Apparatus and method for communication

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for ambient IoT modulation. In the solution, a device determines a parameter for a minimum required power to satisfy signal detection at another device. The device also generates an on-off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameter. The device then transmits the on-off keying modulation signal to the second device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The exemplary embodiments of this disclosure generally relate to the field of communication technology, and more particularly to devices and methods for environmental Internet of Things (IoT) modulation. Background Technology

[0002] The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices. These devices can transmit data to each other without human intervention. Automation and digitalization across various industries have opened up many new markets that require new IoT technologies to support battery-free devices without energy storage capabilities or devices with energy storage that does not require manual replacement or recharging. This can be considered as devices without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities (i.e., using capacitors), and powered by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source of energy. Given the limited size and complexity required for practical applications of battery-free devices without energy storage capabilities or devices with limited energy storage that does not require manual replacement or recharging, the output power of energy harvesters typically ranges from 1 μW to several hundred μW. Existing cellular devices may not be well-suited for energy harvesting due to their peak power consumption exceeding 10 mW.

[0003] Example applications could include asset identification, which currently relies heavily on barcodes and radio frequency identification (RFID) in most industries. The main advantages of these two technologies are the ultra-low complexity and small form factor of the tags. However, the limited reading range of a few meters often necessitates handheld scanning, leading to labor-intensive and time-consuming operations, or the need for RFID portals / gates, resulting in costly deployments. Furthermore, the lack of interference management schemes leads to severe interference and capacity issues between RFID readers, especially in dense deployments. RFID struggles to support large-scale networks with seamless coverage. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Generally speaking, embodiments of this disclosure provide solutions for environmental IoT modulation.

[0005] In a first aspect, a first device is provided, comprising: a processor configured to cause the first device to: determine parameters for satisfying a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameters; and transmit the on / off keying modulation signal to the second device.

[0006] In a second aspect, a second device is provided, comprising: a processor configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.

[0007] In a third aspect, a second device is provided, comprising: a processor configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.

[0008] In a fourth aspect, a communication method performed by a first device is provided. The method includes: determining a parameter for satisfying a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generating an on / off keyed modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameter; and transmitting the on / off keyed modulation signal to the second device.

[0009] In a fifth aspect, a communication method performed by a second device is provided. The method includes: receiving a first signal from a first device; generating an on / off keyed modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keyed modulation signal; and transmitting the second signal to the first device.

[0010] In a sixth aspect, a communication method performed by a second device is provided. The method includes: receiving a first signal from a first device; generating an on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal; and transmitting the second signal to the first device.

[0011] In a seventh aspect, a computer-readable medium is provided having instructions stored thereon that, when executed on at least one processor, cause at least one processor to perform the method according to the fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.

[0012] Other features of this disclosure will become readily apparent from the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0013] The above and other objects, features and advantages of this disclosure will become more apparent from the accompanying drawings, which describe some exemplary embodiments of this disclosure in more detail, wherein: Figure 1 A block diagram of a backscatter communication system is shown. Figure 2 A block diagram showing a carrier signal spanning a wide bandwidth is presented; Figures 3A to 3E Example communication environments that can implement example embodiments of this disclosure are shown respectively; Figure 4 An environmental IoT modulated signaling stream is shown according to some embodiments of this disclosure; Figure 5A and Figure 5B Schematic diagrams of OOK modulation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown respectively; Figure 6 An environmental IoT modulated signaling stream is shown according to some embodiments of this disclosure; Figures 7A to 7C Schematic diagrams of OOK modulation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown respectively; Figure 8 An environmental IoT modulated signaling stream is shown according to some embodiments of this disclosure; Figure 9 Schematic diagrams of OOK modulation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown respectively; Figure 10 A flowchart illustrating a method implemented at a device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown; Figure 11 A flowchart illustrating a method implemented at a device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown; Figure 12 A flowchart illustrating a method implemented at a device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown; and Figure 13 A simplified block diagram of an apparatus suitable for implementing an example embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0014] In all the accompanying drawings, the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The principles of this disclosure will now be described with reference to some exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are described for illustrative purposes only and to help those skilled in the art understand and implement this disclosure, and do not imply any limitation on the scope of this disclosure. The embodiments described herein can be implemented in various ways other than those described below.

[0016] In the following description and claims, unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0017] As used herein, the term "terminal device" refers to any device with wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of terminal devices include, but are not limited to, user equipment (UE), personal computers, desktop computers, mobile phones, cellular phones, smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine-type communication (MTC) devices, devices on vehicles used for V2X communication (where X refers to pedestrians, vehicles, or infrastructure / networks), devices used for integrated access and backhaul (IAB), space vehicles or air vehicles in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) including satellites and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) covering unmanned aerial vehicle systems (UAS), extended reality (XR) devices including different types of reality (such as augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR)), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) commonly referred to as drones (which are aircraft without any human pilots), devices on high-speed trains (HSTs), or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback devices, or internet devices that enable wireless or wired internet access and browsing, etc. "Terminal equipment" can also have "multicast / broadcast" characteristics to support public safety and mission-critical applications, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications, and IoT applications. It can also incorporate one or more Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs), such as in the case of multi-SIM. The term "terminal equipment" is used interchangeably with UE, mobile station, subscriber station, mobile terminal, user terminal, or wireless device.

[0018] The term "network device" refers to a device that provides or hosts a cell or coverage area that terminal devices can communicate with. Examples of network devices include, but are not limited to, NodeB (or NB), evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), next-generation NodeB (gNB), Transmit / Receive Point (TRP), Remote Radio Unit (RRU), Radio Head (RH), Remote Radio Head (RRH), IAB node, low-power nodes such as femtonodes, piconodes, and reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS), etc.

[0019] Terminal devices or network devices can have artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capabilities. It typically includes a model that has been trained from a large amount of data collected from a specific function and can be used to predict some information.

[0020] The terminal or network device can operate on several frequency ranges, such as FR1 (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz), FR2 (e.g., 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz), bands greater than 100 GHz, and megahertz (THz). It can also operate on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. In multiple radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) applications, the terminal device can have more than one connection to the network device. The terminal or network device can operate in full-duplex, flexible-duplex, and cross-split-duplex modes.

