A solar interface evaporator, a solar interface evaporation device and application thereof

Abstract

This invention proposes a solar interface evaporator, a solar interface evaporation device, and their applications. The solar interface evaporator includes an insulated water supply support, a photothermal conversion element, a first hydrophobic layer, and a second hydrophobic layer. The insulated water supply support floats on the water surface and is non-uniformly loaded with photothermal conversion material. The photothermal conversion element is positioned above the insulated water supply support and is a columnar structure with a cavity extending along the height of the columnar structure and penetrating it. The first hydrophobic layer is located on the side of the photothermal conversion element facing away from the insulated water supply support, and the second hydrophobic layer is located on the side of the insulated water supply support facing the photothermal conversion element, situated on the outer periphery of the photothermal conversion element. Through the coordinated operation of its components, the solar interface evaporator of this invention can be used for seawater desalination, salt recovery, water-induced power generation, and photocatalytic degradation of wastewater.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of evaporator technology, and in particular to a solar interface evaporator, a solar interface evaporation device, and their applications. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional water treatment technologies, including electrodialysis, ion exchange, and membrane processes, are often limited by high energy consumption and high equipment costs. In recent years, solar energy has been widely used in power generation, heating, environmental sustainability, and agricultural production. Photothermal evaporation technology, which utilizes solar energy to produce clean water, has become an active research topic in the field of seawater desalination.

[0003] Solar-driven interfacial evaporation uses solar energy as the sole energy input. Through special materials and structural design, it concentrates energy at the gas-liquid interface to achieve local photothermal conversion and interfacial phase change, thereby converting seawater into freshwater. It has advantages such as low carbon footprint, high efficiency, and cleanliness.

[0004] However, during seawater evaporation, continuous vaporization of water leads to salt accumulation and crystallization at the evaporation interface. Under high salinity or long-term operating conditions, salt crystals can form on the evaporator, covering the photothermal layer and blocking internal water transport channels, resulting in decreased evaporation efficiency. Furthermore, most solar evaporation devices will stop operating in the absence of sunlight. To address these issues, by selecting appropriate photothermal materials and optimizing the evaporation device structure, solar thermal evaporation systems can be combined with energy harvesting technologies to simultaneously generate clean water and electricity, while recovering salt, achieving higher energy conversion rates and resource recovery. However, most integrated solar thermal evaporation systems are often assembled from complex and inflexible independent modules, which negatively impacts solar evaporation and power generation efficiency.

[0005] Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide a multifunctional solar interface evaporator with high water evaporation rate and efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the problem of low water evaporation rate and efficiency in existing solar interface evaporation devices, this invention provides a solar interface evaporator, a solar interface evaporation device, and its multifunctional applications.

[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a solar interface evaporator, comprising a heat-insulating water supply support, a photothermal conversion component, a first hydrophobic layer and a second hydrophobic layer, wherein the heat-insulating water supply support floats on the water surface and the heat-insulating water supply support is non-uniformly loaded with a photothermal conversion material. The photothermal conversion element is disposed above the heat-insulating water supply support element. The photothermal conversion element is a columnar structural element with a cavity. The cavity extends along the height direction of the columnar structural element and penetrates the columnar structural element. The first hydrophobic layer is disposed on the side of the photothermal conversion element away from the heat insulation water supply support, and the second hydrophobic layer is disposed on the side of the heat insulation water supply support facing the photothermal conversion element and is located on the outer periphery of the photothermal conversion element.

[0008] Optionally, the photothermal conversion element includes a support layer and a film layer loaded with a photothermal conversion material. The film layer includes a first film layer and a second film layer, and the first film layer, the support layer, and the second film layer are arranged sequentially in a direction away from the cavity.

[0009] Optionally, the height of the photothermal conversion component is 1~3cm, and the height of the heat-insulating water supply support component is 1.2~1.5cm.

[0010] Optionally, the heat-insulating water supply support includes a first support portion and two second support portions, the first support portion and the second support portions are arranged along the height direction, and the first support portion is disposed between the two second support portions; The first support portion includes a first porous aerogel and graphene oxide distributed in the first porous aerogel; The second support includes a second porous aerogel and a photothermal conversion material distributed in the second porous aerogel.

[0011] Optionally, the mass ratio of the graphene oxide to the first porous aerogel is (15~30):(25~50). And / or, the mass ratio of the photothermal conversion material to the second porous aerogel is (15~30):(25~50).

[0012] Optionally, in the second support portion, the photothermal conversion material is non-uniformly distributed in the second porous aerogel.

[0013] Optionally, the solar interface evaporator further includes a first electrode and a second electrode for connection with a wire. The first electrode is disposed on the side of the heat-insulating water supply support facing the photothermal conversion element, and the second electrode is disposed on the side of the heat-insulating water supply support away from the photothermal conversion element. The projections of the first electrode and the second electrode on the heat-insulating water supply support are arranged opposite to each other.

[0014] Optionally, the solar interface evaporator further includes a plurality of membranes loaded with photothermal conversion materials, the plurality of membranes being adhered to the side of the heat-insulating water supply support opposite to the photothermal conversion material, and the membranes extending along the height direction.

[0015] Secondly, the present invention also provides a solar interface evaporation device, including the solar interface evaporator and a base, wherein the base is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the heat-insulating water supply support is disposed in the through holes.

[0016] Thirdly, the present invention also provides the application of the solar interface evaporator described in any of the above claims in seawater desalination, salt recovery, water-induced power generation, and photocatalytic degradation of wastewater.

[0017] In this invention, the insulated water supply support is internally loaded with a non-uniform photothermal conversion material. This allows it to simultaneously provide capillary water supply channels and create a longitudinal temperature gradient and ion gradient distribution / transport. This results in an electric double layer (EDL) at the interface between the fluid within the support and the channel walls. When evaporation carries water molecules through these capillary channels, the transport of oppositely charged ions generates an EDL gradient, which in turn produces voltage and current. This allows the solar interface evaporator to be used for water-induced power generation. Simultaneously, the insulated water supply support floats on the water surface, enabling photothermal evaporation and the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in the water through the internally loaded photothermal conversion material.

[0018] By designing the photothermal conversion element as a columnar structure with a through-cavity, a three-dimensional evaporation interface is formed, expanding the effective evaporation area and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. The channel formed through the cavity exposes part of the surface of the heat-insulating water supply support, which can accelerate the discharge of evaporating steam and prevent steam from accumulating on the surface of the photothermal conversion element, further improving the evaporation rate. At the same time, the 3D design of the columnar structure can utilize its wall surface to reabsorb energy lost through diffuse scattering and thermal radiation, breaking through the evaporation rate limit of the 2D evaporation system and improving energy utilization efficiency.

