Alloy steel super high-speed laser cladding parameter regulation method and related equipment
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- GUANGDONG INST OF NEW MATERIALS
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-09
Smart Images
Figure CN122174624A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This application relates to the field of laser additive manufacturing technology, and in particular to a method for controlling the parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel and related equipment. Background Technology
[0002] Ultra-high-speed laser cladding, as a highly efficient and low-heat-input surface modification technology, has shown great potential in the remanufacturing and performance enhancement of high-strength alloy steel components such as 42CrMo steel. 42CrMo steel, due to its excellent combination of strength and toughness, is widely used in critical load-bearing components such as shafts, gears, and connecting rods in heavy equipment. These components often operate under harsh conditions and are prone to wear, corrosion, or fatigue damage.
[0003] When using ultra-high-speed laser cladding technology to repair or strengthen 42CrMo steel, a core challenge is encountered: as a medium-carbon quenched and tempered steel, 42CrMo steel is sensitive to thermal cycling. Excessive heat input can easily lead to softening of the heat-affected zone of the substrate, increased residual stress, and even cracking; while insufficient heat input may result in poor metallurgical bonding between the cladding layer and the substrate. Traditional parameter trial-and-error methods are inefficient and struggle to accurately balance the complex relationship between "good bonding," "low dilution and low heat-affected zone," and "high performance of the cladding layer," resulting in poor process stability and reproducibility. Summary of the Invention
[0004] The main objective of this application is to propose a method and related equipment for controlling the parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, so as to improve the stability of laser cladding of alloy steel.
[0005] To achieve the above objectives, one aspect of this application proposes a method for controlling the parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, the method comprising the following steps: Based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of alloy steel, determine the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer; Establish a parametric correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; Based on the physical properties of alloy steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, the performance indicators and the constraints, and combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations, initial ranges are set for the specific energy and the powder energy density in the parameter correlation model, respectively. Within the initial range, multiple sets of candidate values for the specific energy and the powder energy density are designed; Single-pass cladding experiments were conducted using the candidate value combinations to obtain experimental data; The optimal values for the specific energy and the powder energy density were obtained by screening based on the experimental data.
[0006] In some embodiments, determining the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel includes the following steps: The performance indicators of the cladding layer are determined based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel, including hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, or toughness. The constraints on the cladding layer, determined according to the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel, include the maximum allowable dilution rate, minimum bond strength, and requirements for the hardness of the heat-affected zone of the substrate.
[0007] In some embodiments, establishing a parameter correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables includes the following steps: The multivariate coupled problem involving laser power, scanning speed, spot diameter, and powder feeding rate is transformed into an optimization problem of the specific energy and the powder energy density, resulting in the parameter correlation model. The expression for the specific energy is: `E_s = P / (v d)`; Where `E_s is the specific energy, P is the laser power, v is the scanning speed, and d is the spot diameter; The expression for the powder energy density is: `E_p = P / (v m)`; Where `E_p is the energy density of the powder, and m is the powder feeding rate.
[0008] In some embodiments, the step of conducting a single-pass cladding experiment using the candidate value combination to obtain experimental data includes the following steps: Single-pass cladding experiments were conducted using the candidate value combinations to obtain experimental data including the macroscopic morphology of the cladding pass, cross-sectional geometric features, dilution rate, presence or absence of cracks, and presence or absence of porosity.
[0009] In some embodiments, obtaining the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the experimental data includes the following steps: The criteria for acceptance are: no macroscopic cracks, no continuous pores, continuous and smooth melt channels, and dilution rate within a set range. Data that meets the acceptance criteria is selected from the experimental data to form a stable process window. The optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density are obtained by screening according to the stable process window.
[0010] In some embodiments, obtaining the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the stable process window includes the following steps: If hardness and wear resistance are required, then within the stable process window, the parameter region where the specific energy is lower than the first threshold and the powder energy density is in the first set range is selected as the corresponding optimal value. If corrosion resistance is required, the parameter region within the stable process window where the specific energy is lower than the second threshold but higher than the first threshold, and the powder energy density is within the second set range, is selected as the corresponding optimal value; wherein, the second threshold is higher than the first threshold, and the minimum value of the second set range is greater than the maximum value of the first set range; If toughness is required to resist impact or fatigue, the parameter region within the stable process window where the specific energy is higher than the third threshold and the powder energy density is in the third set interval is selected as the corresponding optimal value; wherein, the third threshold is higher than the second threshold, and the minimum value of the third set interval is greater than the maximum value of the second set interval.
