Multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion battery, electronic device, and medium
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- BEIJING ELECTRIC VEHICLE
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-09
Smart Images
Figure CN122178525A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of battery charging, and more specifically, to a multi-stage adaptive charging method, electronic device, and medium for sodium-ion batteries. Background Technology
[0002] Sodium-ion batteries, as an alternative energy storage technology to lithium-ion batteries, have become a research hotspot in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their high resource abundance, low cost, and excellent safety. While the electrochemical characteristics of sodium-ion batteries are similar to those of lithium-ion batteries, sodium ions have a larger ionic radius (1.02 Å vs 0.76 Å) and a higher solvation energy, leading to sluggish interfacial kinetics. This is especially true at low temperatures, where the ion migration rate decreases significantly, causing bottleneck problems such as low-temperature capacity decay and rate performance degradation.
[0003] On the one hand, hard carbon, as the mainstream anode material for sodium-ion batteries, exhibits a composite characteristic in its charging curve: a ramp region (0.1-0.8 V vs Na+ / Na) and a plateau region (<0.1 V). The ramp region corresponds to the rapid adsorption process of sodium ions in the defects and pores on the surface of hard carbon, exhibiting high diffusion coefficients and low polarization characteristics, resulting in strong charging capabilities. The plateau region involves the slow intercalation reaction of sodium ions embedding into the graphite microcrystalline layer. Due to the high diffusion barrier between sodium ions and the hard carbon layer, the kinetic resistance increases significantly, leading to a sharp decrease in charging efficiency.
[0004] On the other hand, at low temperatures (<0℃), the increased electrolyte viscosity leads to a decrease in ionic conductivity, while the SEI film impedance on the hard carbon anode surface increases, further exacerbating the sodium ion intercalation resistance in the plateau region. Experiments show that at -10℃, the capacity contribution of the plateau region decreases from 60% at room temperature to 30%, becoming a key factor restricting fast charging capability.
[0005] Existing technologies improve low-temperature performance by performing a first-stage capacity calibration (at room temperature) followed by low-temperature cycling under different pulse conditions, and a second-stage capacity calibration (to verify capacity decay). However, this method does not address the issue of insufficient fast-charging capability; it only improves performance through testing different pulse parameters and cannot completely solve the problem of insufficient fast-charging capability at different stages of sodium-ion batteries.
[0006] Therefore, it is necessary to develop a multi-stage adaptive charging method, electronic device, and dielectric for sodium-ion batteries.
[0007] The information disclosed in the background section of this invention is intended only to enhance the understanding of the general background of this invention, and should not be construed as an admission or in any way implying that such information constitutes prior art known to those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention
[0008] This invention proposes a multi-stage adaptive charging method, electronic device, and dielectric for sodium-ion batteries. Based on Mas's law and combined with the charging characteristics of hard carbon anodes at different stages, it performs multi-stage adaptive charging to improve the fast charging performance of sodium-ion batteries.
[0009] In a first aspect, embodiments of this disclosure provide a multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries, including: A three-electrode battery was fabricated for the target battery system, and the standard battery capacity was obtained. At a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery was charged at different charging rates to obtain the corresponding negative electrode potential curves. The Maas curve of the limiting charging current is obtained by fitting and extrapolating the negative electrode potential curves of different charging rates. Multiple charging intervals are divided on the Mas curve and classified into ramp and plateau regions. The charging strategies for the ramp and plateau regions are determined respectively, and the charging strategy for the target battery system at a preset temperature is obtained.
[0010] Preferably, at a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery is charged at different charging rates to obtain the corresponding negative electrode potential curves, including: At a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery is charged at different charging rates, and the negative electrode potential is monitored by a reference electrode. Charging is stopped when the negative electrode potential reaches 0mV, and the negative electrode potential curve corresponding to the charging rate at the preset temperature is obtained.
[0011] Preferably, the charging rate is 0.1C-4C.
[0012] Preferably, the Mass curve for obtaining the limiting charging current is obtained by fitting and extrapolating the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates, including: Calculate the corresponding SOC-negative electrode potential curve based on the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates; Under the same SOC, the negative electrode potential values at different charging rates are fitted and extrapolated to obtain the charging rate when the negative electrode potential is 0mV, which is then used as the limit charging rate under that SOC. The limit charging rate at different SOCs is plotted as the limit charging boundary curve, which is the Maas curve.