[0021] The embodiments of this disclosure can be executed in test equipment, such as a signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, or channel simulator. In some embodiments, the terminal device can be connected to a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device can be a master node, and the other can be a slave node. The first network device and the second network device can use different Radio Access Technologies (RATs). In some embodiments, the first network device can be a first RAT device, and the second network device can be a second RAT device. In some embodiments, the first RAT device is an eNB, and the second RAT device is a gNB. Information related to different RATs can be sent from at least one of the first network device or the second network device to the terminal device. In some embodiments, first information can be sent from the first network device to the terminal device, and second information can be sent directly or via the first network device from the second network device to the terminal device. In some embodiments, information related to the configuration of the terminal device configured by the second network device can be sent via the first network device from the second network device. Information related to the reconfiguration of the terminal device configured by the second network device can be sent directly or via the first network device from the second network device to the terminal device.

[0022] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “comprising” and its variations should be understood as open-ended terms meaning “including, but not limited to.” The term “based on” should be understood as “at least partially based on.” The terms “one embodiment” and “embodiment” should be understood as “at least one embodiment.” The term “another embodiment” should be understood as “at least one other embodiment.” The terms “first,” “second,” etc., can refer to different or the same objects. Further explicit and implicit definitions may be included below.

[0023] In some examples, values, processes, or devices are referred to as “best,” “lowest,” “highest,” “minimum,” “maximum,” etc. It should be understood that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a choice can be made among many functional alternatives used, and that such a choice does not need to be better, smaller, higher, or more preferred than other choices.

[0024] As used herein, the terms "resource," "transmission resource," "uplink resource," or "downlink resource" can refer to any resource used to perform communication, such as resources in the time domain, frequency domain, spatial domain, code domain, or any other resource used to implement communication. In the following, unless explicitly stated otherwise, resources in the frequency and time domains will be used as examples of transmission resources used to describe some exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. Note that the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.

[0025] Ambient IoT consists of much smaller and cheaper 3GPP IoT devices compared to previous generations of IoT. Ultimately, the power source for ambient IoT comes from radio waves. Both ambient IoT and ambient computing rely on energy harvesting as one of the key mechanisms for powering and enabling the technology. When applied to ambient IoT and ambient computing, energy harvesting powers a microcomputer by extracting power from ambient radio waves.

[0026] Environmental IoT devices can have a new radio / air interface to readers / nodes. This new radio interface can be frame-based or frameless. Deploying environmental IoT services on existing systems can reduce operating costs and rapidly commercialize new services. However, the frame structure of IoT devices is unclear.

[0027] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the IoT radio interface is frame-based. The frame structure is indicated to the IoT device. The IoT device performs communication based on the frame structure. The frame-based interface can have better compatibility with current NR / NB-IoT frame-based interfaces.

[0028] As used herein, the term "IoT radio interface" can refer to the air interface used for IoT communications. The term "IoT symbol" as used herein can refer to a resource in the time domain used for IoT communications. The term "frame" can refer to a duration. The term "backscatter" as used herein can refer to a method of transmitting data using incident radio frequency (RF) signals without the need for batteries or power. The term "backscattered signal" as used herein can refer to the reflection of ambient radio frequency signals. The term "cyclic prefix" as used herein can refer to the guarding internals inserted within a symbol. The term "on-off keying (OOK) modulation" as used herein can refer to a modulation technique that includes the presence and absence of a carrier in two different logic states. In OOK modulation, there is no carrier during the transmission of logic 0. A carrier is transmitted during the transmission of logic 1.

[0029] In some solutions, possible configurations of the backscatter system can include monostatic and bistatic configurations. In monostatic systems, the transmitting access point (AP) and the receiving AP are the same, while in bistatic systems, the transmitting AP and the receiving AP are separate. (The last sentence appears to be incomplete and possibly refers to a different context.) Figure 1 In the backscatter communication system shown, load modulation is typically used. Load modulation techniques mainly include two methods: resistance-based load modulation and capacitor-based load modulation. For resistance-based load modulation, a resistor, called a load modulation resistor, is connected in parallel to the load. The resistor is switched on or off according to the clock of the data stream, and the switch is controlled by binary data encoding. For capacitor-based load modulation, a capacitor is connected in parallel with the load instead of a load modulation resistor.

[0030] Taking resistor-based ASK modulation as an example, the device can switch between an absorption state and a reflection state by adjusting the load reflection coefficient. In the absorption state, the device achieves impedance matching, so the input RF signal is completely absorbed by the terminal. Therefore, the signal received by the reader will be at a low level, indicating bit '0'. Conversely, in the reflection state, the device adjusts the circuit impedance that causes impedance mismatch, thus reflecting a portion of the RF signal. The signal received by the reader will then be at a high level, indicating bit '1'.

[0031] Similarly, the device can also change the circuit's response frequency by adjusting the circuit's capacitance to achieve Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation. FSK has a better bit error rate (BER) performance than Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). It is commonly used to implement Frequency Division Multiple Access.

[0032] Therefore, backscatter communication achieves extremely low-complexity signal modulation and transmission via impedance modulation. Backscatter terminals do not require complex radio frequency (RF) structures such as power amplifiers (PAs), high-precision oscillators, duplexers, and high-precision filters. They also do not require complex baseband processing, complex channel estimation, and equalization operations. Furthermore, a significant characteristic is that it does not require generating a high-frequency carrier; instead, it uses the input carrier as the carrier for backscatter transmission. Achieving ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power consumption (e.g., below 1mW) is a promising approach. Moreover, using backscatter to support coexistence with legacy devices is beneficial, for example, by backscattering preambles transmitted by the AP. For backscatter, because it uses the carrier signal from the AP, the carrier signal must propagate within both the DL and UL: the carrier signal is transmitted from the AP to the device, and the device backscatters the signal back to the AP. Therefore, the communication distance will be limited and may be insufficient for some use cases requiring relatively long communication distances. Low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) can be used to enhance the backscatter signal. The integration of an LNA with a high-sensitivity receiver in ambient power (AMP) IoT devices can effectively extend the communication distance of the backlink.

[0033] To achieve ultra-low power consumption and ultra-low complexity, simpler waveforms and coding schemes are needed. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the primary waveform used in Wi-Fi, and its advantages include high spectral efficiency and high peak data rates achieved using wide bandwidth. However, operations such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), data buffering, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and channel estimation require high power consumption, making it difficult to achieve ultra-low power consumption using OFDM. Therefore, OFDM may not be suitable for AMP IoT because a simpler waveform is required.