[0011] In some embodiments, the method further includes the following steps: The laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate are derived by inverse solving based on the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density. With other auxiliary parameters fixed, multi-pass overlapping or regional cladding experiments are conducted using the laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate obtained from the inverse solution. This allows for the detection of the microstructure, mechanical properties, and bonding quality of the cladding layer with the substrate, in order to verify whether the optimal value meets the performance indicators and the constraints. If the conditions are not met, then at least one of the candidate values of the specific energy or the powder energy density shall be adjusted.
[0012] To achieve the above objectives, another aspect of this application proposes a parameter control device for ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, the device comprising: The target setting unit is used to determine the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel. The model building unit is used to build a parametric correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; The initial value setting unit is used to set the initial range for the specific energy and the powder energy density in the parameter correlation model based on the physical properties of alloy steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, the performance index and the constraint conditions, combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations. A candidate value determination unit is used to design multiple combinations of candidate values for the specific energy and the powder energy density within the initial range; The cladding experiment unit is used to perform a single-pass cladding experiment using the candidate value combination to obtain experimental data. The parameter optimization unit is used to select the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the experimental data.
[0013] To achieve the above objectives, another aspect of this application provides an electronic device, which includes a memory and a processor. The memory stores a computer program, and the processor executes the computer program to implement the above-described method.
[0014] To achieve the above objectives, another aspect of the embodiments of this application proposes a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.
[0015] To achieve the above objectives, another aspect of this application provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.
[0016] The embodiments of this application include at least the following beneficial effects: This application provides a method and related equipment for controlling parameters in ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel. The method involves determining the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel; establishing a parameter correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; setting initial ranges for specific energy and powder energy density in the parameter correlation model based on the physical properties of the alloy steel, the characteristics, performance indicators, and constraints of the selected cladding powder material, combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations; designing multiple candidate combinations of specific energy and powder energy density within the initial range; conducting single-pass cladding experiments using these candidate combinations to obtain experimental data; and selecting the optimal values for specific energy and powder energy density based on the experimental data. By establishing a parameter correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables, this application decouples multiple parameters, quickly locks in the optimal values that meet the conditions, and achieves targeted performance control, greatly improving the efficiency and success rate of process development. Attached Figure Description
[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.
[0018] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for controlling ultra-high-speed laser cladding parameters of alloy steel, provided in this application embodiment; Figure 2A schematic diagram of a parameter control device for ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel provided in this application embodiment; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the hardware structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation
[0019] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the following detailed description is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of this application and are not intended to limit it. In the following description, when referring to the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with those of this application; they are merely examples of apparatuses and methods consistent with some aspects of the embodiments of this application as detailed in the appended claims.
[0020] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments of this application only and is not intended to limit this application.
[0021] Reference Figure 1 This application provides a method for controlling the parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel. This method may include, but is not limited to, steps S100 to S150, as detailed below: S100: Determine the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel. S110: Establish a parametric correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; S120: Based on the physical properties of alloy steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, the performance indicators and the constraints, and combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations, initial ranges are set for the specific energy and the powder energy density in the parameter correlation model, respectively. S130: Design multiple sets of candidate values for the specific energy and the powder energy density within the initial range; S140: Use the candidate value combination to conduct a single-pass cladding experiment to obtain experimental data; S150: Based on the experimental data, the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density are obtained.
[0022] Optionally, determining the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel includes the following steps: The performance indicators of the cladding layer are determined based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel, including hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, or toughness. The constraints on the cladding layer, determined according to the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel, include the maximum allowable dilution rate, minimum bond strength, and requirements for the hardness of the heat-affected zone of the substrate.
[0023] Optionally, establishing a parameter correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables includes the following steps: The multivariate coupled problem involving laser power, scanning speed, spot diameter, and powder feeding rate is transformed into an optimization problem of the specific energy and the powder energy density, resulting in the parameter correlation model. The expression for the specific energy is: `E_s = P / (v d)`; Where `E_s is the specific energy, P is the laser power, v is the scanning speed, and d is the spot diameter; The expression for the powder energy density is: `E_p = P / (v m)`; Where `E_p is the energy density of the powder, and m is the powder feeding rate.