[0019] By setting a first hydrophobic layer on top of the photothermal conversion element, the liquid film is restricted from spreading in the central region, forcing the evaporation front to migrate towards the edge. A second hydrophobic layer is set on the upper surface of the insulated water supply support and around the periphery of the photothermal conversion element, forming a radial hydrophobic boundary. When seawater evaporation causes salt accumulation, the salt will not adhere to the effective areas of the photothermal conversion element and the insulated water supply support, but will preferentially crystallize in the hydrophobic area, facilitating subsequent salt collection and enabling autonomous salt management. This avoids the problems of salt crystallization clogging the water supply channel and reducing light absorption efficiency, ensuring the long-term stable operation of the evaporator. It also enables simultaneous salt collection during seawater desalination, forming a green and cost-effective way to recover natural mineral resources. Furthermore, the hydrophobic layer enhances the mechanical strength of the insulated water supply support and effectively avoids the need for close arrangement of the photothermal conversion elements in large-scale practical applications. This fully utilizes the advantages of the three-dimensional evaporation interface formed by the photothermal conversion element, achieving a larger effective evaporation area and full utilization of environmental heat, thereby improving evaporation performance.

[0020] In summary, this application achieves high efficiency in 3D photothermal evaporation through the coordinated operation of various components, while initially solving the salt crystallization problem. This lays the structural foundation for the simultaneous realization of salt collection and power generation. Furthermore, the overall structure is simple, the preparation process is convenient, and it is easy to scale up production and apply in practice. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar interface evaporator provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar interface evaporator provided in another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar interface evaporator provided in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the photothermal conversion element of a solar interface evaporator provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is an electron microscope image of a heat-insulating water supply support component for a solar interface evaporator provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar interface evaporation device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is an outdoor image of a solar thermal evaporation device provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8 These are schematic diagrams of the evaporation performance tests of the solar interface evaporators in Comparative Examples 1-3. (a) is the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 2; (b) is the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 1; and (c) is the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 3. Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram showing the change of evaporation mass over time in the performance test of the photothermal conversion of the solar interface evaporators in Comparative Examples 1-3. Figure 10 This is a graph showing the temperature changes at various locations of the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 1 under sunlight. Figure 11 The images show infrared thermal images of various locations of the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 1 during the photothermal conversion test. Figure 12 This is a graph showing the change in evaporation rate during a cyclic experiment of the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 1. Figure 13 This is a test graph showing the change of evaporation mass over time under different light intensities in the performance test of the solar interface evaporator of Comparative Example 1 during photothermal conversion. Figure 14This is a test graph showing the change of evaporation mass over time in the performance test of the solar interface evaporators of Comparative Examples 1 and 4 during photothermal conversion. Figure 15 This is a test graph showing the change in evaporation mass over time of the solar interface evaporator in NaCl solutions with concentrations of 10 wt% and 20 wt%. Figure 16 Temperature variation diagram at various locations of the solar interface evaporator in Example 1 under sunlight; Figure 17 These are infrared thermal images of various locations of the solar interface evaporator in Example 1 during photothermal conversion testing. Figure 18 These are images of the solar interface evaporator of Example 1 during the evaporation process of high-concentration brine; Figure 19 This is a graph showing the change in absorbance over time of the solar interface evaporator in methylene blue solution in Example 3. Figure 20 This is a graph showing the change in absorbance over time of the solar interface evaporator in tetracycline solution in Example 3. Figure 21 The output voltage test diagrams of the solar interface evaporators of Example 1 and Comparative Example 4, respectively, were immersed in water under no light conditions. Figure 22 The output voltage test diagrams of the solar interface evaporators of Examples 1 and 2, respectively, were immersed in water under no light conditions. Figure 23 This is a test diagram of the output voltage of a solar interface evaporator in Example 2 under sunlight and no sunlight. Figure 24 This is a test diagram of the output voltage and current of a solar interface evaporator in Example 2 under sunlight and no sunlight. Figure 25 This is a test diagram of the output voltage of the nine solar interface evaporators integrated array in Example 2 under sunlight and no sunlight. Figure 26 This is a test diagram of the output voltage and current of the nine solar interface evaporators integrated array in Example 2 under sunlight and no sunlight. Figure 27 This is a test diagram of the nine solar interface evaporators integrated into an array in Example 2, which power an electronic clock under sunlight. Figure 28 This is a test graph showing the synchronous photothermal evaporation rate and voltage output of a solar interface evaporator in Example 2 during a 60-hour continuous test; Figure 29This is a test diagram of simultaneous salt collection during a 60-hour continuous test of a solar interface evaporator in Example 2.

[0022] The reference numerals in the accompanying drawings are as follows: 1. Photothermal conversion component; 11. First hydrophobic layer; 12. Support layer; 13. First membrane layer; 14. Second membrane layer; 2. Insulated water supply support component; 21. Second hydrophobic layer; 22. Upper surface; 23. Lower surface; 3. Membrane sheet; 4. Base; 5. Condensate collection tank; 6. Transparent condensate cover. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0024] To illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, specific embodiments are described below.

[0025] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a solar interface evaporator, which includes a photothermal conversion component 1, a first hydrophobic layer 11, a heat-insulating water supply support component 2, and a second hydrophobic layer 21. The heat-insulating water supply support component 2 floats on the water surface, and the heat-insulating water supply support component 2 is non-uniformly loaded with photothermal conversion material. The photothermal conversion element 1 is disposed above the heat insulation water supply support 2. The photothermal conversion element 1 is a columnar structural member with a cavity. The cavity extends along the height direction of the columnar structural member and penetrates the columnar structural member. The first hydrophobic layer 11 is disposed on the side of the photothermal conversion element 1 facing away from the heat insulation water supply support 2, and the second hydrophobic layer 21 is disposed on the side of the heat insulation water supply support 2 facing the photothermal conversion element 1 and is located on the outer periphery of the photothermal conversion element 1.

[0026] Specifically, the heat-insulating water supply support 2 includes an upper surface 22 and a lower surface 23, and the photothermal conversion component 1 is disposed on the upper surface 22.