[0034] OOK / FSK may be a promising modulation scheme for achieving ultra-low complexity data transmission / reception in AMP IoT. In an OOK receiver, envelope detection can be used, and complex baseband digital processing can be replaced with simple analog envelope detection circuitry. Therefore, ultra-low power (e.g., a few μW to tens of μW) can be achieved with a very simple implementation. For the transmitter, even using an active OOK / FSK transmitter, ultra-low power transmission (e.g., approximately 200 μW) can be achieved. Furthermore, OOK / FSK can be applied in conjunction with backscattering to further significantly reduce device complexity and power consumption. Therefore, with OOK / FSK, potentially ultra-low power consumption, such as below 1 mW, can be achieved. Another advantage of OOK is that OOK is already supported for WUR, thus expecting less influence from physical (PHY) specifications.

[0035] It appears that a carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth is more suitable for use as a backscatter carrier signal. Due to the maximum PSD limit, it allows for higher RF power and a wider transmission bandwidth. It can also utilize a carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth to improve RF power transfer (i.e., diversity gain) and energy harvesting efficiency. Figure 2 The diagram illustrates a carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth. Furthermore, from a backward compatibility perspective, a carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth is also beneficial, as conventional transmitters can be reused.

[0036] For environmental IoT transmission and reception, the modulation symbols used for environmental transmission and signal generation are unclear due to the different types of receivers and varying device capabilities. Therefore, solutions regarding environmental IoT modulation are needed.

[0037] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a solution for modulation in an environmental IoT environment. In the solution, a device determines parameters for the minimum required power to satisfy signal detection at another device. The device also generates an on-off keyed (OOK) modulated signal by mapping the bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on these parameters. The device then transmits the on-off keyed modulated signal to the other device. In this way, a unified modulation and signal generation approach is proposed.

[0038] The principles and implementation methods of this disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0039] Figures 3A to 3E Examples of communication environments 100 that can implement exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are shown respectively. In the exemplary embodiments, such as Figure 3A As shown, the communication environment 100 may include an IoT device 110 and a network device 120. In another example embodiment, Figure 3B The illustrated communication environment 100 may include an IoT device 110, a network device 120, and an intermediate node 130 capable of performing IoT (e.g., environmental IoT). The intermediate node 130 may be one of the following: a relay device, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a UE, or a repeater. In an IAB network, an IAB node acts as a relay node, carrying traffic from macro cells to end users and vice versa via multi-hops, or acts as an access point, serving nearby UEs.

[0040] In another example embodiment, such as Figure 3C As shown, the communication environment 100 may include an IoT device 110, a network device 120, and an auxiliary node 140 capable of performing IoT (e.g., environmental IoT). The auxiliary node 140 may provide signals to the IoT device 110 and may be considered a signal source. The auxiliary node 140 may be one of the following: a relay device, an IAB node, a UE, or a repeater. In yet another example embodiment, as... Figure 3D As shown, the communication environment 100 may include an IoT device 110 and a terminal device 150. In another example embodiment, such as Figure 3E As shown, the communication environment 100 may include an IoT device 110, a network device 120, and a terminal device 150.

[0041] In some embodiments, Figures 3A to 3E The IoT device 110 shown can be provided with carriers from (multiple) additional nodes inside or outside the communication environment 100. Figures 3A to 3E The links in the communication environment 100 shown can be bidirectional or unidirectional.

[0042] It should be understood that Figures 3A to 3E The number of devices and their connections shown are for illustrative purposes only and do not imply any limitation. Communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of devices configured to implement the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.

[0043] The communications in the communication environment 100 can conform to any suitable standard, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-E Evolution, LTE-A Advanced, New Radio (NR), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), Machine Type Communication (MTC), etc. Embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented according to any generation of communication protocols currently known or developed in the future. Examples of communication protocols include, but are not limited to, first-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), 4.5G, fifth-generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G Advanced networks, or sixth-generation (6G) networks.

[0044] In an example embodiment, the IoT device may be a first type of IoT device, wherein there is no energy storage, no ambient source for acquisition, or no independent signal generation. In another example embodiment, the IoT device may be a second type of IoT device, which has energy storage from an ambient source for acquisition but no independent signal generation. In this case, the use of the stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. The first and second types of IoT devices can perform backscatter transmission because there is no independent signal generation. In another example embodiment, the IoT device may be a third type of IoT device, which has energy storage from an ambient source for acquisition and independent signal generation. The third type of IoT device may have an active RF component for transmission.

[0045] refer to Figure 4, which shows a signaling flow 400 of environmental IoT modulation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 400 involves device 410 and device 420. For example, device 410 can be one of the following: a network device 120, an intermediate node 130, an auxiliary node 140, a terminal device 150 as shown in Figures 3A to 3E . Device 420 can be an IoT device 110 (e.g., an IoT tag) as shown in Figures 3A to 3E .

[0046] Device 410 determines (4010) a parameter for the minimum required power to meet signal detection at device 420. For example, device 410 can determine the value of parameter p , where 0 < p < 1. Alternatively, device 410 can determine the value of parameter q , where q= 1-p . For example, the value of parameter p can be one of 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75. In this way, it can make the transmission power higher than the detection threshold of each modulation symbol.

[0047] Device 410 generates (4020) an OOK modulation signal by mapping the bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameter. For example, the complex-valued symbols can be normalized to 1 based on the parameter (e.g., p or q). Only as an example, as shown in Figure 5A , the complex-valued symbols can be normalized to 1 based on q .

[0048] In some embodiments, the bit can be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d(i)=1 / sqrt(1+(1-p)^2)*[(1-p*(1-b(i)))+j(1-p*(1-b(i)))]. In this case, d(i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents the complex value. For example, if the bit indicates "0", the bit can be mapped to the complex-valued symbol (1 - p)+j(1 - p). Alternatively, if the bit indicates "1", the bit can be mapped to the complex-valued symbol 1 + j. The parameter " j " used herein can be sqrt(-1).

[0049] Alternatively, the bit can be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+(1-p)^2)*[(1-p*b(i))+j(1-p*b(i))]. In this case, d(i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents the complex value. For example, if the bit indicates "1", the bit can be mapped to the complex-valued symbol (1 - p)+j (1-p). Alternatively, if the bit indicates "0", then the bit can be mapped to the complex value symbol 1+j.

