Pole assembly for a conducted electric shock weapon

Abstract

An electrode for a conducted electric shock weapon can include a lance assembly. The lance assembly can be configured to translate from a first position to a second position. The lance assembly can include a first lance and a second lance. The second lance can be disposed within the first lance. In response to an impact with a target, the first lance can remain stationary while the second lance translates in a forward direction to the second position. The second lance can maintain electrical coupling with the first lance through a tether.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments of this disclosure relate to a conductive electric shock weapon ("CEW"). Attached Figure Description

[0002] The subject matter of this disclosure is specifically pointed out and expressly claimed in the concluding section of this specification. However, a more complete understanding of this disclosure can be best obtained by referring to the following illustrative drawings in conjunction with the detailed description and claims. In the following drawings, the same reference numerals consistently refer to similar elements and steps.

[0003] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of a conductive electric shock weapon ("CEW") according to various implementation methods; Figure 2 These are schematic diagrams of CEW according to various implementation methods; Figure 3A and Figure 3B These are perspective and cross-sectional views of electrodes including a spear assembly in a first position according to various embodiments; and Figure 4A and Figure 4B These are perspective and cross-sectional views of electrodes including a spear assembly in a second position according to various embodiments.

[0004] The components and steps in the figures are shown for simplicity and clarity and are not necessarily presented in any particular order. For example, steps that may be performed simultaneously or in a different order are shown in the figures to aid in understanding the embodiments of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0005] The detailed description of exemplary embodiments herein is illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. Although these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice this disclosure, it should be understood that other embodiments can be implemented and that logical changes and adaptations in design and construction can be made in accordance with this disclosure and the teachings herein. Therefore, the detailed description herein is for illustrative purposes only and not for limiting purposes.

[0006] The scope of this disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not merely by the examples described. For example, the steps described in any method or process description may be performed in any order, and are not necessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any reference to the singular includes the plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include the singular embodiments or steps. Additionally, any reference to attachment, fixing, coupling, connection, etc., may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, complete, and / or any other possible attachment options. Surface shading may be used throughout the drawings to denote different parts, but does not necessarily indicate the same or different materials.

[0007] In various embodiments, a projectile launcher can be configured to fire one or more projectiles at a target. A projectile launcher can include any platform, device, weapon, firearm, system, and / or the like configured to deploy (or cause deployment) projectiles. For example, a projectile launcher can include one or more electronic devices configured to deploy projectiles. As another embodiment, a projectile launcher can include conductive electric shock weapons (CEWs), modular conductive electric shock weapons (MCEWs), payload launchers, projectile launchers configured to deploy entangled projectiles, paintball guns, and / or the like. In this regard, a projectile launcher can include a standalone device, a device mounted to or communicating with a second device, a platform, device, or system electronically communicating with a second electronic device, etc.

[0008] In various implementations, the projectile launcher can be configured to be held and operated by a human user. For example, the projectile launcher may include a handle, grip, barrel, stock, and / or similar object configured to be held in the hand of a human user.

[0009] In various implementations, the projectile launcher can be mounted on or near a platform. In this respect, the projectile launcher can be remotely operated. For example, a human user can remotely operate the projectile launcher. The platform can include any suitable object, structure, etc.

[0010] For example, in some embodiments, the platform may include a remote vehicle. A remote vehicle may include any object capable of traveling over land (e.g., a surface), water, or air. The remote vehicle may be operated by a human user. The remote vehicle may include an autonomous vehicle. The remote vehicle may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones), unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), unmanned surface vessels (USVs) (e.g., unmanned surface vehicles, autonomous surface vehicles, etc.), robots, automobiles, etc. Ground vehicles may include one or more wheels, continuous tracks (e.g., tank tracks, Caterpillar tracks, etc.), functional legs, etc., configured to enable the vehicle to move over land terrain. The remote vehicle may be operated via a separate control interface (e.g., a user controller). The remote vehicle may be operated via short-range electronic communication and / or long-range electronic communication. In various embodiments, the decision to remotely deploy a projectile launcher from the platform may be received directly from a human operator.

[0011] The projectile launcher can be configured to launch any suitable type of projectile. Projectiles can include any object, payload, capsule, and / or similar object configured to be deployed from the projectile launcher. For example, and according to various embodiments, projectiles can include non-lethal or low-lethal projectiles. In this regard, projectiles can include or be configured to deploy darts, paintballs, rubber projectiles (e.g., rubber bullets), conductive electric shock weapon (CEW) electrodes, modular conductive electric shock weapon (MCEW) electrodes or payloads, entanglement projectiles configured to entangle targets (e.g., tether-based entanglement projectiles, nets, etc.), odor-based projectiles, liquid-based projectiles, gas-based projectiles, pepper spray or pepper spray projectiles (e.g., capsicum oleoresin, OC spray), tear gas or tear gas canisters or projectiles (e.g., 2-chlorophenylmethylene malononitrile, CS spray), flashbang projectiles, glass-breaking projectiles, and / or any other non-lethal or low-lethal projectiles.

[0012] In various embodiments, the electrode for CEW may include a spear portion designed to pierce or attach near the target's tissue to provide a conductive path between the electrode and the tissue. For example, the electrode may be electrically connected to the handle of a projectile launcher via a conductive filament. The handle can then supply current to the target via the filament, the electrode, and the spear.

[0013] In some embodiments, the projectile may be configured to deliver a suppressive substance (e.g., to at least partially suppress a target). In some embodiments, the projectile may be configured to deliver a marking substance (e.g., to mark or designate a target).

[0014] In various implementations, systems, methods, and apparatuses can be used to interfere with the autonomous movement of a target (e.g., walking, running, moving, etc.). For example, a CEW can be used to deliver an electric current (e.g., a stimulation signal, a pulse of current, a pulse of charge, etc.) through the tissues of a human or animal target. Although commonly referred to as a conducted electric shock weapon, as described herein, "CEW" can refer to a conducted electric shock weapon, a conductive energy weapon, an electronically controlled device, and / or any other similar device or apparatus configured to deliver a stimulation signal through one or more deployed projectiles (e.g., electrodes), such as those offered by Axon Enterprise, Inc. under its well-known TASER® trademark.

[0015] Stimuli deliver electrical charges to target tissue. Stimuli can interfere with the target's voluntary movement. Stimuli can induce pain. Pain can also encourage the target to stop moving. Stimuli can cause the target's skeletal muscles to stiffen (e.g., lock up, freeze). Muscle stiffness in response to stimuli can be termed neuromuscular inertia ("NMI"). NMI disrupts voluntary control of the target's muscles. The target's inability to control its muscles interferes with its movement.

[0016] Stimulation signals can be delivered through terminals attached to the CEW (Certain Energy Controller). Delivery via terminals can be referred to as local delivery (e.g., local shock, driven shock, etc.). During local delivery, the terminals are brought close to the target by positioning the CEW close to it. The stimulation signal is delivered through the target's tissue via the terminals. To provide local delivery, the CEW user is typically within arm's reach of the target and has the CEW's terminals in contact with or close to the target.

[0017] Stimulation signals can be delivered through a target via one or more (typically at least two) tethered electrodes. Delivery via tethered electrodes can be referred to as remote delivery (e.g., remote shock). During remote delivery, the CEW can be separated from the target by the length of the tether (e.g., 15 feet, 20 feet, 30 feet, etc.). The CEW fires the electrodes toward the target. As the electrodes travel toward the target, the corresponding tether unfurls behind the electrodes. The tether electrically connects the CEW to the electrodes. The electrodes can be electrically connected to the target, thereby attaching the CEW to the target. In response to the electrodes connecting to, impacting, or positioning close to the target tissue, current can be provided through the electrodes through the target (e.g., forming a circuit through the first tether and the first electrode, the target tissue, and the second electrode and the second tether).

[0018] Terminals or electrodes that contact or are close to target tissue deliver a stimulation signal through the target. Contact between the terminal or electrode and the target tissue establishes an electrical coupling (e.g., a circuit) with the target tissue. Electrodes may include a spear or spear assembly capable of piercing the target tissue to make contact with the target. Terminals or electrodes close to the target tissue may utilize ionization to establish an electrical coupling with the target tissue. Ionization can also be referred to as an electric arc discharge.

[0019] During use (e.g., during deployment), terminals or electrodes may be separated from target tissue by clothing or air gaps. In various embodiments, the CEW's signal generator can provide a high-voltage (e.g., in the range of 40,000 to 100,000 volts) stimulation signal (e.g., current, current pulses, etc.) to ionize air in clothing or air in the gap separating the terminal or electrode from the target tissue. Ionizing the air establishes a low-impedance ionization path from the terminal or electrode to the target tissue, which can be used to deliver the stimulation signal to the target tissue via the ionization path. The ionization path persists (e.g., remains present, continues, etc.) as long as the current pulses providing the stimulation signal through the ionization path persist. When the current stops or decreases below a threshold (e.g., amperes, voltage), the ionization path collapses (e.g., ceases to exist), and the terminal or electrode is no longer electrically connected to the target tissue. Without an ionization path, the impedance between the terminal or electrode and the target tissue is high. High voltages in the range of approximately 50,000 volts can ionize air in gaps up to approximately 1 inch (approximately 2.54 cm).

[0020] CEW can provide a stimulation signal in the form of a series of current pulses. Each current pulse may include a high-voltage portion (e.g., 40,000–100,000 volts) and a low-voltage portion (e.g., 500–6,000 volts). The high-voltage portion of the stimulation signal pulse can ionize the air in the gap between the electrode or terminal and the target to electrically connect the electrode or terminal to the target. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically connected to the target, the low-voltage portion of the pulse delivers a certain amount of charge to the target tissue via an ionization path. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically connected to the target through contact (e.g., touching, spear embedding in tissue, etc.), both the high-voltage and low-voltage portions of the pulse deliver charge to the target tissue. Typically, the low-voltage portion of the pulse delivers the majority of the pulse's charge to the target tissue. In various embodiments, the high-voltage portion of the stimulation signal pulse may be referred to as the spark or ionization portion. The low-voltage portion of the pulse may be referred to as the muscle portion.

[0021] In various implementations, the signal generator of a CEW may provide a stimulation signal (e.g., current, current pulse, etc.) at only a low voltage (e.g., below 2,000 volts). A low-voltage stimulation signal may not ionize air in clothing or air in the gap between the terminals or electrodes and the target tissue. A CEW with a signal generator that only provides a low-voltage stimulation signal (e.g., a low-voltage signal generator) may require the deployed electrodes to be electrically connected to the target via contact (e.g., touching, spear-embedding tissue, etc.).

[0022] A CEW may include at least two terminals on its front side. Each magazine-receiving compartment of the CEW may include two terminals. These terminals are spaced apart from each other. In response to the magazine's electrodes not being deployed in the compartment, a high voltage applied across the terminals will cause air ionization between the terminals. An electric arc between the terminals may be visible to the naked eye. In response to the fired electrodes not being electrically connected to the target, the current that should have been supplied through the electrodes can generate an electric arc across the front side of the CEW via the terminals.

[0023] When the electrodes delivering the stimulation signal are spaced at least 6 inches (15.24 cm) apart, the likelihood of the stimulation signal causing non-invasive muscular aspiration (NMI) increases, causing current from the stimulation signal to flow through at least 6 inches of target tissue. In various embodiments, the electrodes should preferably be spaced at least 12 inches (30.48 cm) apart on the target. Because the terminals on a CEW are typically spaced less than 6 inches apart, stimulation signals delivered through the terminals via the target tissue may not cause NMI, but only pain.