[0013] Preferably, for the sloping area, a multi-step stepped charging method is used based on the Mas curve for charging.
[0014] Preferably, the charging current of the multi-step step is the minimum value of the Mas curve corresponding to the charging interval.
[0015] Preferably, for the platform region, charging is performed using a pulse charging method based on the Mass curve.
[0016] Preferably, the charging current of the pulse charging is the maximum value of the Mass curve corresponding to the charging interval, the pulse discharging current is 0, the pulse charging time is equal to the resting time, the pulse period is Tc, and the number of pulses is n, satisfying the following conditions: ,in, This represents the minimum value of the Mass curve corresponding to this charging range. This represents the maximum value of the Mas curve corresponding to this charging range.
[0017] Secondly, embodiments of this disclosure also provide an electronic device, the electronic device comprising: Memory, which stores executable instructions; A processor that executes the executable instructions in the memory to implement the sodium-ion battery multi-stage adaptive charging method.
[0018] Thirdly, embodiments of this disclosure also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the aforementioned multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries.
[0019] Its beneficial effects are as follows: (1) Based on the reference electrode, the present invention obtains the maximum charging rate at which sodium does not precipitate at any SOC by fitting and extrapolating the relationship between the SOC and the negative electrode potential at different charging rates. This ensures charging safety while maximizing the charging capacity of sodium-ion batteries.
[0020] (2) Based on the sodium-ion battery hard carbon negative electrode sodium storage mechanism, this invention divides the charging process into two stages: the ramp region and the plateau region, and formulates charging strategies for each. In the ramp region, the sodium-ion battery mainly stores sodium in the form of adsorption, with a larger charging rate, and adopts a stepped charging strategy based on the Mas curve. In the plateau region, the sodium-ion battery mainly stores sodium in the form of pore filling, with a slower charging speed and greater polarization. Therefore, a pulse charging method is adopted to eliminate polarization and further improve the charging capacity based on the Mas curve. In addition, for the setting of the pulse charging current in the plateau region, this invention adopts the limit charging rate in the Mas curve obtained from the reference electrode, and ensures that the negative electrode potential is higher than 0mV within ΔSOC by pulse rest.
[0021] (3) The charging strategy formulation method obtained by the present invention adopts multi-stage charging current setting, which can maximize the sodium ion charging capacity, maximize the charging potential of the slope area, and improve the charging capacity of the platform area.
[0022] The methods and apparatus of the present invention have other features and advantages that will be apparent from or will be set forth in detail in the accompanying drawings and following detailed description, which together serve to explain the particular principles of the invention. Attached Figure Description
[0023] The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the more detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein the same reference numerals generally represent the same parts.
[0024] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the steps of a multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0025] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of negative electrode potential data at different charging rates according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0026] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the limit charging boundary-Mass curve according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0027] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of a charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0028] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a sodium-ion battery charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0029] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the negative electrode potential curve of a sodium-ion adaptive fast charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0030] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of a sodium-ion 1C charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0031] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the sodium ion 1C charging negative electrode potential curve according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0032] Figure 9 A schematic diagram of a multi-step fast charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0033] Figure 10 A schematic diagram of the negative electrode potential curve of a sodium-ion multi-step fast charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Detailed Implementation
[0034] Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail. While preferred embodiments of the invention are described below, it should be understood that the invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
[0035] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the steps of a multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0036] like Figure 1 As shown, the multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries includes: Step 101: Fabricate a three-electrode battery for the target system battery and obtain the standard battery capacity; Step 102: At a preset temperature, charge the three-electrode battery with different charging rates to obtain the corresponding negative electrode potential curve. Step 103: Based on the negative electrode potential curves of charging at different rates, fit and extrapolate to obtain the Maas curve of the limiting charging current. Step 104: Divide the Mas curve into multiple charging intervals and classify them into ramp regions and plateau regions, determine the charging strategies for the ramp regions and plateau regions respectively, and obtain the charging strategy for the target battery system at a preset temperature.
[0037] In one example, at a preset temperature, a three-electrode battery is charged at different charging rates, and the corresponding negative electrode potential curves are obtained as follows: At a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery is charged at different charging rates, and the negative electrode potential is monitored by a reference electrode. Charging is stopped when the negative electrode potential reaches 0mV, and the negative electrode potential curve corresponding to the charging rate at the preset temperature is obtained.
