A goaf differential treatment method and system based on ground and underground cooperation
By acquiring information on above-ground buildings and underground mining subsidence areas for zoned management, and combining digital twins and sensor monitoring, the problems of high engineering costs and low management accuracy in traditional mining subsidence area management have been solved, achieving safe and efficient differentiated management.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHANDONG TONGYUAN DESIGN GRP
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-12
Smart Images
Figure CN122198388A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of goaf management technology, and in particular to a differentiated management method and system for goaf that integrates above-ground and underground management. Background Technology
[0002] The statements in this section are merely background information related to the present invention and do not necessarily constitute prior art.
[0003] With the exploitation of mineral resources, large areas of mining subsidence have been formed. As urbanization accelerates, a large amount of construction land is expanding into mining areas, forcing many new construction projects to face the problem of building on these subsidence areas. Under the influence of superstructure loads, these subsidence areas may become unstable, leading to disasters such as surface subsidence and collapse, seriously threatening the structural safety of above-ground buildings and the safety of people's lives and property.
[0004] Currently, the industry has developed several relatively mature technical methods for the treatment of subsurface goaf areas at construction sites, such as grouting and filling, caving method, bracing method, and various pile foundation forms, forming a relatively complete standard system. These traditional methods, to ensure building safety, typically follow the principle of "safety first" and generally adopt a conservative and extensive treatment strategy: that is, they tend to treat the entire goaf area within the projected area of the building, or its affected area, as a whole for large-scale, indiscriminate, and comprehensive treatment. For example, regardless of the size of the superstructure load, the actual spatial shape, stability state, and bearing capacity of the goaf area, uniform grouting parameters are used for full-site filling.
[0005] While this "one-size-fits-all" approach to governance is technically reliable and can ensure safety, it may be applicable to general buildings with relatively uniform load distribution. However, its drawbacks are becoming increasingly apparent for large, open buildings with significant load variations. 1) High project costs: Large-scale remediation means huge material consumption (such as cement and fly ash), lengthy construction periods, and huge labor and machinery costs. This directly leads to a sharp decline in the overall economics of the project, making it difficult to promote many land development projects located above mining subsidence areas due to excessive costs, which seriously hinders the effective use of urban land resources and regional economic development.
[0006] 2) Low precision in treatment: Traditional methods fail to precisely couple the state of goaf areas in different regions with the specific requirements of above-ground buildings. In reality, the stability of goaf areas varies significantly in different locations, while the load requirements and deformation sensitivities of different parts of above-ground buildings on the foundation are also drastically different. Indiscriminate treatment results in a large amount of engineering waste in areas that are relatively stable or have little impact on building safety, while truly critical and dangerous areas may not receive reinforcement treatment commensurate with their risk level. Summary of the Invention
[0007] In view of the shortcomings of existing technologies, the purpose of this invention is to provide a differentiated treatment method for mining subsidence areas that integrates above-ground and underground approaches, breaking through the limitations of the traditional extensive treatment model. By accurately identifying key treatment areas, it can significantly reduce engineering costs and material consumption.
[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solution: A differentiated treatment method for goaf areas that coordinates above-ground and underground operations includes the following: Acquisition of above-ground and underground information, namely, collecting basic information on above-ground building structures and geological data on underground mining areas; Based on the information on the above-ground building structure, the importance of the above-ground building structure is classified into different levels, forming a zoning system based on the importance of the above-ground building structure. Based on geological data of underground mining areas, the suitability evaluation of engineering projects in underground mining areas is classified into levels. Based on the importance of above-ground building structures and the suitability assessment of underground mining subsidence projects, different levels of mining subsidence treatment zones are defined. Develop corresponding governance measures for different levels of goaf treatment zones; Implementation of goaf remediation.
[0009] The above-mentioned method for differentiated management of goaf areas through coordinated above-ground and underground operations includes the following basic information about the above-ground building structure: building function, foundation type, load distribution, and main structure layout. The geological data of the underground goaf area is obtained based on the goaf area exploration report, which includes the coal seam mining situation, goaf area distribution, coal overburden damage and surface deformation characteristics, and goaf area site stability evaluation.