[0050] In some other embodiments, the bit can be mapped to a complex value symbol as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i)))+j(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i)))]. In this case, d(i) represents the complex value symbol, b(i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents the complex value. For example, if the bit indicates "0", then the bit can be mapped to the complex value symbol q+jq. Alternatively, if the bit indicates "1", then the bit can be mapped to the complex value symbol 1+j.

[0051] In some other embodiments, the bit can be mapped to a complex symbol as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1-q)*b(i))+j(1-(1-q)*b(i))]. In this case, d(i) Represents the complex value symbol. b(i) Let represent a bit, p represent a parameter, and j represent a complex value. For example, if the bit indicates "1", then the bit can be mapped to the complex value symbol q+. j q. Alternatively, if the bit indicates "0", then the bit can be mapped to the complex value symbol 1+. j .

[0052] Alternatively, this bit can be mapped to a complex value symbol in the following ways: d(i)=1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1+ q)*b(i))+j(1-(1+q)*b(i))] .in this case, d(i) Represents the complex value symbol. b(i) Let p represent bits, p represent parameters, and j represent complex values. For example, ... Figure 5B As shown, the bit indicating 1 can be mapped to the complex value symbol (-q-). j q), and the bit indicating 0 can be mapped to the complex value sign 1+ j In this way, the modulation symbol can be used for coherent detection and can be used for coherently enabled receivers, while non-coherent detection can be used for coherently disabled receivers under a unified modulation symbol.

[0053] Device 410 transmits an OOK modulated signal (4030) to device 420. In other words, device 420 receives an OOK modulated signal from device 410. In some embodiments, device 410 may multiply a transmit block including complex-valued symbols by an amplitude scaling factor to satisfy the transmit power. In this case, device 410 may transmit the OOK modulated signal based on the transmit power. For example, for each antenna port used for signal transmission from device 410 to device 420, the transmit block of complex-valued symbols may be multiplied by an amplitude scaling factor beta to satisfy the transmit power.

[0054] In some embodiments, device 410 may map the OOK modulation signal to resource elements allocated for OOK modulation in ascending order of their indexes. For example, to resource elements allocated for OOK modulation ( The mapping can be based on the index first on the allocated resource element. Then index l The increasing order.

[0055] According to the reference Figure 4 The described example embodiment proposes a bit-to-modulation symbol mapping at the node side. Furthermore, based on reference... Figure 4 The modulation described, from node to tag transmission signal generation, can reuse the current OFDM signal generation process, which is beneficial for a unified design on the node side.

[0056] refer to Figure 6 This illustrates a signaling stream 600 modulated for an environment IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Signaling stream 600 relates to devices 610 and 620. For example, device 610 may be as follows: Figures 3A to 3E The IoT device 110 shown is an IoT tag (e.g., an IoT tag). Device 620 can be one of the following: Figures 3A to 3E The network device 120, intermediate node 130, auxiliary node 140, and terminal device 150 are shown.

[0057] Device 610 receives (6010) the first signal from device 620. In other words, device 620 sends the first signal to device 610.

[0058] Device 610 can determine parameters based on its modulation capability of the ratio of reflected to non-reflected signals, for example, by adjusting a resistor. For instance, device 610 can determine parameters... p The value. Alternatively, device 610 can determine the parameters. q The value of , where q=1-p .

[0059] In other embodiments, the parameter value can be configured by device 620. In this case, if device 610 has the capability to support the parameter value, device 610 can send a response to device 620. Alternatively, device 610 can access device 620. In some embodiments, a device supporting energy storage can have different parameter values ​​(such as p or q) than a device that does not support energy storage; for example, a larger p is supported for the energy storage device.

[0060] In some embodiments, device 610 may send information indicating a parameter (e.g., the value of p or q) to device 620. For example, this parameter may be sent to device 620 during preamble transmission before data transmission. In this way, it helps to detect or demodulate transmissions from device 610.

[0061] Device 610 generates an (6020) OOK modulated signal by mapping the bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols. For example, device 610 may map the bits to multiple symbols based on parameters.

[0062] In some embodiments, bits can be mapped to multiple symbols in the following ways: d (2* i )=(1-(1-q)*(1- b ( i )))and d (2* i + 1 )=(1-(1-q)* b ( i )).in this case, d (2* i () represents one of a set of symbols. d (2* i + 1 () represents another symbol among multiple symbols. b ( i ) represents bits, and q represents parameters. For example, such as Figure 7A As shown, a bit indicating 0 can be mapped to multiple symbols q and 1 (i.e., {q, 1}). A bit indicating 1 can be mapped to multiple symbols 1 and q (i.e., {1, q}).

[0063] Alternatively, in the case of OOK modulation used for capability-enabled tags, where device 420 may not know the capability, but unified coherent detection is applied, the bit can be mapped to two complex-valued modulation symbols. For example, the bit can be mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d (2* i )=(1-(1+q)*(1- b ( i ))), d(2* i + 1 )=(1-(1+q)* b ( i )).in this case, d (2* i () represents one of a set of symbols. d (2* i + 1 () represents another symbol among multiple symbols. b ( i ) represents bits, and q represents parameters. For example, such as Figure 7B As shown, if the bit indicates 0, then the bit can be mapped to multiple symbols -q and 1 (i.e., {-q, 1}). Furthermore, as... Figure 7B As shown, if the bit indicates 1, then the bit can be mapped to multiple symbols 1 and -q (i.e., {1, -q}).

[0064] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates a first bit, the first bit can be mapped to multiple symbols q and q. If the bit indicates a second bit, the second bit can be mapped to multiple symbols 1 and 1. For example, as Figure 7C As shown, special bits (e.g., x and y) can be mapped to two complex-valued symbols. In this way, special symbols or bits can be used to indicate control information, such as preambles for synchronization, start or end indicators for transmission, to help the receiver distinguish them from ordinary data modulation symbols.

[0065] Alternatively, device 610 can determine multiple parameters based on its modulation capability of the ratio of reflected to non-reflected signals. For example, for higher-order OOK modulation at device 610, device 610 can determine two or more values ​​p or q. A combination of values ​​on one or more complex-valued modulation symbols can be used to map bits to a higher modulation order.

