Wood parts for battery applications and methods of processing the same

Abstract

The present disclosure describes a battery, which can include an anode comprising an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a combination thereof; a cathode comprising a carbon allotrope; a porous separator comprising a wood portion coated with a coating material; and an electrolyte. The present disclosure also discloses a coated wood portion composition and methods of making the same.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 607,877, filed December 8, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to coated woody compositions and methods for preparing the same. More specifically, this disclosure relates to coated woody components that can be used in battery applications. Background Technology

[0003] Lithium-ion batteries have long been extensively studied as effective energy storage devices. However, lithium-ion batteries suffer from several drawbacks, including limited raw material supply, rising costs, and environmental issues. There is an urgent need to develop economical and sustainable battery technologies without sacrificing performance.

[0004] Calcium-ion batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the widespread availability of calcium and its theoretical higher specific capacity compared to lithium. Despite these theoretical advantages, previous calcium-ion battery examples have exhibited poor cycle stability and reversibility during operation. Furthermore, the selection of suitable electrodes and electrolytes for calcium remains a challenge. The battery structure requires channels that allow for calcium ion transport; compared to lithium ions, calcium ions are larger and have a higher charge density, which hinders the realization of efficient and high-performance calcium-ion batteries. Materials capable of achieving efficient calcium ion transport and enabling calcium-ion batteries to possess high cycle stability and performance are still needed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery comprising: an anode comprising an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a combination thereof; a cathode comprising a carbon allotrope; a porous membrane comprising a woody portion coated with a coating material; and an electrolyte.

[0006] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery in which the anode comprises lithium, calcium, potassium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, or a combination thereof.

[0007] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the cathode comprises a carbon allotrope intercalated with CaV2O5, CaTiS2, CaC6, or combinations thereof.

[0008] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to batteries according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the carbon allotropes include graphite, graphene, or combinations thereof.

[0009] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the xylem is derived from plants of the genera Crassula, Cycas, Magnolia, Amur sagebrush, Ficus, Venteria, Ficus, or Tetracentron.

[0010] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments, wherein the xylem is derived from Crassula ovata, Crassula wingedis, Crassula capitella, Crassula milky white, Crassula nemanganese, Crassula fimbriatum, Cycas revoluta, Cycas hygroscopica, Cycas coccinea, Cycas australis, Cycas orisaba, Cycas broadleaf, Cycas ricincus, Tetracentron sinense, Andean cypress, Narrow-leaved cypress, Brazilian cypress, Dense-leaved cypress, Granada cypress, Roraima cypress, cypress or combinations thereof.

[0011] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the xylem is secondary xylem.

[0012] In some aspects, the technology described herein relates to batteries according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the coating material includes polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or combinations thereof.

[0013] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the woody part is further coated with carbon nanotubes.

[0014] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a battery according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the electrolyte comprises calcium tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

[0015] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a method for preparing coated wood, comprising applying a coating liquid containing a coating material to the wood to form coated wood; and drying the coated wood.

[0016] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to a method that also includes separating the xylem from *Crassula ovata*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula nimans*, *Crassula perforata*, *Cycas revoluta*, *Cycas hygroscopica*, *Cycas ferruginea*, *Cycas orisaba*, *Cycas broadleaf*, *Cycas ricincus*, *Tetracentron sinense*, *Cycas angustifolia ... or combinations thereof.

[0017] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above embodiments, further comprising preparing the coating liquid, wherein preparing the coating liquid includes dissolving the coating material in a solvent comprising N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dichloromethane, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or combinations thereof.

[0018] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the coating material comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

[0019] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the coating material comprises an adhesive, the adhesive comprising ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.

[0020] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the coating method includes spin coating, blade coating, slot die coating, dip coating, bar coating, or combinations thereof.

[0021] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above embodiments, further comprising applying carbon nanotubes to the xylem.

[0022] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above embodiments, wherein drying the coated wood comprises vacuum drying at about 25°C to about 75°C.

[0023] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above-described schemes, further comprising annealing the coated wood portion.

[0024] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to methods according to any of the above-described schemes. In some respects, the technology described herein relates to a composition derived from plants of the genera Crassula, Cycas, Magnolia, Amur sagebrush, Ficus, Venteria, Cymbidium, or Tetracentron, and coated with a coating material on the xylem.

[0025] In some aspects, the technology described herein relates to a composition wherein the coating material comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

[0026] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to compositions according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the coating material comprises an adhesive, the adhesive comprising ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.

[0027] In some respects, the techniques described herein relate to compositions according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the woody part is further coated with carbon nanotubes.

[0028] In some respects, the technology described herein relates to compositions according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the xylem is secondary xylem.

[0029] In some aspects, the technology described herein relates to compositions according to any of the above embodiments, wherein the plant is Jade Plant, Winged Crassula, Head Crassula, Milky Crassula, Neman Crassula, String of Coins Crassula, Cycas, Cycas hygroscopica, Cycas coccinea, Australian Phoenix Tail, Cycas orisaba, Cycas broadleaf, Cycas ricincus, Tetracentron sinense, Andean cypress, Narrow-leaved cypress, Brazilian cypress, Dense-leaved cypress, Granada cypress, Roraima cypress, cypress or combinations thereof. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Aspects, features, advantages, and benefits of the embodiments described herein will become apparent from the following description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1A Images of the xylem of a wood substrate; Figure 1B An image of the xylem of a flowering plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; Figure 1C This is an enlarged image of the xylem of a flowering plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; Figure 1D An image of a wood transmission network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 2A These are scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of xylem treated with acetonitrile. Figure 2B and Figure 2C This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of wood coated with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 3 Image of woody tissue coated with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and doped with gold, according to an embodiment of this disclosure.