[0010] As described above, in a differentiated governance method for mining subsidence areas that integrates above-ground and underground infrastructure, the above-ground building structure importance zoning is based on a structural importance index. This structural importance index is obtained by multiplying the structural failure consequence score and the structural failure probability score. SI The following formula is used for calculation:
[0011] In the formula: C -Structural damage consequences score; P -Structural failure probability score.
[0012] C , P The scoring values can be determined with reference to Table 1. SI The magnitude of the value is used to categorize the importance of the above-ground structure; Table 1C , P Scoring Reference Table
[0013] The above-described differentiated governance method for goaf areas that integrates above-ground and underground resources, wherein the structural importance index SI The correspondence between the values and the importance zoning of above-ground building structures is as follows: SI When the value is less than 4, the above-ground building structure is considered a low-importance area; when the value is 4 ≤ 4, the above-ground building structure is considered a low-importance area. SI When the time is less than 9, the above-ground building structure is considered a generally important area; when the time is 9 ≤ SI When the value is ≤16, the above-ground building structure is classified as a medium-importance area. SI When the time exceeds 16:00, the above-ground building structure is considered a high-importance area. SI The correspondence between the values and the importance zones of above-ground building structures is shown in Table 2.
[0014] Table 2. Correspondence between SI values and importance zones of above-ground building structures
[0015] The above-mentioned method for differentiated management of goaf areas through coordinated above-ground and underground approaches classifies the suitability of underground goaf projects based on geological data of the goaf areas, according to the density of the goaf collapse fault zone and the degree of mutual influence between the goaf areas and the proposed projects.
[0016] The above-described method for differentiated management of goaf areas through coordinated above-ground and underground approaches includes the following grading of the suitability evaluation for underground goaf projects: If the goaf collapse fault zone is dense and has little impact on the proposed project, and the proposed project has little impact on the stability of the goaf site, the suitability evaluation level is assessed as suitable; if the goaf collapse fault zone is basically dense and has little impact on the proposed project, and the project construction has a moderate impact on the stability of the goaf, the suitability evaluation level is assessed as basically suitable; if there is a possibility of discontinuous deformation of the ground surface in the goaf, and the project construction has a significant impact on the stability of the goaf, or the remaining deformation of the goaf has a significant impact on the proposed project, the suitability evaluation level is assessed as poor.
[0017] Table 3 Suitability Assessment and Classification of Underground Mining Area Sites
[0018] The above-mentioned method for differentiated management of goaf areas that integrates above-ground and underground operations includes different levels of goaf area management zones such as non-management / monitoring zones, general management zones, key management zones, and core management zones. The correspondence between the importance zones of above-ground building structures, the suitability evaluation grading of underground goaf area projects, and the goaf area management zone grades is detailed in Table 4.
[0019] Table 4 Classification of Goaf Area Governance Zones
[0020] The horizontal treatment width of each goaf treatment zone is obtained by summing the outline width of each goaf treatment zone, twice the width of the retaining strip, and the width of the goaf overburden movement influence. The vertical treatment depth of each goaf treatment zone is obtained based on the sum of the maximum load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone and the height of the collapse fault zone. The maximum influence depth of the load in each goaf treatment zone is obtained by summing the foundation embedment depth of each goaf treatment zone from the natural ground level and the load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone from the foundation. The load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone from the foundation is then calculated. When calculating, the following principles apply: 1) Additional stress at depth Z, measured from the base, in the core treatment area. Equal to the self-weight stress of the foundation at that location 5% is used as the calculation standard for the load influence depth; 2) Additional stress at depth Z, measured from the base, in the key treatment area Equal to the self-weight stress of the foundation at that location 7.5% is used as the calculation standard for the load influence depth; 3) The additional stress in the general treatment zone is taken at depth Z from the base. Equal to the self-weight stress of the foundation at that location 10% is used as the calculation standard for the load influence depth.
[0021] As described above, a differentiated treatment method for goaf areas that combines above-ground and underground approaches is used, where the self-weight stress of the foundation at depth Z, calculated from the foundation base, is... Calculate according to the following formula:
[0022] In the formula: -The unit weight of each layer of soil or rock in the foundation from top to bottom, measured from the ground surface; - The thickness of each layer of soil or rock in the foundation from top to bottom, measured from the ground surface; Additional stress at depth Z, measured from the base Calculated using the following formula:
[0023] In the formula: -The additional pressure at the foundation ground when the quasi-permanent combination of the effects of each goaf treatment zone is derived from the structural foundation model; -The average additional pressure coefficient at depth Z from the base in each goaf treatment zone; Horizontal treatment width of each goaf area B i Overlapping areas should be treated according to the higher-level zoning of goaf treatment areas. For example, overlapping areas of core treatment areas and key treatment areas should be treated as core treatment areas.