[0027] In this embodiment of the invention, the heat-insulated water supply support 2 is internally loaded with a non-uniform photothermal conversion material. This allows it to create a longitudinal temperature gradient and ion gradient distribution / transmission while providing capillary water supply channels. This results in the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) at the interface between the fluid within the heat-insulated water supply support 2 and the channel walls. When water molecules pass through these capillary water supply channels, the transport of oppositely charged ions within the channels generates an EDL gradient, thereby producing voltage and current. This allows the solar interface evaporator to be used for water-induced power generation. Simultaneously, the heat-insulated water supply support 2 floats on the water surface, enabling photothermal evaporation and the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in the water through the photothermal conversion material loaded within it.

[0028] By designing the photothermal conversion element 1 as a columnar structure with a through-cavity, a three-dimensional evaporation interface is formed, expanding the effective evaporation area and improving the solar energy utilization efficiency. The channel formed through the cavity exposes the upper surface 22 of the heat-insulating water supply support element 2, which can accelerate the discharge of evaporating steam and prevent steam from accumulating on the surface of the photothermal conversion element 1, further improving the evaporation rate. At the same time, the 3D design of the columnar structure can utilize its wall surface to reabsorb the energy lost by diffuse scattering and thermal radiation, breaking through the evaporation rate limit of the 2D evaporation system and improving energy utilization efficiency.

[0029] By setting a first hydrophobic layer 11 on the top of the photothermal conversion element 1, the liquid film is restricted from spreading in the central region, forcing the evaporation front to migrate towards the edge. By setting a second hydrophobic layer 21 on the upper surface 22 of the insulated water supply support 2 and on the outer periphery of the photothermal conversion element 1, a radial hydrophobic boundary is formed. When seawater evaporation causes salt accumulation, the salt will not adhere to the effective area of ​​the photothermal conversion element 1 and the insulated water supply support 2, but will preferentially crystallize in the hydrophobic area, facilitating subsequent salt collection, realizing autonomous salt management, avoiding the problem of salt crystallization clogging the water supply channel and reducing light absorption efficiency, and ensuring the long-term stable operation of the evaporator. This achieves simultaneous salt collection during seawater desalination, forming a green and low-cost way to recover natural mineral resources. Furthermore, the hydrophobic layer can enhance the mechanical strength of the insulated water supply support 2, and at the same time, it can effectively avoid the close arrangement of the photothermal conversion elements 1 in large-scale practical applications, giving full play to the advantages of the three-dimensional evaporation interface formed by the photothermal conversion elements 1, achieving a larger effective evaporation area and full utilization of environmental heat, thereby improving evaporation performance.

[0030] In summary, this application achieves high efficiency in 3D photothermal evaporation through the coordinated operation of various components, while initially solving the salt crystallization problem. This lays the structural foundation for the simultaneous realization of salt collection and power generation. Furthermore, the overall structure is simple, the preparation process is convenient, and it is easy to scale up production and apply in practice.

[0031] Specifically, the photothermal conversion component 1 can be a cylindrical structure or a prism structure, and the prism structure can be a triangular prism, a quadrangular prism, a pentagonal prism, a hexagonal prism, a heptagonal prism, or an octagonal prism.

[0032] The first hydrophobic layer 11 and the second hydrophobic layer 21 include, but are not limited to, epoxy resin.

[0033] The solar thermal conversion element 1 and the heat-insulating water supply support element 2 are arranged on the same axis to keep the solar interface evaporator balanced. The solar thermal conversion element 1 is a cylindrical structure, and the diameter of the cylindrical structure is smaller than the diameter of the heat-insulating water supply support element 2. Specifically, the diameter of the solar thermal conversion element 1 is 2~2.55cm, and the diameter of the heat-insulating water supply support element 2 is 4.8~6cm.

[0034] like Figure 4 As shown, in some embodiments of the present invention, the photothermal conversion element 1 includes a support layer 12 and a film layer loaded with a photothermal conversion material. The film layer includes a first film layer 13 and a second film layer 14. The first film layer 13, the support layer 12 and the second film layer 14 are arranged sequentially in a direction away from the cavity.

[0035] By placing the second film layer 14 on the outermost side to directly receive radiation from the surrounding environment, i.e., absorbing air heat through the cold radiation surface to enhance evaporation; and by centrally arranging the support layer 12 to form a sandwich structure of "film-support-film", the structural stability and mechanical strength of the photothermal conversion element 1 are improved, while both sides of the photothermal conversion element 1 can carry out photothermal conversion and water evaporation, significantly increasing the light absorption area and evaporation area, and further improving the evaporation rate; at the same time, the double-layer film structure formed by the first film layer 13 can reduce light transmission and reflection, improve solar energy utilization, and enable the light absorption efficiency of the photothermal conversion element 1 to reach a higher level, helping to break through the evaporation rate limit of the 2D evaporation system.

[0036] Specifically, the support layer 12 can be selected from nylon mesh, and the first film layer 13 and the second film layer 14 are selected from dust-free paper films loaded with photothermal conversion materials. The first film layer 13 and the second film layer 14 are bonded to the support layer 12 with polyvinylimide to form a laminate, and then the laminate is used to surround the photothermal conversion member 1 with the specific structure described above.

[0037] Specifically, the preparation method of the film layer loaded with photothermal conversion material includes the following steps: 300-500 mg of photothermal material is ultrasonically dispersed in 100-150 mL of deionized water; a 6-8 cm × 6-8 cm piece of clean paper is immersed in the above solution for 30-60 min; and then dried at a temperature of 60-80 °C. This process is repeated three times to obtain the film layer loaded with photothermal conversion material.

[0038] In some embodiments of the present invention, the height of the photothermal conversion element 1 is 1~3cm, and the height of the heat insulation water supply support element 2 is 1.2~1.5cm.

[0039] By limiting the height of the photothermal conversion element 1 to within the range of 1-3 cm, it ensures sufficient light-receiving surface area and optical path length while avoiding excessive heat dissipation caused by intensified air convection within the cavity due to excessive height. By setting the height of the insulated water supply support 2 to 1.2-1.5 cm, it provides stable support for the photothermal conversion element 1, ensuring the connection stability between the photothermal conversion element 1 and the insulated water supply support 2. On the other hand, sufficient thickness ensures that the insulated water supply support 2 has good thermal insulation performance, reducing the heat generated by the central evaporation area of ​​the upper surface 22 of the photothermal conversion element 1 and the insulated water supply support 2 from being transferred to the water below, reducing heat loss and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. At the same time, the appropriate thickness ensures that it has sufficient porous structure, realizing efficient capillary water transport and ensuring continuous water supply during the photothermal evaporation process.

[0040] In some embodiments of the present invention, the heat-insulating water supply support 2 includes a first support portion and two second support portions, the first support portion and the second support portions are arranged along the height direction, and the first support portion is arranged between the two second support portions; The first support portion includes a first porous aerogel and graphene oxide distributed in the first porous aerogel; The second support includes a second porous aerogel and a photothermal conversion material distributed in the second porous aerogel.

