A solar interfacial evaporator based on phenolic foam and a preparation method thereof
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAQIAO UNIVERSITY
- Filing Date
- 2026-04-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-26
Smart Images
Figure CN122083518A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This application belongs to the field of solar thermal technology, and in particular relates to a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material and its preparation method. Background Technology
[0002] Solar interface evaporation is a novel technology that efficiently utilizes solar energy to drive water evaporation. Its core principle involves selectively absorbing solar energy through photothermal materials and converting it into heat energy, concentrating the heat at the gas-liquid interface to achieve localized heating rather than overall water heating, ultimately driving water evaporation. For solar interface evaporators, through insulation design and interface evaporation strategies, energy losses such as heat convection and heat conduction are effectively suppressed, significantly increasing solar energy utilization to over 80%. This technology achieves highly efficient synergistic conversion of light energy, heat energy, and evaporation, providing a sustainable solution for seawater desalination, water production in arid regions, wastewater treatment, and power generation. However, expanding the photothermal area in existing evaporators leads to a significant decrease in evaporation rate, affecting evaporation efficiency, and also presents challenges such as high processing difficulty and cost. Summary of the Invention
[0003] This application is made in view of the above-mentioned issues, and its purpose is to provide an evaporator that achieves synergistic utilization of thermal radiation absorption and steam dissipation-driven thermal convection by structural design of phenolic foam, thereby systematically improving the overall evaporation efficiency, and to provide a method for manufacturing the evaporator.
[0004] The first aspect of this application provides a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material, comprising a phenolic foam matrix, wherein the phenolic foam matrix is provided with long arms (L1, L4), short arms (L2, L3), a top beam (S) and a central crossbeam (H), the long arms are located on both sides of the phenolic foam matrix, the short arms are located inside the two long arms and are connected to the top of the long arms on the same side through the top beam, and the central crossbeam is connected to the lower ends of the two short arms; the upper surface of the central crossbeam is provided with a carbonization zone.
[0005] L1 is the left long arm of the phenolic foam matrix, L2 is the left short arm of the phenolic foam matrix, L3 is the right short arm of the phenolic foam matrix, and L4 is the right long arm of the phenolic foam matrix; S is the top beam connecting the long arms L1 and L2 or L3 and L4 on the same side; H is the central crossbeam bridging the short arms L2 and L3.
[0006] In this application, "both sides" refers to the left and right sides, "length" refers to the left-right dimension, "width" refers to the front-back dimension, and "height" refers to the top-bottom dimension. For vertical structural components, "left-right" refers to the thickness, and for horizontal structural components, "top-bottom" refers to the thickness. For example, long arms L1 and L4 and short arms L2 and L3 are vertically arranged, with the top-bottom dimension being the height, the front-back dimension being the width, and the left-right dimension being the thickness. The top beam S and the central crossbeam H are horizontally arranged, with the left-right dimension being the length, the front-back dimension being the width, and the top-bottom dimension being the thickness. The length of the top beam S refers to the distance between the long arms and short arms on the same side, and the length of the central crossbeam H refers to the distance between the two short arms. The top beam S serves as the top bridge connection between the long arms and short arms.
[0007] In any embodiment, the phenolic foam matrix is generally shaped like an "M".
[0008] In any embodiment, the “M”-shaped phenolic foam matrix is integrally molded.
[0009] In any embodiment, the phenolic foam matrix has an open-cell structure with a uniform pore size distribution, a pore size between 0.1 and 0.5 mm, a porosity between 90% and 98%, and a density of 15 to 20 kg / m³. 3 It has a water absorption capacity of 60-150 g / h and a thermal conductivity of 0.018-0.035 W·m. -1 ·K -1 between.
[0010] In any embodiment, the thickness of the long arm, short arm, top beam, and central crossbeam is 1 to 2 cm.
[0011] In any embodiment, the height of the long arm is 8 to 16 cm, and the height of the short arm is 2 to 10 cm.
[0012] In any embodiment, the interval between the long arm and the short arm is 0.5 to 1 cm.
[0013] In any embodiment, the length of the central crossbeam is 6–8 cm. A preferred length is 7 cm. The length of the central crossbeam is the distance between the two short arms.