[0033] Figure 4 This is a flowchart of a method for preparing coated wood according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 6A This is a graph showing the relationship between xylem thickness and electrical conductivity in a calcium chloride electrolyte solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 6B This is a graph showing the relationship between xylem thickness and electrical conductivity in a calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate electrolyte solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 7A Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves of calcium chloride and calcium chloride coated on wood with the present disclosure; Figure 7B Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves of calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate coated wood with thicknesses of 250 μm, 400 μm, and 140 μm, respectively, are shown. Detailed Implementation

[0037] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a coated wood portion is provided for use in battery applications. This disclosure also describes a method for coating the wood portion and a battery comprising the coated wood portion.

[0038] Before describing the embodiments in detail, the following definitions apply throughout this disclosure.

[0039] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “described” include plural references unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Nothing in this disclosure should be construed as an admission that the embodiments described herein are not entitled to any prior disclosure rights as a result of existing inventions. As used herein, the term “comprising” means “including, but not limited to,” “including.”

[0040] As used herein, the term “about” means ±10% of the stated value. For example, “about 50%” means a range of 45% to 55%, and also includes the exact 50%. In other words, when any value in this document is modified by the term “about,” the exact value is also disclosed.

[0041] In an embodiment, a composition is provided comprising xylem derived from Crassula, Cycas, or other avascular angiosperms and coated with a coating material. The coating material may comprise, for example, polymers, metals, adhesives, the like, and combinations thereof. For example, the coating material may comprise a thermoplastic polymer and an adhesive. In an embodiment, the xylem may be secondary xylem. It is envisioned that xylem, particularly xylem derived from Crassula or Cycas, has a nanoporous structure with pore sizes that allow it to be used as a highly efficient ion transport material. Xylem from other avascular angiosperms is envisioned to have similar properties and may be incorporated into the methods and compositions of this disclosure. For example, xylem from Crassula species, including but not limited to Crassula capitella, Crassula wingedis, Crassula capitella, Crassula capitella, Crassula nemanganese, Crassula fimbriatum, and other Crassula species, may also be used as described herein. The xylem of Cycad species is also envisioned, including but not limited to Cycas revoluta, Cycas hygroscopica, Cycas coccinea, Cycas australis, Cycas orisaba, Cycas thunbergii, Cycas pulvinata, similar species, and other Cycad species, and may be used as described herein. The xylem of other vessel-less angiosperms, including but not limited to plants of the genus *Cymbidium* (including *Magnolia*, *Cymbidium*, *Cymbidium*, *Winteria*, and *Symplocos*) and *Tetracentron*, is also envisioned. Plant species from which xylem is obtainable include, but not limited to, *Tetracentron*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, *Tetracentron lataniae*, and similar species. Combinations of xylem from multiple species are also envisioned and may be used as described herein.

[0042] Coating wood with a coating material, such as a thermoplastic polymer, can further enhance its structural support and integrity, and improve its ion transport capacity, energy density, and volume compared to uncoated wood. This disclosure envisions a coating layer that achieves these properties without altering the natural pore structure of the wood. Figure 1A This is an image of wood-based xylem. Theoretically, wood-based xylem could contain excessively large pore structures for the ion transport applications described herein. Xylem from other sources (such as flowering plants, succulents, etc.) may possess the desired pore structures. Figure 1B An image of the xylem of a flowering plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; Figure 1C This is an enlarged image of the xylem of a flowering plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0043] In embodiments, the coating material may include polymers. In embodiments, the polymer may include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, or combinations thereof. Non-polymer coating materials including boron, sodium, tetrahydrofuran, carboxymethyl cellulose, metals, and combinations thereof are also considered, and may be used alone or in combination with polymer coating materials. In embodiments, the coating material may include an adhesive, which may be used alone or in combination with other coating materials described herein. The adhesive may comprise ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or combinations thereof. Any combination of coating materials described herein falls within the scope of this disclosure. Theoretically, the addition of an adhesive can improve the adhesion between the coating layer and the wood, and enhance the flexibility of the resulting coated wood.

[0044] Not limited to theory, in embodiments, the coated wood of this disclosure may have a nanoporous structure that allows ion transport. Figure 1D An image of a wood transmission network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0045] It is envisioned that secondary xylem derived from Yushu and other plants described herein exhibits sufficient rigidity and suitable pore structure to be used as ion transport materials. The coated xylem of this disclosure retains the pore structure of the original uncoated xylem after coating as described herein. Figure 2A These are scanning electron microscope images of xylem treated with acetonitrile. Figure 2B and Figure 2C These are scanning electron microscope images of polyvinylidene fluoride-coated wood according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in the figure... Figure 2A The pore structure of uncoated xylem in Figure 2B and Figure 2C The coating is retained in the wood, which confirms that the coating described herein can enhance the structural support of the wood without sacrificing the pore structure.

