooth (k)<j safe Stop forced correction; the specific update formula for the pump speed n(k) of (1.3.4) is as follows: n(k)=clamp(n(k-1)+Δn(k),n min ,n max ); Where: clamp is the interval limiting function; n min For the minimum stable speed of the water pump (1.3.4), n min =30% n(k-1) is the pump speed (1.3.4) at time k-1; The updated formula for the corrected rotational speed n(k) of the water pump (1.3.4) is as follows: n(k)=min(n(k),0.5×n max ); When h smooth (k)≤H low When the duration t2 ≥ 0.5s, the anti-leakage drainage well module (1) enters the stop phase. The control module (5) calculates the adaptive delayed drainage time based on the remaining water volume and controls the water pump (1.3.4) to run at the lowest stable speed of the water pump (1.3.4) for the adaptive delayed drainage time before shutting down the water pump (1.3.4); where: H low =H pump_in +ΔH min H pump_in ΔH is the height of the water pump (1.3.4) suction inlet from the bottom of the well; min Minimum safe water depth to prevent the water pump (1.3.4) from running dry; Adaptive Delay Drainage Time The specific calculation formula is as follows: ； Where: V residual For H low The remaining water volume at the suction port of the water pump (1.3.4); Q min The minimum stable speed n of the water pump (1.3.4) min The corresponding traffic.

14. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 13, characterized in that, In S3.3.1, the soil loss safety control threshold j safe The specific calculation formula is as follows: j safe =K×j cr ; Where: K is the safety factor; j cr For the critical seepage force, j cr =γ w ×i cr γ w For the specific gravity of water, i cr For the critical hydraulic gradient of the soil, i cr =(G s -1)(1-n * ), G s n is the specific gravity of soil particles; * Porosity of the soil; Maximum safe flow rate Q of a single well safe The specific calculation formula is as follows: Q safe =A flow ×v cr ; Among them: A flow v is the flow area of ​​the contact surface between the drainage well corresponding to the capillary pumping pipe (1.3) and the soil; cr The critical non-impact velocity, , This represents the critical initiation shear stress of the soil. =θ cr ×(γ s -γ w )×d 50 θ cr γ is the critical parameter for Shields. s d represents the unit weight of soil particles; 50 denoted as the median particle size of the soil, and f as the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient. The maximum permissible speed n of the water pump (1.3.4) max The specific calculation formula is as follows: n max =n rated ×Q safe / (Q rated or Q )。 15. The intelligent tunnel drainage method according to claim 14, characterized in that, S3.3.2 also includes an emergency phase for extreme high seepage, an emergency phase for high-risk soil conditions, and a backup control phase, specifically: When v h (k)>3cm / s and j smooth (k)≤j safe At this point, the emergency phase of extremely high seepage volume is entered, triggering coordinated drainage, and the corresponding water pump (1.3.4) speed is increased to n. max Simultaneously, the water pumps in the capillary drainage pipes (1.3) of the two adjacent anti-loss drainage well modules (1) are started, with an initial rotational speed n. adj =0.8×n0; When j smooth (k)>0.8×j cr Furthermore, when the duration t ≥ 5s, the soil enters a high-risk emergency phase, triggering a high-risk warning, and the corresponding water pump (1.3.4) speed is forcibly reduced to n. min Shut down the water pump (1.3.4) of the adjacent anti-drainage well module (1) and suspend drainage operations; When the smoothed liquid level values ​​at 10 consecutive sampling points all satisfy |h smooth (k)-h smooth (k-1)∣>Δh max When the system enters the standby control phase, it triggers a sensor fault alarm. The control module (5) controls the anti-leakage drainage well module (1) to switch between the sleep and monitoring phase, the start phase, the drainage operation phase, and the stop phase at the rated speed and rated flow. At the same time, it uses the current and voltage sensor to detect the real-time current and voltage data of the water pump (1.3.4). When the current of the water pump (1.3.4) exceeds the set ratio of the rated value, it triggers the shutdown protection, directly shuts down the water pump (1.3.4), and uploads the fault warning. When the no-load current of the water pump (1.3.4) is less than the set no-load ratio of the rated value, it immediately shuts down the water pump (1.3.4). Where: h smooth (k-1) is the smoothed liquid level value after filtering at time k-1; after entering the standby control phase, the trigger condition t of the startup phase. delay1 Take 2s~3s; The threshold value for smoothing the difference in liquid level values. , Unit of time.

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