[0024] A series of pulses may include two or more pulses that are time-separated. Each pulse delivers a certain amount of charge to the target tissue. In response to the electrodes being appropriately spaced (as described above), the likelihood of inducing NMI increases when each pulse delivers a charge amount in the range of 55 microcoulombs to 71 microcoulombs per pulse. The likelihood of inducing NMI increases when the pulse delivery rate (e.g., rate, pulse rate, repetition rate, etc.) is between 11 pulses per second ("pps") and 50 pps. Pulses delivered at higher rates can provide less charge per pulse to induce NMI. Pulses delivering more charge per pulse can induce NMI at lower rates. In various embodiments, the CEW may be handheld and uses a battery to deliver the pulses of the stimulation signal. In response to high charge per pulse and high pulse rate, the CEW may use more energy than is required to induce NMI. Using more energy than required will deplete the battery more quickly.

[0025] Empirical testing has shown that responding to pulse rates below 44 pps and with approximately 63 microcoulombs per pulse can conserve battery power while having a high probability of inducing non-volatile organic compound (NMI). Empirical testing has also shown that NMI can be induced by using a pair of electrodes at a rate of 22 pps and 63 microcoulombs per pulse, with an electrode spacing of at least 12 inches (30.48 cm).

[0026] In various embodiments, the CEW may include a handle and one or more magazines. The handle may include one or more compartments for receiving the magazines. Each magazine may be removably positioned (e.g., inserted, coupled, etc.) within a compartment. Each magazine may be releasably electrically, electronically, and / or mechanically coupled to a compartment. Deployment of the CEW may involve firing one or more electrodes from the magazines toward a target to remotely deliver a stimulus signal through the target.

[0027] In various embodiments, the magazine may include two or more electrodes (e.g., projectiles, etc.) that are fired simultaneously. In various embodiments, the magazine may include two or more electrodes that can be fired individually at different times. In various embodiments, the magazine may include a single electrode configured to be fired from the magazine. The firing electrode may be referred to as activating (e.g., firing) the magazine or the electrode. In some embodiments, after use (e.g., activation, firing), the magazine can be removed from the compartment, and the used electrode can be removed from the magazine and replaced with an unused (e.g., unfired, unactivated) electrode. The magazine can be reinserted into the compartment to allow the firing of additional electrodes. In some embodiments, after use (e.g., activation, firing), the magazine can be removed from the compartment and replaced with an unused (e.g., unfired, unactivated) magazine to allow the firing of additional electrodes.

[0028] In various implementations, and referring to Figure 1 and Figure 2 A CEW1 is disclosed. The CEW1 may be similar to any CEW discussed herein, or have similar aspects and / or components. In some embodiments, the CEW1 may include a projectile launcher. The CEW1 may be similar to any projectile launcher discussed herein, or have similar aspects and / or components. The CEW1 may include a housing 10 and a magazine 12. Those skilled in the art will understand that... Figure 2 This is a schematic representation of CEW1, and one or more components of CEW1 may be located in any suitable position inside or outside the housing 10.

[0029] The housing 10 can be configured to house various components of the CEW1, which are configured to deploy the magazine 12, supply current to the magazine 12, and otherwise assist the operation of the CEW1, as discussed further herein. Although in Figure 1While depicted as a firearm, the housing 10 may include any suitable shape and / or size. The housing 10 may include a handle end opposite the deployment end. The deployment end may be configured, sized, and shaped to receive one or more magazines 12. The handle end may be sized and shaped to be held in a user's hand. For example, the handle end may be shaped as a handle to allow the user to operate the CEW1 by hand. In various embodiments, the handle end may also include a contour shaped to fit the user's hand, such as an ergonomic grip. The handle end may include a surface coating, such as a non-slip surface, grip pad, rubber texture, and / or the like. As another embodiment, the handle end may be covered with leather, color printing, and / or any other suitable material as needed.

[0030] In various embodiments, housing 10 may include various mechanical, electronic, and / or electrical components configured to assist in performing the functions of CEW 1. For example, housing 10 may include one or more triggers 15, control interfaces 17, user interfaces 27, processing circuitry 20, power supplies 22, and / or signal generators 24. Housing 10 may include a retaining ring (e.g., a trigger retaining ring). The retaining ring may define an opening formed in housing 10. The retaining ring may be located in the central region of housing 10 (e.g., as shown in the image). Figure 1 (as shown), and / or at any other suitable location on the housing 10. The trigger 15 may be disposed within a retaining ring. The retaining ring may be configured to protect the trigger 15 from accidental physical contact (e.g., accidental activation of the trigger 15). The retaining ring may surround the trigger 15 within the housing 10.

[0031] In various embodiments, trigger 15 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10 and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise be physically pressed or moved upon application of physical contact. For example, trigger 15 may be actuated by physical contact applied to trigger 15 from within the retaining ring. Trigger 15 may include a mechanical or electromechanical switch, button, trigger, etc. For example, trigger 15 may include a switch, button, and / or any other suitable type of trigger. Trigger 15 may be mechanically and / or electronically coupled to processing circuitry 20. In response to trigger 15 being activated (e.g., pressed, pushed, etc. by a user), processing circuitry 20 may cause (or prompt deployment of) one or more magazines 12 from CEW1, as discussed further herein.

[0032] In various embodiments, power source 22 can be configured to provide power to various components of CEW1. For example, power source 22 can provide energy to electronic and / or electrical components (e.g., parts, subsystems, circuits, etc.) that operate CEW1 and / or one or more magazines 12. Power source 22 can provide electrical power. Providing electrical power can include providing current at a given voltage. Power source 22 can be electrically connected to processing circuitry 20 and / or signal generator 24. In various embodiments, power source 22 can be electrically connected to a control interface in response to the control interface including electronic properties and / or components. In various embodiments, power source 22 can be electrically connected to trigger 15 in response to trigger 15 including electronic properties or components. Power source 22 can provide current at a given voltage. Power from power source 22 can be provided as direct current ("DC"). Power from power source 22 can be provided as alternating current ("AC"). Power source 22 can include a battery. The energy of power source 22 can be renewable or depletable, and / or replaceable. For example, power source 22 can include one or more rechargeable or disposable batteries. In various implementations, energy from power source 22 can be converted from one form (e.g., electrical, magnetic, thermal) to another to perform the functions of the system.

[0033] Power source 22 can provide energy for performing the functions of CEW1. For example, power source 22 can provide current to signal generator 24, which is supplied through a target (e.g., via magazine 12) to impede the movement of the target. Power source 22 can provide energy for stimulus signals. Power source 22 can provide energy for other signals, including ignition signals, as discussed further herein.

[0034] In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may include any circuitry, electrical components, electronic components, software, and / or the like configured to perform the various operations and functions discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry 20 may include processing circuitry, a processor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, a logic circuit, a state machine, a MEMS device, a signal conditioning circuit, a communication circuit, a computer, a computer-based system, a radio, a network device, a data bus, an address bus, and / or any combination thereof. In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may include passive electronics (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) and / or active electronics (e.g., operational amplifiers, comparators, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, programmable logic, SRCs, transistors, etc.). In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may include data buses, output ports, input ports, timers, memories, arithmetic units, and / or the like.

[0035] In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may include signal conditioning circuitry. Signal conditioning circuitry may include a level shifter to change (e.g., increase, decrease) the amplitude of a voltage (e.g., a signal) or shift the amplitude of a voltage provided by processing circuitry 20 before processing circuitry 20 receives it.

[0036] In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may be configured to control and / or coordinate some or all aspects of the operation of CEW1. For example, processing circuitry 20 may include (or communicate with) a memory configured to store data, programs, and / or instructions. The memory may include tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage. Instructions stored in tangible, non-transitory storage may allow processing circuitry 20 to perform the various operations, functions, and / or steps described herein.

[0037] In various implementations, the memory may include any hardware, software, and / or database components capable of storing and maintaining data. For example, a memory unit may include a database, data structure, memory components, etc. The memory unit may include any suitable non-transitory memory known in the art, such as internal memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), solid-state drive (SSD), etc.), removable memory (e.g., SD card, xD card, CompactFlash card, etc.), etc.

[0038] Processing circuit 20 can be configured to provide and / or receive electrical signals, whether in digital or analog form. Processing circuit 20 can provide and / or receive digital information via a data bus using any protocol. Processing circuit 20 can receive information, manipulate received information, and provide processed information. Processing circuit 20 can store information and retrieve stored information. Information received, stored, and / or manipulated by processing circuit 20 can be used to perform functions, control functions, and / or execute operations or execute stored programs.

[0039] Processing circuit 20 can control the operation and / or functions of other circuits and / or components of CEW1. Processing circuit 20 can receive status information about the operation of other components, perform calculations on that status information, and provide commands (e.g., instructions) to one or more other components. Processing circuit 20 can command another component to start operation, continue operation, change operation, pause operation, stop operation, etc. Commands and / or status can be communicated between processing circuit 20 and other circuits and / or components via any type of data / address bus on any type of bus (e.g., SPI bus).

[0040] In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may be mechanically and / or electronically coupled to trigger 15. Processing circuitry 20 may be configured to detect activation, actuation, pressing, input, etc., of trigger 15 (collectively, "activation events"). In response to detecting an activation event, processing circuitry 20 may be configured to perform various operations and / or functions, as further discussed herein. Processing circuitry 20 may also include a sensor (e.g., a trigger sensor) attached to trigger 15 and configured to detect activation events of trigger 15. This sensor may include any suitable sensor, such as a mechanical and / or electronic sensor capable of detecting activation events in trigger 15 and reporting such activation events to processing circuitry 20.

[0041] In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may be mechanically and / or electronically coupled to control interface 17. Processing circuitry 20 may be configured to detect activation, actuation, pressing, input, etc. (collectively, "control events") of control interface 17. In response to the detection of a control event, processing circuitry 20 may be configured to perform various operations and / or functions, as further discussed herein. Processing circuitry 20 may also include a sensor (e.g., a control sensor) attached to control interface 17 and configured to detect control events of control interface 17. This sensor may include any suitable mechanical and / or electronic sensor capable of detecting control events in control interface 17 and reporting such control events to processing circuitry 20.

[0042] In various embodiments, the processing circuit 20 may be electrically and / or electronically connected to the power supply 22. The processing circuit 20 may receive power from the power supply 22. The power received from the power supply 22 may be used by the processing circuit 20 to receive signals, process signals, and transmit signals to various other components in the CEW1. The processing circuit 20 may use the power from the power supply 22 to detect activation events of the trigger 15, control events of the control interface 17, etc., and generate one or more control signals in response to the detected events. These control signals may be based on control events and activation events. These control signals may be electrical signals.

[0043] In various embodiments, processing circuitry 20 may be electrically and / or electronically coupled to signal generator 24. Processing circuitry 20 may be configured to transmit or provide control signals to signal generator 24 in response to detecting an activation event of trigger 15. Multiple control signals may be provided to signal generator 24 from processing circuitry 20 in series. In response to receiving control signals, signal generator 24 may be configured to perform various functions and / or operations, as further discussed herein.

