Rainwater harvesting drought-resistant and high-yield planting method for corn

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of crop yield increasing, in particular to a rain-collecting, drought-resisting, temperature-increasing and high-yield planting method for millet, which comprises the following steps: dividing a planting area into a planting ditch area and a ridge area before sowing, and adopting a method of shallow rotation for soil conservation in the ditch area and deep ploughing for rain collection in the ridge area according to the soil moisture content and ground temperature to carry out land preparation; applying base fertilizer to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation; forming ridges and planting ditches in a wave shape along the north-south direction on the ridge area, wherein the ridge bottom width, ridge height of the ridges and the ditch bottom width of the planting ditches are determined according to the altitude of the planting area; covering the surface of the ridges with a mulch film; and carrying out double-row precision hill-drop sowing in the planting ditches and synchronously applying seed fertilizer; the method solves the three core contradictions existing in the current millet production, i.e. the contradiction between the spring soil conservation demand and the whole growth period rain collection demand, the contradiction between the temperature increase required for early growth promotion and the high temperature stress prevention in the middle and late growth stages, and the contradiction between the one-time application of fertilizer and the dynamic matching of crop stage demand.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crop yield enhancement technology, specifically a method for high-yield millet cultivation that collects rainwater, resists drought, increases temperature, and promotes high yield. Background Technology

[0002] Millet is one of my country's major food crops, playing an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security. It is also a crucial food crop in my country's arid and impoverished regions, widely cultivated in the northern dryland areas with annual rainfall of 250-550 mm as a typical drought-resistant and water-saving crop. However, the annual precipitation variability in these areas exceeds 25%, with uneven seasonal distribution; 60%-70% of rainfall is concentrated in July-September. Millet faces the dual stress of low temperatures and drought during the sowing-emergence period. Firstly, low air temperatures and slow soil temperature recovery lead to delayed emergence and a high rate of weak seedlings. Secondly, spring rainfall is scarce with high ineffective evaporation, resulting in insufficient soil moisture that severely impacts seed germination and seedling establishment. Although the jointing-heading stage coincides with the rainy season, rainfall is mostly ineffective or minimally effective amounts (≤10 mm). Traditional flat-cropping methods result in significant runoff loss, with a water use efficiency of only 35%-45%. Furthermore, limited soil water storage capacity makes it difficult to cope with potential "bottleneck droughts." Furthermore, traditional planting methods result in low fertilizer utilization rates, with nitrogen fertilizer utilization rates below 30%, further limiting the potential yield of millet. Existing full-film mulching technology is prone to rainwater runoff loss or water accumulation on the film during the rainy season, failing to achieve truly efficient utilization of rainfall resources. While partial film mulching can partially collect rainwater, the large exposed area in the furrows leads to daily water evaporation exceeding 2.0 mm, significantly reducing moisture retention, and the warming effect is limited to the ridges. Traditional techniques are often combined with single-application basal fertilizer, resulting in a severe mismatch between fertilizer release dynamics and the peak fertilizer requirements of millet at different stages: phosphorus requirement during seedling stage and nitrogen and potassium requirements during jointing and booting stages. This leads to waste in the early stages and nutrient deficiency in the later stages, resulting in low and unstable millet yields.

[0003] Therefore, it is necessary to invent a high-yield millet cultivation method that can integrate rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and fertilizer regulation functions. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the three core contradictions in existing millet production—namely, the contradiction between the need for moisture retention in spring and the need for rainfall throughout the entire growth period, the contradiction between the need for warming to promote early growth and the need to prevent high-temperature stress in the later stages of growth, and the contradiction between one-time fertilizer application and dynamic matching of crop stage needs—this invention provides a systematic planting method that integrates the "collection, storage, preservation, and utilization" of natural rainfall, while simultaneously optimizing root zone temperature and nutrient supply, ultimately significantly improving water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and grain yield.

[0005] This invention is achieved using the following technical solution:

[0006] A method for rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and high-yield cultivation of millet includes the following steps:

[0007] Step 1: Before sowing, divide the planting area into planting furrow area and ridge area, and according to the soil moisture and ground temperature, use shallow rolling to retain moisture in the furrow area and deep loosening to absorb rainwater in the ridge area for land preparation.

[0008] Step 2: Apply the base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation;

[0009] Step 3: On the ridge area, construct wavy ridges along the north-south direction to form ridges and planting furrows, wherein the width W of the ridge bottom is... r The ridge height H and the bottom width W of the planting furrow f The altitude A of the planting area is determined; mulch is then laid on the surface of the ridge.

[0010] Step 4: Perform double-row precision seeding in the planting furrow, and apply seed fertilizer simultaneously;

[0011] Step 5: After sowing, spray liquid mulch onto the soil surface in the planting furrow to form a porous, continuous film;

[0012] Step Six: During the millet's growth period, water and heat environment regulation, as well as topdressing management, should be carried out.

[0013] Furthermore, the soil moisture and ground temperature conditions for the land preparation method of shallow rotary tillage in furrows to conserve moisture and deep loosening in ridges to absorb rainwater are as follows: 18 days before sowing, the volumetric water content θ of the 0-20 cm topsoil layer is lower than the field capacity θ. fc 55% of the soil temperature was above 5cm, and the soil temperature T5 at a depth of 5cm remained stable at 5~10℃ for 5 consecutive days.