[0014] In any embodiment, the carbonized zone in the central area of the upper surface of the central beam is provided with a photothermal conversion layer, the thickness of which is 1 to 3 mm.
[0015] In any embodiment, uncarbonized areas are provided at the connection points between the central crossbeam and the short arm on both sides, and the area of the carbonized areas accounts for 60-80% of the total area of the central crossbeam. Preferably, it is around 70%.
[0016] In any embodiment, the lengths of the uncarbonized regions on both sides are 0.5 to 1.5 cm.
[0017] A second aspect of this application also provides a method for preparing a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material, comprising the following steps: (a) Mark the M-shaped structure cutting lines on the surface of the phenolic foam block according to the dimensional requirements of the long arm L1, L4, short arm L2, L3, top beam S and central crossbeam H; (b) The evaporator is cut along the marked line using a cutting tool to form an M-shaped structure; (c) Use a high-temperature spray gun to selectively carbonize the central area of the upper surface of the central beam to form a photothermal conversion layer in the central carbonized area.
[0018] In any embodiment, the nozzle of the high-temperature spray gun is 10 cm away from the surface of the central crossbeam and moves at a constant speed of 2 to 4 cm / s.
[0019] In any embodiment, the carbonization speed of the high-temperature spray gun in the carbonization zone is 3 cm / s.
[0020] During the carbonization process, thermal insulation materials are used to shield and protect all vertical arms and uncarbonized areas of the M-shaped structure.
[0021] A third aspect of this application also provides a method for scaling up a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material, comprising the following steps: (a) Based on a small evaporator (carbonization area 25cm²) 2 The dimensions of the long arms L1, L4, short arms L2, L3, and top beam S are enlarged in front and back widths, while other dimensions remain unchanged. The front and back widths and left and right lengths of the central crossbeam H, as well as the carbonization zone, are enlarged proportionally.
[0022] (b) The length and width of the central crossbeam H and the length and width of the carbonized zone are enlarged proportionally by four times (carbonized area 400cm²). 2 ).
[0023] The beneficial effects of this application are: 1. This evaporator systematically improves overall evaporation efficiency by synergistically utilizing the thermal radiation absorption of the photothermal conversion layer and the thermal convection driven by steam dissipation. The evaporator uses integrally cut phenolic foam as its matrix, constructing a symmetrical M-shaped water supply channel. Selective local carbonization of the central crossbeam surface forms a highly efficient photothermal conversion layer, while the uncarbonized vertical arms retain their original porous structure as capillary water transport paths. The carbonized region possesses a high specific surface area three-dimensional porous carbon skeleton structure, effectively enhancing solar absorption and promoting water evaporation. During evaporation, the carbonized region achieves localized photothermal evaporation, while the vertical arms on both sides simultaneously absorb thermal radiation from the carbonized region and thermal convection from the steam. Combined with capillary water transport and gravity-assisted mechanisms, this achieves highly efficient synergistic conversion of light, heat, and steam. This evaporator is suitable for applications with enlarged areas (>400 cm²).2 It maintains excellent performance even under certain conditions, with an evaporation rate far exceeding that of traditional two-dimensional evaporators, and has significant application potential in the fields of seawater desalination and wastewater treatment.
[0024] 2. This invention obtains an evaporator with a high degree of graphitization and surface carbonization by burning phenolic foam with a high temperature flame. This material has excellent photothermal performance, open channels and structural strength, which greatly reduces the cost of solar interface evaporators.
[0025] 3. By designing the structure of phenolic foam, this invention obtains an evaporator that synergistically utilizes the thermal radiation absorption of the carbonized surface and the thermal convection driven by steam dissipation, thereby systematically improving the overall evaporation efficiency.