[0044] In various embodiments, signal generator 24 may be configured to receive one or more control signals from processing circuitry 20. Signal generator 24 may provide an ignition signal to magazine 12 based on the control signals. Signal generator 24 may be electrically and / or electronically coupled to processing circuitry 20 and / or magazine 12. Signal generator 24 may be electrically coupled to power supply 22. Signal generator 24 may use the power received from power supply 22 to generate the ignition signal. For example, signal generator 24 may receive an electrical signal having a first current and voltage value from power supply 22. Signal generator 24 may convert this electrical signal into an ignition signal having a second current and voltage value. The converted second current and / or converted second voltage value may be different from the first current and / or voltage value. The converted second current and / or converted second voltage value may be the same as the first current and / or voltage value. Signal generator 24 may temporarily store power from power supply 22 and rely entirely or partially on the stored power to provide the ignition signal. The signal generator 24 can also rely entirely or partially on the power received from the power source 22 to provide the ignition signal without the need for temporary power storage.

[0045] Signal generator 24 may be wholly or partially controlled by processing circuitry 20. In various embodiments, signal generator 24 and processing circuitry 20 may be separate components (e.g., physically different and / or logically discrete). Signal generator 24 and processing circuitry 20 may be a single component. For example, control circuitry within housing 10 may include at least signal generator 24 and processing circuitry 20. The control circuitry may also include other components and / or arrangements, including those that further integrate the corresponding functions of these elements into a single component or circuit, and those that further separate certain functions into separate components or circuits.

[0046] Signal generator 24 can be controlled by a control signal to generate an ignition signal having one or more predetermined current values. For example, signal generator 24 may include a current source. Signal generator 24 may receive a control signal to activate the current source at the current value of the current source. Additional control signals may be received to reduce the current of the current source. For example, signal generator 24 may include a pulse width modification circuit coupled between the current source and the output of the control circuit. Signal generator 24 may receive a second control signal to activate the pulse width modification circuit, thereby reducing the non-zero period of the signal generated by the current source and the total current of the ignition signal subsequently output by the control circuit. The pulse width modification circuit may be separate from the circuitry of the current source, or alternatively, integrated within the circuitry of the current source. Various other forms of signal generator 45 may also be employed alternatively or additionally, including those that apply voltage through one or more different resistors to generate signals with different currents. In various embodiments, signal generator 24 may include a high-voltage module configured to deliver a current with a high voltage. In various embodiments, the signal generator 24 may include a low-voltage module configured to deliver a current having a low voltage (e.g., 2,000 volts).

[0047] In response to receiving a signal indicating activation of trigger 15 (e.g., an activation event), the control circuitry provides an ignition signal to magazine 12 (or electrodes within magazine 12). For example, signal generator 24 may provide an electrical signal as an ignition signal to magazine 12 in response to receiving a control signal from processing circuitry 20. In various embodiments, the ignition signal may be separate from and distinct from the stimulus signal. For example, the stimulus signal in CEW1 may be provided to a different circuit within magazine 12, relative to the circuit providing the ignition signal. Signal generator 24 may be configured to generate the stimulus signal. In various embodiments, a second, separate signal generator, component, or circuit (not shown) within housing 10 may be configured to generate the stimulus signal. Signal generator 24 may also provide a ground signal path to magazine 12, thereby completing the loop of the electrical signal provided by signal generator 24 to magazine 12. The ground signal path may also be provided to magazine 12 by other elements within housing 10, including power supply 22.

[0048] In various embodiments, the compartment 11 of the housing 10 may be configured to receive one or more magazines 12. The compartment 11 may include an opening at one end of the housing 10, the size and shape of which are designed to receive one or more magazines 12. The compartment 11 may include one or more mechanical features configured to removably engage one or more magazines 12 within the compartment 11. The compartment 11 of the housing 10 may be configured to receive a single magazine, two magazines, three magazines, nine magazines, or any other number of magazines.

[0049] The magazine 12 may include one or more propulsion modules 25 and one or more electrodes E. For example, the magazine 12 may include a single propulsion module 25 configured to deploy a single electrode E. As another embodiment, the magazine 12 may include a single propulsion module 25 configured to deploy multiple electrodes E. As yet another embodiment, the magazine 12 may include multiple propulsion modules 25 and multiple electrodes E, each propulsion module 25 being configured to deploy one or more electrodes E.

[0050] In various embodiments, one or more propulsion modules may be located within housing 10. In response to magazine 12 being coupled to housing 10 (e.g., inserted into compartment 11), one or more propulsion modules in housing 10 may be fluidly coupled to one or more electrodes E in magazine 12.

[0051] In various implementations, and as Figure 2 As shown, magazine 12 may include a first propulsion module 25-1 configured to deploy a first electrode E0, a second propulsion module 25-2 configured to deploy a second electrode E1, a third propulsion module 25-3 configured to deploy a third electrode E2, and a fourth propulsion module 25-n configured to deploy a fourth electrode En. Each series of propulsion modules and electrodes may be contained in the same and / or separate magazines. As mentioned herein, electrodes E0, E1, E2, and En may generally be referred to individually as "electrode E" or collectively as "electrode E". As mentioned herein, propulsion modules 25-1, 25-2, 25-3, and 25-n may be referred to individually as "propulsion module 25" or collectively as "propulsion module 25".

[0052] In various embodiments, the propulsion module 25 may be coupled to or communicate with one or more electrodes E in the magazine 12. In various embodiments, the magazine 12 may include a plurality of propulsion modules 25, each coupled to or communicating with one or more electrodes E. The propulsion module 25 may include any device, propellant (e.g., air, gas, etc.), ignition powder, etc., capable of providing propulsion within the magazine 12. Propulsion may include a pressure increase caused by a rapidly expanding gas within a region or chamber. Propulsion may be applied to one or more electrodes E in the magazine 12 to induce the deployment of the one or more electrodes E. The propulsion module 25 may provide propulsion in response to the magazine 12 receiving an ignition signal, as described above.

[0053] In various embodiments, propulsion force can be applied directly to one or more electrodes E. For example, propulsion force from propulsion module 25-1 can be directly provided to the first electrode E0. Propulsion module 25 can be in fluid communication with one or more electrodes E to provide propulsion force. For example, propulsion force from propulsion module 25-1 can travel within the housing or channel of magazine 12 to the first electrode E0. Propulsion force can travel via a manifold in magazine 12.

[0054] In various embodiments, propulsion can be indirectly provided to one or more electrodes E. For example, propulsion can be provided to a secondary propellant source within propulsion module 25. The propulsion can launch the secondary propellant source within propulsion module 25, causing the secondary propellant source to release propellant. The force associated with the released propellant can then provide force to one or more electrodes E. The force generated by the secondary propellant source can cause the one or more electrodes E to be deployed from magazine 12 and CEW1.

[0055] In various embodiments, electrode E may comprise any suitable type of projectile. For example, one or more electrodes E may be or include projectiles, probes, electrodes (e.g., electrode darts), entangling projectiles (e.g., tethered entangling projectiles, nets, etc.), payload projectiles (e.g., containing liquid or gaseous substances), etc. The electrode may include a spear portion designed to pierce or attach near the tissue of a target to provide a conductive path between the electrode and the tissue, as described above. In some embodiments, the spear portion may include a spear assembly.

[0056] In various embodiments, magazine 12 may be configured to receive one or more cartridge cases. For example, magazine 12 may define one or more bores. A bore may include an axial opening through magazine 12. Each bore may be configured to receive a cartridge case. Each bore may be sized and shaped to accommodate and receive a cartridge case. Each bore may include any suitable deployment angle. One or more bores may include similar deployment angles. One or more bores may include different deployment angles. Magazine 12 may include any suitable or desired number of bores, such as two bores, five bores, nine bores, ten bores, etc.

[0057] The cartridge case may include a body (e.g., a cartridge case body) housing the electrode E and one or more components necessary for deploying the electrode E from the body. For example, the cartridge case may include the electrode E and a propulsion module. This propulsion module may be similar to any other propulsion module, ignition powder, etc., disclosed herein.

[0058] In various embodiments, the cartridge may include a cylindrical outer body defining a hollow inner portion. This hollow inner portion may house an electrode E (e.g., an electrode E, a spear or spear assembly, a filament, etc.). The hollow inner portion may house a propulsion module configured to deploy the electrode E from a first end of the cylindrical outer body. The cartridge may include a piston positioned adjacent to a second end of the electrode E. The cartridge may position the propulsion module such that the piston is located between the electrode E and the propulsion module. The cartridge may also have a stopper plate positioned adjacent to the piston, wherein the stopper plate is located between the propulsion module and the piston.

[0059] In various embodiments, the cartridge case may include a contact at one end of the body. This contact may be configured to allow the cartridge case to receive an electrical signal from the CEW handle. For example, the contact may include an electrical contact configured to enable an electrical circuit to be completed between the cartridge case and a signal generator in the CEW handle. In this respect, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) a stimulus signal from the CEW handle to electrode E. As another embodiment, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) an electrical signal (e.g., an ignition signal) from the CEW handle to a propulsion module within the cartridge case. For example, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) an electrical signal to a conductor in the propulsion module, thereby heating the conductor and igniting pyrotechnic material inside the propulsion module. Ignition of the pyrotechnic material may cause the propulsion module to deploy electrode E from the cartridge case (e.g., directly or indirectly).

[0060] In operation, cartridge cases can be inserted into the bore of magazine 12. Magazine 12 can be inserted into the compartment of the CEW handle. The CEW can be operated to deploy electrode E from the cartridge cases in magazine 12. Magazine 12 can be removed from the compartment of the CEW handle. Cartridges (e.g., used cartridge cases, discarded cartridge cases, etc.) can be removed from the bore of magazine 12. New cartridge cases can then be inserted into the same bore of magazine 12 for additional deployment. The number of cartridge cases that magazine 12 can receive can depend on the number of bores in magazine 12. For example, in response to magazine 12 having ten bores, magazine 12 can be configured to receive up to ten cartridge cases simultaneously. As another embodiment, in response to magazine 12 having two bores, magazine 12 can be configured to receive up to two cartridge cases simultaneously.

[0061] The control interface 17 of CEW 1 may include any control interface disclosed herein or similar. In various embodiments, the control interface 17 may be configured to control the selection of a firing mode in CEW 1. Controlling the selection of a firing mode in CEW 1 may include disabling firing of CEW 1 (e.g., safe mode, etc.), enabling firing of CEW 1 (e.g., activation mode, firing mode, upgrade mode, etc.), controlling the deployment of magazine 12, and / or similar operations, as further discussed herein. In various embodiments, the control interface 17 may also be configured to perform (or cause to perform) one or more operations that do not include firing mode selection. For example, the control interface 17 may be configured to enable selection of CEW 1 operating mode, selection of options within CEW 1 operating mode, or similar selection or scrolling operations, as further discussed herein.

[0062] The control interface 17 can be located at any suitable location on or within the housing 10. For example, the control interface 17 can be coupled to the outer surface of the housing 10. The control interface 17 can be coupled to the outer surface of the housing 10 near the trigger 15 and / or the retaining ring of the housing 10. The control interface 17 can be electrically, mechanically, and / or electronically coupled to the processing circuitry 20. In various embodiments, in response to the control interface 17 including electronic components or parts, the control interface 17 can be electrically coupled to a power source 22. The control interface 17 can receive power (e.g., current) from the power source 22 to power the electronic components or parts.