[0066] Device 610 can generate an OOK modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to multiple symbols based on multiple parameters. In some embodiments, if a pair of bits indicates {0, 0}, then this pair of bits can be mapped to multiple symbols {1, q1, q2}. Alternatively, if a pair of bits indicates {0, 1}, then this pair of bits can be mapped to multiple symbols {1, q1, q2}. In some other embodiments, when a pair of bits indicates {1, 0}, the multiple symbols can be {q2, 1, q1}. In some further embodiments, if a pair of bits indicates {1, 1}, then this pair of bits can be mapped to multiple symbols {q2, q1, 1}. In these cases, q2 represents one of the multiple parameters, and q1 represents another of the multiple parameters. In this way, each combination of modulation symbols can have a modulated symbol 1 that helps device 620 determine the reference level of the received signal. Two bits on three modulation symbols can achieve 1.5 bits / (two symbols).

[0067] Device 610 generates (6030) a second signal based on the first signal and the OOK modulation signal. For example, the second signal may be generated by... s(t) = d_i(t) * s_r(t) Generate. In this case... s(t) Indicates the second signal. s_r(t) Indicates the first signal. d(i) Let d_i(t) represent the modulation symbol. For t from t_i^start to t_i^start+t_i^duration, d_i(t)=d(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i), and t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i), or d_i(t)=0.

[0068] Device 610 sends a second signal (6040) to device 620. In other words, device 620 receives a second signal from device 610.

[0069] According to the reference Figure 6 The described example embodiment proposes a bit-to-modulation symbol mapping at the tag side. Furthermore, the transmitted signal at the tag is generated based on the modulation symbol and the received signal at the tag. In this way, backscatter transmission at the tag can be supported regardless of the transmitted signal.

[0070] refer to Figure 8 This illustrates a signaling stream 800 modulated for an environment IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling stream 800 relates to devices 810 and 820. For example, device 810 may be as follows: Figures 3A to 3E The IoT device 110 shown is an IoT tag (e.g., an IoT tag). Device 820 can be one of the following: Figures 3A to 3EThe network device 120, intermediate node 130, auxiliary node 140, and terminal device 150 are shown.

[0071] Device 810 receives (8010) the first signal from device 820. In other words, device 820 sends the first signal to device 810.

[0072] In some embodiments, such as for OOK modulation, device 810 may determine parameters based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected to non-reflected signals, for example, by adjusting a resistor. For instance, device 810 may determine parameters... p The value. Alternatively, device 810 can determine the parameters. q The value of , where q=1-p In some embodiments, device 810 may send information indicating parameters to device 820.

[0073] Alternatively, device 810 can determine the frequency offset. For example, the value of the frequency offset can be determined based on its load modulation capability to adjust the frequency of the reflected signal, for example, by adjusting the capacitor. In some embodiments, device 810 can send information indicating the frequency offset to device 820.

[0074] Device 810 generates an (8020) OOK modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols. For example, device 810 can map a pair of bits to multiple symbols based on parameters. For instance, the pair of bits is mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d1(i)=(1-(1-q)*(1-b(2*i))) , d2(i)=b(2*i+1) .in this case, d1(i) To represent one of a set of symbols, d2(i) To represent another symbol among multiple symbols, b(2*i) Represents one bit in a pair of bits. b (2* i + 1 ) represents the other bit in a pair of bits, and q represents the parameter.

[0075] Device 810 generates (8030) a second signal based on the first signal and the OOK modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals. For example, as Figure 9 As shown, the second signal can be generated by s(t)=dx_i(t)*cos(2*pi*df*d2_i(t))*s_r(t) Generate, where s (t) Indicates the second signal. s_r(t) Indicates the first signal. d(i)Let x represent the modulation symbol. For t from t_i^start to t_i^start+t_i^duration, dx_i(t)=dx(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i) and t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i). Alternatively, dx_i(t)=0, where x is 1 or 2.

[0076] Device 810 sends a second signal (8040) to device 820. In other words, device 820 receives a second signal from device 810.

[0077] According to the reference Figure 8 The described example embodiment proposes a bit-to-modulation symbol mapping at the tag side. Furthermore, the transmitted signal at the tag is generated based on the modulation symbol and the received signal at the tag. In this way, backscatter transmission at the tag can be supported regardless of the transmitted signal.

[0078] Figure 10 A flowchart of a communication method 1000 implemented at a first device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For example, method 1000 may be implemented at one of the following locations: Figures 3A to 3E The network device 120, intermediate node 130, auxiliary node 140, and terminal device 150 are shown.

[0079] In box 1010, the first device determines parameters for the minimum required power to satisfy signal detection at the second device.

[0080] At box 1020, the first device generates an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping the bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on parameters.

[0081] In frame 1030, the first device sends an on / off keying modulation signal to the second device.

[0082] In some example implementations, the complex value symbol is normalized to 1 based on the parameter.

[0083] In some example embodiments, the first device is further configured to multiply a transmit block including complex-valued symbols by an amplitude scaling factor to satisfy a transmit power, and wherein the first device is configured to transmit an on / off keying modulation signal based on the transmit power.

[0084] In some example embodiments, the first device is also configured to map the on / off keying modulation signal to the resource elements allocated for on / off keying modulation in ascending order of the resource element index.

[0085] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+(1-p)^2)*[(1-p*(1-b(i)))+j(1-p*(1-b(i)))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0086] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is (1-p)+j(1-p), and if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0087] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1 + (1-p)^2) * [(1-p * b(i)) + j(1-p * b(i))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0088] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is (1-p)+j(1-p), and if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0089] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i)))+j(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i)))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0090] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is q+jq, and if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0091] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1-q)*b(i))+j(1-(1-q)*b(i))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0092] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is q+jq, and if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0093] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1+q)*b(i))+j(1-(1+q)*b(i))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0094] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is (-qj q), and if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0095] Figure 11 A flowchart of a communication method 1100 implemented at a second device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For example, method 1100 can be implemented in, for example... Figures 3A to 3E This is implemented at the IoT device 110 shown (e.g., an IoT tag).

[0096] At frame 1110, the second device receives the first signal from the first device.

[0097] In box 1120, the second device generates an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping the bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols.

[0098] In box 1130, the second device generates a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation signal.

[0099] At frame 1140, the second device sends a second signal to the first device.

[0100] In some example embodiments, the second device is also configured to: determine parameters based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected signals to non-reflected signals; and map bits to multiple symbols based on the parameters.

[0101] In some example embodiments, the second device is configured to send information indicating parameters to the first device.

[0102] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d(2*i) = (1 - (1 - q) * (1 - b(i))) and d(2*i+1) = (1 - (1 - q) * b(i)), where d(2*i) represents one of the multiple symbols, d(2*i+1) represents another of the multiple symbols, b(i) represents a bit, q represents a parameter, and i It is an integer.