[0026] 4. This invention constructs a structure with a photothermal conversion surface of 400 cm² by enlarging the central crossbeam and its carbonized region. 2 A novel two-dimensional evaporator with an area exceeding 3 kg / m², achieving a surface area exceeding 3 kg / m². -2 h -1 The rate of water evaporation. Attached Figure Description
[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to this application; Figure 4 These are scanning electron microscope images of the phenolic foam matrix before and after carbonization treatment in this application. Figure 5 These are Raman spectra of the phenolic foam matrix before and after carbonization treatment in this application. Figure 6 A comparison of the evaporation performance of an evaporator using an uncut, solid piece of phenolic foam and a type-M solar interface evaporator. Figure 7 These are photographs of the front and top views of the type M solar interface evaporator obtained in Example 1 of the application; Figure 8 The curve of temperature change over time and thermal imaging of equilibrium temperature of the M-type solar interface evaporator prepared in Embodiment 1 of this application during evaporation are shown. Figure 9 These are photographs of the front and top views of the enlarged M-type solar interface evaporator prepared in Example 6 of the application. Figure 10These are photographs of the front and top views of the type M solar interface evaporator obtained in Example 7 of the application. Figure 11 This is a diagram showing the evaporation rate of the solar interface evaporator in Example 1 of the application. Figure 12 This is a diagram showing the evaporation rate of the solar interface evaporator in Example 6 of the application. Figure 13 This is a graph showing the evaporation rate of the solar interface evaporator in Example 7 of the application.
[0028] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: Long arm (L1, L4); Short arm (L2, L3); Top beam S; Central crossbeam H; Carbonized zone C; Uncarbonized zone N. Detailed Implementation
[0029] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses embodiments of the solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material and its preparation method thereof. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.
[0030] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.
[0031] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.
[0032] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions.
[0033] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.
[0034] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "comprising" and "including" as used in this application can be open-ended or closed-ended. For example, "comprising" and "including" can mean that other components not listed may also be included, or that only the listed components may be included.
[0035] Unless otherwise specified, the term "or" is inclusive in this application. For example, the phrase "A or B" means "A, B, or both A and B". More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied by any of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).
[0036] This application selects carbon-based materials as the evaporator substrate, specifically carbon-based materials for nanophotothermal conversion, whose superior photothermal performance stems from their unique electronic structure and optical properties. Carbon-based materials can efficiently absorb broadband sunlight (200–2500 nm) through π-π electronic transitions and convert it into heat energy through a non-radiative relaxation process. Compared with other photothermal materials, carbon-based materials have significant advantages: First, their light absorption rate can reach over 90%, far exceeding that of traditional semiconductor materials (such as TiO2); second, carbon-based materials possess excellent chemical stability and corrosion resistance, maintaining stable performance even in strong acid and alkali environments, which is significantly superior to easily corroded metal nanoparticles (such as Au and Ag); third, carbon materials have abundant porous structures and tunable surface functional groups, facilitating efficient water transport and interfacial evaporation, which polymer photothermal materials lack. Furthermore, carbon-based materials are widely available, inexpensive, and easy to mass-produce, giving them significant economic advantages in practical applications. These characteristics make carbon-based materials one of the most promising photothermal conversion materials in the field of interfacial solar evaporation.
[0037] Phenolic foam is a porous polymer material made from phenolic resin through a foaming process. Its specific pore size can be adjusted according to the production process. It is a lightweight, porous block / plate-like material with a density typically ranging from 10 to 100 kg·m³. 3 (Adjustable to meet requirements), with a porosity exceeding 90%, it can be processed into any shape through cutting, molding, and bonding. Its porous structure acts as a "natural capillary channel," allowing liquid to spontaneously penetrate the pores through capillary force upon contact with water. The polar groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) groups in the phenolic resin molecular chain can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, enhancing hydrophilicity. After carbonization, the porous carbon skeleton of the phenolic foam (…)… Figure 4 As a photothermal converter, phenolic foam not only increases the specific surface area but also provides a channel for evaporation escape, achieving synergistic conversion of light, heat, and vapor; simultaneously, as an insulation material, phenolic foam possesses an ultra-low thermal conductivity (0.03 W·m). -1 ·K -1 This effectively suppresses heat loss through conduction to water, further increasing evaporation efficiency. Furthermore, phenolic foam exhibits good resistance to acids and weak alkalis; it also shows some resistance to strong acids, strong alkalis, or organic solvents. The carbonized phenolic foam has a carbon skeleton as its main component, characterized by broad-spectrum, high-efficiency absorption. It can absorb the solar spectrum (ultraviolet-visible-infrared) from 200 to 2500 nm, with an absorption rate generally >90%, far exceeding that of traditional metal nanoparticles, making it an excellent photothermal conversion material.