[0014] Furthermore, the width W of the ridge bottom r ridge height H and furrow width W f The steps to determine altitude A are as follows:

[0015] H = 18 + K h ×(A-1200)

[0016] Among them, K h The elevation adjustment coefficient is 0.01; A is in meters (m); H is in centimeters (cm).

[0017] W r = 65 +K w ×(A-1200)

[0018] Among them, K w The elevation adjustment coefficient for the width of the ridge bottom is 0.015; the unit of A is meters; W r The unit is cm;

[0019] Wf = 40 – K f ×(A-1200)

[0020] Among them, K f The elevation adjustment coefficient for the bottom width of the gully is 0.005; the unit of A is meters; W f The unit is cm;

[0021] Furthermore, the altitude A ranges from 850 to 1750 m.

[0022] Furthermore, the land preparation method of shallow rotary tillage to retain moisture in the furrow area and deep loosening to absorb rainwater in the ridge area specifically involves: rotary tillage with a depth of ≤12 cm in the planting furrow area and deep loosening in strips with a depth of 32 cm in the ridge area.

[0023] Furthermore, the mulch film is a silver-black bicolor mulch film with the silver side facing upwards, a light transmittance of ≤40%, a thickness of 0.01 mm, a width of 120 cm, and an edge burial depth of ≥8 cm; the liquid mulch film is formed by spraying liquid mulch film stock solution diluted with water at a ratio of 1:6, and its water permeability after drying is ≥60 mm / h, with a thickness of 0.3 mm.

[0024] Furthermore, the application of base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation specifically includes:

[0025] Before ridging, apply a slow-release compound fertilizer containing 40% of the total nitrogen, 60% of the total phosphorus, and all of the potassium fertilizer to the soil layer 25cm below the surface; the total nitrogen refers to the total amount of nitrogen applied during the entire growth period of millet, the total phosphorus refers to the total amount of phosphorus applied during the entire growth period of millet, and the total potassium fertilizer refers to the total amount of potassium fertilizer applied during the entire growth period of millet.

[0026] Apply 25% of the total phosphorus content of highly water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and 20% of the total nitrogen content of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer to the soil layer 10 cm below the surface.

[0027] Furthermore, the sowing parameters for double-row precision hole sowing in the planting furrow are: row spacing 20 cm, hole spacing 11 cm, and sowing depth 3 cm.

[0028] Furthermore, the simultaneous application of seed fertilizer specifically includes: applying high-efficiency phosphate fertilizer accounting for 15% of the total phosphorus content and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer accounting for 10% of the total nitrogen content as seed fertilizer at a position 3.5 cm below and to the side of the seed after sowing.

[0029] Furthermore, the aforementioned moisture and thermal environment regulation includes:

[0030] During the heading to grain-filling stage of millet, when high temperatures persist for three days or more, micro-sprinkler irrigation should be carried out, with each spray volume being 6 m³. 3 / mu; the high temperature weather mentioned refers to weather with a daily maximum temperature >32℃.

[0031] Furthermore, the topdressing management includes:

[0032] During the late jointing stage of millet, when irrigating with rainfall or through micro-sprinklers, apply urea, accounting for 30% of the total nitrogen content, at a distance of 10 cm from the millet plant.

[0033] This invention provides a method for rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and high-yield cultivation of millet, which has the following advantages compared with existing technologies:

[0034] 1. This invention proposes a quantitative design method for dynamically adjusting ridge and furrow parameters with altitude as the independent variable (ridge height, ridge bottom width, and furrow bottom width are adjusted according to altitude). In the low-altitude area of ​​850 m, the ridge height is reduced to 15 cm and the furrow width is increased to 42 cm to facilitate heat dissipation; in the high-altitude area of ​​1750 m, the ridge height is increased to 24 cm and the furrow width is narrowed to 37 cm to enhance warming and rainwater collection. The experimental results at three altitude gradients show that this invention increases yield by 59.3%-87.6% compared to traditional flat planting and by 21.7%-34.7% compared to fixed-parameter ridge planting. Moreover, the yield components (35,200-38,400 ears per mu, 3,880-4,160 grains per ear, and 3.21-3.32 grams per thousand grains) show coordinated growth, demonstrating broad adaptability and stable yield increase.

[0035] 2. This invention achieves an innovative heterogeneous mulch system that combines wavy ridge rainwater collection with furrow mulching using a liquid biodegradable film for moisture retention. It combines physical mulch with a chemical liquid film for ridge-furrow planting. The silver-black dual-color mulch on the ridges achieves dual regulation of efficient rainwater collection (increasing the collection efficiency of ≤5 mm micro-precipitation from less than 20% to over 85%), spring warming (increasing soil temperature at 5 cm depth by 4.6-5.1℃), and summer sun protection (silver surface reflection). The biodegradable liquid film sprayed in the furrows achieves strong moisture retention while maintaining high permeability, with no residual pollution, solving the problems of difficulty in balancing rainwater collection and moisture retention, and the difficulty in mulch recycling in traditional full-coverage or semi-coverage models.