[0041] By optimizing the internal structure and material composition of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 and adopting a three-layer composite structure, not only are the structural stability, water absorption and heat insulation performance of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 improved, ensuring the continuous and stable operation of the photothermal evaporation process; but also by setting graphene oxide and photothermal conversion materials in the first support part and the second support part respectively, conditions are provided for the formation of gradient EDL, realizing the synergy of photothermal evaporation and water-induced power generation, laying the foundation for the multi-functional integration of the evaporator.

[0042] Specifically, asymmetric graphene oxide is introduced into the first support part. Since the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of GO are relatively abundant, a contact surface with the second support part with a functional group distribution of concentration gradient is formed, which further enhances the asymmetry of the heat insulation water supply support 2.

[0043] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of the graphene oxide to the first porous aerogel is (15~30):(25~50).

[0044] By controlling the mass ratio of graphene oxide to the first porous aerogel within the range of (15~30):(25~50), it is possible to ensure that graphene oxide is uniformly distributed in the first porous aerogel, forming an effective charge distribution, which provides a guarantee for the formation of gradient EDL and ensures the stability and power generation efficiency of water-induced power generation; at the same time, it is possible to avoid excessive proportion of graphene oxide, which would damage the porous structure of the first porous aerogel, ensuring its good water absorption and heat insulation performance, ensuring water conveyance and heat insulation effects, while controlling material costs and achieving a balance between power generation efficiency and water conveyance and heat insulation effects.

[0045] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of the photothermal conversion material to the second porous aerogel is (15~30):(25~50).

[0046] By controlling the mass ratio of photothermal conversion material to second porous aerogel within the range of (15~30):(25~50), it is possible to ensure that the second support has sufficient photothermal conversion capacity, assisting the photothermal conversion component 1 in improving the overall solar energy utilization efficiency and accelerating the evaporation rate; at the same time, it is possible to avoid the photothermal conversion material from being too high and damaging the structure of the second porous aerogel, ensuring its water absorption and heat insulation performance, ensuring the overall functional stability of the heat insulation water supply support component 2, while avoiding material waste and controlling production costs.

[0047] In some embodiments of the present invention, the photothermal conversion material is non-uniformly distributed in the second porous aerogel in the second support portion.

[0048] By optimizing the formation conditions of the gradient EDL through the non-uniform distribution of photothermal conversion material in the second support, the performance of water-induced power generation is significantly improved, achieving continuous and stable power output. At the same time, the formation of local temperature gradients accelerates the water transport speed, ensuring the continuous and efficient photothermal evaporation and improving the evaporation rate. In addition, this non-uniform distribution method does not require additional materials or complex processes; it can be achieved simply by adjusting the preparation process, simplifying the production process, reducing costs, and further enhancing the practicality and competitiveness of the equipment.

[0049] Specifically, the non-uniform distribution of photothermal conversion material in the second support section can be achieved by gravity or by adding different amounts of photothermal conversion material in segments.

[0050] Specifically, the preparation method of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 includes the following steps: Add 150-300 mg of photothermal material to 250-500 mg of sodium alginate, 250-500 mg of calcium carbonate, and 15-25 mL of deionized water, stir until well mixed, and label this mixture as colloid A. Let it stand.

[0051] Then, 150-300 mg of graphene oxide, 250-500 mg of sodium alginate, 250-500 mg of calcium carbonate, and 15-25 mL of deionized water are stirred until they are evenly mixed, and this mixture is denoted as colloid B.

[0052] Pour colloid B onto colloid A and let it stand for 3-4 hours. Then, prepare the same colloid A and pour it onto colloid B, letting it stand for another 3-4 hours. Next, dissolve 1-2 g of gluconolactone in 8-15 mL of deionized water and add it dropwise into the three colloid layers. Then, freeze vertically for 12-24 hours. Finally, freeze-dry for 48-60 hours to obtain the heat-insulating water supply support 2, where colloid A forms the second support part and colloid B forms the first support part.

[0053] Sodium alginate forms ionic crosslinks with calcium ions, giving colloids A and B good mechanical properties and creating a porous gel-like network structure in water. Figure 5 As shown, the aerogel of the thermal insulation water supply support 2 exhibits a rich porous structure with pore sizes ranging from micrometers to submicrometers, which is beneficial for water transport and salt ion exchange. Gluconolactone reacts with calcium carbonate to release calcium ions, resulting in ionic cross-linking and solidification of the sodium alginate gel. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is released, forming a porous aerogel during the freeze-drying process.

[0054] In some embodiments of the present invention, the solar interface evaporator further includes a first electrode and a second electrode for connection with a wire. The first electrode is disposed on the side of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 facing the photothermal conversion element 1, and the second electrode is disposed on the side of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 away from the photothermal conversion element 1. The projections of the first electrode and the second electrode on the heat-insulating water supply support 2 are arranged opposite to each other.

[0055] By setting up a first electrode and a second electrode, the electrical energy output of water-induced power generation is realized, enabling the evaporator to integrate photothermal evaporation and power generation functions, thus improving the versatility and practicality of the equipment. The reasonable layout and material selection of the electrodes ensure power generation efficiency and long-term stability, allowing the evaporator to generate electricity simultaneously during seawater desalination and wastewater treatment, achieving energy recovery and utilization, and reducing energy consumption. In addition, the electrode setting process is simple, requiring no complex additional devices, and has good synergy with the existing structure, without affecting the photothermal evaporation and salt collection functions of the evaporator.

[0056] Specifically, both the first and second electrodes are made of materials with excellent conductivity, corrosion resistance, and stability. Metal electrodes (such as gold or silver electrodes) or carbon-based electrodes (such as graphite electrodes) are preferred. The shape of the electrodes can be adjusted according to the shape of the heat-insulating water supply support 2, preferably circular or annular, to ensure sufficient contact area between the electrodes and the heat-insulating water supply support 2 and improve conductivity. The first and second electrodes are connected to an external circuit via wires, which can be used to collect and output the electrical energy generated by water-induced power generation. The wires are selected for their corrosion resistance and good conductivity to avoid corrosion from long-term contact with water, which could affect the stability of power generation. Alternatively, epoxy resin can be used to seal the wires and electrodes to avoid unnecessary corrosion and potential electrochemical reactions.