[0103] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, then the multiple symbols are q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, then the multiple symbols are 1 and q.

[0104] In some example embodiments, bits are mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d(2*i)=(1-(1+q)*(1-b(i))), d(2*i+1)=(1-(1+q)*b(i)), where d(2*i) represents one of the multiple symbols, d(2*i+1) represents another of the multiple symbols, b(i) represents a bit, and q represents a parameter.

[0105] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, then multiple symbols are -q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, then multiple symbols are 1 and -q.

[0106] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates the first bit, then the multiple symbols are q and q, and if the bit indicates the second bit, then the multiple symbols are 1 and 1.

[0107] In some example embodiments, the second device is made to generate the second signal by: s(t) = d_i(t) * s_r(t), where s(t) represents the second signal, s_r(t) represents the first signal, d(i) represents the modulation symbol, and for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration, d_i(t) = d(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i), t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i), or d_i(t) = 0, and i is an integer.

[0108] In some example embodiments, the second device is also configured to: determine multiple parameters based on the device’s modulation capability of the ratio of reflected signals to non-reflected signals, and generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to multiple symbols based on the multiple parameters.

[0109] In some example embodiments, if a pair of bits indicates {0, 0}, then the plurality of symbols are {1, q1, q2}, where if a pair of bits indicates {0, 1}, then the plurality of symbols are {1, q1, q2}, where if a pair of bits indicates {1, 0}, then the plurality of symbols are {q2, q1, q1}, and where if a pair of bits indicates {1, 1}, then the plurality of symbols are {q2, q1, 1}, and where q2 represents one of the plurality of parameters and q1 represents another of the plurality of parameters.

[0110] Figure 12 A flowchart of a communication method 1200 implemented at a second device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For example, method 1200 can be implemented in, for example... Figures 3A to 3E This is implemented at the IoT device 110 shown (e.g., an IoT tag).

[0111] At frame 1210, the second device receives the first signal from the first device.

[0112] In box 1220, the second device generates on-keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols.

[0113] In box 1230, the second device generates a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals.

[0114] At frame 1240, the second device sends a second signal to the first device.

[0115] In some example embodiments, the second device is configured to: determine parameters based on the device’s modulation capability of the ratio of reflected signals to non-reflected signals; and map a pair of bits to multiple symbols based on the parameters.

[0116] In some example embodiments, the second device is configured to send information indicating multiple parameters to another device.

[0117] In some example embodiments, a pair of bits is mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d1(i)=(1-(1-q)*(1-b(2*i))), d2(i)=b(2*i+1), where d1(i) represents one of the multiple symbols, d2(i) represents another of the multiple symbols, b(2*i) represents one of the bits in the pair, b(2*i+1) represents another of the bits in the pair, and q represents a parameter.

[0118] In some example embodiments, the second device is made to generate the second signal by: s(t) = dx_i(t) * cos(2 * pi * df * d2_i(t)) * s_r(t), where s(t) represents the second signal, s_r(t) represents the first signal, d(i) represents the modulation symbol, and for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration, dx_i(t) = dx(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i), t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i), or dx_i(t) = 0, where x is 1 or 2.

[0119] Figure 13 This is a simplified block diagram of a device 1300 suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Device 1300 can be considered as follows: Figures 3A to 3E Another example implementation of any of the devices shown. Thus, device 1100 may be implemented or at least a part thereof at IoT device 110, network device 120, intermediate node 130, auxiliary node 140, or terminal device 150.

[0120] As shown in the figure, device 1300 includes a processor 1310, a memory 1320 coupled to the processor 1310, a suitable transceiver 1340 coupled to the processor 1310, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1340. The memory 1320 stores at least a portion of a program 1330. The transceiver 1340 can be used for required bidirectional or unidirectional communication. The transceiver 1340 may include at least one of a transmitter 1342 and a receiver 1344. The transmitter 1342 and receiver 1344 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1340 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication; however, in practice, the access node mentioned in this application may have several antennas. The communication interface can represent any interface required for communication with other network elements, such as the X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communication between eNBs / gNBs, the S1 / NG interface for communication between the Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, the Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and the Relay Node (RN), or the Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and the terminal equipment.

[0121] Assume that program 1330 includes program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1310, enable device 1300 to operate according to embodiments of this disclosure, as referenced herein. Figures 1 to 12 The embodiments discussed herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1310 of device 1300, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1310 may be configured to implement various embodiments of this disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1310 and the memory 1320 may form a processing unit 1350 suitable for implementing various embodiments of this disclosure.

[0122] Memory 1320 can be of any type suitable for a local technology network and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as, as non-limiting examples, non-transitory computer-readable storage media, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory, and removable memory. Although only one memory 1320 is shown in device 1300, several physically different memory modules may exist in device 1300. As a non-limiting example, processor 1310 can be of any type suitable for a local technology network and may include one or more of the following: general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, microprocessor, digital signal processor (DSP), and processor based on a multi-core processor architecture. Device 1300 may have multiple processors, such as application-specific integrated circuit chips that are time-dependent on a clock synchronized with a main processor.

[0123] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a first device including a circuit system is provided. The circuit system is configured to: determine a parameter for satisfying a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameter; and transmit the on / off keying modulation signal to the second device. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the circuit system can be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device, as described above.

[0124] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a second device including a circuit system is provided. The circuit system is configured to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the circuit system can be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device, as described above.

[0125] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a second device including a circuit system is provided. The circuit system is configured to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the circuit system can be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device, as described above.

[0126] As used herein, the term "circuit system" can refer to hardware circuitry and / or a combination of hardware circuitry and software. For example, a circuit system can be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuitry with software / firmware. As another example, a circuit system can be any part of a hardware processor with software, including (multiple) digital signal processors, software, and (multiple) memories, which work together to enable a device, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In yet another example, a circuit system can be hardware circuitry and / or a processor that requires software / firmware to operate, such as a microprocessor or a portion thereof, but which may be absent when software is not required to operate. As used herein, the term circuit system also encompasses an implementation of hardware circuitry or (multiple) processors alone, or a portion thereof, and its accompanying software and / or firmware.

[0127] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus includes: components for determining parameters for satisfying a minimum required power for signal detection at a second apparatus; components for generating an on / off keyed modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameters; and components for transmitting the on / off keyed modulation signal to the second apparatus. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may include components for performing corresponding operations of method 1000. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may also include components for performing other operations in some example embodiments of method 1000. This component may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the component may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module.