[0038] In one example, the charging rate is 0.1C-4C.
[0039] In one example, the Mass curve for the limiting charging current is obtained by fitting and extrapolating the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates, including: Calculate the corresponding SOC-negative electrode potential curve based on the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates; Under the same SOC, the negative electrode potential values at different charging rates are fitted and extrapolated to obtain the charging rate when the negative electrode potential is 0mV, which is then used as the limit charging rate under that SOC. The limit charging rate at different SOCs is plotted as the limit charging boundary curve, which is the Maas curve.
[0040] In one example, for the sloping region, a multi-step stepped charging method is used based on the Mas curve for charging.
[0041] In one example, the charging current of the multi-step ladder is the minimum value of the Mas curve corresponding to that charging interval.
[0042] In one example, for the plateau region, charging is performed using a pulse charging method based on the Mas curve.
[0043] In one example, the charging current of the pulse charging is the maximum value of the Mass curve corresponding to the charging interval, the pulse discharging current is 0, the pulse charging time is equal to the resting time, the pulse period is Tc, and the number of pulses is n, satisfying the following conditions: ,in, This represents the minimum value of the Mass curve corresponding to this charging range. This represents the maximum value of the Mas curve corresponding to this charging range.
[0044] Specifically, for the target system battery, a three-electrode battery is first fabricated, and the battery capacity is calibrated to obtain the standard battery capacity C0.
[0045] At a preset temperature T, charging was performed using different charging rates, with the negative electrode potential monitored by a reference electrode. Charging stopped when the negative electrode potential reached 0mV. The temperature range was -60℃ to 60℃, and the charging rate was 0.1C to 4C. The reference electrode was a commonly used reference electrode for sodium-ion batteries, capable of accurately obtaining the negative electrode potential, including but not limited to sodium metal type, copper wire coated with sodium type, and sodium vanadium phosphate type active material reference electrodes.
[0046] Based on the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates, the Mas curve of the limiting charging current is obtained by fitting and extrapolation. The method for obtaining the Mas curve is as follows: The SOC-negative electrode potential curves under different charging rates were calculated. Under the same SOC, the charging rate when the negative electrode potential is 0mV was obtained by fitting and extrapolating the different charging rates-negative electrode potential values. This was used as the limiting charging rate under this SOC. The limiting charging boundary curve was plotted from the limiting charging rates under different SOCs, which is the Maas curve.
[0047] The State of Charge (SOC) is divided into multiple charging zones, which are then designated as ramp zones and plateau zones. The zone width ΔSOC is d, and the boundary between the ramp zone and the plateau zone is set to be ≥30% and ≤40%.
[0048] For the sloping area, a multi-step charging method is used. Based on the divided charging intervals, the charging current of the multi-step method is the minimum value of the Mass curve corresponding to that charging interval.
[0049] For the plateau region, pulse charging is used. Based on the defined charging intervals, the charging current for pulse charging is the maximum value of the corresponding Mass curve for that interval, the pulse discharge current is 0, the pulse charging time equals the resting time, the pulse period is Tc, and the number of pulses is n, satisfying the following conditions: ,in, This represents the minimum value of the Mass curve corresponding to this charging range. This represents the maximum value of the Mas curve corresponding to this charging range.
[0050] By combining the charging current in different sections of the slope region and the current in the plateau region, we can obtain the adaptive charging strategy for sodium-ion batteries at temperature T.
[0051] The ultimate charging capability of the sodium-ion battery in this invention is obtained by fitting and extrapolating charging data from a three-electrode battery at different rates. The underlying mechanism is that at different charging rates, the higher the rate, the faster the potential drops, the greater the charging polarization, and the lower the negative electrode potential at the same state of charge (SOC). By fitting and extrapolating the negative electrode potential data from different charging rates, the charging rate at which the negative electrode potential is 0mV at a given SOC can be obtained. This is the ultimate charging rate at that SOC. Based on this, and considering the poor charging rate performance in the sodium-ion plateau region and at low temperatures, a pulse charging method is used in the plateau region to alleviate polarization during charging and improve the hard carbon negative electrode's ability to accept charging current.
[0052] The present invention also provides an electronic device, comprising: a memory storing executable instructions; and a processor executing the executable instructions in the memory to implement the above-described multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries.
[0053] The present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries.