[0036] 3. This invention proposes a "double-layer deep fertilization + seed-fertilizer side application" fertilization system based on the vertical development pattern of millet roots. Fertilizer is divided into a shallow initiation reservoir and a deep slow-release reservoir in the vertical space, combined with seed-fertilizer side application in the horizontal space. This achieves a high degree of matching between nutrient supply and crop needs at different levels—seedling stage, mid-stage, late stage, and root zone. This precision fertilization method increases nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity to 36.5-44.2 kg / kg, more than 48% higher than traditional flat cropping, and achieves efficient synergistic utilization of water and fertilizer resources.

[0037] 4. This invention establishes a decision-making process based on pre-sowing soil hydrothermal conditions: When the volumetric water content of the 0-20 cm topsoil layer is less than 55% of field capacity and the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm remains stable at 5-10℃ for five consecutive days, a differential tillage technique of "shallow furrow tillage and deep ridge loosening" is adopted to lay the foundation for subsequent water management. During the millet heading to grain-filling stage, if the daily maximum temperature exceeds 32℃ for three consecutive days or more, micro-sprinkler irrigation within the furrows is activated for temperature regulation and moisture replenishment, with a water volume of 6 m³ / acre per spray. This strategy expands the irrigation function from simple water replenishment to active temperature regulation, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of high temperatures on pollination and grain filling.

[0038] In summary, the synergistic effects of these four aspects collectively construct a comprehensive root zone environment that coordinates water, heat, fertilizer, and air: the precisely adapted furrow structure lays the foundation for rainwater harvesting and temperature regulation; rainwater harvesting and moisture retention ensure water supply; the optimized thermal environment promotes root development and nutrient transport; and the synergistic effects of each link precisely match the stage-specific needs of millet, translating into a coordinated increase in yield components. This systematic design allows the technological effects to transcend the simple summation of improvements in a single link, achieving a unity of high yield, high efficiency, and environmental protection. Detailed Implementation

[0039] A method for rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and high-yield cultivation of millet includes the following steps:

[0040] Step 1: Land preparation

[0041] Eighteen days before sowing, measure the soil volumetric water content (θ) in the 0-20 cm topsoil layer and the soil temperature (T5) at 5 cm depth. When θ is lower than the field capacity (θ5), fc When the soil moisture content is 55% and the temperature (T5) remains stable at 5-10℃ for 5 consecutive days, the land preparation method of shallow rotary tillage in the furrow area to retain moisture and deep loosening in the ridge area to absorb rainwater is adopted.

[0042] During land preparation, a composite tillage machine is used to divide the planting area into planting furrow areas and ridge areas. The planting furrow areas are finely tilled to a depth of ≤12 cm, and the ridge areas are deep-loosened in strips to a depth of 32 cm. Shallow tillage in the furrow areas protects surface moisture, while deep loosening in the ridge areas breaks up the plow pan and creates channels for deep water infiltration and storage.

[0043] Step 2: Apply fertilizer in layers

[0044] Apply base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation. Specifically, this includes:

[0045] Before ridging, apply a slow-release compound fertilizer containing 40% of the total nitrogen, 60% of the total phosphorus, and all of the potassium fertilizer to the soil layer 25cm below the surface, mainly to supply the needs of millet from jointing to grain filling; apply a highly water-soluble phosphate fertilizer containing 25% of the total phosphorus and a fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer containing 20% ​​of the total nitrogen to the soil layer 10cm below the surface to meet the needs of early seedling growth.

[0046] In this invention, the total nitrogen content refers to the total amount of nitrogen applied during the entire growth period of millet, the total phosphorus content refers to the total amount of phosphorus applied during the entire growth period of millet, and the total potassium fertilizer refers to the total amount of potassium fertilizer applied during the entire growth period of millet.

[0047] Step 3: Ridging and Mulching

[0048] Wavy ridges are formed along the north-south direction in the ridge area, creating ridges and planting furrows. The width W of the ridge bottom is... r The ridge height H and the bottom width W of the planting furrow f The altitude A of the planting area is determined, specifically including:

[0049] Using an altitude of 1200 meters as the design benchmark, the optimized parameters here are: ridge bottom width W r The ridge height is 65 cm, the ridge height H is 18 cm, and the bottom width W of the planting furrow is... f The radius of curvature R at the top of the ridge is 40 cm, and the radius of curvature R at the top of the ridge is 50 cm. For any altitude A (850 m ≤ A ≤ 1750 m), the implementation parameters are calculated using the following formula:

[0050] Ridge height H = 18 + K h × (A-1200); where K h The ridge height elevation adjustment coefficient is set to 0.01; A is in meters (m); H is in centimeters (cm); for every 100 m increase or decrease in elevation, the ridge height increases or decreases by 1 cm, i.e., H = 18 + 0.01 × (A - 1200). By adjusting the ridge height, the inclination angle of the rain-collecting surface and the soil heat capacity at different elevations are optimized: in high-altitude areas (i.e., above 1200 m), increasing the ridge height expands the light-receiving surface area and soil heat capacity, enhancing warming and rain-collecting effects; in low-altitude areas (i.e., below 1200 m), the ridge height is appropriately reduced to improve heat dissipation.