[0046] In embodiments, the coated wood may be further doped or coated with other additives, such as metals, other polymers, non-polymer coatings, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the coated wood may be doped with metals such as gold, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, silver, cadmium, palladium, carbon nanotubes, or combinations thereof. Theoretically, other transition metals or materials that can promote calcium ion transport may also be used. Figure 3 Image of woody tissue coated with polyvinylidene fluoride and doped with gold according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0047] In one embodiment, a method for preparing coated wood is provided. Figure 4This is a flowchart of a method for preparing coated wood according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 200 may include step 202: separating the wood; step 204: preparing a coating liquid; step 206: applying the coating liquid to the wood to form coated wood; step 208: drying the coated wood; and step 210: annealing the coated wood.

[0048] In an embodiment, method 200 may include step 202: separating the xylem from a suitable plant, such as *Crassula ovata*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula nemanganese*, *Crassula perforata*, *Cycas revoluta*, *Cycas hygroscopica*, *Cycas coccinea*, *Cycas auburnus*, *Cycas orisaba*, *Cycas broadleaf*, *Cycas esculenta*, *Tetracentron sinense*, *Cycas angustifolia*, *Cycas angustifolia*, *Cycas stenoptera ...

[0049] In an embodiment, the method may include step 204: preparing a coating solution containing a coating material, wherein preparing the coating solution includes dissolving the coating material in a solvent containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dichloromethane, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or combinations thereof. The solvent and the concentration of the coating solution depend on the specific components of the coating material and can be adjusted as needed by those skilled in the art to provide a coating solution with a suitable viscosity for coating wood. If necessary, the coating solution may be heated to dissolve the thermoplastic polymer and binder. The heating temperature is not particularly limited and can be adjusted according to the coating material used and its solubility in the selected solvent. Other dissolution aids, such as stirring, ultrasonic treatment, or combinations thereof, may also be used. In an embodiment, step 204 may be omitted, and a pre-prepared solution may be used.

[0050] In some embodiments, the viscosity of the coating liquid may be from about 1 centipoise (cP) to about 6000 cP, for example, about 1 cP, about 10 cP, about 50 cP, about 100 cP, about 500 cP, about 1000 cP, about 1500 cP, about 2000 cP, about 2500 cP, about 3000 cP, about 3500 cP, about 4000 cP, about 4500 cP, about 5000 cP, about 5500 cP, about 6000 cP, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values.

[0051] In an embodiment, the coating material comprises a thermoplastic polymer and a binder. In such embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer and the binder may be mixed in a molar ratio of about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, about 2:1, about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, or any molar ratio within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values.

[0052] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer may comprise polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the adhesive may comprise ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or combinations thereof.

[0053] In some embodiments, multiple coating liquids are applied to the wood. For example, a first coating liquid comprising coating materials described herein (such as thermoplastic polymers in solvents and binders) may be applied, and a second coating liquid comprising coating materials described herein and additional components may be applied to the wood.

[0054] In embodiments, step 206, which involves applying a coating liquid to the wood using a coating method, may include spin coating, blade coating, slot die coating, dip coating, rod coating, or a combination thereof. Other coating methods well known to those skilled in the art may also be used. Any variations or parameters used in the coating methods described herein fall within the scope of this disclosure. According to embodiments of this disclosure, it is contemplated that the coating method can be selected based on the solution viscosity and the specific components used in the solution. Those skilled in the art further understand that different coating methods can produce different surface properties, and that the coating method can be selected based on the desired properties of the coated wood. In embodiments, step 206, which involves applying a coating liquid to the wood, achieves uniform deposition of the coating material while maintaining the structural and porous integrity of the coated wood.

[0055] In some embodiments, the coating method includes slit-die coating, particularly in embodiments where the coating material comprises carbon nanotubes. In some embodiments, slit-die coating provides a simple method for applying multiple coating liquids to the wood using a single device, thereby simplifying the overall method. In some embodiments, parameters of slit-die coating, such as flow rate, coating speed, coating liquid viscosity, etc., can be adjusted according to the size of the wood to be coated, the specific properties required, and other factors. Non-limiting examples of these parameters may include: a flow rate of about 0.1 mL / min to about 10 mL / min per centimeter of coating width, such as about 0.1 mL / min, about 0.5 mL / min, about 1 mL / min, about 2 mL / min, about 3 mL / min, about 4 mL / min, about 5 mL / min, about 6 mL / min, about 7 mL / min, about 8 mL / min, about 9 mL / min, about 10 mL / min, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values; and a coating speed of about 0.1 m / min to about 10 m / min, such as about 0.1 m / min, about 0.5 m / min, about 1 m / min, about 2 m / min, about 3 m / min, about 4 m / min, about 5 m / min, about 6 m / min, about 7 m / min, about 8 m / min, about 9 m / min, about 10 m / min, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values. In some embodiments, the slit height used for slit coating can be from about 50 μm to about 5 mm, for example, about 50 μm, about 100 μm, about 500 μm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values.