[0054] To facilitate understanding of the solutions and effects of the embodiments of the present invention, three specific application examples are given below. Those skilled in the art should understand that these examples are merely for the purpose of understanding the present invention, and any specific details therein are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Example 1
[0055] A reference electrode and a three-electrode battery were prepared using sodium vanadium phosphate as the active material for a 7.5Ah sodium-ion battery. The battery capacity was calibrated to obtain the standard battery capacity C0.
[0056] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of negative electrode potential data at different charging rates according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0057] At 25℃, charging was performed using different charging rates (0.5C / 1C / 1.5C / 2C), and the negative electrode potential was monitored using a reference electrode. Charging was stopped when the negative electrode potential reached 0mV. The negative electrode potential data for different charging rates are as follows: Figure 2 As shown.
[0058] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the limit charging boundary-Mass curve according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0059] Based on the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates, the SOC-negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates are first calculated. Then, by fitting and extrapolating the different charging rates and negative electrode potential values, the charging rate at which the negative electrode potential is 0mV is obtained, which is used as the limiting charging rate at that SOC. Finally, the limiting charging boundary curve is plotted using the limiting charging rates at different SOCs, thus obtaining the Maas curve. I = f(SOC - x), as shown... Figure 3 As shown.
[0060] The SOC is divided into multiple charging intervals with a 10% interval, and 40% SOC is used as the dividing point between the plateau and ramp areas.
[0061] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of a charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0062] For sloping areas, a multi-step, stepped charging method is used. Based on the defined charging zones, the charging current is the current value on the right side of the interval in the Mahal curve, such as... Figure 4 As shown.
[0063] 0-5%SOC, I=7.6C, 5-10%SOC, I=7.5C, 10-15%SOC, I=7C, 15-20%SOC, I=6C, 20- 25%SOC, I=4.7C, 25-30%SOC, I=3.3C, 30-35%SOC, I=2.5C, 35-40%SOC, I=2.1C.
[0064] For the platform area, pulse charging is used. Based on the defined charging intervals, the pulse charging current is the current value on the left side of the interval in the Mas curve: 2.1C for 40-45% pulse charging, and 1.8C for 45-50% pulse charging. The pulse discharge current is 0, the pulse charging time equals the resting time, the pulse period is T, and the number of pulses is n=5, satisfying n T=5% / 2.1-5% / 1.8.
[0065] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a sodium-ion battery charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0066] By combining the charging current in different sections of the ramp region and the current in the plateau region, the charging strategy for sodium-ion batteries at 25°C is obtained, such as... Figure 5 As shown.
[0067] Figure 6A schematic diagram of the negative electrode potential curve of a sodium-ion adaptive fast charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0068] Based on this charging strategy, a charging curve can be obtained when charging a sodium-ion battery, such as... Figure 6 As shown.
[0069] This embodiment also includes two comparative examples: Comparative Example 1 Figure 7 A schematic diagram of a sodium-ion 1C charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0070] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the sodium ion 1C charging negative electrode potential curve according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0071] like Figure 7 As shown, the sodium-ion battery was charged using a 1C constant current, and a three-electrode cell was used to monitor the change in negative electrode potential during charging. The negative electrode potential curve during the charging process was obtained, as shown below. Figure 8 As shown.
[0072] Comparative Example 2
[0073] Figure 9 A schematic diagram of a multi-step fast charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0074] Figure 10 A schematic diagram of the negative electrode potential curve of a sodium-ion multi-step fast charging strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
[0075] like Figure 9 As shown, a multi-step fast charging strategy was employed to charge the sodium-ion battery, and a three-electrode battery was used to monitor the negative electrode potential change during charging. The negative electrode potential curve during the charging process was obtained, as shown below. Figure 10 As shown.
[0076] The charging data of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 are shown in Table 1.
[0077] Table 1
[0078] As can be seen from Comparative Example 1 and Example 1, the multi-stage adaptive charging method of the present invention can maintain the negative electrode potential above 0mV throughout the charging process, ensuring that sodium is not precipitated during the charging process.
[0079] As can be seen from Comparative Example 2 and Example 1, using the multi-stage adaptive charging method of the present invention can improve the charging rate of the platform segment, shorten the overall charging time, and increase the battery charging speed. Example 2
[0080] This disclosure provides an electronic device, comprising: a memory storing executable instructions; and a processor executing the executable instructions in the memory to implement the aforementioned multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries.