[0051] Width of the ridge W r = 65 +K w × (A-1200); where K w The elevation adjustment coefficient for the width of the ridge bottom is 0.015; the unit of A is meters; W r The unit is cm; for every 100 meters change in altitude, the width of the ridge bottom changes by 1.5 cm, i.e., W. r= 65 + 0.015 × (A - 1200). The width of the ridge bottom and the ridge height are adjusted in tandem to maintain the stability of the ridge structure and a reasonable rainwater catchment area.

[0052] W f = 40 – K f × (A-1200); where K f The elevation adjustment coefficient for the width of the gully bottom is 0.005; the unit of A is meters; W f The unit is cm; for every 100 meters increase or decrease in altitude, the width of the gully bottom narrows or widens by 0.5 cm, i.e., W. f = 40 – 0.005 × (A-1200). The design aims to optimize the insulation and ventilation requirements of planting spaces at different altitudes: in high-altitude areas (i.e., above 1200 m), the width of the furrows is appropriately narrowed to enhance the shading and insulation effect of the ridges on the crop root zone within the furrows and to concentrate moisture; in low-altitude areas (i.e., below 1200 m), the furrows are appropriately widened to facilitate ventilation and cooling.

[0053] This parameter combination ensures that the ridge projection area accounts for more than 61%, providing sufficient rainwater catchment area while offering reasonable space for double-row planting within the furrows. On plots with a slope greater than 5°, the ridge direction must be strictly laid out along contour lines.

[0054] After ridging, a mulch film is laid on the surface of the ridge. The mulch film is silver and black, with the silver side facing up, light transmittance ≤40%, thickness 0.01 mm, width 120 cm, and edge burial depth ≥8 cm.

[0055] Step 4: Sowing and Fertilizing

[0056] Double-row precision seeding was carried out in the planting furrow, with fertilizer applied simultaneously. The seeding parameters were: row spacing 20 cm, hole spacing 11 cm, and seeding depth 3 cm.

[0057] Simultaneously, apply high-efficiency phosphate fertilizer (15% of the total phosphorus) and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer (10% of the total nitrogen) as seed fertilizer at a position 3.5 cm below and to the side of the seed to promote early root development.

[0058] Step 5: Spraying the liquid film

[0059] After sowing, a liquid mulch film is sprayed onto the soil surface within the planting furrow to form a porous, continuous film. Specifically, the liquid mulch film concentrate is diluted with water at a 1:6 ratio and then evenly sprayed onto the soil surface within the furrow using a spraying device, forming a porous, continuous film with a thickness of 0.3 mm. After drying, this film has a water permeability rate ≥60 mm / h and can simultaneously suppress daily soil evaporation within the furrow to below 0.8 mm. The film naturally degrades during the later stages of crop growth.

[0060] Step Six: Field Management

[0061] During the millet's growing season, field management should be carried out using conventional methods, including but not limited to weeding and pest and disease control. Simultaneously, water and heat environment regulation, as well as topdressing management, should be implemented, specifically including:

[0062] During the heading to grain-filling stage of millet, if high temperatures persist for three days or more, start micro-sprinkler irrigation, with each spray volume being 6 m³. 3 / mu; the high-temperature weather mentioned refers to weather with a daily maximum temperature >32℃. Specifically, micro-sprinkler irrigation is started in the evening or early morning to carry out temperature-regulating and moisture-replenishing irrigation, so as to increase air humidity, reduce canopy temperature, alleviate high-temperature stress, and replenish surface soil moisture.

[0063] During the late jointing stage of millet, when irrigating with rainfall or through micro-sprinklers, apply urea, accounting for 30% of the total nitrogen content, at a distance of 10 cm from the millet plant.

[0064] The invention is described in detail below through three specific embodiments, combined with comparative data from traditional flat planting and fixed-parameter ridge planting, in a step-by-step manner. Comparative data from a two-year systematic trial are also provided. All trials were conducted simultaneously at different altitudes within the same region. The trials included three treatments: dynamic parameters (in this embodiment), fixed-parameter ridge planting, and traditional flat planting. Planting was carried out on plots of medium to high fertility and uniformity. The ridge width W was calculated based on altitude. r ridge height H and planting furrow bottom width W f The tested variety was Jingu 21.

[0065] Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0066] Example 1

[0067] A method for rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and high-yield cultivation of millet includes the following steps:

[0068] Step 1: 18 days before sowing, the field water holding capacity (θ) was measured to be 48%, the temperature (T5) was 9.2℃, and the altitude (H) was 850 m. A combined tillage machine was used to rotary till the planned furrow area to a depth of 12 cm and to deep loosen the planned ridge area in strips to a depth of 32 cm.

[0069] Step 2: Before ridging, apply the base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation. Specifically: apply 50 kg / mu of slow-release compound fertilizer (containing 4.8 kg / mu of N, 5.76 kg / mu of P2O5, and 5.5 kg / mu of K2O) to the soil layer 25 cm below the surface; apply 6.96 kg / mu of diammonium phosphate (containing 3.2 kg / mu of P2O5 and 1.25 kg / mu of N) and 2.5 kg / mu of urea (containing 1.15 kg / mu of N) to the soil layer 10 cm below the surface.