[0024] Optionally, the step of conducting a single-pass cladding experiment using the candidate value combination to obtain experimental data includes the following steps: Single-pass cladding experiments were conducted using the candidate value combinations to obtain experimental data including the macroscopic morphology of the cladding pass, cross-sectional geometric features, dilution rate, presence or absence of cracks, and presence or absence of porosity.
[0025] Optionally, obtaining the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the experimental data includes the following steps: The criteria for acceptance are: no macroscopic cracks, no continuous pores, continuous and smooth melt channels, and dilution rate within a set range. Data that meets the acceptance criteria is selected from the experimental data to form a stable process window. The optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density are obtained by screening according to the stable process window.
[0026] Optionally, obtaining the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the stable process window includes the following steps: If hardness and wear resistance are required, then within the stable process window, the parameter region where the specific energy is lower than the first threshold and the powder energy density is in the first set range is selected as the corresponding optimal value. If corrosion resistance is required, the parameter region within the stable process window where the specific energy is lower than the second threshold but higher than the first threshold, and the powder energy density is within the second set range, is selected as the corresponding optimal value; wherein, the second threshold is higher than the first threshold, and the minimum value of the second set range is greater than the maximum value of the first set range; If toughness is required to resist impact or fatigue, the parameter region within the stable process window where the specific energy is higher than the third threshold and the powder energy density is in the third set interval is selected as the corresponding optimal value; wherein, the third threshold is higher than the second threshold, and the minimum value of the third set interval is greater than the maximum value of the second set interval.
[0027] Optionally, the method further includes the following steps: The laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate are derived by inverse solving based on the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density. With other auxiliary parameters fixed, multi-pass overlapping or regional cladding experiments are conducted using the laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate obtained from the inverse solution. This allows for the detection of the microstructure, mechanical properties, and bonding quality of the cladding layer with the substrate, in order to verify whether the optimal value meets the performance indicators and the constraints. If the conditions are not met, then at least one of the candidate values of the specific energy or the powder energy density shall be adjusted.
[0028] The following sections will provide a detailed description and explanation of some optional embodiments of this application, using specific application examples.
[0029] To address the problems of existing technologies in the development of ultra-high-speed laser cladding processes for 42CrMo steel, such as reliance on experience, difficulty in heat input control, and imprecise performance regulation, this paper proposes a regulation method guided by a physical model that can systematically, rapidly, and accurately determine the optimal process parameters, thereby achieving customized preparation of cladding layer performance.
[0030] This embodiment provides a method for controlling the parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, using 42CrMo steel (i.e., alloy steel) as the substrate. The method includes the following steps: S1: Define performance requirements and constraints: Based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the 42CrMo steel component, determine the core performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer. The performance indicators include hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance or toughness. The constraints include the maximum allowable dilution rate, minimum bonding strength and requirements for the hardness of the heat-affected zone of the substrate.
[0031] S2: Constructing a core energy parameter model: Establishing a parameter correlation model with "specific energy" and "powder energy density" as the two core control variables, simplifying the multi-variable coupling problem of laser power, scanning speed, spot diameter, powder feeding rate, etc. into a bivariate optimization problem.
[0032] Specific energy: `E_s = P / (v d)`; Where P is the laser power (W), v is the scanning speed (mm / s), and d is the spot diameter (mm). `E_s` comprehensively reflects the energy density acting on a unit cladding trajectory length, mainly controlling the molten pool depth, substrate dilution rate, and heat-affected zone characteristics.
[0033] Powder energy density: `E_p = P / (v m)`; Where m is the powder feeding rate (g / min). `E_p` reflects the average energy used to melt a unit mass of powder, and mainly controls the powder melting state, the geometric dimensions (width, height) of the cladding layer, and internal defects.
[0034] S3: Determine the initial process window: Based on the physical properties of 42CrMo steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, and the objective of step S1, combine empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations to set a theoretically feasible initial range for `E_s` and `E_p`.
[0035] S4: Conduct single-pass cladding experiments and characterization: Within the initial parameter window, design multiple sets of `(E_s, E_p)` combinations to conduct single-pass cladding experiments, characterizing the macroscopic morphology, cross-sectional geometric features, dilution rate, and presence or absence of defects such as cracks / porosity of the cladding pass.
[0036] S5: Draw and determine the stable process window: Using "no macroscopic cracks, no continuous porosity, continuous and smooth melt channel, and dilution rate between 5% and 15%" as the qualification criteria, screen experimental data, and mark them in the `E_s - E_p` two-dimensional coordinate system to form the "stable process window".