[0057] like Figure 1 As shown, in some embodiments of the present invention, the solar interface evaporator further includes a plurality of membranes 3 loaded with photothermal conversion material. The plurality of membranes 3 are adhered to the side of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 opposite to the photothermal conversion element 1, and the membranes 3 extend along the height direction. Specifically, the plurality of membranes 3 are arranged in a jellyfish tentacle structure on the lower surface 23 of the heat-insulating water supply support 2.

[0058] Loading photothermal conversion materials onto clean paper to form a film not only improves the dispersion of the photothermal conversion materials, effectively alleviating the sedimentation and aggregation problems of nanoparticles after photocatalytic degradation, but also increases the contact area with the reactants, ensuring that the holes and hydroxyl radicals generated during the photocatalytic process can be effectively transferred and separated, thus improving the photocatalytic activity. At the same time, it is easy to recycle and will not cause secondary pollution to water bodies.

[0059] Furthermore, in the above embodiments, the photothermal conversion material includes at least one of the following: iron(II,III) oxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material and iron(II,III) hydroxyl oxide / reduced graphene oxide / alumina composite material. Alternatively, the photothermal conversion material may be other commercially available materials.

[0060] like Figure 6 As shown, an embodiment of the present invention also provides a solar interface evaporation device, including the solar interface evaporator and a base 4, wherein the base 4 is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the heat insulation water supply support 2 is disposed in the through holes.

[0061] This solution, by incorporating base 4, significantly enhances the overall stability of the evaporator, preventing equipment shaking or drifting caused by external factors such as water flow and airflow, thus ensuring stable operation of functions such as photothermal evaporation, power generation, and salt collection. The through-hole design enables precise fixation and efficient water delivery of the insulated water supply support 2, improving the operational stability of the equipment. The integrated design of base 4 allows for the combined use of multiple evaporators, improving processing efficiency and expanding the application range of the equipment, making it suitable for large-scale seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, and other scenarios. At the same time, the protective function of base 4 extends the service life of the equipment and reduces maintenance costs.

[0062] Specifically, the base 4 can be made of polyethylene foam.

[0063] The shape of the base 4 can be adjusted according to the actual application scenario, preferably square or round, and its size can be adjusted according to the number and layout of the evaporators. The number of through holes on the base 4 is the same as the number of insulated water supply support members 2, and the size of the through holes matches the size of the insulated water supply support members 2, ensuring that the insulated water supply support members 2 can be tightly embedded in the through holes for stable fixation; the depth of the through holes is slightly less than the height of the insulated water supply support members 2, ensuring that the bottom of the insulated water supply support members 2 can extend out of the through holes and contact the water body to achieve capillary water transport.

[0064] Furthermore, a nylon mesh can be installed on the side of the base 4 facing the water surface to facilitate the subsequent recycling of the solar interface evaporator.

[0065] On the other hand, the present invention also provides the application of the solar interface evaporator described in any of the above claims in seawater desalination, water-induced power generation, and photocatalytic degradation of wastewater.

[0066] The specific application methods are as follows: 1. Seawater desalination applications: such as Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, the evaporator is placed in seawater, and the heat-insulated water supply support 2 floats on the sea surface. Seawater is transported to the photothermal conversion unit 1 through capillary action. The photothermal conversion unit 1 absorbs solar energy and converts it into heat energy, causing the seawater to evaporate. A condensate collection tank 5 and a transparent condenser cover 6 are floated on the solar interface evaporator. To receive sunlight from all directions, the transparent condenser cover 6 is a four-sided pyramid shape, which can make full use of solar energy. In addition, the angled condensation wall allows the condensed water vapor to flow smoothly into the condensate collection tank 5 under the action of gravity. The clean water is collected in the water bag through the water pipe connected to the collection tank and the water bag, realizing seawater desalination. At the same time, the first hydrophobic layer 11 and the second hydrophobic layer 21 achieve edge-preferred salt crystallization. Salt is collected by gravity, avoiding the impact of salt crystallization on equipment performance, and recovering valuable salt resources.

[0067] 2. Water-induced power generation application: In the process of seawater desalination or wastewater treatment, the graphene oxide inside the heat-insulated water supply support 2 forms a gradient EDL with the photothermal conversion material. When water molecules flow through the porous structure, voltage and current are generated. The electrical energy is extracted through the first electrode and the second electrode to realize water-induced power generation. It can be used to power small equipment and realize energy recovery and utilization.

[0068] 3. Application of photocatalytic degradation of wastewater: The evaporator is placed in industrial wastewater or domestic wastewater. The membrane 3 (loaded with photothermal conversion material and doped with photocatalytic material) on the lower surface 23 of the heat-insulated water supply support 2 achieves photothermal evaporation under solar irradiation, separating organic pollutants and heavy metal ions in the water. On the other hand, it degrades organic pollutants in the wastewater through photocatalysis, thus purifying the wastewater. The distilled water can be recovered through condensation, realizing the resource utilization of wastewater.

[0069] The solar interface evaporator of this invention integrates multiple functions such as seawater desalination, salt collection, water-induced power generation, and photocatalytic degradation of wastewater. The functions work together to improve resource utilization efficiency and equipment practicality. The equipment is simple to manufacture, low in cost, stable, and easy to scale up and promote.

[0070] The present invention will be further illustrated below through examples and comparative examples. Unless otherwise specified, the materials, reagents, and instruments used in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention are commercially available.

[0071] Specifically, the solar interface evaporator and solar interface evaporation device disclosed in this invention are described.

[0072] Comparative Example 1 I. Photothermal conversion element 1 (1) 300 mg of iron tetroxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material was ultrasonically dispersed in 100 mL of deionized water. A piece of cleanroom paper with a size of 6.5 cm × 6 cm was immersed in the above solution for 30 min and then dried at 60 °C. After repeating this process three times, a cleanroom paper film loaded with photothermal material was obtained. (2) Using two 6.5cm×2cm dust-free paper films loaded with photothermal materials and one nylon mesh, a "sandwich" structure is adopted to form a film / nylon mesh / film arrangement. The three are bonded together by polyethyleneimine (PEI with a molecular weight of 70,000 and an aqueous solution concentration of 50%), and formed into a cylindrical structure with a cavity in the middle and a height of 2cm.

[0073] II. Preparation of Insulated Water Supply Support Component 2 (1) Add 450mg of iron oxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material to a mixture of 750mg sodium alginate, 750mg calcium carbonate and 45mL deionized water, and stir magnetically to mix it evenly. This mixture is called colloid A. (2) Dissolve 1g of gluconolactone in 8mL of deionized water and add it dropwise into the colloid; (3) Freeze the colloid vertically for 12 hours. Finally, dry it with a freeze dryer for 48 hours to obtain the heat insulation water supply support 2, which has a radius of 2.4 cm.