[0070] Step 3: Create wavy ridges along a north-south direction on the ridged area, forming the ridge body and planting furrows. Based on the altitude A = 850m, calculate the ridge height H = 18 + 0.01 × (850 - 1200) = 14.5 ≈ 15 cm, and the ridge bottom width W. r =65+0.015×(850-1200)=59.75≈60 cm, planting trench bottom width W f =40-0.005×(850-1200)=41.75≈42 cm. Based on the calculated parameters, construct wavy ridges with a ridge top curvature radius of 50 cm. Cover the ridge surface with a silver-black bicolor mulch film, silver side up, with a light transmittance ≤40%, a thickness of 0.01 mm, a width of 120 cm, and an edge burial depth ≥8 cm.

[0071] Step 4: Perform double-row precision sowing in the planting furrow, with sowing parameters of 20 cm row spacing, 11 cm hole spacing, and 3 cm sowing depth. Simultaneously, apply 2.4 kg / mu of ammonium polyphosphate (containing 1.44 kg / mu of P2O5 and 0.36 kg / mu of N) and 1.8 kg / mu of urea (containing 0.84 kg / mu of N) as seed fertilizer at a position 3.5 cm below and to the side of the seeds.

[0072] Step 5: After sowing, dilute the liquid mulch film stock solution with water at a ratio of 1:6, and spray it evenly on the soil surface in the furrow using a spraying device to form a porous continuous film with a thickness of 0.3 mm.

[0073] Step Six: During the millet's growth period, conduct field management as usual, including but not limited to weeding and pest and disease control. Simultaneously, in the late jointing stage, apply 7.8 kg / mu of urea (containing 3.6 kg / mu of nitrogen) at a distance of 10 cm from the millet plants, taking advantage of rainfall. If temperatures exceed 33℃ for three consecutive days during the heading stage, activate the micro-sprinkler system, spraying 6 m³ / mu of water each time.

[0074] Fixed parameter operation (control):

[0075] On the same plot of land, fixed furrow parameters were used: ridge height 18 cm, ridge bottom width 65 cm, planting furrow width 40 cm, ridge top curvature radius 50 cm, wavy ridges, and the entire furrow was covered with black plastic film, 0.01 mm thick and 120 cm wide. All fertilizers were applied at once during land preparation, with the total nutrients being the same as in the previous example. Sowing was done in rows within the furrows, without micro-sprinkler management.

[0076] Traditional flat construction (for comparison):

[0077] In the same plot, the soil was rotary tilled to a depth of 15 cm in spring. All fertilizers were applied at once during land preparation, with the total nutrient content the same as in the previous example, followed by shallow harrowing. Sowing was carried out using a row seeder with a 40 cm row spacing. No covering, ridging, or supplemental irrigation was used throughout the entire growth period; the soil relied entirely on natural rainfall. Field management (including but not limited to thinning and weeding) was conducted according to local traditions.

[0078] Example 2

[0079] A method for rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and high-yield cultivation of millet includes the following steps:

[0080] Step 1: 18 days before sowing, the field water holding capacity (θ) was measured to be 52%, the temperature (T5) to be 8.7℃, and the altitude (H) to be 1250 m. A combined tillage machine was used to rotary till the planned furrow area to a depth of 12 cm and to deep loosen the planned ridge area in strips to a depth of 32 cm.

[0081] Step 2: Before ridging, apply the base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation. Specifically: apply 50 kg / mu of slow-release compound fertilizer (containing 4.8 kg / mu of N, 5.76 kg / mu of P2O5, and 5.5 kg / mu of K2O) to the soil layer 25 cm below the surface; apply 6.96 kg / mu of diammonium phosphate (containing 3.2 kg / mu of P2O5 and 1.25 kg / mu of N) and 2.5 kg / mu of urea (containing 1.15 kg / mu of N) to the soil layer 10 cm below the surface.

[0082] Step 3: Create wavy ridges along a north-south direction on the ridged area, forming the ridge body and planting furrows. Based on the altitude A = 1250m, calculate the ridge height H = 18 + 0.01 × (1250 - 1200) = 18.5 ≈ 19 cm, and the ridge bottom width W. r =65 + 0.015 × (1250 - 1200) = 65.75 ≈ 66 cm, planting trench bottom width W f =40-0.005×(1250-1200)=39.75≈40 cm. Based on the calculated parameters, construct wavy ridges with a ridge top curvature radius of 50 cm. Cover the ridge surface with a silver-black bicolor mulch film, silver side up, with a light transmittance ≤40%, a thickness of 0.01 mm, a width of 120 cm, and an edge burial depth ≥8 cm.

[0083] Step 4: Perform double-row precision sowing in the planting furrow, with sowing parameters of 20 cm row spacing, 11 cm hole spacing, and 3 cm sowing depth. Simultaneously, apply 2.4 kg / mu of ammonium polyphosphate (containing 1.44 kg / mu of P2O5 and 0.36 kg / mu of N) and 1.8 kg / mu of urea (containing 0.84 kg / mu of N) as seed fertilizer at a position 3.5 cm below and to the side of the seeds.

[0084] Step 5: After sowing, dilute the liquid mulch film stock solution with water at a ratio of 1:6, and spray it evenly on the soil surface in the furrow using a spraying device to form a porous continuous film with a thickness of 0.3 mm.