[0024] The above-described method for differentiated management of goaf areas through coordinated above-ground and underground approaches includes the following management measures for different goaf area management zones: For non-treatment / testing areas: general protective measures shall be taken, and the width of the expansion joint between individual buildings shall be greater than or equal to 100mm; For general treatment areas: standard treatment of the foundation of the goaf area; Key treatment areas: Strengthen the treatment of the foundation of the goaf area and take measures to control the impact of residual deformation of the goaf area on the proposed project; Core treatment area: Strengthen the treatment of the foundation of the goaf area and take measures to control the impact of residual deformation of the goaf area on the proposed project; For general governance areas, key governance areas, and core governance areas, an integrated digital twin of "geology-mining goaf-building" is established to visualize the governance of mining goaf. A sensor network is deployed, and based on the point distribution data of exploration boreholes given by mining goaf survey, an accurate three-dimensional spatial distribution model of mining goaf is generated by establishing an integrated digital twin of "geology-mining goaf-building".
[0025] The treatment measures for different goaf treatment zones can be formulated with reference to Table 5.
[0026] Table 5. Treatment measures for different goaf treatment zones
[0027] Secondly, the present invention also discloses a differentiated governance system for goaf areas that coordinates above-ground and underground operations, including a computing device configured as follows: Acquire above-ground and underground information, namely, collect basic information on above-ground building structures and geological data on underground mining areas; Based on the information on the above-ground building structure, the importance of the above-ground building structure is classified into different levels, forming a zoning system based on the importance of the above-ground building structure. Based on geological data of underground mining areas, the suitability evaluation of engineering projects in underground mining areas is classified into levels. Based on the importance of above-ground building structures and the suitability assessment of underground mining subsidence projects, different levels of mining subsidence treatment zones are defined. Corresponding governance measures should be formulated for different levels of goaf treatment zones.
[0028] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1) The governance method provided by this invention first obtains above-ground and underground information, then classifies the importance of above-ground building structures according to the above-ground building structure information, and then evaluates the suitability of underground mining subsidence projects. By combining the importance zoning of above-ground building structures with the suitability evaluation of underground mining subsidence projects, different levels of mining subsidence governance zones are divided. This enables zoned governance. By coupling the characteristics of above-ground buildings with the characteristics of underground mining subsidence, the optimal allocation of governance resources is achieved, improving the targeting and accuracy of governance, thereby more reliably ensuring building safety. It breaks through the limitations of the traditional extensive governance model and significantly reduces engineering costs and material consumption by accurately identifying key governance areas.
[0029] 2) This invention considers that structural importance is directly related to the probability of structural failure and the consequences of structural damage. The structural importance index is obtained by multiplying the score for the consequences of structural damage and the score for the probability of structural failure. Based on the structural importance index... SI The importance of above-ground building structures is divided into zones based on the value of the above-ground building structures. The suitability evaluation of underground mining area projects is graded according to the density of the collapse fault zone in the mining area, the impact of the proposed project on the stability of the mining area, and the degree of mutual influence between the mining area and the proposed project. This ensures the accuracy of the grading results and facilitates the accuracy of subsequent construction measures.
[0030] 3) This invention provides the following parameters for different levels of goaf treatment zones: horizontal treatment width, vertical treatment depth, maximum load influence depth, foundation self-weight stress at depth Z (from the foundation), and additional stress at depth Z (from the foundation). The calculation formula is conducive to the accurate control of relevant data in the governance area and ensures the rational governance of the governance area. Attached Figure Description
[0031] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the invention.
[0032] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a differentiated governance method for above-ground and underground mining subsidence areas according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
[0033] Figure 2 This invention provides a zoning map for a specific engineering building function, based on one or more embodiments of a differentiated governance method for above-ground and underground mining subsidence areas.