[0063] Control interface 17 may be electronically or mechanically coupled to trigger 15. For example, and as further discussed herein, control interface 17 may function as a safety mechanism. In response to control interface 17 being set to "safe mode," CEW 1 may be unable to fire electrodes from magazine 12. For example, control interface 17 may provide a signal (e.g., a control signal) to processing circuitry 20, instructing processing circuitry 20 to disable electrode deployment from magazine 12. As another embodiment, control interface 17 may electronically or mechanically prevent trigger 15 from activating (e.g., prevent or disable user pressing trigger 15; prevent trigger 15 from firing electrodes; etc.).

[0064] The control interface 17 may include any suitable electronic or mechanical components capable of enabling firing mode selection. For example, the control interface 17 may include a firing mode selector switch, a safety switch, a safety latch, a rotary switch, a selection switch, a selective firing mechanism, and / or any other suitable mechanical control. As another embodiment, the control interface 17 may include a slide, such as a pistol slide, a reciprocating slide, etc. As yet another embodiment, the control interface 17 may include a touchscreen, a user interface, or a display, or similar electronic vision components.

[0065] The safety mode can be configured to prevent electrode deployment from magazine 12 in CEW 1. For example, in response to a user selecting a safety mode, control interface 17 can transmit a safety mode command to processing circuitry 20. In response to receiving the safety mode command, processing circuitry 20 can prevent electrode deployment from magazine 12. Processing circuitry 20 can prevent deployment until further instructions (e.g., firing mode instructions) are received from control interface 17. As described above, control interface 17 can also, or alternatively, interact with trigger 15 to prevent activation of trigger 15. In various embodiments, the safety mode can also be configured to prevent the deployment of stimulation signals from signal generator 24, e.g., local delivery.

[0066] The firing mode can be configured to enable the deployment of one or more electrodes from the magazine 12 in the CEW 1. For example, and according to various embodiments, in response to a user selecting a firing mode, the control interface 17 can transmit a firing mode command to the processing circuitry 20. In response to receiving the firing mode command, the processing circuitry 20 can enable the deployment of electrodes from the magazine 12. In this regard, in response to the activation of the trigger 15, the processing circuitry 20 can prompt the deployment of one or more electrodes. The processing circuitry 20 can enable deployment until further instructions (e.g., a safety mode command) are received from the control interface 17. As another embodiment, and according to various embodiments, in response to a user selecting a firing mode, the control interface 17 can also interact mechanically (or electronically) with the trigger 15 of the CEW 1 to enable the activation of the trigger 15.

[0067] In various embodiments, the CEW 1 can deliver a stimulation signal via a loop including a signal generator 24 located in the handle of the CEW 1. An interface (e.g., cartridge case interface, magazine interface, etc.) on each magazine 12 inserted into the housing 10 is electrically connected to an interface (e.g., handle interface, housing interface, etc.) in the housing 10. The signal generator 24 is connected to each magazine 12 via the handle interface and the magazine interface, thereby connecting to the electrode E. A first filament is connected to the interface of the magazine 12 and the first electrode. A second filament is connected to the interface of the magazine 12 and the second electrode. The stimulation signal travels from the signal generator 24, through the first filament and the first electrode, through the target tissue, and returns to the signal generator 24 via the second electrode and the second filament.

[0068] In various embodiments, CEW 1 may further include one or more user interfaces 27. User interfaces 27 may be configured to receive input from and / or transmit output to users of CEW 1. User interfaces 27 may be located at any suitable location on or within housing 10. For example, user interfaces 27 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10, or at least partially extend through the outer surface of housing 10. User interfaces 27 may be electrically, mechanically, and / or electronically coupled to processing circuitry 20. In various embodiments, in response to user interfaces 27 including electronic or electrical components or parts, user interfaces 27 may be electrically coupled to a power source 22. User interfaces 27 may receive power (e.g., current) from power source 22 to power electronic components or parts.

[0069] In various embodiments, the user interface 27 may include one or more components configured to receive input from a user. For example, the user interface 27 may include one or more of the following: an audio capture module (e.g., a microphone) configured to receive audio input; a visual display (e.g., a touchscreen, LCD, LED, etc.) configured to receive manual input; or a mechanical interface (e.g., a button, switch, etc.) configured to receive manual input. In various embodiments, the user interface 27 may include one or more components configured to transmit or generate output. For example, the user interface 27 may include one or more of the following: an audio output module (e.g., an audio speaker) configured to output audio; a light-emitting component (e.g., a flashlight, laser sight, etc.) configured to output light; or a visual display (e.g., a touchscreen, LCD, LED, etc.) configured to output visual information.

[0070] In various implementations, and referring to Figures 3A-4B An electrode 330 is disclosed. Electrode 330 can be similar to any other electrode, projectile, etc., disclosed herein. Electrode 330 can be used in conjunction with any ammunition cartridge and / or magazine disclosed herein. Electrode 330 can also be used without an ammunition cartridge. Electrode 330 can include electrodes, projectiles, etc., for CEW (Continuous Electrode Warp). Electrode 330 can include projectiles for projectile launchers.

[0071] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include electrode body 331 having a first end 332 (e.g., a first electrode terminal, front end, first electrode body end, etc.) and an opposing second end 333 (e.g., a second electrode terminal, rear end, rear end, second electrode body end, etc.). Electrode body 331 may include an outer surface opposite to an inner surface. Electrode body 331 may define a cylindrical body. In some embodiments, the shape of electrode body 331 may be complementary to a cartridge configured to receive electrode 330 (e.g., electrode body 331 may be complementary to one or more inner surfaces of the cartridge).

[0072] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include head 340 (e.g., front head, electrode head, interchangeable head, etc.). Head 340 may include body 341 (e.g., head body, front head body, etc.), body 341 having a first head end 342 and an opposing second head end 343. Body 341 may define an intermediate section 345 (e.g., head intermediate section), the intermediate section 345 being between the first head end 342 and the second head end 343.

[0073] A second head end 343 may be coupled to an electrode body 331 (e.g., at a first end 332). The second head end 343 may be coupled to an electrode body 331 such that a portion of the head 340 is received within the electrode body 331. The portion of the head 340 received within the electrode body 331 may be less than half of the head 340. In some embodiments, the portion of the head 340 received within the electrode body 331 may be 30% of the head 340. In some embodiments, the portion of the head 340 received within the electrode body 331 may be less than 40% of the head 340; less than 40%, 30%, or 20% of the head 340; approximately 40%, 30%, or 20% of the head 340; and / or any other similar portion of the head 340 (where "approximately" in this context means only + / - 5%).

[0074] The head 340 can be configured to receive one or more attachments (e.g., head attachments, accessories, etc.). The head 340 can be configured to receive a single attachment. The head 340 can be configured to receive multiple attachments. An attachment can be configured to engage with the front surface (e.g., the radial front surface) of the first head end 342. An attachment can be configured to engage with the axial outer surface of the first head end 342. An attachment can be configured to engage with the head 340 at an intermediate segment 345 near the first head end 342 and the second head end 343. In some embodiments, an attachment can be configured to engage with the head 340 at one or more of the front surface, the axial outer surface, and / or the intermediate segment 345 of the head 340.

[0075] The first head end 342 may be configured to receive a first attachment configured to enable the electrode 330 to be coupled to a target. For example, the first attachment may include a spear, spear assembly, hook, barb, training attachment, swivel attachment, etc. In some embodiments, the first attachment may include a conductive material.

[0076] The first head end 342 can be configured to receive a second attachment configured to provide characteristics to the electrode 330. These characteristics may include physical properties, physical features, etc. For example, the characteristics may include aerodynamic characteristics. In this respect, the second attachment may be coupled to the head 340 and configured to alter the aerodynamic characteristics or features of the electrode 330 (e.g., lift, drag, etc.). As another embodiment, the characteristics may include force absorption characteristics. In this respect, the second attachment may be coupled to the head 340 and configured to at least partially reduce the impact force of the electrode 330 on the target. The second attachment may at least partially absorb the force of impact with the target, thereby reducing potential tissue or skin damage to the target (e.g., bruising, tearing, etc.). The second attachment may reduce the momentum of the electrode 330 after impact with the target, thereby preventing (e.g., preventing) the electrode 330 from bouncing (e.g., deflecting) from the target surface (e.g., clothing, tissue, etc.) with sufficient residual force to disengage the electrode 330 from the target surface. The second attachment may include a pad, a shock absorber, a thermoplastic elastomer, rubber, etc. In various embodiments, the second attachment may include a non-conductive material.

[0077] In various embodiments, the first attachment and the second attachment may be coupled to the head 340 at the first head end 342. In some embodiments, the second attachment may be coupled to each of the head 340 and the first attachment. In various embodiments, the head 340 may include a first mechanical feature configured to receive the first attachment and a second mechanical feature configured to receive the second attachment. The first mechanical feature may include an opening, a channel, a recess, a protrusion, etc. The second mechanical feature may include the shape of the head 340.

[0078] In various embodiments, the first head end 342 may be sized and shaped to receive one or more attachments. For example, the first head end 342 may include a channel 344 (e.g., a head channel, attachment channel, axial channel, etc.) configured to allow an attachment to be attached to the head 340. The channel 344 may define an opening on the first head end 342 that extends into the body of the head 340. The channel 344 may not extend through to the second head end 343. The channel 344 may be configured to receive the first attachment.

[0079] In some embodiments, electrode 330 may include a spear or spear assembly coupled within channel 344. For example, the spear or spear assembly may be coupled within channel 344 by mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical coupling may include interference fit, press fit, deformation, etc. Chemical coupling may include adhesives, etc. The spear or spear assembly may be coupled within channel 344 such that a gap exists between the end of the spear or spear assembly and the inner end of channel 344. In other embodiments, the end of the spear or spear assembly may abut (e.g., contact) the inner end of channel 344.

[0080] The first head end 342 may include a shape configured to receive an attachment. For example, a head 340 located at the first head end 342 may include a "T-shape," wherein the outer portion (e.g., the first portion) of the first head end 342 includes a larger diameter than the inner portion (e.g., the second portion) of the head end 342. This T-shape may be configured to receive a second attachment. The outer and inner portions of the first head end 342 may further at least partially define a channel 344. The outer portion of the first head end 342 may be axially forward of the inner portion of the first head end 342.

[0081] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include absorber 360 (e.g., shock absorber, impact absorber, buffer, front pad, etc.). Absorber 360 may include absorber body 361 having a first absorber end 362 (e.g., front absorber end) and an opposing second absorber end 363 (e.g., rear absorber end).

[0082] Absorber 360 can be coupled to head 340. Absorber 360 can be coupled to head 340 using mechanical coupling, chemical coupling, etc. Absorber 360 can be coupled to head 340 at second absorber end 363. Absorber 360 can be coupled to first head end 342. Absorber 360 can be coupled to head 340 in front of second head end 343. Absorber 360 can be coupled to intermediate section 345. Absorber 360 can be coupled to a T-shape defining first head end 342. Absorber 360 may include an outer surface radially located outside the outer surface of head 340. Absorber 360 may include a rear inner surface radially located inside first head end 342 and second head end 343, but radially located outside intermediate section 345 of head 340. The rear inner surface may be defined at or near second absorber end 363. The rear inner surface may be axially located behind first head end 342 and before second head end 343. In some implementations, the absorber 360 may be molded onto the head 340, for example, using an injection molding process.