[0038] Inspired by the capillary water transport mechanism of gauze, this invention further introduces a gravity-assisted mechanism and effectively utilizes the thermal radiation and steam convection of the carbonized surface through two vertical arms to design a novel solar interface evaporator: a type M-shaped solar interface evaporator. This is achieved by physically cutting phenolic foam, structurally designing the water supply channel, and locally carbonizing its central surface.
[0039] This application, through structural design of the evaporator, fully utilizes the thermal radiation of the carbonized surface and the thermal convection of the steam, enabling the large-area evaporator to maintain a temperature of 3 kg·m². -2 ·h -1 Furthermore, due to its ease of processing and low cost, it can be widely used on a large scale.
[0040] In one embodiment of this application, a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material is proposed, comprising a phenolic foam matrix, wherein the phenolic foam matrix is provided with long arms (L1, L4), short arms (L2, L3), a top beam S and a central crossbeam H, the long arms (L1, L4) are located on both sides of the phenolic foam matrix, the short arms (L2, L3) are located inside the two long arms (L1, L4) and are connected to the top of the long arms (L1, L4) on the same side through the top beam S, and the central crossbeam H is connected to the lower ends of the two short arms (L2, L3); the upper surface of the central crossbeam H is provided with a carbonization zone C.
[0041] In some embodiments, the phenolic foam matrix is generally M-shaped.
[0042] At least the long arms (L1, L4) should be vertically positioned. The increased weight of the inclined long arms (L1, L4) after the phenolic foam absorbs water can cause cracks in the water supply channels. The connection between the top beam S and the short arms (L2, L3) and the central crossbeam H can be an arc-shaped connection, but this will increase the processing difficulty and cost.
[0043] In some embodiments, the “M”-shaped phenolic foam matrix is integrally molded.
[0044] In some embodiments, the phenolic foam matrix has an open-cell structure with a uniform pore size distribution, a pore size between 0.1 and 0.5 mm, a porosity between 90% and 98%, and a density of 15 to 20 kg / m³. 3 By changing the pore size, porosity, and density, the water absorption rate of solar interface evaporation can be altered, ranging from 60 to 150 g / h, with a thermal conductivity of 0.018 to 0.035 W·m. -1 K -1 between.
[0045] A suitable pore size provides sufficient capillary force to continuously pump water from the bottom to the evaporation surface; if the pore size is too large, the capillary force is significantly weakened, which may lead to insufficient or discontinuous water delivery, resulting in a lack of water supply to the evaporation surface and a reduced evaporation rate; at the same time, it avoids the problems of excessive flow resistance or easy clogging caused by pore size that is too small. A uniform pore size distribution ensures that water is evenly transported within the foam, avoiding local drying or overflow, and maintaining a stable evaporation process.
[0046] In some embodiments, the thickness of the long arm (L1, L4), short arm (L2, L3), top beam S, and central crossbeam H is 1 to 2 cm.
[0047] If the thickness is too small, the mechanical properties of the evaporator will decrease and it will be prone to breakage; if it is too large, too much water will be pumped to the evaporation surface, which will further aggravate heat loss and reduce the evaporation rate.
[0048] In some embodiments, the height of the long arms (L1, L4) is 8 to 16 cm, and the height of the short arms (L2, L3) is 2 to 10 cm.
[0049] The height of the long arm (L1, L4) and short arm (L2, L3) refers to the vertical dimension.
[0050] The lower surface of the central beam is 4 cm above the ground.
[0051] By changing the height of the long vertical arm, the water supply speed of the evaporator can be changed. The evaporation rate is relatively stable and high when the height is in the range of 8 to 16 cm.
[0052] In some embodiments, the interval between the long arms (L1, L4) and the short arms (L2, L3) is 0.5 to 1 cm.
[0053] The interval between the long arms (L1, L4) and the short arms (L2, L3) is the left and right length of the top beam.
[0054] Research has shown that this interval is appropriate for both processing and the length of the water supply channel. If it is too long, it will first lead to an extension of the water supply channel, resulting in a decrease in the water supply to the evaporation surface. Secondly, it will reduce the mechanical performance of the evaporator and make it more prone to breakage. If it is too small, it will increase the processing difficulty and processing cost.