[0081] An electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a memory and a processor.
[0082] This memory is used to store non-transitory computer-readable instructions. Specifically, the memory may include one or more computer program products, which may include various forms of computer-readable storage media, such as volatile memory and / or non-volatile memory. The volatile memory may, for example, include random access memory (RAM) and / or cache memory. The non-volatile memory may, for example, include read-only memory (ROM), hard disk, flash memory, etc.
[0083] The processor may be a central processing unit (CPU) or other form of processing unit with data processing capabilities and / or instruction execution capabilities, and may control other components in the electronic device to perform desired functions. In one embodiment of this disclosure, the processor is used to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory.
[0084] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in order to solve the technical problem of how to achieve a good user experience, this embodiment may also include well-known structures such as communication buses and interfaces, and these well-known structures should also be included within the protection scope of this disclosure.
[0085] For a detailed description of this embodiment, please refer to the corresponding descriptions in the foregoing embodiments, which will not be repeated here. Example 3
[0086] This disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the aforementioned multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries.
[0087] A computer-readable storage medium according to embodiments of the present disclosure stores non-transitory computer-readable instructions. When these non-transitory computer-readable instructions are executed by a processor, all or part of the steps of the methods described in the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are performed.
[0088] The aforementioned computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to: optical storage media (e.g., CD-ROM and DVD), magneto-optical storage media (e.g., MO), magnetic storage media (e.g., magnetic tape or portable hard drive), media with built-in rewritable non-volatile memory (e.g., memory card), and media with built-in ROM (e.g., ROM cartridge).
[0089] Those skilled in the art should understand that the above description of the embodiments of the present invention is only intended to illustrate the beneficial effects of the embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention to any of the examples given.
[0090] The various embodiments of the present invention have been described above. These descriptions are exemplary and not exhaustive, nor are they limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
Claims
1. A multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries, characterized in that, include: A three-electrode battery was fabricated for the target battery system, and the standard battery capacity was obtained. At a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery was charged at different charging rates to obtain the corresponding negative electrode potential curves. The Maas curve of the limiting charging current is obtained by fitting and extrapolating the negative electrode potential curves of different charging rates. Multiple charging intervals are divided on the Mas curve and classified into ramp and plateau regions. The charging strategies for the ramp and plateau regions are determined respectively, and the charging strategy for the target battery system at a preset temperature is obtained.
2. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 1, wherein, At a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery is charged at different charging rates to obtain the corresponding negative electrode potential curves, including: At a preset temperature, the three-electrode battery is charged at different charging rates, and the negative electrode potential is monitored by a reference electrode. Charging is stopped when the negative electrode potential reaches 0mV, and the negative electrode potential curve corresponding to the charging rate at the preset temperature is obtained.
3. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 2, wherein, The charging rate is 0.1C-4C.
4. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 1, wherein, Based on the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates, the Mass curves for the limiting charging current are obtained by fitting and extrapolating, including: Calculate the corresponding SOC-negative electrode potential curve based on the negative electrode potential curves at different charging rates; Under the same SOC, the negative electrode potential values at different charging rates are fitted and extrapolated to obtain the charging rate when the negative electrode potential is 0mV, which is then used as the limit charging rate under that SOC. The limit charging rate at different SOCs is plotted as the limit charging boundary curve, which is the Maas curve.
5. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 1, wherein, For the sloping region, a multi-step stepped charging method is adopted based on the Mas curve for charging.
6. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 5, wherein, The charging current of a multi-step ladder is the minimum value of the Mas curve corresponding to that charging interval.
7. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 1, wherein, For the plateau region, a pulse charging method is used based on the Mass curve for charging.
8. The multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to claim 7, wherein, The charging current of pulse charging is the maximum value of the Mass curve corresponding to the charging interval, the pulse discharging current is 0, the pulse charging time is equal to the resting time, the pulse period is Tc, and the number of pulses is n, satisfying the following conditions: ,in, This represents the minimum value of the Mass curve corresponding to this charging range. This represents the maximum value of the Mas curve corresponding to this charging range.
9. An electronic device, characterized in that, The electronic device includes: Memory, which stores executable instructions; A processor that executes the executable instructions in the memory to implement the sodium-ion battery multi-stage adaptive charging method according to any one of claims 1-8.
10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the multi-stage adaptive charging method for sodium-ion batteries according to any one of claims 1-8.