[0034] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the application of an integrated BIM model of "geology-mining area-pile foundation" in a differentiated treatment method for above-ground and underground mining subsidence areas according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
[0035] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the integrated BIM model of "geology-mining area-pile foundation" in a differentiated treatment method for above-ground and underground mining subsidence areas according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. Detailed Implementation
[0036] It should be noted that the following detailed description is illustrative and intended to provide further explanation of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used in this invention have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.
[0037] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, unless otherwise expressly indicated by the invention, the singular form is also intended to include the plural form. Furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprising" and / or "including" are used in this specification, they indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and / or combinations thereof. As introduced in the background section, the existing technology for goaf management uses a unified management method. In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this invention proposes a differentiated management method for goaf that coordinates above-ground and underground management.
[0038] Taking a large ski resort project as an example, with a floor plan of 420m × 360m, it is an ultra-long structure, and its functional zones are as follows: Figure 2 As shown, the overall plan is L-shaped, and can be roughly divided into two relatively complete areas by the corner: the low-middle area and the high area. The main structure of the low-middle area adopts a frame structure + space frame, with several ski slopes inside using a frame structure. The hotel area on the east side has 6 floors above ground and uses a frame structure, as does the one-story underground parking garage on the east side, which also uses a frame structure. The main structure of the high area adopts a mega-column structure, with a 3-story parking garage at the bottom of the high area using a frame structure.
[0039] Traditional goaf remediation schemes, which involve large-scale, indiscriminate remediation of the areas with the highest loads, result in deep remediation depths and extremely high costs. However, a goaf remediation scheme based on a combination of above-ground structures and underground geology can accurately identify key and secondary areas for remediation, significantly improving the precision and targeting of the remediation efforts, and substantially reducing engineering costs and material consumption. The design process is as follows: Information acquisition above and below ground: According to the architectural and structural drawings, this project is divided into a low-to-middle zone and a high-to-high zone. The low-to-middle zone includes the main supporting structure, the ski slope area, the hotel area to the east, and the underground parking garage area to the east. The main supporting structure uses pile foundations and pile caps, with a column spacing of 16.8m around the perimeter and approximately 80m inside, classifying it as a heavy-duty, large-span roof. The ski slope area also uses pile foundations and pile caps, with a column spacing of 16.8m, and bears a significant load. The hotel area to the east uses pile foundations and pile caps, has 6 floors, and a column spacing of 8.4m, classifying it as a typical load area. The underground parking garage area to the east uses natural ground, with a column spacing of 8.4m, and consists of only one basement level, classifying it as a lower load area. The high-to-high zone is divided into the main supporting structure and the lower parking garage area, both using pile foundations and pile caps. The main supporting structure consists of 9 large columns, spaced 50-60m apart, with a single column load capacity of 20,000 tons, classifying it as a super-heavy, large-span area. The lower parking garage area uses a frame structure.
[0040] This project is located on the edge of the No. 3 coalfield of Bucun Coal Mine. Construction began in October 1958 and the mine was closed in May 2015. The mine adopted a multi-level zoned development method using vertical and inclined shafts, and the coal mining method was longwall retreat mining.
[0041] Based on the coal mine's existing data, the main coal seams mined within the site are No. 1, No. 3, No. 9-2, and No. 10-1. The average thickness of coal seam No. 1 is 0.96m, No. 3 is 0.67m, No. 9-2 is 0.98m, and No. 10-1 is 1.74m. The depth of the goaf in coal seam No. 1 ranges from 25 to 135m, No. 3 from 25 to 155m, No. 9-2 from 170 to 285m, and No. 10-1 from 190 to 305m.
[0042] Based on the comprehensive evaluation, the goaf areas of coal seams 9-2 and 10-1 within the proposed site have a minor impact on site stability and construction suitability. The goaf areas of coal seams 1 and 3 have a significant to moderate impact on site stability and construction suitability, indicating poor suitability for site construction. It is recommended that the goaf areas with a significant to moderate impact on site stability and construction suitability be treated.