[0055] In some embodiments, the length of the central crossbeam H is 6–8 cm. A preferred length is 7 cm. The length of the central crossbeam H is the distance between the two short arms (L2, L3).
[0056] Within this range, the heat loss of the evaporator can be minimized and the evaporation rate can be maximized; if it is too small, the heat conduction loss will increase and the evaporation rate will decrease; if it is too long, it will first lead to the extension of the water supply channel, which will reduce the water supply to the evaporation surface, and secondly, it will reduce the mechanical performance of the evaporator and make it prone to breakage.
[0057] In some embodiments, the carbonized zone C in the central region of the upper surface of the central beam H is provided with a photothermal conversion layer, the thickness of which is 1 to 3 mm.
[0058] Extensive experimental research has shown that this thickness range represents a balance between photothermal conversion efficiency, structural stability, and capillary water supply requirements. If the thickness is too small, the carbonized layer may be discontinuous or lack sufficient mechanical strength, making it prone to damage under long-term use or water flow impact; its light absorption and heat conversion capabilities are also limited, affecting evaporation efficiency. If the thickness is too large, high temperatures will excessively damage the open-cell hydrophilic structure of the lower layer of foam, blocking or severely weakening capillary water transport capacity, leading to insufficient water supply to the evaporation surface; it also increases unnecessary carbonization treatment time and costs.
[0059] The thickness is controlled between 1 and 3 mm, primarily through the number of firing cycles, which also ensures the uniformity of the photothermal conversion layer thickness. Too little thickness results in insufficient carbonization during the carbonization process, leading to a decrease in the photothermal conversion efficiency of the layer and consequently a reduction in the evaporation rate. Conversely, too much thickness exacerbates heat transfer losses. Furthermore, the excessively thick skeleton structure and the hydrophobic nature of the carbonized region can cause a dry-evaporation zone in the center of the carbonized layer, affecting the evaporation rate. Additionally, an excessively thick carbonized layer can cause the evaporator to break at the central crossbeam.
[0060] The photothermal conversion layer is dark black, has a three-dimensional porous carbon skeleton with a high specific surface area, and has a clear boundary with the uncarbonized N region. The carbon layer is firmly bonded to the foam matrix and is not easy to peel off. Furthermore, the carbon skeleton has a moderate degree of graphitization.
[0061] In some embodiments, uncarbonized regions N are provided at the connection points between the central crossbeam H and the short arms (L2, L3), and the area of the carbonized regions C accounts for 60-80% of the total area of the central crossbeam H. Preferably, it is around 70%.
[0062] An excessively large carbonization zone (C) will lead to increased heat transfer loss and a decreased evaporation rate; an excessively small area will not decrease the evaporation rate, but the total weight of water evaporated per unit time will decrease.
[0063] In some embodiments, the lengths of the uncarbonized regions N on both sides are 0.5 to 1.5 cm.
[0064] Within this range, heat loss is minimal and evaporation rate is highest; too small a range will lead to increased heat conduction loss and decreased evaporation rate; too large a range will first lead to an extension of the water supply channel, reducing the water supply to the evaporation surface, and secondly, it will reduce the mechanical performance of the evaporator, making it prone to breakage.
[0065] The short arms (L2, L3) of the M-shaped structure and the uncarbonized areas N on both sides of the central crossbeam H form a continuous porous water supply channel, which transports water to the carbonized area C through capillary action. The carbonized area C absorbs light energy and converts it into heat energy, realizing localized evaporation of interfacial moisture. The uncarbonized vertical arms and the areas on both sides achieve efficient heat dissipation and steam transport through water cooling and steam diffusion channels, thereby improving the overall evaporation efficiency.
[0066] The uncarbonized zone N of the central beam H serves as a buffer zone for the water supply channel. Firstly, because phenolic foam itself is an insulation material, it can effectively block heat exchange between the water supply channel and the carbonized zone, reducing heat loss. Secondly, it ensures that during the carbonization of the phenolic foam, the photothermal conversion layer is on one plane, forming a continuous and complete photothermal conversion layer.
[0067] The boundary between the carbonized zone C and the uncarbonized primary foam areas on both sides is clear.