[0037] S6: Perform performance-oriented parameter optimization within the window: If ultra-high hardness and wear resistance are desired, select a parameter range with relatively low `E_s` and moderate `E_p` within the window to obtain a high cooling rate and refined microstructure. If excellent corrosion resistance is desired, select a parameter range with a medium to low `E_s` and a slightly high `E_p` within the window to obtain a dense coating with uniform composition, controllable dilution, and few defects. If high toughness is desired to resist impact or fatigue, select a parameter range with moderately high `E_s` and relatively high `E_p` within the window, and combine this with subsequent heat treatment to obtain a microstructure with a high content of tough phase.
[0038] S7: Parameter Inverse Solution and Final Verification: Based on the optimal value of `(E_s, E_p)` selected in step S6, the specific laser power P, scanning speed v, and powder feeding rate m are inversely solved. Other auxiliary parameters (such as spot diameter d, carrier gas flow rate, overlap rate, etc.) are fixed, and multi-pass overlap or regional cladding experiments are conducted to comprehensively detect the microstructure, mechanical properties, and bonding quality with the substrate of the cladding layer, and to verify whether the objective of step S1 is met.
[0039] The beneficial effects of this embodiment: 1. A control logic was designed based on the thermophysical and phase transformation characteristics of 42CrMo steel, which effectively avoids typical defects of the material during the cladding process (such as softening of the heat-affected zone and cracks).
[0040] 2. By decoupling multiple parameters through the two core physical quantities `E_s` and `E_p`, a stable process window can be quickly locked, and performance can be targeted and controlled within the window, which greatly improves the efficiency and success rate of process development.
[0041] 3. A clear mapping relationship has been established from "performance requirements" to "energy parameters" and then to "specific process parameters", which enables customized preparation of cladding layers according to different service requirements of 42CrMo steel components.
[0042] 4. This method is based on a physical model, which reduces the dependence on experience and makes the process more transferable and reproducible across different equipment or operators.
[0043] The embodiments of this application will be further described in detail below with reference to three examples using 42CrMo steel as the matrix.
[0044] Example 1: Repair of 42CrMo steel shafts with high hardness and high wear resistance requirements.
[0045] S1 Objective: Repair worn 42CrMo steel journals. The surface hardness of the cladding layer must be ≥60 HRC, free of cracks, and its wear resistance must be superior to that of the substrate. The dilution rate must be controlled within 10%.
[0046] S2 & S3: Fe-Cr-B-Si-C series high-carbon, high-boron self-fluxing alloy powder (particle size 45-106 μm) is selected. The specific energy `E_s` is initially set to be in the range of 80-150 J / mm², and the powder energy density `E_p` is set to be in the range of 0.8-1.6 J / mg.
[0047] S4 & S5: Multiple single-channel experiments were conducted. It was found that when `E_s` > 140 J / mm², the dilution rate exceeded the limit, and the heat-affected zone of the matrix softened significantly; when `E_p` < 1.0 J / mg, the powder melting was insufficient. The stability window was determined to be: `E_s`: 95-125 J / mm², `E_p`: 1.1-1.4 J / mg.
[0048] S6: To obtain ultra-high hardness and fine-grained structure, a point with low `E_s` (approximately 100 J / mm²) and moderate `E_p` (approximately 1.2 J / mg) within the stability window is selected, aiming to achieve a higher cooling rate.
[0049] S7 Verification: Specific parameters obtained from the inverse kinematics are: laser power P = 2400 W, scanning speed v = 1600 mm / s, powder feed rate m = 30 g / min, and spot diameter d = 1.5 mm. Multi-pass cladding (50% overlap) was performed. Test results show that the average hardness of the cladding layer reaches 62 HRC, mainly composed of fine martensite, retained austenite, and a large amount of dispersed hard boron carbides. Wear tests show that its wear resistance is 3.5 times that of the substrate. Cross-sectional metallographic analysis shows a dilution rate of approximately 8%, good interfacial metallurgical bonding, and no cracks.
[0050] Example 2: Protection of 42CrMo steel marine platform components for high corrosion resistance requirements.
[0051] S1 Objective: To prepare a seawater corrosion resistant coating on the surface of 42CrMo steel fasteners. The coating layer is required to have a positive self-corrosion potential shift in 3.5% NaCl solution, no pitting corrosion, and high bonding strength with the substrate to avoid localized corrosion.