[0083] The absorber 360 may extend to the front of the head 340. In some embodiments, the absorber 360 may define an opening configured to receive a spear or spear assembly. In some embodiments, the absorber 360 may be coupled to a spear or spear assembly.

[0084] The absorber 360 can be configured to at least partially absorb (or receive) the force of impact with the target, thereby reducing potential tissue or skin damage to the target (e.g., bruising, tearing, etc.). The absorber 360 can reduce the momentum of the electrode 330 after impact with the target, thereby preventing (e.g., avoiding) the electrode 330 from bouncing (e.g., deflecting) from the target surface (e.g., clothing, tissue, etc.) with sufficient residual force to disengage the electrode 330 from the target surface. The absorber 360 may include a pad, shock absorber, thermoplastic elastomer, rubber, etc. In various embodiments, the absorber 360 may include a non-conductive material. The spear or spear assembly may include a conductive material configured to deliver a stimulation signal to the target.

[0085] In various embodiments, one or more portions of the absorber 360 may be formed of a deformable (e.g., flexible, etc.) material. Upon impact with a target, the deformable material may be configured to deform elastically (e.g., temporarily, etc.) or plastically (e.g., permanently, etc.). Deformable materials may include thermoplastic vulcanizates (e.g., SANTOPRENE), silicone rubber, polyurethane, polybutadiene, and other materials configured to deform upon impact with a target. Deformable materials may include elastic materials (e.g., materials with high yield strength and low elastic modulus, materials exhibiting spring-like properties, etc.). Deformable materials may include elastomeric materials. Deformable materials may include soft materials.

[0086] In various embodiments, the absorber 360 may include a variety of different structures and / or materials. For example, the absorber 360 may include a first material configured to at least partially assist in absorbing impact forces and a second material configured to further provide rigidity and / or structure to the absorber 360. The first material may include an elastic material configured to deform and / or absorb impact forces (as described above), while the second material may include a more rigid material, such as plastics (e.g., acrylic or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE or PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), etc.). The first material may define the outer portion of the absorber 360 to ensure that the absorber 360 deforms and / or absorbs impact forces. The second material may define the inner portion of the absorber 360 to provide rigidity and structure to the absorber 360.

[0087] In various embodiments, the first absorber end 362 may include one or more features, structures, etc., configured to at least partially assist the absorber 360 in absorbing (or receiving) the force of impact with the target. The first absorber end 362 may be configured to reduce the vibration provided by the impact (e.g., collision) between the electrode 330 and the target. The first absorber end 362 may be configured to minimize blunt impact and / or penetration of the front portion of the electrode 330 to the target by distributing the impact force (e.g., impact force, etc.) of the electrode 330 over a larger impact area (e.g., impact area, contact area, surface contact area, etc.), distributing the impact force of the electrode 330 over a longer duration (e.g., increasing the impact duration, etc.), and / or absorbing the kinetic energy of the electrode 330. The first absorber end 362 may include an expandable portion. After a certain length of the spear or spear assembly penetrates the target, the expandable portion of the first absorber end 362 may impact the target and expand (e.g., change shape, deform, etc.) to increase the contact area between the electrode 330 and the target. The extension of the expandable portion of the first absorber end 362 can absorb the kinetic energy of the electrode 330 impacting the target. In other embodiments, the deployment of the electrode 330 can cause the expandable portion of the first absorber end 362 to extend, increasing the contact area between the electrode 330 and the target before impact. This increased contact area reduces the impact pressure exerted by the electrode 330 on the target. The first absorber end 362 can reduce the likelihood of a blunt impact and / or penetration of the electrode 330 body onto the target, thereby enabling the electrode 330 to be launched from the CEW and impact the target with greater kinetic energy than an electrode without an absorber. For example, an electrode 330 including the absorber 360 can impact the target with 12 joules of energy, while the front portion of an electrode 330 without an absorber has no risk of penetrating the target, whereas an electrode without an absorber might only impact the target with 6 joules of energy without the risk of the front portion penetrating the target.

[0088] In various embodiments, the first absorber end 362 may define an expandable portion of the absorber 360. For example, the expandable portion may be configured to expand upon impact with a target to increase the contact area between the absorber 360 and the target and / or a portion of the impact force applied to the target by the absorbing electrode 330. The expandable portion may be in a retracted state before impact with and / or the emitting electrode 330. After (or during) impact with and / or the emitting electrode 330, the expandable portion may be forced into an expanded state. The expandable portion may include one or more components (e.g., fingers). For example, the expandable portion may include components extending axially forward from the first absorber end 362. These components may be arranged at regular circumferential intervals, such as every 30 degrees, every 60 degrees, every 90 degrees, etc. Each component may be separated from an adjacent component by a channel (e.g., a slot, a gap, etc.). The shape of the channel may include V-shape, U-shape, C-shape, square, and / or any other suitable or desired shape. For example, the first absorber end 362 may include multiple channels, wherein each of the multiple components is separated from an adjacent component of the multiple components by a corresponding channel among the multiple channels. At least one of the multiple channels may be positioned between a pair of adjacent members of the multiple components of the expandable portion. In various embodiments, the combination of the arrangement and shape of the components with the arrangement and shape of the channels may typically include a castle nut shape (i.e., a slotted nut, etc.) or a slotted inverted (e.g., reversed) truncated conical cup shape.

[0089] In response to the impact and / or launch of electrode 330, the components of the expandable portion can bend radially outward (e.g., deform). For example, when absorber 360 impacts a target, the impact force can cause each component to deform outward, thereby further increasing the impact area of ​​absorber 360 during the duration of the impact. For example, when electrode 330 flies toward a target, the momentum of electrode 330 causes the spear or spear assembly to pierce the target. However, typically, the momentum of electrode 330 is not exhausted by the penetration of the spear or spear assembly. The remaining momentum of electrode 330 is transferred to the target through the impact of absorber 360 with the target. Absorber 360 is configured to reduce the impact force in response to the change in momentum, thereby preventing at least a portion of electrode 330 (e.g., the front portion, electrode body, etc.) from further penetrating into the target. The expandable portion of the first absorber end 362 can expand (e.g., deform), thereby prolonging the impact time of absorber 360 with the target, which in turn reduces the impact force. As the expandable portion of the first absorber end 362 extends, the impact area can be increased (e.g., by radially expanding the member), thereby distributing the impact force over a larger area, which in turn prevents the electrode body 331 from penetrating or further impacting the target. Increasing the impact area also prolongs the impact time, which may have a synergistic effect on reducing blunt impact and preventing the electrode body 331 from penetrating the target tissue.

[0090] In various embodiments, increasing the deformation of the expandable components (e.g., increasing the radially outward deformation of one or more components) can increase the impact area of ​​the absorber 360. Increasing the impact area of ​​the absorber 360 can increase the magnitude of the force that the absorber 360 can receive during an impact.

[0091] In this regard, and according to various embodiments, electrode 330 may include an impact expander 365. The impact expander 365 may be configured to at least partially assist in increasing the radially outward deformation of the expandable portion of absorber 360. The impact expander 365 may be positioned in front of absorber 360. In some embodiments, the impact expander 365 may be positioned behind the front end of spear or spear assembly. The impact expander 365 may be coupled to spear or spear assembly. The impact expander 365 may be coupled to a first absorber end 362 of absorber 360.

[0092] The impact expander 365 may include an expander body having a first expander end and an opposing second expander end. The first expander end may be located near the front end of the spear or spear assembly. The second expander end may be located near, connected to, or in contact with, the first absorber end 362 of the absorber 360. The second expander end may be positioned within an opening of the first absorber end 362 of the absorber 360. For example, at least a portion of the second expander end may be inserted into the first absorber end 362 of the absorber 360.

[0093] The impact expander 365 can be configured to receive impact force and distribute it to the absorber 360. For example, in response to an impact of electrode 330 on a target, the impact expander 365 can receive the impact force. The impact expander 365 can be translated axially in a rearward direction to transfer and distribute the impact force to the absorber 360.

[0094] Impact expander 365 can be configured to provide an axial force against absorber 360 in response to an impact on impact expander 365. For example, in response to electrode 330 being deployed toward a target, spear or spear assembly and impact expander 365 can impact the target. Impact on the first expander end can cause impact expander 365 to move rearward toward absorber 360. Rearward movement can cause a second expander end to provide an axial force against the first absorber end 362 of absorber 360. The axial force provided by impact expander 365 can be received by an expandable portion of absorber 360. Receiving the axial force can cause one or more components of the expandable portion to deform radially outward. In some embodiments, the axial force provided by impact expander 365 can cause one or more components of expandable portion to deform further radially outward than if absorber 360 received impact force without impact expander 365.

[0095] In some embodiments, the impact expander 365 may be configured to remain in contact with the absorber 360 before, during, and after the electrode 330 impacts the target. In some embodiments, the impact expander 365 may not be in contact with the absorber 360 before the electrode 330 impacts the target, but may be in contact with and remain in contact with the absorber 360 during and after the electrode 330 impacts the target. In some embodiments, the impact expander 365 may be configured to break during the electrode 330 impacts the target. In this respect, the impact expander 365 may apply a force to the absorber 360 in response to the impact of the electrode 330 on the target, but may subsequently break (e.g., disengage, disengage, etc.), such that the absorber 360 contacts the target after the initial impact of the electrode 330 on the target.

[0096] The impact expander 365 may include any suitable size, shape, and / or dimension capable of assisting the deformation of the expandable portion of the absorber 360 during an impact. The impact expander 365 may include any suitable shape capable of assisting the deformation of the expandable portion of the absorber 360 during an impact. For example, the expander 365 may include convex, concave, conical, spherical, square, rectangular, annular, ring-shaped, and / or similar shapes.

[0097] In various embodiments, the head 340 may include different dimensions from a first head end 342 to a second head end 343. For example, the head 340 may include an hourglass shape, wherein the first head end 342 and the second head end 343 each include a diameter larger than the intermediate section 345. The first head end 342 may include a first diameter, the second head end 343 may include a second diameter, and the intermediate section 345 may include a third diameter (each diameter may also be referred to as the head diameter). The first diameter and the second diameter may each be larger than the third diameter (e.g., the intermediate section diameter). The first diameter may be smaller than the second diameter. The second diameter may be larger than both the first and third diameters.

[0098] As further discussed herein, head 340 can be configured to receive an attachment. This attachment can be coupled to a middle portion of the head. The attachment can include different thicknesses. For example, the attachment can include a first thickness near the attachment portion contacting the first head end 342. The attachment can include a second thickness near the attachment portion contacting the middle section 345. The first thickness and first diameter can be substantially similar in size to the second thickness and the diameter of the middle portion. The first thickness and first diameter can be smaller in size or substantially similar in size to the second diameter. The second thickness and the diameter of the middle section can be smaller in size or substantially similar in size to the second diameter.

[0099] In various embodiments, the head 340 may include a conductive material. For example, the head 340 may include a metallic material. The head 340 may include a metal alloy, such as brass.

[0100] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include filament 337 (e.g., a cord, thread, etc.). Filament 337 may include a conductive material configured to electrically connect electrode 330 to cartridges, magazines, and / or the CEW handle. In this regard, filament 337 may be configured to provide a stimulation signal and / or ignition signal to electrode 330 via a signal generator of the CEW handle.