[0043] Step 1: Obtaining Above-Ground and Underground Information According to the architectural and structural drawings, this project can be divided into a low-to-middle zone and a high-to-high zone. The low-to-middle zone includes the main supporting structure, the ski slope area, the hotel area to the east, and the underground parking garage area to the east. The main supporting structure uses pile foundations and pile caps, with a column spacing of 16.8m around the perimeter and approximately 80m inside, classifying it as a heavy-duty, large-span roof. The ski slope area also uses pile foundations and pile caps, with a column spacing of 16.8m, and bears a significant load. The hotel area to the east uses pile foundations and pile caps, has 6 floors, and a column spacing of 8.4m, classifying it as a typical load area. The underground parking garage area to the east uses natural ground, with a column spacing of 8.4m, and consists of only one basement level, classifying it as a lower load area. The high-to-high zone includes the main supporting structure and the lower parking garage area, both using pile foundations and pile caps. The main supporting structure consists of 9 large columns, spaced 50-60m apart, with a single column load capacity of 20,000 tons, classifying it as a super-heavy, large-span area. The lower parking garage area uses a frame structure.
[0044] Located on the edge of the No. 3 coalfield, this project commenced construction in October 1958 and was closed in May 2015. The mine employed a multi-level, zoned development method using vertical and inclined shafts, and the mining method was longwall retreat. The project site has a long history of coal mining, with village-run coal mines scattered throughout, and illegal and unauthorized mining is widespread.
[0045] Based on the coal mine's existing data, the main coal seams mined within the site are No. 1, No. 3, No. 9-2, and No. 10-1. The average thickness of coal seam No. 1 is 0.96m, No. 3 is 0.67m, No. 9-2 is 0.98m, and No. 10-1 is 1.74m. The depth of the goaf in coal seam No. 1 ranges from 25 to 135m, No. 3 from 25 to 155m, No. 9-2 from 170 to 285m, and No. 10-1 from 190 to 305m.
[0046] Based on the comprehensive evaluation, the goaf areas of coal seams 9-2 and 10-1 within the proposed site have a minor impact on site stability and construction suitability. The goaf areas of coal seams 1 and 3 have a significant to moderate impact on site stability and construction suitability, indicating poor suitability for site construction. It is recommended that the goaf areas with a significant to moderate impact on site stability and construction suitability be treated.
[0047] Step 2: Zoning of the Importance of Above-Ground Building Structures According to Table 1 and SI The calculation formulas for the structural importance index of each partition are as follows: Main support structure of the middle and low zones: Medium importance area; Mid-to-low zone ski slope area: Areas of general importance; Hotel area on the east side of the middle and lower zones: Areas of general importance; The pure parking garage area on the east side of the low-to-mid zone: Areas of general importance; High-rise main support structure: Highly important areas; Lower parking garage area in the upper section: Areas of general importance.
[0048] Step 3: Suitability assessment and grading of underground mining subsidence areas Based on the density of the collapse fault zone in the goaf and the degree of mutual influence between the goaf and the proposed project, and based on the geological data of the underground goaf, the suitability evaluation of the underground goaf project is graded: According to the comprehensive evaluation of the goaf exploration report, the goaf areas of coal seams 9-2 and 10-1 within the proposed site have a small impact on site stability and construction suitability, while the goaf areas of coal seams 1 and 3 have a large to moderate impact on site stability and construction suitability, and the site's engineering construction suitability is poor. Among these, the methods for judging the density of the collapse fault zone in the goaf, the magnitude of its impact on the proposed project, and the magnitude of the proposed project's impact on the stability of the goaf site are existing technologies.
[0049] Step 4: Zoning of Goaf Treatment Areas The zoning of goaf treatment areas in each region is shown in Table 6.
[0050] Table 6. Mining subsidence control zones corresponding to each building functional area.
[0051] To further determine the relevant parameters, the horizontal treatment width of each goaf treatment zone was determined. B i It can be calculated using the following formula:
[0052] In the formula: D i -Width of the outline of each goaf treatment zone; d si - The width of the retaining strip can be determined according to the "Technical Specification for Foundation Treatment of Buildings (Structures) in Coal Mine Goaf"; D i ’ - The width affected by the movement of overlying strata in the goaf can be calculated according to the "Technical Specification for Foundation Treatment of Buildings (Structures) in Coal Mine Goaf".