[0052] S2 & S3: High-molybdenum-content 316L stainless steel powder (particle size 53-150 μm) was selected. The initial `E_s` range was set to 60-110 J / mm², and the `E_p` range was set to 0.7-1.3 J / mg.
[0053] S4 & S5: Single-channel experiments show that when `E_s` is too low (<75 J / mm²), there is a risk of incomplete fusion at the interface; when `E_p` is too high (>1.2 J / mg), elemental burn-off is likely to occur. The stability window is determined to be: `E_s`: 80-100 J / mm², `E_p`: 0.9-1.1 J / mg.
[0054] S6: To obtain a corrosion-resistant coating with uniform composition, density, and few defects, select the central region of the stability window: `E_s` approximately 90 J / mm², `E_p` approximately 1.0 J / mg.
[0055] S7 Verification: Specific parameters obtained from the inverse kinematics are: laser power P = 2700 W, scanning speed v = 1500 mm / s, powder feed rate m = 45 g / min, and spot diameter d = 2.0 mm. Zone cladding was performed. Electrochemical testing showed that the self-corrosion potential of the cladding layer shifted positively by approximately 450 mV compared to the 42CrMo substrate, and the corrosion current density decreased by an order of magnitude. The coating was dense, and staining penetration testing revealed no opening defects. Four-point bending tests showed a bonding strength higher than 400 MPa.
[0056] Example 3: Local repair of 42CrMo steel impact connecting rod for high toughness requirements.
[0057] S1 Objective: To repair localized impact damage to a 42CrMo steel connecting rod. The repair area must have high toughness to withstand impact loads, a hardness matching the matrix (~45-50 HRC), and minimal heat input during the repair process to avoid overall deformation.
[0058] S2 & S3: Use 42CrMo pre-alloyed powder (particle size 45-106 μm) with a composition similar to the matrix. Set the initial `E_s` range to be narrow: 70-100 J / mm² (to control heat input), and the `E_p` range to be 1.0-1.5 J / mg.
[0059] S4 & S5: Single-pass experiments revealed that when `E_s` is below 80 J / mm², slag inclusions are prone to occur at the bonding line; when `E_p` is above 1.4 J / mg, severe runner protrusion occurs. The stability windows were determined to be: `E_s`: 85-95 J / mm², `E_p`: 1.2-1.35 J / mg.
[0060] S6: To achieve a well-toughened repair tissue while ensuring good adhesion, and to maintain a low overall heat input, a parameter combination was selected with `E_s` near the lower limit (approximately 86 J / mm²) and `E_p` in the middle to upper limit (approximately 1.3 J / mg). This combination ensures sufficient powder melting at a lower `E_s` and a higher `E_p`, forming a thicker melt channel to reduce the number of overlaps, thereby reducing cumulative heat input.
[0061] S7 Verification: Specific parameters obtained from the inverse kinematics are: laser power P = 2150 W, scanning speed v = 1500 mm / s, powder feed rate m = 33 g / min, and spot diameter d = 1.67 mm. The damaged pits were filled and repaired. The microstructure of the repaired area mainly consists of fine lath martensite and lower bainite, with a hardness of 48 HRC, showing good matching with the tempered matrix. Impact toughness testing (V-notch) shows that the impact energy of the repaired area reaches more than 85% of the matrix. The overall deformation of the workpiece is measured to be less than 0.05 mm, meeting the accuracy requirements.
[0062] ReferenceFigure 2 This application also provides a parameter control device for ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, which can realize the above-mentioned method for controlling parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel. The device includes: The target setting unit is used to determine the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel. The model building unit is used to build a parametric correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; The initial value setting unit is used to set the initial range for the specific energy and the powder energy density in the parameter correlation model based on the physical properties of alloy steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, the performance index and the constraint conditions, combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations. A candidate value determination unit is used to design multiple combinations of candidate values for the specific energy and the powder energy density within the initial range; The cladding experiment unit is used to perform a single-pass cladding experiment using the candidate value combination to obtain experimental data. The parameter optimization unit is used to select the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the experimental data.
[0063] It is understood that the content of the above method embodiments is applicable to the present device embodiments. The specific functions implemented by the present device embodiments are the same as those of the above method embodiments, and the beneficial effects achieved are also the same as those achieved by the above method embodiments.