[0101] The filament 337 may include a first filament end 338 and an opposing second filament end 339. The first filament end 338 may be coupled to the electrode 330. In some embodiments, the first filament end 338 may be coupled to the head 340. For example, the first filament end 338 may be welded to the head 340. As another embodiment, the first filament end 338 may be coupled between the head 340 and the inner surface of the electrode body 331. For example, the first filament end 338 may be inserted between the head 340 and the electrode body 331, and the electrode body 331 may be press-fitted (e.g., deformed, riveted, etc.) to coupled the electrode body 331 to the head 340. The press-fitting between the electrode body 331 and the head 340 may couple the first filament end 338 between the electrode body 331 and the head 340.

[0102] The second filament end 339 can extend behind the electrode 330 and can be configured to connect inside the ammunition cartridge, deployment unit, magazine, etc. In this respect, the head 340, the filament 337, and the ammunition cartridge, deployment unit, magazine, etc. can be in electrical series.

[0103] In various embodiments, the filament 337 may be conductive from the first filament end 338 to the second filament end 339. For example, the filament 337 may be non-insulated from the first filament end 338 to the second filament end 339.

[0104] In various embodiments, the filament 337 may be insulated from the first filament end 338 to the second filament end 339. In this respect, only a portion of the first filament end 338 connected to the head 340 and / or a portion of the second filament end 339 connected to the cartridge, deployment unit, magazine, etc., may be non-insulated.

[0105] In various embodiments, the filament 337 may be housed within the electrode body 331. For example, the filament 337 may be wound into a winding (e.g., a coil, a filament winding, etc.). This winding may be housed (e.g., stored, set, etc.) within the electrode body 331. During deployment, the electrode 330 may travel in a forward direction. During travel, the filament 337 may be unwound from the winding (e.g., unwound, unrolled, etc.) to deploy the filament 337 behind the electrode body 331.

[0106] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include a rear nozzle 350. The rear nozzle 350 may be disposed within electrode body 331. The rear nozzle 350 may be disposed within electrode body 331 near the second end 333. The rear nozzle 350 may be disposed within electrode body 331 in front of the second end 333. In some embodiments, the rear nozzle 350 may be axially offset from the second end 333.

[0107] The rear nozzle 350 may define an opening 351. The opening 351 may be radially centered within the electrode body 331. The rear nozzle 350 may be configured to position the filament 337 as it unfolds and leaves the electrode 330. For example, as the filament 337 is deployed from the electrode 330, it moves through the opening 351. Friction between the inner wall of the opening 351 and the filament 337 exerts a force on the filament 337. Applying a force to the filament 337 during deployment provides drag to the electrode 330. Providing drag to the electrode 330 increases the stability and accuracy of the electrode's flight along the intended trajectory. Increased flight stability and / or accuracy can improve the repeatability of electrodes launched from different cartridges along the intended trajectory.

[0108] In various embodiments, opening 351 may further define recess 352. Recess 352 may include an axial groove in opening 351 extending radially inward from opening 351 toward the inner surface of electrode body 331. Recess 352 may be sized and shaped to receive filament 337.

[0109] In various embodiments, the groove 352 can position the filament 337 prior to deployment. During deployment, the filament 337 can unwind and exit the groove 352 (e.g., to contact the opening 351). In various embodiments, the groove 352 can position the filament 337 both before and during deployment. For example, during deployment, the filament 337 can be held within the groove 352.

[0110] In various embodiments, the second head end 343 may include one or more features, structures, etc., to facilitate the attachment of the filament 337 to the head 340. For example, the second head end 343 may include one or more features, structures, etc., to mechanically attach the first filament end 338 to the head 340 and / or ensure that the first filament end 338 remains mechanically attached to the head 340 before and after the electrode 330 is deployed, and before, during, and after the electrode 330 impacts the target. The second head end 343 may also include one or more features, structures, etc., to electrically attach the first filament end 338 to the head 340.

[0111] As described above, the filament 337 can be wound into a winding. In some embodiments, the first filament end 338 can be wound into a winding around the second head end 343. For example, and according to various embodiments, the second head end 343 may include one or more circumferential channels. Each circumferential channel may be sized and / or shaped to receive and / or retain a length of filament 337. In this regard, the first filament end 338 may be circumferentially wound through one or more circumferential channels of the second head end 343 to connect the first filament end 338 to the second head end 343. In some embodiments, one end of the first filament end 338 may extend forward of the second head end 343 and near the intermediate section 345.

[0112] As described above, the electrode can be electrically connected to the target by contacting (e.g., piercing, attaching, etc.) the target tissue. For example, the electrode can impact the target, and the spear of the electrode can pierce the target tissue to electrically connect the electrode to the target tissue. In some cases, clothing or other objects on the target may affect the electrode's ability to directly contact the target tissue. For example, thick clothing may cause the electrode to deflect away from the target after impact, or prevent the spear from directly contacting the target tissue. In some cases where direct contact cannot be achieved, the spear may approach the target tissue but be separated from it by air gaps, clothing, etc.

[0113] In some implementations, the CEW can provide a high-voltage stimulation signal. This high-voltage stimulation signal ionizes the air between the spear and the target tissue to electrically connect the electrode to the target. The ionized air establishes a low-impedance ionization path from the electrode to the target tissue, which can be used to deliver the stimulation signal to the target tissue via the ionization path. However, for larger air gaps between the spear and the target tissue, the CEW may not be able to establish an ionization path.

[0114] In some implementations, a CEW can provide a low-voltage stimulation signal. A low-voltage stimulation signal may not establish an ionization path if the electrodes are not directly connected to the target tissue. In this respect, a CEW that only provides a low-voltage stimulation signal may require the deployed electrodes to be electrically connected to the target tissue via direct contact.

[0115] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include spear assembly 370 (e.g., nested spear, extended spear, deployed spear, etc.). Spear assembly 370 may include an attachment coupled to the tip of electrode 330. Spear assembly 370 may be configured to extend before, during, or after electrode 330 impacts a target. Spear assembly 370 may be configured to extend to at least partially reduce the distance (e.g., air gap) between spear assembly 370 and target tissue. Reducing the distance between spear assembly 370 and target tissue can improve electrical coupling between electrode 330 and target. Spear assembly 370 may be configured to extend in response to impact of electrode 330 with target to pierce target tissue. In this respect, spear assembly 370 may be configured to at least partially increase the probability of direct contact with target tissue during deployment (e.g., compared to a standard electrode spear).

[0116] In various embodiments, the spear assembly 370 may include a first spear portion and a second spear portion. The first spear portion may be configured to first impact a target during deployment. The second spear portion may be configured to subsequently impact the target during deployment. The first impact may precede the subsequent impact. For example, the first impact may be with the target's clothing. The subsequent impact may be with the target's tissue. As another embodiment, the first impact may be with both the target's clothing and tissue. The subsequent impact may be with the target's tissue. As another embodiment, the first impact may be with the target's clothing. The subsequent impact may be with both the target's clothing and tissue.

[0117] The spear assembly 370 can be configured to provide a stimulation signal via a first spear portion and / or a second spear portion. The spear assembly 370 can be configured to provide the stimulation signal based on the electrical coupling of the first spear portion and / or the second spear portion to a target. For example, in response to the first spear portion and the second spear portion being electrically connected to the target, the stimulation signal can be provided via the first spear portion and the second spear portion. As another embodiment, in response to the first spear portion and the second spear portion being electrically connected to the target, the stimulation signal can be provided via one of the first spear portion or the second spear portion. As another embodiment, in response to only the first spear portion being electrically connected to the target, the stimulation signal can be provided via the first spear portion. As another embodiment, in response to only the second spear portion being electrically connected to the target, the stimulation signal can be provided via the second spear portion.

[0118] The first spear portion and the second spear portion can be electrically connected in series with the electrode 330. The first spear portion and the second spear portion can each be electrically connected to the electrode 330. The first spear portion and the second spear portion can be electrically connected to the electrode 330 in parallel. The first spear portion can be electrically connected to the electrode 330, and the second spear portion can be electrically connected to the first spear portion. The first spear portion and the second spear portion can be electrically connected in series.

[0119] The first spear portion may differ from the second spear portion. For example, the first spear portion may include a first structure of the spear assembly 370, and the second spear portion may include a second structure of the spear assembly 370. The first and second structures may include independent structures. The first and second structures may include the same structure (e.g., an integral structure). In this respect, the first and second structures may include different and / or different parts of the same structure. As another embodiment, the first spear portion may include a first material, and the second spear portion may include a second material. The first material may be different from the second material. As another embodiment, the first spear portion may include a first physical dimension (e.g., diameter, circumference, length, etc.), and the second spear portion may include a second physical dimension. The first physical dimension may be different from the second physical dimension. As another embodiment, the first spear portion may include a first shape, and the second spear portion may include a second shape. The first shape may be different from the second shape. As another embodiment, the first spear portion may include a first attachment structure, and the second spear portion may include a second attachment structure. The first attachment structure may be different from the second attachment structure.

[0120] The first spear portion can be located outside the second spear portion. The second spear portion can be disposed inside the first spear portion. The front end of the first spear portion can extend in front of the front end of the second spear portion. The rear end of the first spear portion can be positioned close to the rear end of the second spear portion. The first spear portion can be connected to electrode 330. The second spear portion can be connected to the first spear portion. The first spear portion can be coaxial with the second spear portion.

[0121] The first spear portion can be stationary (e.g., static, fixed, etc.). For example, the first spear portion can be configured to remain in a fixed position before, during, and after the electrode 330 impacts the target. The first spear portion can remain connected to the electrode 330 before, during, and after the electrode 330 impacts the target. The second spear portion can be translational (e.g., movable, expandable, etc.). The second spear portion can translate relative to the first spear portion. The second spear portion can be configured to translate in a forward direction. For example, the second spear portion can be configured to change position during and / or after the electrode 330 impacts the target. In this respect, the second spear portion can be in a first position before the electrode 330 impacts the target. During and / or after the electrode 330 impacts the target, the second spear portion can translate to a second position. The second position can be in front of the first position. The second spear portion can be configured to disengage from the electrode 330 and / or the first spear portion to translate to the second position.

[0122] The second spear portion can be configured to translate in response to a received force. This force can include any suitable type of force applied to the second spear portion. For example, the force can include a mechanical force applied to the second spear portion via a spring, piston, and / or any other mechanical translation. As another embodiment, the force can include a fluid or chemical force applied to the second spear portion via a propulsion module, propellant, ignition powder, gunpowder, etc. As another embodiment, the force can include an inertial force applied to the second spear portion via electrode 330 and / or the first spear portion. For example, in response to an impact between the first spear portion and a target, the first spear portion and / or electrode 330 can at least partially stop or reduce forward movement and transfer the inertial force to the second spear portion. The inertial force can cause the second spear portion to translate in a forward direction.

[0123] In various embodiments, the spear assembly 370 may include a first spear 380 (e.g., an external spear, an initial spear, a fixed spear, etc.) and a second spear 390 (e.g., an internal spear, a secondary spear, a translational spear, an inertial spear, etc.). The first spear 380 may include a first spear portion of the spear assembly 370. The first spear 380 may be similar to any other spear, first spear portion, etc., disclosed herein. The second spear 390 may include a second spear portion of the spear assembly 370. The second spear 390 may be similar to any other spear, second spear portion, etc., disclosed herein.