[0085] Step Six: During the millet's growth period, conduct field management as usual, including but not limited to weeding and pest and disease control. Simultaneously, in the late jointing stage, apply 7.8 kg / mu of urea (containing 3.6 kg / mu of nitrogen) at a distance of 10 cm from the millet plants, utilizing rainfall. If temperatures exceed 32.5℃ for three consecutive days during the heading stage, activate the micro-sprinkler system, spraying 6 m³ / mu of water each time.

[0086] Fixed parameter operation (control):

[0087] On the same plot of land, fixed furrow parameters were used: ridge height 18 cm, ridge bottom width 65 cm, planting furrow width 40 cm, ridge top curvature radius 50 cm, wavy ridges, and the entire furrow was covered with black plastic film, 0.01 mm thick and 120 cm wide. All fertilizers were applied at once during land preparation, with the total nutrients being the same as in the previous example. Sowing was done in rows within the furrows, without micro-sprinkler management.

[0088] Traditional flat construction (for comparison):

[0089] In the same plot, the soil was rotary tilled to a depth of 15 cm in spring. All fertilizers were applied at once during land preparation, with the total nutrient content the same as in the previous example, followed by shallow harrowing. Sowing was carried out using a row seeder with a 40 cm row spacing. No covering, ridging, or supplemental irrigation was used throughout the entire growth period; the soil relied entirely on natural rainfall. Field management (including but not limited to thinning and weeding) was conducted according to local traditions.

[0090] Example 3

[0091] A method for rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and high-yield cultivation of millet includes the following steps:

[0092] Step 1: 18 days before sowing, the field water holding capacity (θ) was measured to be 45%, the temperature (T5) to be 8.5℃, and the altitude (H) to be 1750 m. A combined tillage machine was used to rotary till the planned furrow area to a depth of 12 cm and to deep loosen the planned ridge area in strips to a depth of 32 cm.

[0093] Step 2: Before ridging, apply the base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation. Specifically: apply 50 kg / mu of slow-release compound fertilizer (containing 4.8 kg / mu of N, 5.76 kg / mu of P2O5, and 5.5 kg / mu of K2O) to the soil layer 25 cm below the surface; apply 6.96 kg / mu of diammonium phosphate (containing 3.2 kg / mu of P2O5 and 1.25 kg / mu of N) and 2.5 kg / mu of urea (containing 1.15 kg / mu of N) to the soil layer 10 cm below the surface.

[0094] Step 3: Create wavy ridges along a north-south direction on the ridged area, forming the ridge body and planting furrows. Based on the altitude A = 1750m, calculate the ridge height H = 18 + 0.01 × (1750 - 1200) = 23.5 ≈ 24 cm, and the ridge bottom width W. r =65+0.015×(1750-1200)=73.25≈73 cm, planting trench bottom width W f =40-0.005×(1750-1200)=37.25≈37 cm. Based on the calculated parameters, construct wavy ridges with a ridge top curvature radius of 50 cm. Cover the ridge surface with a silver-black bicolor mulch film, silver side up, with a light transmittance ≤40%, a thickness of 0.01 mm, a width of 120 cm, and an edge burial depth ≥8 cm.

[0095] Step 4: Perform double-row precision sowing in the planting furrow, with sowing parameters of 20 cm row spacing, 11 cm hole spacing, and 3 cm sowing depth. Simultaneously, apply 2.4 kg / mu of ammonium polyphosphate (containing 1.44 kg / mu of P2O5 and 0.36 kg / mu of N) and 1.8 kg / mu of urea (containing 0.84 kg / mu of N) as seed fertilizer at a position 3.5 cm below and to the side of the seeds.

[0096] Step 5: After sowing, dilute the liquid mulch film stock solution with water at a ratio of 1:6, and spray it evenly on the soil surface in the furrow using a spraying device to form a porous continuous film with a thickness of 0.3 mm.

[0097] Step Six: During the millet's growth period, conduct field management as usual, including but not limited to weeding and pest and disease control. Simultaneously, in the late jointing stage, apply 7.8 kg / mu of urea (containing 3.6 kg / mu of nitrogen) at a distance of 10 cm from the millet plants, taking advantage of rainfall. If temperatures exceed 33℃ for three consecutive days during the heading stage, activate the micro-sprinkler system, spraying 6 m³ / mu of water each time.

[0098] Fixed parameter operation (control):

[0099] On the same plot of land, fixed furrow parameters were used: ridge height 18 cm, ridge bottom width 65 cm, planting furrow width 40 cm, ridge top curvature radius 50 cm, wavy ridges, and the entire furrow was covered with black plastic film, 0.01 mm thick and 120 cm wide. All fertilizers were applied at once during land preparation, with the total nutrients being the same as in the previous example. Sowing was done in rows within the furrows, without micro-sprinkler management.

[0100] Traditional flat construction (for comparison):

[0101] In the same plot, the soil was rotary tilled to a depth of 15 cm in spring. All fertilizers were applied at once during land preparation, with the total nutrient content the same as in the previous example, followed by shallow harrowing. Sowing was carried out using a row seeder with a 40 cm row spacing. No covering, ridging, or supplemental irrigation was used throughout the entire growth period; the soil relied entirely on natural rainfall. Field management (including but not limited to thinning and weeding) was conducted according to local traditions.