[0064] This application also provides an electronic device, which includes a memory and a processor. The memory stores a computer program, and the processor executes the computer program to implement the method of this application. This electronic device can be any smart terminal, including tablet computers, in-vehicle computers, etc.
[0065] It is understood that the content of the above method embodiments is applicable to the device embodiments. The specific functions implemented by the device embodiments are the same as those of the methods of this application, and the beneficial effects achieved are the same as those achieved by the methods of this application.
[0066] Figure 3 The hardware structure of an electronic device according to another embodiment is illustrated. The electronic device includes: The processor 101 can be implemented using a general-purpose CPU (Central Processing Unit), microprocessor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or one or more integrated circuits, and is used to execute relevant programs to implement the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this application. The memory 102 can be implemented as a read-only memory (ROM), static storage device, dynamic storage device, or random access memory (RAM). The memory 102 can store the operating system and other applications. When the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this specification are implemented through software or firmware, the relevant program code is stored in the memory 102 and is called and executed by the processor 101. Input / output interface 103 is used to implement information input and output; The communication interface 104 is used to enable communication and interaction between this device and other devices. Communication can be achieved through wired means (such as USB, network cable, etc.) or wireless means (such as mobile network, WIFI, Bluetooth, etc.). Bus 105 transmits information between various components of the device (e.g., processor 101, memory 102, input / output interface 103, and communication interface 104); The processor 101, memory 102, input / output interface 103 and communication interface 104 are connected to each other within the device via bus 105.
[0067] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the method of this application.
[0068] It is understood that the content of the above method embodiments is applicable to this storage medium embodiment. The specific functions implemented in this storage medium embodiment are the same as those in the above method embodiments, and the beneficial effects achieved are also the same as those achieved in the above method embodiments.
[0069] This application also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.
[0070] Memory, as a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, can be used to store non-transitory software programs and non-transitory computer-executable programs. Furthermore, memory may include high-speed random access memory, and may also include non-transitory memory, such as at least one disk storage device, flash memory device, or other non-transitory solid-state storage device. In some embodiments, memory may optionally include memory remotely located relative to the processor, and these remote memories can be connected to the processor via a network. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, the Internet, intranets, local area networks, mobile communication networks, and combinations thereof.
[0071] The embodiments described in this application are for the purpose of more clearly illustrating the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, and do not constitute a limitation on the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of this application. As those skilled in the art will know, with the evolution of technology and the emergence of new application scenarios, the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of this application are also applicable to similar technical problems.
[0072] Those skilled in the art will understand that the technical solutions shown in the figures do not constitute a limitation on the embodiments of this application, and may include more or fewer steps than shown, or combine certain steps, or different steps.
[0073] The device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.
[0074] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or some of the steps in the methods disclosed above, as well as the functional modules / units in the systems and devices, can be implemented as software, firmware, hardware, or suitable combinations thereof.
[0075] The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” etc. (if present) in the specification and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of this application described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms “comprising” and “having,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.
[0076] It should be understood that in this application, "at least one (item)" means one or more, and "more than" means two or more. "And / or" is used to describe the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, "A and / or B" can represent three cases: only A exists, only B exists, and both A and B exist simultaneously, where A and B can be singular or plural. The character " / " generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects are in an "or" relationship. "At least one (item) of the following" or similar expressions refer to any combination of these items, including any combination of single or plural items. For example, at least one (item) of a, b, or c can represent: a, b, c, "a and b", "a and c", "b and c", or "a and b and c", where a, b, and c can be single or multiple.
[0077] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of the units described above is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces; the indirect coupling or communication connection between apparatuses or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.
[0078] The units described above as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.
[0079] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.
[0080] If the integrated unit is implemented as a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes multiple instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods of the various embodiments of this application. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing programs, such as USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, or optical disks.
[0081] The preferred embodiments of the present application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but this does not limit the scope of the claims of the present application. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and substance of the embodiments of the present application shall be within the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims
1. A method for controlling parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: Based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of alloy steel, determine the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer; Establish a parametric correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; Based on the physical properties of alloy steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, the performance indicators and the constraints, and combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations, initial ranges are set for the specific energy and the powder energy density in the parameter correlation model, respectively. Within the initial range, multiple sets of candidate values for the specific energy and the powder energy density are designed; Single-pass cladding experiments were conducted using the candidate value combinations to obtain experimental data; The optimal values for the specific energy and the powder energy density were obtained by screening based on the experimental data.