[0074] Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 follow most of the same steps, except that the height of the photothermal conversion element 1 in the solar interface evaporator is 1 cm.

[0075] Comparative Example 3 Comparative Example 3 is similar to Comparative Example 1 in most steps, except that the height of the photothermal conversion element 1 in the solar interface evaporator is 3 cm.

[0076] Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 1 follow most of the same steps, except that epoxy resin is coated on the upper surface of the cylindrical structure and cured to form the first hydrophobic layer 11. Then the cylindrical structure is placed on the upper surface of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 and assembled into a three-dimensional evaporator. An epoxy resin is used to coat the annular area outside the photothermal conversion component 1 on the upper surface 22 of the heat-insulating water supply support 2, and after curing, a second hydrophobic layer 21 is formed.

[0077] Example 1 I. Photothermal conversion element 1 (1) 300 mg of iron tetroxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material was ultrasonically dispersed in 100 mL of deionized water. A piece of cleanroom paper with a size of 6.5 cm × 6 cm was immersed in the above solution for 30 min and then dried at 60 °C. After repeating this process three times, a cleanroom paper film loaded with photothermal material was obtained. (2) Using two 6.5cm×2cm dust-free paper films loaded with photothermal materials and one nylon mesh, a "sandwich" structure is adopted to form a film / nylon mesh / film arrangement. The three are bonded together by polyethyleneimine (PEI with a molecular weight of 70,000 and an aqueous solution concentration of 50%), and formed into a cylindrical structure with a cavity in the middle and a height of 2cm.

[0078] II. Preparation of Insulated Water Supply Support Component 2 (1) Add 450mg of iron oxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material to a mixture of 750mg sodium alginate, 750mg calcium carbonate and 45mL deionized water, stir magnetically to mix evenly, and record it as colloid A. Let it stand for 3h. (2) Dissolve 1g of gluconolactone in 8mL of deionized water and add it dropwise into the colloid; (3) Freeze the colloid vertically for 12 hours. Finally, dry it with a freeze dryer for 48 hours to obtain the heat insulation water supply support 2, which has a radius of 2.4 cm.

[0079] 3. Apply epoxy resin to the upper surface of the cylindrical structural component and let it cure to form the first hydrophobic layer 11. Then place the cylindrical structural component on the upper surface of the heat insulation water supply support 2 and assemble it into a three-dimensional evaporator. An epoxy resin is used to coat the annular area outside the photothermal conversion component 1 on the upper surface 22 of the heat-insulating water supply support 2, and after curing, a second hydrophobic layer 21 is formed.

[0080] Example 2 Most of the steps in Example 2 are the same as those in Example 1, except for the preparation of the heat-insulating water supply support 2.

[0081] (1) Add 150mg of iron oxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material to a mixture of 250mg sodium alginate, 250mg calcium carbonate and 15mL deionized water, stir magnetically to mix evenly, and record it as colloid A. Let it stand for 1.5h. (2) Mix 150mg graphene oxide, 250mg sodium alginate, 250mg calcium carbonate and 15mL deionized water and stir for 1h. Record this mixture as colloid B. Pour colloid B on top of colloid A and let it stand for 1.5h. (3) Prepare the same colloid A as above, pour it on top of colloid B and let it stand for 3 hours. Then, dissolve 1g of gluconolactone in 8mL of deionized water and add it dropwise into the three-layer colloid. (4) The three-layer colloid is vertically frozen for 12 hours. Finally, it is dried in a freeze dryer for 48 hours to obtain the heat insulation water supply support 2, which has a radius of 2.4 cm.

[0082] Example 3 Most of the steps in Example 3 are the same as those in Example 2. The difference is that at the center of the lower surface 23 of the heat-insulating water supply support 2, at least one dust-free paper membrane 3 loaded with iron tetroxide / reduced graphene oxide composite material is fixed with epoxy resin to form a multifunctional solar interface evaporator with a jellyfish-like structure. The membrane 3 has a size of 6cm×6cm.

[0083] Application Example 1 Conductive silver paste was used as conductive electrodes at the diagonal positions on the upper and lower sides of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 of the solar interface evaporator in Examples 1, 2, 3 and Comparative Example 4, respectively. The electrodes were connected to wires and sealed with epoxy resin to form a water-induced power generation device.

[0084] Application Example 2 Nine evenly distributed through holes are made on the polyethylene foam base. The heat insulation water supply support of the solar interface evaporator of Example 3 is placed in the through holes. A transparent condenser cover is placed on the base and covers the solar interface evaporator. A water bag is placed on the base and connected to the condensate collection tank through a water pipe to collect clean water.

[0085] The solar interface evaporators prepared in the above embodiments and comparative examples were tested as follows.

[0086] I. Evaporation Effect Test of Three-Dimensional Solar Interface Evaporator The evaporation system used a solar simulator with an AM 1.5G filter as the sole light source for solar thermal evaporation testing. Simultaneously, a computer-controlled electronic balance (accuracy 0.001g) was used to measure and record mass changes every 10 seconds during the evaporation process. Temperature changes on the sample surface were monitored and recorded using a thermal infrared imager and thermocouples. The light intensity was adjusted using a power meter to ensure that the light intensity incident on the upper surface 22 of the insulating water supply support 2 in the solar interface evaporator was equal to one solar cell (1 kW / m²). 2 The irradiation time was 30 minutes, and the mass change of water evaporation in the evaporation system was recorded at the same time.

[0087] II. Thermal positioning performance test Temperature changes at different locations of the solar interface evaporator were tracked to evaluate its thermal behavior. Detailed temperature distribution curves were recorded for the upper edge of the photothermal conversion element 1, the upper surface 22 of the insulated water supply support element 2, and the water body below during the evaporation process.

[0088] III. Evaporation Cycle Stability Test The solar interface evaporator was repeatedly tested under sunlight for a total of 20 cycles to evaluate its water evaporation performance.

[0089] IV. Evaporation Performance Test under Low Light Intensity The evaporation performance of the solar interface evaporator was tested under illumination intensities of 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.7 solar irradiances.

[0090] V. Salt Resistance and Salt Recovery Performance Tests of Solar Interfacial Evaporators The salt resistance test was conducted by using NaCl solutions with concentrations of 10wt% and 20wt% to perform long-term photothermal evaporation tests.