[0128] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus includes: components for receiving a first signal from a first apparatus; components for generating an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; components for generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation signal; and components for transmitting the second signal to the first apparatus. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may include components for performing corresponding operations of method 1100. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may also include components for performing other operations in some example embodiments of method 1100. This component may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the component may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module.

[0129] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus includes: components for receiving a first signal from a first apparatus; components for generating an on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; components for generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal; and components for transmitting the second signal to the first apparatus. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may include components for performing corresponding operations of method 1200. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may also include components for performing other operations in some example embodiments of method 1200. This component may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the component may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module.

[0130] In summary, the embodiments of this disclosure provide the following aspects.

[0131] In one aspect, a first device is proposed, comprising: a processor configured to cause the first device to: determine parameters for satisfying a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generate an on / off keyed modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameters; and transmit the on / off keyed modulation signal to the second device.

[0132] In some embodiments, the complex value symbol is normalized to 1 based on the parameter.

[0133] In some embodiments, the first device is configured to multiply a transmit block including complex-valued symbols by an amplitude scaling factor to satisfy a transmit power, and wherein the first device is configured to transmit an on / off keying modulation signal based on the transmit power.

[0134] In some embodiments, the first device is configured to map the on / off keying modulation signal to resource elements allocated for on / off keying modulation in ascending order of the index of the resource elements.

[0135] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to a complex value symbol as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+(1-p)^2)*[(1-p*(1-b(i)))+j(1-p*(1-b(i)))], where d(i) represents a complex value symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0136] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is (1-p)+j(1-p), and if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0137] In some embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1 + (1-p)^2) * [(1-p * b(i)) + j(1-p * b(i))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0138] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is (1-p)+j(1-p), and if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0139] In some embodiments, bits are mapped to complex-valued symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i)))+j(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i)))], where d(i) represents a complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0140] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is q+jq, and if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0141] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to a complex value symbol as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1-q)*b(i))+j(1-(1-q)*b(i))], where d(i) represents a complex value symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, and j represents a complex value.

[0142] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is q+jq, and if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0143] In some embodiments, bits are mapped to complex symbols as follows: d(i) = 1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1+q)*b(i))+j(1-(1+q)*b(i))], where d(i) represents a complex symbol, b(i) represents a bit, p represents a parameter, j represents a complex value, and i is an integer.

[0144] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex value symbol is (-qj q), and if the bit indicates 0, the complex value symbol is 1+j.

[0145] In one aspect, a second device is proposed, comprising: a processor configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.

[0146] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to: determine parameters based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected signals to non-reflected signals; and map bits to multiple symbols based on the parameters.

[0147] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to send information indicating parameters to the first device.

[0148] In some embodiments, bits are mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d(2*i)=(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i))), and d(2*i+1)=(1-(1-q)*b(i)), where d(2*i) represents one of the multiple symbols, d(2*i+1) represents another of the multiple symbols, b(i) represents a bit, and q represents a parameter.

[0149] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the multiple symbols are q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, the multiple symbols are 1 and q.

[0150] In some embodiments, bits are mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d(2*i) = (1 - (1 + q) * (1 - b(i))), d(2*i + 1) = (1 - (1 + q) * b(i)), where d(2*i) represents one of the multiple symbols, d(2*i + 1) represents another of the multiple symbols, b(i) represents a bit, and q represents a parameter. i It is an integer.

[0151] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the multiple symbols are -q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, the multiple symbols are 1 and -q.

[0152] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates the first bit, then the multiple symbols are q and q, and if the bit indicates the second bit, then the multiple symbols are 1 and 1.

[0153] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to generate a second signal by: s(t) = d_i(t) * s_r(t), where s(t) represents the second signal, s_r(t) represents the first signal, d(i) represents the modulation symbol, and for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration, d_i(t) = d(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i), t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i), or d_i(t) = 0, and i It is an integer.

[0154] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to: determine a plurality of parameters based on the device’s modulation capability of the ratio of reflected signals to non-reflected signals, and generate an on / off keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to a plurality of symbols based on the plurality of parameters.

[0155] In some embodiments, if a pair of bits indicates {0, 0}, then the plurality of symbols are {1, q1, q2}, where if a pair of bits indicates {0, 1}, then the plurality of symbols are {1, q1, q2}, where if a pair of bits indicates {1, 0}, then the plurality of symbols are {q2, q1, q1}, and where if a pair of bits indicates {1, 1}, then the plurality of symbols are {q2, q1, 1}, and where q2 represents one of the plurality of parameters and q1 represents another of the plurality of parameters.

[0156] In one aspect, a second device is proposed, comprising: a processor configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.

[0157] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to: determine parameters based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected signals to non-reflected signals; and map a pair of bits to multiple symbols based on the parameters.

[0158] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to send information indicating multiple parameters to the first device.

[0159] In some embodiments, a pair of bits is mapped to multiple symbols as follows: d1(i) = (1 - (1 - q) * (1 - b(2 * i))), d2(i) = b(2 * i + 1), where d1(i) represents one of the multiple symbols, d2(i) represents another of the multiple symbols, b(2 * i) represents one of the bits in the pair, b(2 * i + 1) represents another of the bits in the pair, q represents a parameter, and i is an integer.

[0160] In some embodiments, the second device is configured to generate a second signal by: s(t) = dx_i(t) * cos(2 * pi * df * d2_i(t)) * s_r(t), where s(t) represents the second signal, s_r(t) represents the first signal, d(i) represents the modulation symbol, and for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration, dx_i(t) = dx(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i), t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i), or dx_i(t) = 0, x is 1 or 2, and i It is an integer.

[0161] In one aspect, a device includes: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to perform a method implemented by the device, as described above.

[0162] In one aspect, a computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform a method implemented by a device, as described above.

[0163] In one aspect, a computer program includes instructions that, when executed on at least one processor, cause at least one processor to perform a method implemented by a device, as described above.