2. The method for controlling ultra-high-speed laser cladding parameters of alloy steel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The determination of the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel includes the following steps: The performance indicators of the cladding layer are determined based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel, including hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, or toughness. The constraints on the cladding layer, determined according to the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel, include the maximum allowable dilution rate, minimum bond strength, and requirements for the hardness of the heat-affected zone of the substrate.
3. The method for controlling ultra-high-speed laser cladding parameters of alloy steel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The establishment of the parameter correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables includes the following steps: The multivariate coupled problem involving laser power, scanning speed, spot diameter, and powder feeding rate is transformed into an optimization problem of the specific energy and the powder energy density, resulting in the parameter correlation model. The expression for the specific energy is: `E_s = P / (v d)`; Where `E_s is the specific energy, P is the laser power, v is the scanning speed, and d is the spot diameter; The expression for the powder energy density is: `E_p = P / (v m)`; Where `E_p is the energy density of the powder, and m is the powder feeding rate.
4. The method for controlling ultra-high-speed laser cladding parameters of alloy steel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of conducting a single-pass cladding experiment using the candidate value combinations to obtain experimental data includes the following steps: Single-pass cladding experiments were conducted using the candidate value combinations to obtain experimental data including the macroscopic morphology of the cladding pass, cross-sectional geometric features, dilution rate, presence or absence of cracks, and presence or absence of porosity.
5. The method for controlling ultra-high-speed laser cladding parameters of alloy steel according to claim 4, characterized in that, The process of obtaining the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the experimental data includes the following steps: The criteria for acceptance are: no macroscopic cracks, no continuous pores, continuous and smooth melt channels, and dilution rate within a set range. Data that meets the acceptance criteria is selected from the experimental data to form a stable process window. The optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density are obtained by screening according to the stable process window.
6. The method for controlling the parameters of ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel according to claim 5, characterized in that, The process of obtaining the optimal values of specific energy and powder energy density based on the stable process window includes the following steps: If hardness and wear resistance are required, then within the stable process window, the parameter region where the specific energy is lower than the first threshold and the powder energy density is in the first set range is selected as the corresponding optimal value. If corrosion resistance is required, the parameter region within the stable process window where the specific energy is lower than the second threshold but higher than the first threshold, and the powder energy density is within the second set range, is selected as the corresponding optimal value; wherein, the second threshold is higher than the first threshold, and the minimum value of the second set range is greater than the maximum value of the first set range; If toughness is required to resist impact or fatigue, the parameter region within the stable process window where the specific energy is higher than the third threshold and the powder energy density is in the third set interval is selected as the corresponding optimal value; wherein, the third threshold is higher than the second threshold, and the minimum value of the third set interval is greater than the maximum value of the second set interval.
7. The method for controlling ultra-high-speed laser cladding parameters of alloy steel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes the following steps: The laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate are derived by inverse solving based on the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density. With other auxiliary parameters fixed, multi-pass overlapping or regional cladding experiments are conducted using the laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate obtained from the inverse solution. This allows for the detection of the microstructure, mechanical properties, and bonding quality of the cladding layer with the substrate, in order to verify whether the optimal value meets the performance indicators and the constraints. If the conditions are not met, then at least one of the candidate values of the specific energy or the powder energy density shall be adjusted.
8. A parameter control device for ultra-high-speed laser cladding of alloy steel, characterized in that, The device includes: The target setting unit is used to determine the performance indicators and constraints of the cladding layer based on the damage mode or strengthening requirements of the alloy steel. The model building unit is used to build a parametric correlation model with specific energy and powder energy density as control variables; The initial value setting unit is used to set the initial range for the specific energy and the powder energy density in the parameter correlation model based on the physical properties of alloy steel, the properties of the selected cladding powder material, the performance index and the constraint conditions, combined with empirical formulas or thermodynamic simulations. A candidate value determination unit is used to design multiple combinations of candidate values for the specific energy and the powder energy density within the initial range; The cladding experiment unit is used to perform a single-pass cladding experiment using the candidate value combination to obtain experimental data. The parameter optimization unit is used to select the optimal values of the specific energy and the powder energy density based on the experimental data.
9. An electronic device, characterized in that, The electronic device includes a memory and a processor, the memory storing a computer program, and the processor executing the computer program to implement the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. A computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by a processor, it implements the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 7.