[0068] A solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material includes the following steps: (a) Mark the M-shaped structure cutting lines on the surface of the phenolic foam block according to the size requirements of the long arm (L1, L4), short arm (L2, L3), top beam S and central crossbeam H; (b) The evaporator is cut along the marked line using a cutting tool to form an M-shaped structure; (c) Selective carbonization treatment is performed on the central area of the upper surface of the central beam H using a high-temperature spray gun to form a photothermal conversion layer in the central carbonized area C. That is, carbonization treatment is performed in the middle area.
[0069] In some embodiments, the nozzle of the high-temperature spray gun is 10 cm away from the surface of the central crossbeam and moves at a constant speed of 2-4 cm / s, and the number of burns is 1-3.
[0070] The distance between the nozzle and the surface of the central crossbeam, as well as the speed, are fixed values to ensure consistent carbonization conditions on the central crossbeam surface each time. The number of firing cycles is used to control the thickness of the carbonized layer and maintain its uniformity; more firing cycles result in a thicker carbonized layer. One firing results in a 1mm carbonized layer; two firings result in a 2mm carbonized layer; and three firings result in a 3mm carbonized layer.
[0071] In some embodiments, the high-temperature spray gun carbonization process in the carbonization zone has a carbonization rate of 3 cm / s.
[0072] During the carbonization process, heat insulation material is used to shield and protect all vertical arms of the M-shaped structure and the uncarbonized area N.
[0073] Example The following describes embodiments of this application. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.
[0074] Example 1: The pore size is 0.4–0.5 mm, the pore size distribution is uniform, the porosity is 94–96%, and the density is 18–20 kg / m³. 3 It has a water absorption capacity of approximately 90–120 g / h and a thermal conductivity of 0.025 W·m. -1 K -1 An open-cell phenolic foam block (dimensions: 14cm long × 12.5cm wide × 5cm thick) is fixed to a cutting platform and cut along a preset path using a precision cutting blade with a blade thickness ≤ 0.5mm. The specific cutting parameters are as follows: L1, L4: Height 14.0±0.1cm × Width 5.0±0.1cm × Thickness 1.5±0.1cm (outer support); L2, L3: Height 7.0±0.1cm × Width 5.0±0.1cm × Thickness 1.5±0.1cm (inner water supply); H: Length 7±0.1cm × Width 5.0±0.1cm × Thickness 1.5±0.5cm (connecting to the short arm) S: Length 0.5±0.1cm × Width 5.0±0.1cm × Thickness 1.5±0.1cm (connecting the highest point of the long and short arms); Get as Figure 7 The M-shaped phenolic foam water supply channel is then locally carbonized; the central area of the central beam is scanned and treated with a high-temperature spray gun (800-1000℃). Operating parameters: Nozzle distance from surface: 10.0 ± 0.5 cm; Movement speed: 3 cm / s; Protective measures: Non-carbonized areas are isolated using phenolic foam with a moisture content of ≥80%; The carbonization area is 25 cm² 2 (5cm×5cm), the uncarbonized areas are symmetrically distributed on the carbonized areas, with each side having an area of 5cm². 2 (1cm×5cm), to obtain as follows Figure 6Performance diagram of solar interface evaporator using M-type foam.
[0075] The M-type solar interface evaporator obtained above was placed under a light source simulating a full-day xenon lamp (power 1 KW / m). 2 Under solar irradiation, interfacial evaporation of water was carried out, with an evaporation time of 1.5 hours. The evaporation equilibrium temperature on the surface of the solar evaporator reached 40.7℃. Figure 8 Calculations show that the evaporation rate of water can reach 5.861 kg / (m³). 2 h) Figure 11 ).
[0076] Example 2: Compared to Example 1, the open-cell phenolic foam block has a pore size of 0.1–0.2 mm and a water absorption capacity of approximately 80–100 g / h; the cutting and operating parameters are the same as in Example 1. A simulated full-daylight xenon lamp light source (power 1 KW / m²) was used. 2 Under irradiation, the evaporator achieves a water evaporation rate of 4.091 kg / (m³). 2 (h). The pore size of the phenolic foam is smaller than that of Example 1, which affects its capillary action, resulting in a decrease in water supply and a reduction in the evaporation rate.