[0056] In some embodiments, the woody portion may be further coated with carbon nanotubes. For example, in some embodiments, carbon nanotubes may be applied to the woody portion after the coating liquid is applied. The carbon nanotube content may be from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% of the total weight of the coated woody portion, for example, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 3.5 wt%, about 4 wt%, about 4.5 wt%, about 5 wt%, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values. In some embodiments, carbon nanotubes may be used as a conductive additive and may improve the conductivity of the resulting coated woody portion.

[0057] In some embodiments, a variety of methods for applying or growing carbon nanotubes on the surface of xylem can be used. Such methods include electrophoretic deposition (EPD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrochemically assisted deposition, wet or dry spin coating, vacuum filtration, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, such methods for applying carbon nanotubes to xylem can be used sequentially, such as chemical vapor deposition followed by electrophoretic deposition. Theoretically, sequential use of carbon nanotube deposition methods can achieve uniform coverage of carbon nanotubes on xylem in some embodiments.

[0058] In an embodiment, step 208 of drying the coated wood may include vacuum drying or other drying methods. Drying may be performed at room temperature or at a high temperature. In an embodiment, drying the coated wood may include drying at about 25°C to about 75°C, for example, about 25°C, about 30°C, about 35°C, about 40°C, about 45°C, about 50°C, about 55°C, about 60°C, about 65°C, about 70°C, about 75°C, or any temperature within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values. The drying temperature and time may be adjusted according to the coating thickness and the specific coating composition and solvent used. Those skilled in the art can adjust the drying parameters as needed to ensure the removal of excess solvent and to achieve uniform drying of the coating layer.

[0059] In an embodiment, the method may further include a step 210 of annealing the coated wood. Any annealing method known to those skilled in the art can be used in the method described herein. Theoretically, annealing the coated wood can induce surface properties that, when the coated wood is used in battery applications, have a beneficial effect on ionic conductivity and other performance parameters. In particular, annealing the coated wood can help ensure uniform deposition of the coating material. A uniform coating layer is beneficial for forming a stable and well-formed solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and for good ionic conductivity within the coated wood. In an embodiment, the method may further include additional treatment or processing steps after drying the coated wood to achieve specific material properties. In an embodiment, the method may include processing steps such as continuous ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR), hydrothermal synthesis, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, step 210 may be omitted, allowing the coated wood to be used after drying without further treatment.

[0060] As described herein, coating the xylem forms a film on the xylem substrate. In some embodiments, the thickness of the film can be from about 1 μm to about 500 μm, for example, about 1 μm, about 5 μm, about 10 μm, about 50 μm, about 100 μm, about 150 μm, about 200 μm, about 250 μm, about 300 μm, about 350 μm, about 400 μm, about 450 μm, about 500 μm, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method may further include a step 212 of densifying the wood. Densifying the wood may include applying pressure to the wood to compress it, thereby reducing its size and increasing its density. The pressure is envisioned to be from about 1 mPa to about 10 mPa, but other pressures may be used as needed. For example, about 1 mPa, about 2 mPa, about 3 mPa, about 4 mPa, about 5 mPa, about 6 mPa, about 7 mPa, about 8 mPa, about 9 mPa, about 10 mPa, or any pressure within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values. The pressure may be applied for any suitable duration to obtain a densified wood structure; it should be understood that lower pressures may require longer times, while higher pressures may require shorter times. In some embodiments, densification as described herein may strengthen the wood and produce improved properties, including but not limited to physical durability, electrical conductivity, battery cycle life, the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, step 212 of densifying the wood may be performed before step 206 of applying the coating liquid, after step 206 of applying the coating liquid, after step 208 of drying the coated wood, or after step 210 of annealing the coated wood; that is, densification may be performed at any stage of the method described herein. In some embodiments, densification is not performed, such that step 212 is not included in the method.

[0062] It is envisioned that the methods described herein can be modified depending on the coating material used. In embodiments, the method of coating wood with a coating material may include one or more of the steps described above, used alone or in combination with other disclosed steps. For example, in embodiments, the coating method may include continuous ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) or hydrothermal synthesis, instead of coating methods such as spin coating, blade coating, slot die coating, dip coating, rod coating, etc. The parameters used for such coating methods can be determined by those skilled in the art.

[0063] In one embodiment, a battery is provided, comprising: an anode comprising an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a combination thereof; a cathode comprising a carbon allotrope; a porous membrane comprising woody wood coated with a thermoplastic polymer; and an electrolyte. Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment, the battery 100 may include an anode 102, a cathode 104, a porous membrane 106, an electrolyte 108, and an optional casing 110.

[0064] In an embodiment, the anode 102 may comprise lithium, calcium, potassium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the anode 102 may comprise metallic calcium. Other anode materials may include, but are not limited to, graphite carbon, organic and metal-organic frameworks, calcium-containing alloys (such as alloys formed from calcium and gallium), etc.

[0065] In an embodiment, the cathode 104 comprises a carbon allotrope intercalated with CaV₂O₅, CaTiS₂, CaC₆, or combinations thereof. The carbon allotrope may comprise graphite, graphene, or combinations thereof. Other cathode materials are also contemplated, including, but not limited to, Prussian blue analogues, layered metal oxides, chalcogenides, fluorides, polyanionic materials, etc.