[0102] Effect Comparison and Analysis

[0103] To verify the technical effectiveness of this invention, sensors were deployed in the ridges and planting furrows during the experiment to monitor ridge surface runoff, soil moisture infiltration rate in the planting furrows, and soil moisture content at different depths. These data were used to calculate indicators such as water use efficiency, precipitation utilization rate, and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity. Table 1 systematically displays the average values ​​of experimental data from three altitude points over two years, comprehensively comparing the differences between Examples 1-3 of this invention and traditional flat planting and fixed-parameter ridge planting in terms of water use, temperature control, resource efficiency, and yield composition.

[0104] Table 1 Comparison of millet growth indicators and yield traits under different planting patterns

[0105]

[0106] As shown in Table 1, this invention has significant advantages in precise cross-altitude adaptation, precipitation utilization efficiency, soil temperature regulation, and water-fertilizer synergy. The following analysis, based on experimental data from Examples 1-3, further elaborates on these advantages:

[0107] 1. Precise adaptation across altitudes for balanced yield increases. This invention proposes a quantitative design method for dynamically adjusting furrow parameters using altitude as the independent variable. At a low altitude of 850 m, ridge height is reduced to 15 cm and furrow width is increased to 42 cm, which helps dissipate heat from warmer areas; at a high altitude of 1750 m, ridge height is increased to 24 cm and furrow width is narrowed to 37 cm, significantly enhancing heat preservation and rainwater collection capabilities. This results in optimal rainwater collection efficiency, warming effect, and ventilation conditions at different altitudes.

[0108] The experimental results at three elevation gradients show that the present invention increases yield by 59.3%-87.6% compared to traditional flat planting and by 21.7%-34.7% compared to fixed-parameter ridge planting. Specifically, the yield increases in Examples 1 and 3 (34.7% and 21.7%, respectively) are greater than those in Example 2 (21.1%), demonstrating the necessity of dynamically adjusting ridge and furrow parameters according to elevation. Simultaneously, the yield components (35,200-38,400 ears per mu, 3,880-4,160 grains per ear, and 3.21-3.32 grams per thousand grains) show coordinated growth, reflecting the wide adaptability and stable yield increase of this model.

[0109] 2. Significantly improved rainfall utilization efficiency. The wavy ridge surface can increase the collection efficiency of ≤5 mm micro-rainfall from less than 20% to over 85%. The biodegradable liquid film sprayed in the furrows has a water permeability rate of ≥60 mm / h, which increases the water infiltration rate by about 40%, while suppressing the daily soil evaporation to below 0.8 mm and reducing evaporation loss by more than 70%, achieving a balance between rainwater collection and soil moisture retention.

[0110] Under the combined effects, the seasonal precipitation utilization rate reached 59.1%-62.1%, an increase of 22-25 percentage points compared with traditional flat cropping (36.6%-38.3%). The water use efficiency (WUE) throughout the entire growth period reached 1.49-1.55 kg / (mm·mu), an increase of 48% compared with traditional flat cropping (1.01-1.05 kg / (mm·mu)) and about 20% compared with fixed-parameter ridge cropping (1.21-1.29 kg / (mm·mu)). The WUE at each growth stage was generally more than twice that of traditional flat cropping and 1.5-1.7 times that of fixed-parameter ridge cropping.

[0111] 3. Significantly Optimized Soil Temperature Environment. This invention achieves dual regulation of spring warming and summer cooling through a heterogeneous mulching system combining mulching on ridges with liquid film in furrows. In spring, the mulch on the ridges can increase the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm by 4.6-5.1℃, promoting early and robust seedling emergence. In summer, at low altitudes, silver-black film with the silver side facing upwards is used for reflective cooling, while at high altitudes, all-black film is used to enhance warming. Combined with the heat insulation effect of the liquid film in the furrows, the root zone temperature is reduced by 1.5-2.2℃ during the grain-filling stage. When encountering sustained high temperatures, micro-sprinkler irrigation can be activated to effectively mitigate the adverse effects of high temperatures on pollination and grain filling. From warming during the sowing period to cooling during the grain-filling period, a root zone thermal environment coordinated with the millet growth process is formed.

[0112] 4. Synergistic water and fertilizer application results in significant yield and quality improvement. Targeting the vertical development pattern of millet roots and their stage-specific nutrient requirements, this invention constructs a fertilization system of "shallow initiation reservoir + deep slow-release reservoir," applying fertilizer in layers vertically and combining it with side application of fertilizer to the seed, achieving a high degree of matching between nutrient supply and crop needs. Nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity reaches 36.5-44.2 kg / kg, an increase of over 48% compared to traditional flat planting (23.0-24.3 kg / kg).

[0113] The final yield was 438.4-530.4 kg / mu, an increase of 59.3%-87.6% compared to traditional flat planting (275.2-282.8 kg / mu) and 21.7%-34.7% compared to fixed-parameter ridge planting (360.3-393.5 kg / mu), with improved grain protein and fat content. The liquid film in the furrows degrades naturally in the later stages of crop growth, eliminating white pollution, and the silver-black mulch is recyclable. Although the technical input increased by about 200 yuan / mu, the net increase in income from the increased yield can reach over 800 yuan / mu, with an input-output ratio of 1:3.54.