[0053] Vertical treatment depth of each goaf treatment zone H i It can be calculated using the following formula:
[0054] In the formula: Dzi - The maximum impact depth of the load in each goaf treatment zone; H u - The height of the collapse fault zone is determined based on the goaf investigation report; Maximum influence depth of load in each goaf treatment zone It can be calculated using the following formula:
[0055] In the formula: d -The foundation embedment depth of each goaf treatment zone, calculated from the natural ground level, is obtained from the basic information of the building structure; - Load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone, measured from the foundation; Calculate the load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone from the foundation. d zi When calculating, the following principles apply: 1) The additional stress in the core treatment area is taken at depth Z from the base. Equal to the self-weight stress of the foundation at that location 5% is used as the calculation standard for the load influence depth; 2) Additional stress at depth Z, measured from the base, in the key treatment area. Equal to the self-weight stress of the foundation at that location 7.5% is used as the calculation standard for the load influence depth; 3) The additional stress in the general treatment zone is taken at depth Z from the base. Equal to the self-weight stress of the foundation at that location 10% is used as the calculation standard for the load influence depth.
[0056] Self-weight stress of the foundation at depth Z, measured from the base. The following formula can be used to calculate:
[0057] In the formula: -The unit weight of each layer of soil or rock in the foundation from top to bottom, measured from the ground surface; - The thickness of each layer of soil or rock in the foundation from top to bottom, measured from the ground surface.
[0058] Additional stress at depth Z, measured from the base The following formula can be used to calculate:
[0059] In the formula: P 0 - The additional pressure at the foundation ground when the quasi-permanent combination of the effects of each goaf treatment zone can be derived from the structural foundation model; - The average additional pressure coefficient at depth Z from the base of each goaf treatment zone can be determined according to the "Code for Design of Building Foundation".
[0060] Horizontal treatment width of each goaf area B i Overlapping areas should be treated according to the higher-level zoning of goaf treatment areas. For example, overlapping areas of core treatment areas and key treatment areas should be treated according to the core treatment area.
[0061] Step 5: Formulating measures for the treatment of goaf areas Considering that the hotel area on the east side of the low-rise zone is located within the horizontal treatment width of the main support structure of the low-rise zone, the treatment measures for the mining subsidence area of the hotel area on the east side of the low-rise zone are the same as those for the main support structure of the low-rise zone. The treatment recommendations for the mining subsidence area of each building functional area are shown in Table 7.
[0062] Table 7 Measures for Governance of Mining Subsidence Areas in Various Building Functional Zones
[0063] Regarding the establishment of an integrated BIM model for "geology-mining subsidence area-building", refer to... Figure 3 As shown, it includes the following: 1) Obtain relevant information The relevant data includes geological data, data on mined-out areas, and data on above-ground buildings.
[0064] Geological data includes geological survey reports, borehole data, geophysical data (such as seismic wave CT, etc.); Data on goaf areas includes goaf area exploration reports, borehole data, and goaf area site stability evaluation reports, etc. Above-ground building data includes architectural drawings, structural drawings, BIM models, etc. 2) The construction of digital twins includes geological twins, goaf twins, and above-ground building twins, integrating geological models, goaf models, and building information models to create an integrated digital twin of "geology-goaf-building".
[0065] Geological twins are mainly used to construct detailed three-dimensional geological models containing information such as strata, lithology, faults, joints, and groundwater, which is a current technology.
[0066] The goaf twin mainly constitutes the three-dimensional spatial morphology, volume, and distribution of the collapse zone, fracture zone, and tortuous zone of the goaf (the "three zones" distribution).
[0067] The main purpose of building twins is to construct an accurate three-dimensional model of a building and integrate its structural information (such as load distribution, foundation type, and material strength) and usage information (such as personnel density and equipment vibration).
[0068] 3) Deploy a sensor network The main network deployments include: existing microseismic monitoring systems for real-time monitoring of rock mass fracture; stress-strain gauges for monitoring stress changes within rock strata; GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) / BeiDou surface displacement monitoring stations for monitoring surface subsidence; and inclinometers and crack gauges for monitoring deformation of buildings and the ground surface. 4) Precise assessment and simulation optimization of remediation schemes before goaf treatment Precise assessment of goaf distribution: Based on the point distribution data of exploration boreholes provided by goaf exploration, a precise three-dimensional spatial distribution model of the goaf is generated through digital twin simulation, referencing... Figure 4 As shown, its spatial form and location are visualized.