[0066] In an embodiment, the porous membrane 106 facilitates calcium ion transport. Accordingly, the porous membrane 106 may have a structure (including porosity, connectivity, etc.) that allows calcium ion transport during battery operation. In an embodiment, the porous membrane 106 comprises xylem derived from plants of the genera *Crassula*, *Cycas*, *Magnolia*, *Araucaria*, *Cycas*, *Winteria*, *Symplocos*, or *Tetracentron*. In an embodiment, the porous membrane 106 comprises xylem derived from plants of the genera *Crassula*, *Crassula*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula nemanganese*, *Crassula fimbriatum*, *Cycas*, *Cycas simonii*, *Cycas ferrugineum*, *Cycas orisaba*, *Cycas latifolia*, *Cycas ferrugineum*, *Tetracentron*, *Cycas angustifolia*, *Cycas stenoptera*, *Cycas styracifolia*, *Cycas styracifolia*, *Cycas styracifolia*, *Tetracentron*, *Cycas angustifolia*, *Cycas styraci ... As described herein, the woody portion used in the batteries of this disclosure can be selected based on its pore structure and ion transport capability. In embodiments, the woody portion is secondary woody portion and may be coated with a coating material as described herein. In embodiments, the woody portion is coated with a coating material comprising polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the woody portion is further coated with carbon nanotubes.

[0067] In an embodiment, the electrolyte 108 may comprise calcium tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, Ca(BF4)2NaPF6, or a combination thereof.

[0068] In this embodiment, the battery 100 is optionally housed within a housing 110. The housing 110 may be formed of any suitable material, such as plastic, metal, the like, or a combination thereof, which does not interfere with battery operation. There are no particular limitations on the material and size of the housing 110. In this embodiment, the housing 110 is omitted, so that it is not present.

[0069] In the embodiments, the thickness of the porous membrane is related to the conductivity in various electrolyte solutions, and the relationship between xylem thickness and ionic conductivity is summarized. Figure 6A This is a graph showing the relationship between xylem thickness and electrical conductivity in a calcium chloride electrolyte solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 6BThis is a graph showing the relationship between xylem thickness and electrical conductivity in a calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate electrolyte solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in the figure, the electrical conductivity decreases with increasing xylem thickness.

[0070] Figure 7A Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves of calcium chloride and calcium chloride coated on wood with the present disclosure; Figure 7B Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves of calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate coated wood with thicknesses of 250 μm, 400 μm, and 500 μm, respectively, are shown. Importantly, the EIS measurements confirm the ionic conductivity of the coated wood immersed in the selected calcium electrolyte. Figure 7A and Figure 7B The calcium electrolyte used was a known electrolyte with a defined ionic conductivity value, and therefore was also used as a control (excluding xylem), as shown in the figure. The ionic conductivity values ​​obtained as a control were in high agreement with the reported values ​​in the literature. Figure 7A and Figure 7B The results show that the wood-coated structure of this disclosure does not significantly inhibit or reduce the ionic conductivity of the calcium electrolyte alone. Theoretically, the ionic conductivity of the wood-coated structure is highly competitive compared to other solid electrolyte structures, as the wood-coated structure of this disclosure is at least about 10% superior to reported solid electrolyte structures. 3 S mm. Figure 7A and Figure 7B This confirms the excellent ionic conductivity of the wood-coated material of this disclosure. It is envisioned that the wood-coated material of this disclosure will exhibit similar high performance in other electrolytes (including electrolytes containing sodium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, Ca(BF4)2NaPF6, or combinations thereof).

[0071] In embodiments, the battery of this disclosure exhibits a battery cycle life of at least about 5 cycles with 100% capacity retention, such as at least about 5 cycles, at least about 10 cycles, at least about 20 cycles, at least about 30 cycles, at least about 50 cycles, at least about 100 cycles, at least about 150 cycles, at least about 200 cycles, at least about 250 cycles, at least about 300 cycles, at least about 350 cycles, at least about 400 cycles, at least about 450 cycles, at least about 500 cycles, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values. In embodiments, the battery of this disclosure exhibits a battery cycle life of at least about 500 cycles with at least about 75% capacity retention. In embodiments, the battery of this disclosure exhibits a battery cycle life of at least about 1000 cycles with at least about 75% capacity retention, such as at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, about 100%, or any value within the range formed by any two of the foregoing values.

[0072] The battery disclosed herein can be assembled and operated in any manner.

[0073] The embodiments described herein can be combined in any way to form new embodiments.

[0074] Example The following examples are based on embodiments of this disclosure.

[0075] Example 1—Separation of xylem Obtain the following materials and equipment: Fresh plant stems or branches; A scalpel or blade; tweezers; Microscope (optional, for verification); Vibratory slicer; Petri dishes or containers; Aseptic operating environment.

[0076] Plant selection: Select healthy, fresh plant stems or branches for separating xylem tissue.

[0077] Stem dissection: Use a scalpel or blade to make a longitudinal cut in the stem, starting by removing the outer bark (phloem) and continuing until you reach the center (xylem) to expose the xylem.