[0124] In various embodiments, the first spear 380 may include any suitable type of spear, needle, hook, barbed connector, etc. For example, the first spear 380 may include a hypodermal injection needle. The first spear 380 may include an improved hypodermal injection needle that includes one or more barbed connecting structures. The first spear 380 may include any suitable shape, such as cylindrical.

[0125] The first spear 380 may include a first spear body 381 having a first end 382 (e.g., a first end of the first spear body, a front end of the first spear body, etc.) and an opposing second end 383 (e.g., a second end of the first spear body, a rear end of the first spear body, etc.). The first spear body 381 may include an outer surface (e.g., an outer surface of the first spear body) and an opposing inner surface (e.g., an inner surface of the first spear body). The first spear body 381 may define a channel 385 (e.g., a first spear channel) extending from the first end 382 to the second end 383. The channel 385 may be open at (e.g., in fluid communication with) the first end 382 and the second end 383. The channel 385 may define the inner surface of the first spear body 381.

[0126] The first spear 380 can be attached to the head 340. The first spear 380 can be attached to the head 340 at a first head end 342. The second end 383 of the first spear 380 can be attached to the head 340. For example, the second end 383 of the first spear 380 can be inserted into a channel 344 to be attached to the head 340. The first spear 380 can remain attached to the head 340 before, during, and after the deployment of the electrode 330. The first spear 380 can remain attached to the head 340 before, during, and after the electrode 330 impacts the target.

[0127] In various embodiments, the second spear 390 may include any suitable type of spear, needle, hook, barbed connector, etc. For example, the second spear 390 may include a hypodermal injection needle. The second spear 390 may include an improved hypodermal injection needle that includes one or more barbed connectors. The second spear 390 may include any suitable shape, such as cylindrical, hook-shaped, etc.

[0128] The second spear 390 may include a second spear body 391 having a first end 392 (e.g., a first end of the second spear body, a front end of the second spear body, etc.) and an opposing second end 393 (e.g., a second end of the second spear body, a rear end of the second spear body, etc.). The second spear body 391 may include an outer surface (e.g., an outer surface of the second spear body) and an opposing inner surface (e.g., an inner surface of the second spear body). The second spear body 391 may define a channel 395 (e.g., a second spear channel) extending from the first end 392 to the second end 393. The channel 395 may be open at (e.g., in fluid communication with) the first end 392 and the second end 393. The channel 395 may define the inner surface of the second spear body 391.

[0129] In various embodiments, the second spear 390 can be configured to translate from a first position (e.g., a resting position) to a second position (e.g., an extended position). The second spear 390 can be configured to translate from the first position to the second position in response to an impact of the electrode 330 and / or the first spear 380 on a target. For example, the impact of the electrode 330 and / or the first spear 380 on the target can cause an inertial force to be transmitted to the second spear 390. This inertial force can cause the spear 390 to translate from the first position to the second position. The second spear 390 can be configured to translate forward from the first position to the second position during and / or in response to an impact of the electrode 330 on the target. The second spear 390 can be configured to translate forward at least partially past the first spear 380 to reach the second position.

[0130] For example, and specifically refer to Figure 3A and Figure 3BThe second spear 390 is depicted in a first position. In the first position, the second spear 390 may be disposed within the first spear 380. The second spear 390 may be disposed within the channel 385 of the first spear 380. The second spear 390 may be coaxial with the first spear 380. The second spear 390 may contact the inner surface of the first spear body 381. The second spear 390 may be coupled to one or more inner surfaces of the first spear body 381. The first end 392 of the second spear 390 may be positioned behind the first end 382 of the first spear 380. The second end 393 of the second spear 390 may be positioned close to the second end 383 of the first spear 380. The second spear 390 may be electrically connected to an electrode 330. The second spear 390 may be electrically connected to the first spear 380. The second spear 390 may be electrically connected to a head 340.

[0131] As another embodiment, and specifically referred to Figure 4A and Figure 4B The second spear 390 is depicted in a second position. In the second position, the second spear 390 can be translated forward relative to the first position. Depending on the distance the second spear 390 is translated forward, at least a portion of the second spear 390 can still be positioned within the first spear 380. Depending on the distance the second spear 390 is translated forward, at least a portion of the second spear 390 can be positioned in front of the first spear 380. Depending on the distance the second spear 390 is translated forward, the entire second spear 390 can be positioned in front of the first spear 380. The first end 392 of the second spear 390 can be positioned in front of the first end 382 of the first spear 380. The second end 393 of the second spear 390 can be positioned in front of the second end 383 of the first spear 380. The second spear 390 can be electrically connected to the electrode 330. The second spear 390 can be electrically connected to the first spear 380. The second spear 390 can be electrically connected to the head 340.

[0132] In various implementations, and again refer to Figures 3A-4B The first spear 380 may differ from the second spear 390. For example, the first spear 380 may include a first physical dimension. The first physical dimension may include a first length, a first diameter, a first circumference, a first mass, etc. The second spear 390 may include a second physical dimension. The second physical dimension may include a second length, a second diameter, a second circumference, a second mass, etc. The first physical dimension may differ from the second physical dimension. For example, the first length may be longer than the second length. The first diameter may be greater than the second diameter. The first circumference may be greater than the second circumference. The first mass may be less than the second mass. As another embodiment, the first spear 380 may include a first material. The second spear 390 may include a second material. The first material may differ from the second material.

[0133] In various embodiments, the first spear 380 may be similar to or share similar characteristics with the second spear 390. For example, the first spear 380 may include a first material. The second spear 390 may include a second material. The first material may be the same as the second material. As another embodiment, the first spear 380 may include a first shape. The second spear 390 may include a second shape. The first shape may be similar to the second shape. As another embodiment, the first spear 380 and the second spear 390 may each include a hypodermal injection needle.

[0134] In various embodiments, the spear assembly 370 may include a core 375. The core 375 may be coupled to the second spear 390. The core 375 may be disposed within the second spear 390. The core 375 may be disposed within a channel 395 of the second spear 390. The core 375 may be coupled to an inner surface within the channel 395 of the second spear 390. The core 375 may be coupled to the inner surface using any suitable mechanical, chemical, or other coupling. For example, the second spear body 381 may be radially inwardly deformed (e.g., protruding inward, press-fitting, riveting, crimping, etc.) to couple the core 375 to the inner surface.

[0135] In various embodiments, the core 375 can be configured, sized, and shaped to increase the mass of the second spear 390. Increasing the mass of the second spear 390 can cause it to translate from a first position to a second position at a greater speed (e.g., when inertial forces are transmitted to the second spear 390). The core 375 can comprise any material capable of increasing the mass of the second spear 390. For example, the core 375 can comprise a material different from that of the second spear 390. The core 375 can comprise a non-conductive material. The core 375 can comprise a plastic material. The core 375 can comprise a conductive material. The core 375 can comprise a metallic material, such as tungsten, copper, aluminum, etc.

[0136] In various embodiments, the second spear 390 may be electrically connected to the first spear 380 and / or the electrode 330 in both the first and second positions. The second spear 390 may be electrically connected to the first spear 380 and / or the electrode 330 by maintaining contact with it. For example, the second spear 390 may be in direct physical contact with the first spear 380 in both the first and second positions. As another embodiment, the second spear 390 may be in indirect contact with the first spear 380 in both the first and second positions.

[0137] In various embodiments, the spear assembly 370 may include a cord 377. The cord 377 may be configured to couple a second spear 390 to a first spear 380 and / or an electrode 330. The cord 377 may be configured to electrically couple the second spear 390 to the first spear 380 and / or an electrode 330. The cord 377 may be configured to maintain electrical coupling between the second spear 390 and the first spear 380 and / or an electrode 330 as the second spear 390 translates from a first position to a second position. The cord 377 may include a first cord end 378 (e.g., a front cord end) and an opposing second cord end 379 (e.g., a rear cord end).

[0138] A first tethering end 378 can be connected to a second spear 390. The first tethering end 378 can be connected within a channel 395 of the second spear 390. For example, the first tethering end 378 can be wound within the channel 395. The first tethering end 378 can be wound around the core 375 within the channel 395. A deformable connection between the inner surface of the channel 395 and the core 375 can connect the first tethering end 378 to the core 375 and / or the second spear 390. In various embodiments, a tether 377 can be loaded within the channel 395 of the second spear 390. For example, the tether 377 can be wound into a winding (e.g., a coil, a tethering winding, etc.). This winding can be loaded (e.g., stored, set, etc.) within the channel 395. During the transition of the second spear 390 from a first position to a second position, the second spear 390 can travel in a forward direction. During forward movement, the tether 377 can be unwound from the winding (e.g., unwind, unwind, etc.) to deploy the tether 377 after the second end 393 of the second spear 390.

[0139] The second tethering end 379 can be connected to the first spear 380 and / or the electrode 330. For example, the second tethering end 379 can extend radially through the channel 385 of the first spear 380 to connect to the inner surface of the channel 344 of the head 340. In some embodiments, the second tethering end 379 can be positioned between the inner surface of the channel 344 of the head 340 and the outer surface of the first spear body 381.

[0140] In various embodiments, the tether 377 may comprise any suitable material. For example, the tether 377 may comprise a conductive material configured to achieve electrical coupling between the second spear 390 and the first spear 380 and / or the electrode 330. The tether 377 may comprise a metallic material, such as stainless steel, tempered high-carbon steel, etc.

[0141] In various embodiments, the cord 377 and the filament 337 may comprise similar or identical materials. For example, the filament 337 may comprise a first material, and the cord 377 may comprise a second material. The first material may be similar to or identical to the second material.

[0142] In various embodiments, the tether 377 and the filament 337 may comprise different materials. For example, the filament 337 may comprise a first material, and the tether 377 may comprise a second material. The first material may be different from the second material.

[0143] In various embodiments, the tether 377 and the filament 337 may include different physical dimensions. For example, the filament 337 may include a first length, and the tether 377 may include a second length. The first length may be greater than the second length. The first length may be twice the second length. The first length may be three times the second length. The first length may be four times the second length. The first length may be five times the second length. The first length may be six times the second length.

[0144] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may include multiple windings. For example, and as described above, filament 337 may be wound into filament windings (e.g., a first winding, a first conductive winding, etc.), and cord 377 may be wound into cord windings (e.g., a second winding, a second conductive winding, etc.).

[0145] The filament winding can be located within the electrode body 331. The filament winding can be located behind the head 340. The filament winding can be located after the cord winding. The filament winding can be connected to the second head end 343. The filament winding can be electrically connected to the second head end 343. The filament winding can be connected to the outer surface of the head 340. The cord winding can be located within the spear assembly 370 (e.g., the second spear 390 of the spear assembly 370). The cord winding can be located in front of the head 340. The cord winding can be located in front of the filament winding. The cord winding can be connected to the first head end 342. The cord winding can be electrically connected to the first head end 342. The cord winding can be connected to the inner surface of the head 340. The connection of the filament winding to the second head end 343 and the connection of the cord winding to the first head end 342 can be separated by a middle section 345 of the head 340. The filament winding can be electrically connected with the rope winding via the head 340.

[0146] The filament winding can be configured to unfold at a first time. The rope winding can be configured to unfold at a second time. The first time can be different from the second time. The first time can precede the second time. The first time can at least partially overlap with the second time.

[0147] The filament winding may include a first length. The rope winding may include a second length. The first length may be greater than the second length.