[0091] VI. Photocatalytic Effect Test of Solar Interface Evaporator A solar simulator with an AM 1.5G filter was used as the sole light source. The light intensity was adjusted using a power meter to ensure that the light intensity incident on the solution surface was equal to one solar energy unit (1 kW / m²). 2 The photocatalytic degradation capacity under different light exposure times was tested. 5 mL samples were taken every 30 minutes, and absorbance spectra were measured using a photometer. Organic compounds MB and TCY were selected as characteristic pollutants to simulate wastewater, and the photocatalytic degradation effect of the evaporator on organic pollutants in the water was tested. Simulated wastewater one consisted of a 40 mg / L methylene blue (MB) solution. Simulated wastewater two consisted of a 40 mg / L TCY (tetracycline) solution.

[0092] A photocatalytic experiment was conducted under sunlight. After 0.5 hours of dark reaction adsorption equilibrium, the adsorption efficiency of pollutants was tested. After turning on the light source, samples were taken every half hour, and the corresponding absorbance was measured immediately.

[0093] VII. Test of Water Evaporation-Induced Power Generation Effect of Solar Interface Evaporator The first and second electrodes of the solar interface evaporator were connected to wires. To avoid unnecessary corrosion and potential electrochemical reactions, the wires and electrodes were sealed with black epoxy resin. The use of black epoxy resin also facilitates the evaporator's absorption of ambient heat. The voltage and current of the solar interface evaporator's water evaporation-induced power generation were measured using a multimeter with USB data transfer capability, ensuring real-time data recording.

[0094] The power generation capacity of the solar interface evaporator was tested in deionized water and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.

[0095] VIII. Testing of the Synchronous Photothermal Evaporation, Evaporation-Induced Power Generation, and Salt Collection Effects of Solar Interface Evaporators The effects of simultaneous photothermal evaporation, water evaporation-induced power generation, and salt collection of the solar interface evaporator were tested continuously for 60 hours, and the evaporation rate was recorded every hour.

[0096] IX. Outdoor Solar Thermal Evaporation Effect Test of Solar Interface Evaporator Based on such Figure 6 The solar-powered interface evaporation device shown is used for daytime outdoor freshwater collection. The structure of the base below, designed for floating on water, was optimized. (See attached image.) Figure 7As shown, from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM, evaporation and condensation water were collected on the outdoor lake surface. Ultimately, the clean water collection rate of the solar water evaporation device was approximately 31.02 kg / m³. 2 .

[0097] Schematic diagrams of water evaporation tests conducted on the solar interface evaporators of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, as shown below. Figure 8 As shown. The test results are as follows. Figure 9 As shown, under single-day sunlight exposure without air convection, the evaporation rate initially increases and then decreases with increasing cylinder height. Comparative Example 1's solar interface evaporator exhibits the highest evaporation rate, at 2.44 kg / m³. 2 The solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 4 exhibits higher evaporation performance, with an evaporation rate reaching up to 3.5 kg / m³. 2 ·h, such as Figure 14 As shown.

[0098] The results of the thermal positioning performance test for Comparative Example 1 are as follows: Figure 10 As shown, under sunlight, the bottom surface of the solar interface evaporator heats up rapidly, while the upper edge heats up slowly and remains relatively stable at around 25.5℃, while the temperature of the water below remains almost unchanged. Infrared thermal imaging was used to record the temperature distribution of the solar interface evaporator, revealing that the temperature distribution is uneven across the entire structure. Figure 11 As shown, the solar interface evaporator reaches its highest temperature, approximately 36.8°C, because its top is completely exposed to sunlight. However, under both sunlight and no-light conditions (i.e., 0 min), the temperatures of the top and sides of the evaporator's photothermal conversion element 1 are significantly lower than the surrounding air temperature. This is because water absorbs heat during evaporation, resulting in the top and side temperatures being lower than the ambient temperature.

[0099] The evaporation cycle stability test results of the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 1 are as follows: Figure 12 As shown, the solar interface evaporator exhibits a stable water evaporation rate and no significant degradation in evaporation performance, indicating that the solar interface evaporator with columnar structure photothermal conversion element 1 has excellent stability and can be used repeatedly for a long time.

[0100] The low-light-intensity evaporation performance test of the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 1 is as follows: Figure 13 As shown, under irradiation intensities of 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.7 solar irradiances, the evaporation rate is 0.73 kg / m³. 2 ·h, 0.93kg / m 2 h, 1.34 kg / m 2 ·h and 1.95kg / m 2The solar interface evaporator exhibits considerable evaporation performance even under low light intensity conditions. In darkness, due to the temperature difference between the solar interface evaporator and its surroundings, it can still draw energy from the environment to drive water evaporation. Thanks to its larger evaporation area, lower heat loss, and utilization of ambient heat, the evaporation rate of the solar interface evaporator with its columnar photothermal conversion element 1 can be comparable to, and even far exceed, the theoretical limit of, the evaporation rate of most 2D photothermal devices under one sun, even under low light intensity irradiation.

[0101] The results of the salt resistance test for the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 4 are as follows: Figure 15 As shown, the solar-powered interfacial evaporator achieved evaporation rates of 3.4 g / m³ in NaCl solutions with mass fractions of 10 wt% and 20 wt%, respectively. 2 ·h and 3.33kg / m 2 The inventors discovered that by setting a first hydrophobic layer and a second hydrophobic layer, the solar interface evaporator can maintain excellent evaporation performance even in salt water.

[0102] The test results of salt recovery from the solar interface evaporator in Example 1 are as follows: Figure 18 As shown, its desalination performance was evaluated using 20wt% brine. After 4 hours of evaporation, obvious salt crystals appeared in the first hydrophobic layer 11 and the second hydrophobic layer 21 of the solar interface evaporator. The results indicate that the solar interface evaporator of this embodiment can not only achieve seawater desalination but also salt recovery.

[0103] Temperature change curves and infrared thermal imaging of the solar interface evaporator in Example 1 during the evaporation process, as shown below. Figure 16 and Figure 17 As shown. Under sunlight, the temperature change trends of the central region of the upper surface 22 of the heat-insulating water supply support 2 and the second hydrophobic layer 21 are basically consistent. Both heat up rapidly, and the highest temperature of the central evaporation zone can still be maintained at 36.8℃, while the second hydrophobic layer 21 also reaches 34.8℃. This indicates that the second hydrophobic layer 21 can also effectively absorb solar energy and convert it into heat energy, ensuring the continuous evaporation of brine at the edge of the second hydrophobic layer 21. This also provides conditions for the rapid crystallization of salt at its edge, while causing almost no heat conduction loss to the water below. The temperature rise of the upper edge of the photothermal conversion component 1 is slow, from Figure 17 As can be seen from the thermal infrared heat distribution, the surface temperature of the top and middle parts of the photothermal conversion element 1 is always lower than the temperature of the surrounding air, which ensures that it can effectively extract energy from the environment. At the same time, during the continuous long-term evaporation process, the annular area of ​​the second hydrophobic layer 21 on the upper surface 22 of the heat-insulating water supply support element 2 and the first hydrophobic layer 11 can act as salt crystallization sites.