[0078] Xylem extraction: Using a vibratory microtome or other suitable tools, the isolated xylem is cut to the desired thickness and size. A size of approximately 50 μm to 60 μm is typically envisioned, but larger or smaller sizes are suitable for batteries of different sizes. The isolated tissue is verified as xylem by microscopic observation of xylem vessel elements and tracheids. The isolated xylem tissue is placed in a sterile container and frozen until use.

[0079] Example 2—Wood coating method Obtain the following materials and equipment: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) powder or solution; Ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC); N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or other suitable solvents; Mixing equipment (such as magnetic stirrers); Coating equipment (such as spin coaters, squeegee coaters, or slot die coaters); Substrate to be coated (wood); Vacuum oven or suitable drying equipment; Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

[0080] PVDF solution preparation: A 10% (w / v)–20% (w / v) PVDF solution is prepared by dissolving PVDF in a suitable solvent. Specifically, 10 g–20 g of PVDF is dissolved in 100 mL of an EC:PC mixture with a volume ratio of 1:1. The mixture is stirred until the PVDF is completely dissolved. Heating (e.g., from about 50°C to about 100°C when using PVDF) and prolonged stirring may be used as needed until complete dissolution.

[0081] EC:PC solution preparation: Prepare the EC:PC solution by mixing ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate in the desired proportions. Stir the solution until the binder is completely dissolved. Mix the PVDF solution and EC:PC solution at a 1:1 molar ratio. Mix the solution thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous solution.

[0082] Clean the wood substrate with isopropanol to ensure good PVDF adhesion. Apply the mixed polymer and binder solution to the wood substrate using a selected coating method. For example, spin coating can be used as the coating method. In a non-limiting example, the spin coating speed for PVDF is from about 1000 rpm to about 4000 rpm, and the spin coating time is from several seconds to several minutes. Those skilled in the art can adjust the coating thickness as needed, for example by adjusting the solution viscosity, coating speed, and other variables. It is envisioned that this method can use PVDF solutions with a concentration of about 5% to about 20% (w / v). Other coating materials can use other concentrations.

[0083] The coated wood is dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 48 hours. After drying, the coated wood can be subjected to optional processing steps such as annealing.

[0084] Example 3—Characteristics of coated xylem Obtain the following materials and equipment: Impedance spectrometer and potentiostat: A high-quality impedance spectrometer capable of generating AC signals and measuring the corresponding response over a wide frequency range. If not integrated into the impedance spectrometer, a potentiostat is required to control the potential or current during measurement.

[0085] Electrochemical cell: A cell assembly, including a Swocklos cell or other suitable cell body, a sample holder, two stainless steel electrodes or other inert working electrodes, and a counter electrode.

[0086] Computer and software: A computer for instrument control and data analysis, equipped with dedicated software for EIS measurement and analysis.

[0087] Electrode: An inert electrode made of a material that does not interact with the electrolyte, such as stainless steel, platinum, or gold.

[0088] Electrolytes: The target electrolyte sample, in this case, is 0.25M calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate and 1M calcium chloride, prepared according to experimental specifications.

[0089] Cables and connectors: High-quality cables and connectors that ensure proper electrical connections between components.

[0090] Faraday cage (recommended): Protects against external electromagnetic interference and ensures accurate measurement data.

[0091] The coated wood of this disclosure was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using the following steps.

[0092] Sample preparation: Prepare 1M calcium chloride and 0.25M calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate electrolyte samples. Place the coated wood into a Swarklocks cell and wet it with the electrolyte (approximately 60 μL), visually ensuring that the electrolyte is homogeneous and free of any contaminants. Place the electrolyte-wetted coated wood between two electrodes, a stainless steel rod is selected here (other electrodes can also be used).

[0093] Electrochemical cell assembly: The Swarklocks electrochemical cell was assembled with a prepared electrolyte sample and stainless steel electrodes, one used as the working electrode and the other as the counter and reference electrode. Working, reference, and counter electrodes with known properties were used. Common electrode materials include stainless steel, platinum, gold, or other inert conductive materials. After each measurement, the cell and electrodes were properly cleaned for the next measurement.

[0094] Instrument connection: Connect the electrochemical cell to the impedance spectrometer, ensuring the wiring is correct for accurate impedance measurement.

[0095] Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy settings: Set the EIS measurement parameters on the impedance spectrometer, including frequency range and amplitude. These parameters are not particularly limited and can be selected by someone skilled in the art. The frequency range for measuring the ionic conductivity of calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate and calcium chloride is 0 Hz to 10 mHz.

[0096] Initialization and stabilization: Before initiating EIS measurements, allow the system to balance and stabilize for approximately 2 minutes or less. Not limited to theory, balancing and stabilization contribute to obtaining reliable and repeatable results.

[0097] EIS measurement: EIS measurement is initiated by applying a small-amplitude alternating current (AC) voltage signal to the electrodes. Here, a 10mV RMS AC voltage is applied in each step. The system response as a function of frequency is recorded. The impedance data is represented as an impedance-frequency plot, also known as a Nyquist plot or Bode plot.

[0098] Data Analysis: By observing the system's high-frequency response, the obtained impedance data is analyzed to extract information related to electrolyte ionic conductivity. The data is then fitted to a suitable equivalent circuit model representing the system's electrical behavior.