[0148] The filament winding may include a first material. The rope winding may include a second material. The first material may be different from the second material. The first material may be similar to or the same as the second material.

[0149] In various embodiments, activation of the CEW can launch the electrode 330 toward a target. Prior to electrode launch, a filament winding can be mounted within the electrode body 331, and a cord winding can be mounted within the spear assembly 370. The spear assembly 370 can be positioned as follows: Figure 3A and 3B The first position is depicted. In the first position, the second spear 390 can be positioned within the first spear 380.

[0150] After electrode 330 is fired (e.g., when electrode 330 is in flight toward a target), the filament winding can be unwound from electrode 330 to maintain electrical coupling between electrode 330 and the CEW. The tether winding can be retained within spear assembly 370. Spear assembly 370 can be held in a first position.

[0151] Electrode 330 can impact a target to attach to it. For example, spear assembly 370 and / or electrode 330 can impact a target. First spear 380 can impact the target first to attach electrode 330 to the target. In response to the impact, spear assembly 370 can translate from a first position to... Figure 4A and 4B The second position is depicted. In this second position, the second spear 390 can be translated in the forward direction. The tethering cord can be unwound from the second spear 390 to maintain electrical coupling between the second spear 390 and the electrode 330. The second spear 390 can then impact the target. The second spear 390 can impact the target and become electrically connected to the target tissue.

[0152] In this respect, the target tissue can be electrically connected in series with the CEW via the second spear 390, the tether winding, the electrode 330, and the filament winding. In response to the firing of multiple electrodes and their connection to the target tissue, the CEW can provide stimulation signals through the target.

[0153] The first spear 380 and the second spear 390 can be electrically coupled in parallel. In this respect, the stimulation signal can be delivered to the target via the first spear 380 and / or the second spear 390.

[0154] In various embodiments, a spear assembly is disclosed. The spear assembly may include a first spear portion and a second spear portion. The second spear portion may be disposed within the first spear portion. The second spear portion may be configured to translate in a forward direction in response to the first spear portion impacting a target.

[0155] In various embodiments of the spear assembly described above, the impact of the first spear portion with the target can transmit an inertial force to the second spear portion, and this inertial force can cause the second spear portion to translate in a forward direction. Before the first spear portion impacts the target, a first tip of the first spear portion can be positioned in front of a second tip of the second spear portion. In response to the first spear portion impacting the target, the first tip of the first spear portion can be positioned behind the second tip of the second spear portion. The first spear portion can be coaxial with the second spear portion. The first spear portion can be configured to impact the target first, and the second spear portion can be configured to impact the target subsequently, with the first impact potentially preceding the subsequent impact. The first spear portion can include a first physical dimension, and the second spear portion can include a second physical dimension, and the first physical dimension can be different from the second physical dimension. The first spear portion can remain stationary in response to the first spear portion impacting the target.

[0156] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conductive electric shock weapon is disclosed. The electrode may include an electrode body having a first end and an opposing second end; an electrode head coupled to the first end of the electrode body; and a spear assembly. The spear assembly may include a first spear coupled to the electrode head; and a second spear disposed within the first spear. The second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction in response to at least one impact with a target by the first spear or the electrode head.

[0157] In various embodiments of the aforementioned electrode, the spear assembly may further include a cord comprising a first cord end and an opposing second cord end, the first cord end being connectable to a second spear, and the second cord end being connectable to at least one of the first spear or the electrode head. The second cord end may be positioned between the inner surface of the electrode head and the outer surface of the first spear. The first cord end may be wound into a winding within the second spear. The spear assembly may further include a core connected within a channel of the second spear, and the winding of the first cord may be wound around the core. The first spear may be coaxial with the second spear. Before impacting a target, a first tip of the first spear may be positioned in front of a second tip of the second spear, and in response to impacting the target, the first tip of the first spear may be positioned behind the second tip of the second spear. Before impacting a target, a first rear end of the first spear may be positioned close to a second rear end of the second spear, and in response to impacting the target, the first rear end of the first spear may be positioned behind the second rear end of the second spear. The second spear may be connected to the electrode head, and the first and second spears may be electrically connected to the electrode head in parallel.

[0158] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may include one or more operations: firing an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode includes a spear assembly, wherein the spear assembly includes a first spear and a second spear, and wherein the second spear is disposed within the first spear; firstly striking the target with the first spear; in response to the first strike, translating the second spear in a forward direction from a first position to a second position; and subsequently striking the target with the second spear.

[0159] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conductive electric shock weapon is disclosed. The electrode may include: an electrode head having a first head end and an opposing second head end; a first conductive winding located behind the electrode head; and a second conductive winding located in front of the electrode head.

[0160] In various embodiments of the electrode described above, the electrode may further include an electrode body coupled to a second head end, and a first conductive winding may be housed within the electrode body. The electrode may further include a spear assembly coupled to the first head end, and a second conductive winding may be housed within the spear assembly. The electrode head, the first conductive winding, and the second conductive winding may be electrically connected in series. The first conductive winding may be coupled to the electrode head at the second head end, and the second conductive winding may be coupled to the electrode head at the first head end. The electrode head may include an intermediate section defined between the first head end and the second head end, and this intermediate section may separate a first connection of the first conductive winding at the second head end from a second connection of the second conductive winding at the first head end. The first conductive winding may be coupled to an outer surface of the electrode head, and the second conductive winding may be coupled to an inner surface of the electrode head.

[0161] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may include one or more operations: emitting an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode includes an electrode head, a first conductive winding located behind the electrode head, and a second conductive winding located in front of the electrode head; first deploying the first conductive winding at a first time; and second deploying the second conductive winding at a second time, wherein the first time is different from the second time.

[0162] In various embodiments of the above method, the first time may precede the second time. The first time may overlap with the second time. The first deployment may be responsive to firing. The operation may further include impacting the target with the electrode. The second deployment may be responsive to impact. The operation may further include providing a stimulation signal to the target, wherein the stimulation signal is provided via an electrical path including a first conductive winding, an electrode head, and a second conductive winding.

[0163] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conductive electric shock weapon is disclosed. The electrode may include: an electrode body; a spear assembly connected to a front end near the electrode body; a filament winding loaded within the electrode body; and a cord winding loaded within the spear assembly.

[0164] In various embodiments of the electrode described above, the electrode may further include an electrode head, a spear assembly may be coupled to a first end of the electrode head, and a front end of the electrode body may be coupled to a second end of the electrode head. A filament winding may be located after the electrode head, and a cord winding may be located before the electrode head. The filament winding may include a first length, and the cord winding may include a second length, wherein the first length may be greater than the second length. The filament winding may include a first material, and the cord winding may include a second material, wherein the first material may be different from the second material. The filament winding may be configured to unfold at a first time, and the cord winding may be configured to unfold at a second time, wherein the first time may precede the second time.

[0165] This document has described the benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems with respect to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures included herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and / or physical connections between various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may exist in a real system. However, these benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to appear or become more significant should not be construed as critical, essential, or necessary features or elements. Therefore, the scope of this disclosure should be defined only by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, wherein references to singular elements are not intended to mean "one and only one," but rather "one or more," unless expressly stated otherwise. Furthermore, when phrases such as "at least one of A, B, or C" are used in the claims, it is intended to be interpreted as meaning that A may exist alone in one embodiment, B may exist alone in one embodiment, C may exist alone in one embodiment, or any combination of elements A, B, and C may exist in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C.

[0166] This document provides systems, methods, and apparatuses. In the detailed description herein, references to "various embodiments," "one embodiment," "implementation," "exemplary embodiment," etc., indicate that the described embodiments may include specific features, structures, or characteristics, but not every embodiment necessarily includes that specific feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Moreover, when a specific feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it should be understood that, whether explicitly described or not, those skilled in the art can influence such feature, structure, or characteristic in combination with other embodiments. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art will understand how to implement this disclosure in alternative embodiments. Furthermore, any element, component, or method step in this disclosure is not intended to be offered to the public, whether or not it is expressly specified in the claims. Unless an element is explicitly stated using the phrase "means for," no claim element is intended to invoke a means-plus-function claim. As used herein, the term "comprising" or any other variation thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

Claims

1. A spear assembly, comprising: The first spear section; as well as A second spear portion is disposed within the first spear portion, wherein the second spear portion is configured to translate in a forward direction in response to the first spear portion striking a target.

2. The spear assembly according to claim 1, wherein, The impact of the first spear portion with the target transmits an inertial force to the second spear portion, and wherein the inertial force causes the second spear portion to translate in the forward direction.

3. The spear assembly according to claim 1, wherein, Before the first spear portion strikes the target, the first tip of the first spear portion is positioned in front of the second tip of the second spear portion.

4. The spear assembly according to claim 3, wherein, In response to the first spear portion striking the target, the first tip of the first spear portion is positioned behind the second tip of the second spear portion.

5. The spear assembly according to claim 1, wherein, The first spear portion is coaxial with the second spear portion.

6. The spear assembly according to claim 1, wherein, The first spear portion is configured to first impact the target, wherein the second spear portion is configured to subsequently impact the target, and wherein the first impact precedes the subsequent impact.

7. The spear assembly according to claim 1, wherein, The first spear portion includes a first physical dimension, wherein the second spear portion includes a second physical dimension, and wherein the first physical dimension is different from the second physical dimension.

8. The spear assembly according to claim 1, wherein, The first spear portion remains stationary in response to impact with the target.

9. An electrode for a conductive electric shock weapon, comprising: An electrode body having a first end and an opposing second end; An electrode head, which is connected to the first end of the electrode body; as well as The spear assembly includes: A first spear, which is connected to the electrode head; and A second spear is disposed within the first spear, wherein the second spear is configured to translate in a forward direction in response to an impact of at least one of the first spear or the electrode head on a target.

10. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein, The spear assembly further includes a cord, the cord having a first cord end and an opposing second cord end, wherein the first cord end is connected to the second spear, and wherein the second cord end is connected to at least one of the first spear or the electrode head.

11. The electrode according to claim 10, wherein, The second tethering end is positioned between the inner surface of the electrode head and the outer surface of the first spear.

12. The electrode according to claim 10, wherein, The first end of the tether is wound into a coil inside the second spear.

13. The electrode according to claim 12, wherein, The spear assembly also includes a core connected within the channel of the second spear, wherein the winding at the first cord end is wound around the core.

14. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein, The first spear and the second spear are coaxial.

15. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein, Before impacting the target, the first tip of the first spear is positioned in front of the second tip of the second spear, and wherein, in response to impacting the target, the first tip of the first spear is positioned behind the second tip of the second spear.

16. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein, Before impacting the target, the first rear end of the first spear is positioned close to the second rear end of the second spear, and wherein, in response to impacting the target, the first rear end of the first spear is positioned behind the second rear end of the second spear.

17. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein, The second spear is connected to the electrode head, and wherein the first spear and the second spear are electrically connected to the electrode head in parallel.

18. A method comprising: The electrode is fired toward the target, wherein the electrode includes a spear assembly, wherein the spear assembly includes a first spear and a second spear, and wherein the second spear is disposed within the first spear; The target is first struck by the first spear; In response to the initial impact, the second spear is translated forward from the first position to the second position; as well as The target is then struck by the second spear.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising providing a stimulation signal via at least one of the first spear or the second spear.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein, The subsequent impact on the target is after the initial impact on the target.

Images