[0104] The photocatalytic effect test results of the solar interface evaporator in Example 3 are as follows: Figure 19 and Figure 20 As shown, with increasing illumination time, the absorbance and concentration of MB and TCY in the water gradually decreased. This demonstrates that the solar interfacial evaporator possesses excellent photocatalytic degradation performance and can be used simultaneously for solar desalination and wastewater degradation.

[0105] The power generation capacity of the solar interface evaporators in Example 1 and Comparative Example 4 in deionized water is as follows: Figure 21 As shown, the output voltage of the solar interface evaporator in Example 1 is 0.269V, which is higher than the output voltage of the solar interface evaporator in Comparative Example 4 (0.094V), demonstrating the importance of the non-uniform distribution of the photothermal conversion material in the thermal insulation water supply support 2. Figure 22 As shown, the solar interface evaporator of Example 2 has an average output voltage of up to 0.598V in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution.

[0106] like Figure 23 As shown, when the solar interface evaporator of Example 2 was exposed to sunlight, its voltage gradually increased from ~0.6V to ~0.79V. When sunlight exposure was stopped, the voltage began to decrease until it returned to its voltage output level under ambient conditions. When solar radiation was applied to the evaporation system, the output voltage increased accordingly, and the output current also increased significantly from 26.03μA to 39.27μA. Figure 24 As shown, the evaporation rate and transport of water are accelerated by the introduction of sunlight, which promotes the flow rate of ions, expands the concentration gradient of EDL, and thus generates an increased potential difference and flow current, thereby increasing the output power.

[0107] like Figure 25 As shown, when nine solar interface evaporators of Example 2 are connected in series, the output voltage begins to decrease when sunlight is stopped, eventually remaining at ~5.39V. However, when sunlight resumes, the voltage gradually increases, reaching a maximum output voltage of 7.324V. The output current also shows a significant difference before and after sunlight exposure, such as... Figure 26 As shown, the output current of the solar interface evaporator array devices in Example 2 under no sunlight conditions was ~26.55 μA, while under one solar irradiation condition, the output current increased significantly to ~39.53 μA. Figure 27 As shown, without adding any additional electronic components, the voltage output by the nine solar interface evaporator array devices of Embodiment 2 is sufficient to drive an electronic clock to function properly.

[0108] like Figure 28As shown, under sunlight, the water evaporation rate of the solar interface evaporator in Example 2 was tested over 60 hours, and the evaporation rate remained stable at ~3.43 kg / m³. 2 •h. Within 60 hours, the evaporator's electrical output remained consistently at ~0.8V, demonstrating synchronous, continuous, and stable power generation. During 60 hours of uninterrupted operation, salt crystallized only in the first hydrophobic layer 11 and the second hydrophobic layer 21, as... Figure 29 As shown. In Example 2, no salt scale appeared at the center of the solar interface evaporator, the evaporation rate was not affected, and salt could be continuously separated and harvested from the brine evaporation, realizing spatial salt isolation and gravity-assisted in-situ salt collection.

[0109] In this application, unless otherwise expressly defined, the terms "set up," "install," "connect," and "link" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection. They can refer to a mechanical connection. They can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or a connection within two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0110] The terms “first”, “second”, etc., used in this application are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence.

[0111] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. These modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and should all be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A solar interface evaporator, characterized in that, It includes a heat-insulating water supply support, a photothermal conversion component, a first hydrophobic layer and a second hydrophobic layer. The heat-insulating water supply support floats on the water surface and is non-uniformly loaded with photothermal conversion material inside the heat-insulating water supply support. The heat-insulating water supply support includes a first support part and two second support parts, the first support part and the second support parts are arranged along the height direction, and the first support part is arranged between the two second support parts; The first support portion includes a first porous aerogel and graphene oxide distributed in the first porous aerogel; The second support includes a second porous aerogel and a photothermal conversion material distributed in the second porous aerogel; The photothermal conversion element is disposed above the heat-insulating water supply support element. The photothermal conversion element is a columnar structural element with a cavity. The cavity extends along the height direction of the columnar structural element and penetrates the columnar structural element. The first hydrophobic layer is disposed on the side of the photothermal conversion element away from the heat insulation water supply support, and the second hydrophobic layer is disposed on the side of the heat insulation water supply support facing the photothermal conversion element and is located on the outer periphery of the photothermal conversion element.

2. The solar interface evaporator of claim 1, wherein, The photothermal conversion element includes a support layer and a film layer loaded with a photothermal conversion material. The film layer includes a first film layer and a second film layer, and the first film layer, the support layer and the second film layer are arranged sequentially in a direction away from the cavity.

3. The solar interface evaporator of claim 1, wherein, The height of the photothermal conversion component is 1~3cm, and the height of the heat-insulating water supply support component is 1.2~1.5cm.

4. The solar interface evaporator of claim 1, wherein, The mass ratio of graphene oxide to the first porous aerogel is (15~30):(25~50). And / or, the mass ratio of the photothermal conversion material to the second porous aerogel is (15~30):(25~50).

5. The solar interface evaporator of claim 1, wherein, In the second support portion, the photothermal conversion material is non-uniformly distributed in the second porous aerogel.

6. The solar interface evaporator of claim 1, wherein, The solar interface evaporator also includes a first electrode and a second electrode for connection with a wire. The first electrode is disposed on the side of the heat-insulating water supply support facing the photothermal conversion element, and the second electrode is disposed on the side of the heat-insulating water supply support away from the photothermal conversion element. The projections of the first electrode and the second electrode on the heat-insulating water supply support are arranged opposite to each other.

7. The solar interface evaporator of claim 1, wherein, The solar interface evaporator also includes multiple membranes loaded with photothermal conversion materials. The multiple membranes are bonded to the side of the heat-insulating water supply support opposite to the photothermal conversion material, and the membranes extend along the height direction.

8. A solar interface evaporation device, characterized in that, The solar interface evaporator according to any one of claims 1 to 7 further includes a base, wherein the base is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the heat-insulating water supply support is disposed in the through holes.

9. The application of a solar interface evaporator according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in seawater desalination, salt recovery, water-induced power generation, and photocatalytic degradation of wastewater.

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