[0164] Generally, the various embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented in hardware or dedicated circuitry, software, logic, or any combination thereof. Some aspects can be implemented in hardware, while others can be implemented in firmware or software that can be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device. Although various aspects of the embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other graphical representation, it should be understood that, as non-limiting examples, the blocks, apparatuses, systems, techniques, or methods described herein can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, dedicated circuitry or logic, general-purpose hardware or controllers or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0165] This disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions that execute in a device on a target real or virtual processor, such as those included in a program module, to perform the above-referenced... Figures 1 to 13 The process or method described herein. Typically, a program module includes routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, etc., that perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. In various embodiments, the functionality of a program module can be combined or split among program modules as needed. The machine-executable instructions for a program module can be executed on a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, a program module can reside on both local and remote storage media.

[0166] Program code used to perform the methods of this disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. This program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that, when executed by the processor or controller, the program code enables the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may be executed entirely on a machine, partially on a machine, as a stand-alone software package, partially on a machine and partially on a remote machine, or entirely on a remote machine or server.

[0167] The aforementioned program code may be embodied on a machine-readable medium, which may be any tangible medium capable of containing or storing a program used by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine-readable medium may be a machine-readable signal medium or a machine-readable storage medium. Machine-readable media may include, but are not limited to, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor systems, apparatus, or devices, or any suitable combination thereof. More specific examples of machine-readable storage media will include electrical connections having one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fibers, portable optical disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0168] Furthermore, although the operations are described in a specific order, this should not be construed as requiring that these operations be performed in the specific order shown or sequentially, or that all the operations shown be performed to achieve the desired result. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Similarly, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussion, these details should not be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments. Certain features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, multiple features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented individually or in any suitable sub-combination in multiple embodiments.

[0169] Although this disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological actions, it should be understood that the disclosure as defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or actions described above. Rather, the specific features and actions described above are disclosed as exemplary forms for implementing the claims.

Claims

1. A first device, comprising: The processor is configured to cause the first device to: Determine the parameters required to meet the minimum power needed for signal detection at the second device; An on / off keying modulation signal is generated by mapping the bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameters. as well as The on / off key modulation signal is sent to the second device.

2. The first device according to claim 1, wherein the complex value symbol is normalized to 1 based on the parameter.

3. The first device according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the bit is mapped to the complex value symbol by: d(i)=1 / sqrt(1+q^2)*[(1-(1+q)*b(i))+j(1-(1+q)*b(i))], in d(i) Represents the complex value symbol, b(i) Let p represent the bit, j represent the parameter, and j represent the complex value. i It is an integer.

4. The first device according to claim 3, wherein if the bit indicates 1, then the complex value symbol is (-q-). j q), and If the bit indicates 0, then the complex value symbol is 1+ j .

5. A second device, comprising: The processor is configured to cause the second device to: Receive the first signal from the first device; An on / off keyed modulation signal is generated by mapping the bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols; The second signal is generated based on the first signal and the on / off key modulation signal; as well as Send the second signal to the first device.

6. The second device according to claim 5, wherein the second device is further configured to: The parameters are determined based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected to non-reflected signals; and The bits are mapped to the plurality of symbols based on the parameters.

7. The second device according to claim 6, wherein the second device is configured to: Send information indicating the parameters to the first device.

8. The second device according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the bits are mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d(2*i)=(1-(1-q)*(1-b(i))) ,and d(2*i+1)=(1-(1-q)*b(i)) , in d(2*i) This represents one of the plurality of symbols. d(2*i+1) To represent another symbol among the plurality of symbols, b(i) Let q represent the bit, q represent the parameter, and i be an integer.

9. The second device according to claim 8, wherein if the bit indicates 0, then the plurality of symbols are q and 1, and If the bit indicates 1, then the plurality of symbols are 1 and q.

10. The second device according to claim 5, wherein if the bit indicates the first bit, then the plurality of symbols are q and q, and If the bit indicates a second bit, then the plurality of symbols are 1 and 1.

11. The second device according to any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein the second device is configured to generate the second signal by: s(t) = d_i(t) * s_r(t) ， in s(t) This indicates the second signal. s_r(t) This indicates the first signal. d(i) Let d_i represent the modulation symbol, and for any t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration, d_i(t) = d(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for the modulation symbol d(i), and t_i^duration represents the duration for the modulation symbol d(i), or d_i(t) = 0. i It is an integer.

12. The second device according to claim 5, wherein the second device is further configured to: Multiple parameters are determined based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected to non-reflected signals, and The on / off keying modulation signal is generated by mapping a pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the plurality of parameters.

13. A second device, comprising: The processor is configured to cause the second device to: Receive the first signal from the first device; On-key modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals are generated by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols; The second signal is generated based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals; as well as Send the second signal to the first device.

14. The second device according to claim 13, wherein the second device is made to: The parameters are determined based on the device's modulation capability of the ratio of reflected to non-reflected signals; and The pair of bits is mapped to the plurality of symbols based on the parameters.

15. The second device according to any one of claims 13 to 14, wherein the pair of bits is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d1(i)=(1-(1-q)*(1-b(2*i))), d2(i)=b(2*i+1) ， in d1(i) This represents one of the plurality of symbols. d2(i) To represent another symbol among the plurality of symbols, b(2*i) This represents one bit in the pair of bits. b(2*i+1) q represents the other bit in the pair of bits, i represents the parameter, and i is an integer.

16. The second device according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the second device is configured to generate the second signal by: s(t)=dx_i(t)*cos(2*pi*df*d2_i(t))*s_r(t) ， in s(t) This indicates the second signal. s_r(t) This indicates the first signal. d(i) Let d be a modulation symbol, and for any t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration, dx_i(t) = dx(i), where t_i^start represents the start time for modulation symbol d(i) and t_i^duration represents the duration for modulation symbol d(i), or dx_i(t) = 0, where x is 1 or 2. i It is an integer.

17. A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising: Determine the parameters required to meet the minimum power needed for signal detection at the second device; An on / off keying modulation signal is generated by mapping the bits to be transmitted to complex-valued symbols based on the parameters. as well as The on / off key modulation signal is sent to the second device.

18. A communication method implemented at a second device, comprising: Receive the first signal from the first device; An on / off keyed modulation signal is generated by mapping the bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols; The second signal is generated based on the first signal and the on / off key modulation signal; as well as Send the second signal to the first device.

19. A communication method implemented at a second device, comprising: Receive the first signal from the first device; On-key modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals are generated by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to multiple symbols; The second signal is generated based on the first signal and the on / off keying modulation and frequency shift keying modulation signals; as well as Send the second signal to the first device.

20. A computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 17 to 19.

Images