[0114] In summary, the advantages of the four aspects mentioned above are not isolated but rather mutually coupled and synergistic, jointly constructing a comprehensive root zone environment that coordinates water, heat, fertilizer, and air: The precisely adapted furrow structure lays the foundation for efficient rainwater harvesting and temperature control; rainwater harvesting and moisture retention measures ensure water supply, creating conditions for fertilizer absorption and utilization; the optimized thermal environment promotes root development and nutrient transport, further improving water and fertilizer utilization efficiency; ultimately, the synergistic effect of each link precisely matches the stage-specific needs of millet seedling, jointing and booting, and grain-filling stages, translating into a coordinated increase in the three yield components (number of ears per mu, number of grains per ear, and thousand-grain weight). This systematic design allows the technical effect to transcend the simple summation of improvements in a single link, achieving a unity of high yield, high efficiency, and environmental protection.

[0115] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for high-yield millet cultivation through rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and soil warming, characterized by: Includes the following steps: Step 1: Before sowing, divide the planting area into planting furrow areas and ridge areas. Based on soil moisture and soil temperature, prepare the land by shallow rotary tillage in the furrows to retain moisture and deep loosening in the ridges to absorb rainwater. The soil moisture and soil temperature conditions for this method are as follows: 18 days before sowing, the volumetric water content θ of the 0-20 cm topsoil layer is lower than the field capacity θ. fc 55% of the soil temperature was maintained at 5-10℃ for 5 cm depth for 5 consecutive days; Step 2: Apply the base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation; Step 3: On the ridge area, construct wavy ridges along the north-south direction to form ridges and planting furrows, wherein the width W of the ridge bottom is... r The ridge height H and the bottom width W of the planting furrow f The width of the ridge bottom is determined based on the altitude A of the planting area; r ridge height H and furrow width W f The steps to determine altitude A are as follows: H= 18 + K h ×(A-1200); Among them, K h The elevation adjustment coefficient is 0.01; A is in meters (m); H is in centimeters (cm). W r = 65 +K w ×(A-1200); Among them, K w The elevation adjustment coefficient for the width of the ridge bottom is 0.015; the unit of A is meters; W r The unit is cm; W f = 40 – K f ×(A-1200); Among them, K f The elevation adjustment coefficient for the bottom width of the gully is 0.005; the unit of A is meters; W f The unit is cm; Furthermore, the altitude A ranges from 850 to 1750 meters. Cover the surface of the ridge with mulch film; Step 4: Perform double-row precision seeding in the planting furrow, and apply seed fertilizer simultaneously; Step 5: After sowing, spray liquid mulch onto the soil surface in the planting furrow to form a porous, continuous film; Step Six: During the millet's growth period, water and heat environment regulation, as well as topdressing management, should be carried out.

2. The method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The land preparation method of shallow rotary tillage to retain moisture in the furrow area and deep loosening to absorb rainwater in the ridge area is as follows: rotary tillage with a depth of ≤12 cm is carried out in the planting furrow area, and deep loosening in strips with a depth of 32 cm is carried out in the ridge area.

3. The method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mulch film is a silver-black bicolor mulch film with the silver side facing up, a light transmittance of ≤40%, a thickness of 0.01 mm, a width of 120 cm, and an edge burial depth of ≥8 cm; the liquid mulch film is formed by spraying liquid mulch film stock solution diluted with water at a ratio of 1:6, and its water permeability after drying is ≥60 mm / h, with a thickness of 0.3 mm.

4. The method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The application of base fertilizer in layers to the soil layer of the planting area after land preparation specifically includes: Before ridging, apply a slow-release compound fertilizer containing 40% of the total nitrogen, 60% of the total phosphorus, and all of the potassium fertilizer to the soil layer 25 cm below the surface; the total nitrogen refers to the total amount of nitrogen applied during the entire growth period of millet, the total phosphorus refers to the total amount of phosphorus applied during the entire growth period of millet, and the total potassium fertilizer refers to the total amount of potassium fertilizer applied during the entire growth period of millet. Apply 25% of the total phosphorus content of highly water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and 20% of the total nitrogen content of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer to the soil layer 10 cm below the surface.

5. A method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sowing parameters for double-row precision hill sowing in the planting furrow are: row spacing 20 cm, hill spacing 11 cm, and sowing depth 3 cm.

6. A method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 4, characterized in that: The simultaneous application of seed fertilizer specifically includes: applying high-efficiency phosphate fertilizer accounting for 15% of the total phosphorus content and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer accounting for 10% of the total nitrogen content as seed fertilizer at a position 3.5 cm below and to the side of the seed after sowing.

7. A method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 1, characterized in that: The aforementioned moisture and thermal environment control includes: During the heading to grain-filling stage of millet, when high temperatures persist for three days or more, micro-sprinkler irrigation should be carried out, with each spray volume being 6m³. 3 / mu; the high temperature weather mentioned refers to weather with a daily maximum temperature >32℃.

8. A method for high-yield millet cultivation with rainwater harvesting, drought resistance, warming, and temperature enhancement according to claim 4, characterized in that: The topdressing management includes: During the late jointing stage of millet, when irrigating with rainfall or through micro-sprinklers, apply urea, accounting for 30% of the total nitrogen content, at a distance of 10 cm from the millet plant.

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