[0077] Example 3: Compared to Example 1, the open-cell phenolic foam block has a porosity of 90-92%, a pore size of 0.3-0.4 mm, and a water absorption capacity of approximately 130-150 g / min; the cutting and operating parameters are the same as in Example 1. A simulated full-daylight xenon lamp light source (power 1 kW / m²) was used. 2 Under irradiation, the evaporator achieves a water evaporation rate of 5.037 kg / (m³). 2 •h). The porosity is lower than that of Example 1, which affects its capillary action, resulting in a decrease in water supply and a decrease in the evaporation rate.
[0078] Example 4: Compared to Example 1, the density of the open-cell phenolic foam block is 15–17 kg / m³. 3 The porosity is 96-98%, and its water absorption is approximately 130-150 g / min; the cutting and operating parameters are the same as in Example 1. A simulated full-daylight xenon lamp light source (power 1 KW / m²) was used. 2 Under the irradiation of [unspecified source], the evaporator achieved a water evaporation rate of 5.113 kg / (m³). 2 The density is relatively lower than that of Example 1, which also affects capillary action, leading to increased water supply and a lower matching degree between water supply and evaporation, resulting in a decrease in the evaporation rate.
[0079] Example 5: Compared to Example 1, the thermal conductivity of the open-cell phenolic foam block is 0.035 W·m. -1 K -1 The cutting and operating parameters are the same as in Example 1. A simulated full-daylight xenon lamp light source (power 1 KW / m²) was used. 2 Under the irradiation of [unspecified source], the evaporator achieved a water evaporation rate of 5.669 kg / (m³). 2 The thermal conductivity is higher than that of Example 1, resulting in increased heat transfer loss and a decrease in the evaporation rate.
[0080] Example 6: The same open-cell phenolic foam block as in Example 1 (dimensions: 29cm long × 12.5cm wide × 20cm thick) was fixed to a cutting platform and cut along a preset path using a precision cutting blade with a blade thickness ≤0.5mm. The specific cutting parameters were the same as in Example 1: L1, L2, L3, and L4 were only increased in width to 20cm; H was increased in length to 22cm and width to 20cm; and S was only increased in width to 20.0cm. This resulted in an M-shaped phenolic foam water supply channel, which was then locally carbonized, following the same steps as in Example 1.
[0081] Its carbonization area is 400 cm² 2 (20cm×20cm), the uncarbonized areas are symmetrically distributed on the carbonized areas, with each side having an area of 20cm². 2 (1cm×20cm), made as follows Figure 9 A type M-shaped solar interface evaporator. Using a simulated full-day xenon lamp light source (power 1 KW / m²). 2 Under the irradiation of ), the evaporator has a water evaporation rate as follows: Figure 12 The value is 3.139 kg / (m²). 2 ·h).
[0082] According to existing technology reports, the evaporation rate will inevitably decrease after scaling up small-scale evaporation, and will not exceed 3 kg / (m³). 2 While the evaporation rate decreases somewhat with the configuration of this application, it still exceeds the evaporation rate of 3 kg / (m³). 2 This is because the vertical arms on both sides utilize thermal radiation and thermal convection, which keeps the evaporation rate at a high level.
[0083] Example 7: The same open-cell phenolic foam block as in Example 1 (dimensions: 14cm long × 12.5cm wide × 20cm thick) was fixed to a cutting platform and cut along a preset path using a precision cutting blade with a blade thickness ≤0.5mm. Compared to Example 1, the cutting parameters for L1, L2, L3, L4, H, and the top beam S were all increased only in width to 20cm. This resulted in an M-shaped phenolic foam water supply channel, which was then locally carbonized, following the same steps as in Example 1.
[0084] Its carbonization area is 100cm² 2 (5cm × 20cm), the uncarbonized areas are symmetrically distributed on the carbonized areas, with each side having an area of 20cm². 2 (1cm×20cm), made as follows Figure 10 A type M-shaped solar interface evaporator. Using a simulated full-day xenon lamp light source (power 1 KW / m²). 2 Under the irradiation of ), the evaporator has a water evaporation rate as follows: Figure 13 The value is 9.878 kg / (m²). 2 ·h).