[0099] Analysis: Relevant parameters, such as volume resistance, charge transfer resistance, and Weber impedance, were extracted to analyze the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. EIS data for wood-coated xylem in calcium chloride and calcium trifluoromethanesulfonate are shown below. Figure 7A and Figure 7B As shown.

[0100] Example 4—Battery Assembly Obtain the following materials and equipment: Anode (metallic calcium); Cathode (calcium intercalated bilayer graphene, CaV2O5, CaTiS2, CaC6); Coating the woody structure; Diaphragm; Electrolyte solution (0.1M Ca(BF4)2-0.9M NaPF6, EC / DEC / DMC / EMC volume ratio 7:1:6:6) Button cell battery assembly (button cell housing, sealing ring and cap). Button battery sealing machine; glove box; Vacuum pumps and vacuum gauges; Heat sealing machine (if required); Safety equipment, including gloves and lab coats.

[0101] Preparation: Purge the glove box with inert gas to create an oxygen-free environment.

[0102] Anode and cathode loading: Place the anode material on the anode side of the diaphragm and apply a small amount of electrolyte solution (approximately 60 μL) to the anode to ensure uniform wetting. Place the cathode material on the cathode side of the diaphragm and apply electrolyte to the cathode in the same manner.

[0103] Coin cell assembly: Place the coated wood structure, separator, anode, and cathode together at the bottom of the coin cell casing. Adjust the separator to the coin cell size and trim any excess material. Add additional electrolyte solution to ensure the assembly is fully wetted.

[0104] Sealing and sealing: Place the sealing ring on the diaphragm inside the button cell casing, aligning the cap with the sealing ring. A heat sealer can be used to seal the button cell tightly. Insert the assembled button cell into a button cell sealing machine and seal, ensuring a tight seal.

[0105] Testing: Initial characterization tests were performed on the coin cells, including voltage and capacity testing.

[0106] The button battery can be removed from the glove box according to the standard glove box operating procedure.

[0107] Other battery assembly methods may include the use of pouch cells. Pouch cells have a flexible, flat, pouch structure. Electrode materials, coated wood structure, separator, and electrolyte are stacked and sealed within the pouch. Sealing methods include heat sealing or ultrasonic welding of the pouch. The pouch cell is then vacuum-sealed to remove air and ensure better electrolyte wetting.

[0108] Furthermore, the battery assembly method includes the use of cylindrical batteries. The assembly method involves fixing wound or stacked electrode materials, coated wood structure and separator into a cylindrical metal casing, and then sealing it hermetically with a cap.

[0109] Other battery assembly methods may include the use of prismatic batteries. Prismatic batteries are typically rectangular, have a stacking design similar to pouch batteries, and are sealed within a rigid square container.

[0110] This disclosure is not limited to the specific systems, apparatus, and methods described herein, as these can vary. The terminology used herein is for describing particular versions or embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

[0111] In the above specific embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part thereof. In the drawings, similar symbols generally identify similar components unless the context indicates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments may be used, and other variations may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of this disclosure generally described herein and illustrated in the drawings can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated.

[0112] This disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended to illustrate various aspects. Many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In addition to the descriptions herein, functionally equivalent methods and apparatus within the scope of this disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. This disclosure is limited only by the terms of the appended claims and the full scope of their equivalents. It should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to specific methods, reagents, compounds, compositions, or biological systems, which are of course subject to variation. It should also be understood that the terminology used herein is for describing specific embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

[0113] Regarding the use of virtually any plural and / or singular terms in this document, those skilled in the art can appropriately translate plural to singular and / or singular to plural depending on the context and / or application. For clarity, various singular / plural arrangements may be explicitly described herein.

[0114] Those skilled in the art will understand that, generally, the terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., the body of the appended claims), are intended to be “open-ended” terms (e.g., the term “comprising” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” etc.). While various compositions, methods, and apparatuses are described as “comprising” various components or steps (interpreted as meaning “including but not limited to”), said compositions, methods, and apparatuses may also be “substantially composed of” or “composed of” various components and steps, and such terms should be interpreted as defining a substantially closed group. Those skilled in the art will further understand that if there is an intention to explicitly indicate the specific quantity of the recitations in the introduced claims, that intention will be explicitly stated in the claims, and the absence of such a statement will not indicate that intention.

[0115] For example, to aid understanding, the appended claims may use the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce the claim repositories. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed as implying that introducing the claim repositories with the indefinite article “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing the introduced claim repositories to containing only one embodiment of that repositories, even if the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles (such as “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted as meaning “at least one” or “one or more”); the same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce the claim repositories.

[0116] Furthermore, even when the specific number of the described items in the introduced claims is explicitly stated, those skilled in the art should recognize that such a statement should be interpreted as meaning at least the stated number (e.g., simply stating "two items" without any other modifiers means at least two items, or two or more items). Additionally, when using conventions such as "at least one A, B, and C, etc.", such constructions are generally intended according to the conventional meaning understood by those skilled in the art (e.g., "a system having at least one A, B, and C" should include, but is not limited to, systems having a single A, a single B, a single C, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). When using conventions such as "at least one A, B, or C, etc.", such constructions are generally intended according to the conventional meaning understood by those skilled in the art (e.g., "a system having at least one A, B, or C" should include, but is not limited to, systems having a single A, a single B, a single C, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). Those skilled in the art will further understand that any extractive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the specification, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibility of including one, one, or both of the stated terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" should be understood to include the possibility of including "A" or "B" or "A and B".