[0069] Accurate stability assessment: By inputting real-time monitoring data (such as stress and displacement) into the digital twin and driving the mechanical simulation model, the stability of the goaf and the surface movement and deformation patterns can be calculated more accurately.
[0070] Simulation and optimization of remediation schemes: On a digital twin, virtual construction and effect simulations are performed for various remediation schemes (such as grouting, collapse, and pile foundation methods); the impact of different grouting parameters (pressure, grout ratio, and grouting hole arrangement) on filling effect and rock mass strength improvement is simulated; the impact of different construction sequences on surface and building stability is simulated; and combined with the characteristics of above-ground buildings, the additional stress and uneven settlement that buildings may generate during the remediation process are predicted to achieve true "collaborative remediation".
[0071] 5) Dynamic monitoring and intelligent control in goaf management Real-time mapping and early warning of the construction process: The digital twin displays the pressure, flow rate, and grouting volume of the grouting pump station in real time, as well as the real-time deformation data of the ground surface and buildings; once the monitored data exceeds the safety threshold set in the virtual model, the system will immediately alarm and guide the on-site adjustment of construction parameters to avoid accidents.
[0072] Dynamic optimization and feedback mechanism: Enables two-way interaction. For example, if the grout absorption in a certain area is found to be much greater than predicted during the actual grouting process, the digital twin will immediately update the geological model and recalculate the subsequent grouting plan and parameters, realizing intelligent construction of "simultaneous treatment, detection and optimization". 6) Long-term health monitoring and operation and maintenance management after goaf treatment Long-term performance assessment and predictive maintenance: After the remediation is completed, the digital twin is transformed into a "mining subsidence area-building complex health management platform" to continuously receive monitoring data, assess the long-term stability of the remediation effect, and use artificial intelligence algorithms to predict the potential settlement risk of the foundation under the influence of environmental factors (such as rainstorms and earthquakes) in the next few years or even decades, thus realizing "predictive maintenance".
[0073] Provide decision support for above-ground building operations: If new engineering construction (such as the installation of heavy equipment or expansion) is needed in the already managed area in the future, the impact of the new load can be simulated in advance on the digital twin to assess safety and provide a scientific basis for urban planning and management.
[0074] Step 6: Implementation of goaf remediation.
[0075] Based on the determined goaf treatment zones and their corresponding treatment measures, goaf treatment projects are carried out.
[0076] Based on the importance zoning of above-ground building structures and the suitability evaluation and grading of underground mining subsidence areas, different levels of mining subsidence treatment zones are divided. This can accurately identify key and secondary areas for the treatment of mining subsidence areas in large spaces, especially ultra-large spaces, significantly improving the accuracy and targeting of treatment. It avoids the drawbacks of the traditional large-scale, indiscriminate mining subsidence treatment model and significantly reduces engineering costs and material consumption.
[0077] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A differentiated treatment method for goaf areas that coordinates above-ground and underground operations, characterized in that, Includes the following: Acquisition of above-ground and underground information, namely, collecting basic information on above-ground building structures and geological data on underground mining areas; Based on the information on the above-ground building structure, the importance of the above-ground building structure is classified into different levels, forming a zoning system based on the importance of the above-ground building structure. Based on geological data of underground mining areas, the suitability evaluation of engineering projects in underground mining areas is classified into levels. Based on the importance of above-ground building structures and the suitability assessment of underground mining subsidence projects, different levels of mining subsidence treatment zones are defined. Develop corresponding governance measures for different levels of goaf treatment zones; Implementation of goaf remediation.
2. The method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 1, characterized in that, The basic information of the above-ground building structure includes the building's function, foundation type, load distribution, and main structural layout; the geological data of the underground goaf area is obtained based on the goaf area exploration report, and the geological data of the underground goaf area includes the coal seam mining situation, goaf area distribution, coal overburden damage and surface deformation characteristics, and goaf area site stability evaluation.
3. The method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 1, characterized in that, The structural importance zoning of above-ground buildings is based on a structural importance index, which is obtained by multiplying the structural failure consequence score and the structural failure probability score.