[0085] Compared to the small evaporator of Example 1 and the enlarged evaporator of Example 6, this evaporator has a higher utilization rate of thermal radiation and steam convection in the carbonization zone by its two vertical arms, thus its evaporation rate exceeds that of the small evaporator, reaching 9 kg / (m²). 2 High evaporation (·h) or higher.
[0086] In the simulation test, the carbonized surface of the evaporator was first irradiated with a simulated full-day xenon lamp. The carbonized phenolic foam exhibits a broad spectrum of light absorption from ultraviolet to near-infrared with high efficiency. The absorbed photon energy is rapidly converted into thermal vibrations (thermal energy) within the material's internal crystal lattice. The evaporator is designed as a porous, hydrophilic three-dimensional structure. Water is continuously pumped to the evaporation interface via capillary action. The heat generated by photothermal conversion is effectively confined to this extremely thin region at the evaporation interface, rather than diffusing throughout the water body. This significantly reduces heat conduction losses. The localized heat is directly used to heat the water at the interface, causing it to vaporize rapidly. The generated steam escapes through the porous channels of the material. Due to the concentrated heat, the temperature at the evaporation interface can be significantly higher than the overall water temperature, thereby greatly improving evaporation efficiency.
[0087] It should be noted that this application is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same structure and effect as the technical concept within the scope of this application are included in the technical scope of this application. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, without departing from the spirit of this application, are also included in the scope of this application.
Claims
1. A solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material, characterized in that, The product includes a phenolic foam matrix, which has long arms, short arms, a top beam, and a central crossbeam. The long arms are located on both sides of the phenolic foam matrix, the short arms are located inside the two long arms and are connected to the top of the long arms on the same side through the top beam, and the central crossbeam is located between the two short arms and the lower ends of the two short arms are connected. The upper surface of the central crossbeam has a carbonization zone.
2. The solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phenolic foam matrix is generally M-shaped; the thickness of the long arm, short arm, top beam, and central crossbeam is 1-2 cm; the length of the central crossbeam is 6-8 cm.
3. The solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The phenolic foam matrix has an open-cell structure with a uniform pore size distribution, a pore size of 0.1–0.5 mm, a porosity of 90%–98%, and a density of 15–20 kg / m³. 3 Its water absorption capacity is 60–150 g / h, and its thermal conductivity is 0.018–0.035 W·m. -1 K -1 .
4. The solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The height of the long arm is 8–16 cm, and the height of the short arm is 2–10 cm; the interval between the long arm and the short arm is 0.5–1 cm.
5. The solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 1, characterized in that, The central area of the upper surface of the central beam is provided with a photothermal conversion layer, the thickness of which is 1-3 mm; the two sides of the central beam are provided with uncarbonized areas at the connection with the short arm, the area of which accounts for 60-80% of the total area of the central beam.
6. The solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 5, characterized in that, The widths of the uncarbonized regions on both sides are 0.5–1.5 cm.
7. A method for preparing a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (a) Mark the M-shaped structure cutting lines on the surface of the phenolic foam block according to the size requirements of the long arm (L1, L4), short arm (L2, L3), top beam (S) and central crossbeam (H); (b) The evaporator is cut along the marked line using a cutting tool to form an M-shaped structure; (c) Selective carbonization treatment is performed on the central area of the upper surface of the central beam using a high-temperature spray gun to form a photothermal conversion layer in the central carbonized area (C).
8. The method for preparing a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 7, characterized in that, The nozzle of the high-temperature spray gun is 10cm away from the surface of the central crossbeam and moves at a constant speed of 2-4cm / s, burning 1-3 times.
9. The method for preparing a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 7, characterized in that, The carbonization speed of the high-temperature spray gun in the carbonization zone is 3 cm / s.
10. The method for preparing a solar interface evaporator based on phenolic foam material according to claim 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that, The method for scaling up a solar interface evaporator involves: enlarging the width of the long arms (L1, L4), short arms (L2, L3), and top beam (S) by four times, while keeping other dimensions unchanged; and proportionally enlarging the length and width of the central crossbeam (H) and the carbonization zone (C) by four times. The resulting enlarged evaporator has a carbonization area of 400 cm². 2 above.