[0117] Furthermore, when features or aspects of this disclosure are described in the Markush group, those skilled in the art will recognize that this disclosure is also described in the manner of any single member or subgroup of the Markush group.

[0118] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as for the purpose of providing a written description, all scopes disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subscopes and combinations thereof. Any listed scope can be readily identified as sufficiently descriptive and capable of dividing the scope into at least two halves, one-thirds, one-quarters, one-fifth, one-tenth, etc., equal parts. As a non-limiting example, each scope described herein can be readily divided into a lower third, a middle third, and an upper third, etc. As will also be understood by those skilled in the art, all language such as “at most,” “at least,” etc., includes the numerical value and refers to a scope that can subsequently be divided into subscopes as described above. Finally, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, a scope includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 compounds refers to a group having 1, 2, or 3 compounds. Similarly, a group having 1-5 compounds refers to a group having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 compounds, and so on.

[0119] The various and other features and functions disclosed above, or their alternatives, can be combined to form many other different systems or applications. Those skilled in the art can then make various alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements that are not currently foreseen or anticipated, all of which are intended to be covered by the disclosed embodiments.

Claims

1. A battery, comprising: The anode comprises an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a combination thereof; Cathode, the cathode comprising a carbon allotrope; A porous membrane, the porous membrane comprising a woody portion coated with a coating material; and Electrolytes.

2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The anode comprises lithium, calcium, potassium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, or a combination thereof.

3. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The cathode comprises a carbon allotrope intercalated with CaV2O5, CaTiS2, CaC6, or combinations thereof.

4. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The carbon allotropes include graphite, graphene, or combinations thereof.

5. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The xylem is taken from plants of the genera Crassula, Cycas, Magnolia, Australis, Pteris, Winterwood, Cymbidium, or Tetracentron.

6. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The xylem is taken from Jade Tree, Winged Crassula, Head-shaped Crassula, Milky White Crassula, Neman Crassula, String of Coins Crassula, Cycas, Lower Dragon Cycas, Fistleaf Cycas, Australian Phoenix Tail Cycas, Orizaba Cycas, Broadleaf Cycas, Castor Cycas, Water Chestnut, Andean Forest Fairy, Narrow-leaved Forest Fairy, Brazilian Forest Fairy, Dense-leaved Forest Fairy, Granada Forest Fairy, Roraima Forest Fairy, Forest Fairy or combinations thereof.

7. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The xylem is secondary xylem.

8. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The coating material includes polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or combinations thereof.

9. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The woody part is also coated with carbon nanotubes.

10. The battery according to claim 1, wherein, The electrolyte includes calcium tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

11. A method for preparing coated xylem, comprising: A coating liquid containing coating material is applied to the wood using a coating method to form coated wood; as well as Dry the coated wood.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising separating the xylem from *Crassula ovata*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula capitella*, *Crassula nimans*, *Crassula perforata*, *Cycas revoluta*, *Cycas hygroscopica*, *Cycas ferruginea*, *Cycas orisaba*, *Cycas broadleaf*, *Cycas ricincus*, *Tetracentron sinense*, *Cycas angustifolia ... or combinations thereof.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising preparing the coating liquid, wherein, The preparation of the coating solution includes dissolving the coating material in a solvent containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dichloromethane, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or combinations thereof.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The coating material includes polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The coating material includes an adhesive, which includes ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.

16. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The coating methods include spin coating, blade coating, slot die coating, dip coating, bar coating, or combinations thereof.

17. The method according to claim 11, wherein, It also includes applying carbon nanotubes to the xylem.

18. The method according to claim 11, wherein, Drying the coated wood involves vacuum drying at about 25°C to about 75°C.

19. The method of claim 11, further comprising annealing the coated wood portion.

20. The method according to claim 11, further comprising densifying the wood.

21. A composition comprising: The xylem is taken from plants of the genera Crassula, Cycas, Magnolia, Australis, Australis, Venteria, Lysimachia, or Tetracentron and coated with a coating material.

22. The composition according to claim 21, wherein, The coating material includes polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

23. The composition according to claim 21, wherein, The coating material includes an adhesive, which includes ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.

24. The composition according to claim 21, wherein, The woody part is also coated with carbon nanotubes.

25. The composition according to claim 21, wherein, The xylem is secondary xylem.

26. The composition according to claim 21, wherein, The plants mentioned are Jade Tree, Winged Crassula, Head-shaped Crassula, Milky White Crassula, Neman Crassula, String of Coins Crassula, Cycas, Cycas hygroscopica, Cycas coccinea, Australian Phoenix Tail Cycas, Orizaba Cycas, Broadleaf Cycas, Castor Cycas, Tetracentron, Andean Forest Fairy, Narrow-leaved Forest Fairy, Brazilian Forest Fairy, Dense-leaved Forest Fairy, Granada Forest Fairy, Roraima Forest Fairy, Forest Fairy or combinations thereof.

Images