4. The method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 3, characterized in that, The structural importance index SI The correspondence between the values and the importance zoning of above-ground building structures is as follows: SI When the value is less than 4, the above-ground building structure is considered a low-importance area; when the value is 4 ≤ 4, the above-ground building structure is considered a low-importance area. SI When the time is less than 9, the above-ground building structure is considered a generally important area; when the time is 9 ≤ SI When the value is ≤16, the above-ground building structure is classified as a medium-importance area. SI When the time is greater than 16, the above-ground building structure is considered a high-importance area.
5. A method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the density of the collapse fault zone in the goaf and the degree of mutual influence between the goaf and the proposed project, the suitability evaluation of the underground goaf project is graded according to the geological data of the goaf.
6. A method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 5, characterized in that, The suitability assessment and grading for underground goaf projects includes the following: if the goaf collapse fault zone is dense and has little impact on the proposed project, and the proposed project has little impact on the stability of the goaf site, the suitability assessment level is deemed suitable; if the goaf collapse fault zone is basically dense and has little impact on the proposed project, and the project construction has a moderate impact on the stability of the goaf, the suitability assessment level is deemed basically suitable; if there is a possibility of discontinuous deformation of the ground in the goaf, and the project construction has a significant impact on the stability of the goaf, or the remaining deformation of the goaf has a significant impact on the proposed project, the suitability assessment level is deemed poor.
7. A method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 1, characterized in that, The different levels of goaf treatment zones include non-treatment zone / detection zone, general treatment zone, key treatment zone and core treatment zone; The horizontal treatment width of each goaf treatment zone is obtained by summing the outline width of each goaf treatment zone, twice the width of the retaining strip, and the width of the goaf overburden movement influence. The vertical treatment depth of each goaf treatment zone is obtained based on the sum of the maximum load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone and the height of the collapse fault zone. The maximum influence depth of the load in each goaf treatment zone is obtained by summing the foundation embedment depth of each goaf treatment zone from the natural ground level and the load influence depth of each goaf treatment zone from the base.
8. A method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 7, characterized in that, Self-weight stress of the foundation at depth Z, measured from the base. Calculate according to the following formula: In the formula: -The unit weight of each layer of soil or rock in the foundation from top to bottom, measured from the ground surface; - The thickness of each layer of soil or rock in the foundation from top to bottom, measured from the ground surface; Additional stress at depth Z, measured from the base Calculated using the following formula: In the formula: P 0 - The additional pressure at the foundation ground when the quasi-permanent combination of the effects of each goaf treatment zone is derived from the structural foundation model; - The average additional pressure coefficient at depth Z, calculated from the base, for each goaf treatment zone.
9. A method for differentiated management of goaf areas with coordinated above-ground and underground operations according to claim 7, characterized in that, The governance measures for different goaf governance zones include the following: For non-treatment / testing areas: general protective measures shall be taken, and the width of the expansion joint between individual buildings shall be greater than or equal to 100mm; For general treatment areas: standard treatment of the foundation of the goaf area; Key treatment areas: Strengthen the treatment of the foundation of the goaf area and take measures to control the impact of residual deformation of the goaf area on the proposed project; Core treatment area: Strengthen the treatment of the foundation of the goaf area and take measures to control the impact of residual deformation of the goaf area on the proposed project; An integrated digital twin of "geology-mining goaf-building" is established for general treatment areas, key treatment areas and core treatment areas to realize the visualization of mining goaf treatment. A sensor network is deployed, and based on the point distribution data of exploration boreholes given by mining goaf exploration, an accurate three-dimensional spatial distribution model of mining goaf is deduced and generated through the established integrated digital twin of "geology-mining goaf-building".
10. A differentiated governance system for goaf areas that integrates above-ground and underground operations, characterized in that, Includes a computing device, which is configured as follows: Acquire above-ground and underground information, namely, collect basic information on above-ground building structures and geological data on underground mining areas; Based on the information on the above-ground building structure, the importance of the above-ground building structure is classified into different levels, forming a zoning system based on the importance of the above-ground building structure. Based on geological data of underground mining areas, the suitability evaluation of engineering projects in underground mining areas is classified into levels. Based on the importance of above-ground building structures and the suitability assessment of underground mining subsidence projects, different levels of mining subsidence treatment zones are defined. Corresponding governance measures should be formulated for different levels of goaf treatment zones.