Photovoltaic module

Abstract

The application discloses a photovoltaic module, and relates to the technical field of solar cells, and comprises an enamel substrate, a cell array located on the surface of the enamel substrate, the cell array comprising a plurality of perovskite solar cell units, a spacing region between adjacent perovskite solar cell units, the enamel substrate comprising a metal substrate with a first surface, a heat-conducting auxiliary component arranged on the first surface, the heat-conducting auxiliary component being arranged opposite to the spacing region, and an insulating enamel layer covering the first surface and the heat-conducting auxiliary component, the insulating enamel layer being located on the side of the metal substrate facing the cell array, wherein the thermal conductivity of the heat-conducting auxiliary component is greater than that of the metal substrate. The application avoids the occurrence of hot spot problems in the spacing region of the photovoltaic module, avoids the degradation or phase change of perovskite materials caused by the hot spot problems, and improves the stability and service life of the perovskite solar cell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and more particularly to a photovoltaic module. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), as a next-generation photovoltaic technology, have become a research hotspot in the photovoltaic field due to their potential for high efficiency and low cost. However, when scaling up from small-area cells in the laboratory to commercial photovoltaic modules, thermal management issues become particularly prominent. Traditional perovskite solar cell modules typically use glass substrates, with multiple perovskite solar cell units laminated and encapsulated using encapsulating films (such as EVA) to form a complete photovoltaic module. Although glass substrates have good light transmittance and a certain mechanical strength, their low thermal conductivity makes it difficult for photovoltaic modules to effectively dissipate heat when operating outdoors, especially in summer or under high irradiance conditions. The accumulation of heat inside the photovoltaic module is a key factor leading to performance degradation and shortened lifespan. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the above problems, this application provides a photovoltaic module to improve the heat dissipation performance of perovskite solar cell photovoltaic modules. The specific solution is as follows:

[0004] A photovoltaic module, comprising:

[0005] Enamel substrate;

[0006] A battery array is located on the surface of an enamel substrate and includes multiple perovskite solar cell units; there are spacing regions between adjacent perovskite solar cell units.

[0007] The enamel substrate includes:

[0008] A metal substrate having a first surface;

[0009] A heat-conducting accessory is disposed on the first surface and is positioned opposite to the interval area.

[0010] An insulating enamel layer covers the first surface and the thermally conductive components; the insulating enamel layer is located on the side of the metal substrate facing the battery array;

[0011] Among them, the thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive auxiliary component is greater than that of the metal substrate.

[0012] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, the first surface has a plurality of grooves;

[0013] The heat-conducting auxiliary component is a metal block embedded in the groove.

[0014] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, the thickness of the thermally conductive auxiliary component is the same as the depth of the groove.

[0015] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, the depth of the groove is not less than one-third of the thickness of the metal substrate.

[0016] Optionally, in the above photovoltaic module, the first surface is planar, and the thermally conductive auxiliary component is a patterned metal thin film formed on the first surface.

[0017] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, the cell array includes:

[0018] The first electrode layer is located on the side surface of the insulating enamel layer facing away from the metal substrate; the first electrode layer is provided with a plurality of first slits penetrating the first electrode, the first slits dividing the first electrode layer into first electrodes;

[0019] The stacked structure comprises an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a hole transport layer sequentially stacked on the surface of a first electrode layer; the electron transport layer fills a first slit; the stacked structure has a second slit that penetrates the stacked structure and divides the stacked structure into multiple stacked units.

[0020] The second electrode layer is located on the surface of the stacked structure; the second electrode layer has a third slit that penetrates the second electrode layer and extends to the first electrode, the third slit dividing the second electrode layer into multiple second electrodes; the perovskite solar cell unit includes a first electrode, a stacked unit and a second electrode stacked in sequence; the second electrode layer fills the second slit, such that the second electrode of one perovskite solar cell unit is connected to the first electrode of another adjacent perovskite solar cell unit.

[0021] The interval area includes the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit.

[0022] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, the first electrode layer is formed directly on one side surface of the insulating enamel layer.

[0023] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, there are multiple crystalline silicon solar cell units between the first electrode layer and the insulating enamel layer, and the crystalline silicon solar cell units are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence with the perovskite solar cell units.

[0024] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit corresponding to the same interval area correspond to the same thermal conductive auxiliary component.

[0025] Optionally, in the above-mentioned photovoltaic modules, the thickness of the thermally conductive auxiliary components is uniform in different regions;

[0026] Alternatively, the heat-conducting accessory has a first region, a second region, and a third region that correspond sequentially to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit;

[0027] The thicknesses of the first, second, and third regions are different.

[0028] Optionally, in the above photovoltaic module, the thickness of the first region, the second region, and the third region increases sequentially.

[0029] Optionally, in the above photovoltaic module, the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit each correspond to a thermal conductive auxiliary component, and the thermal conductive auxiliary components have different thermal conductivity.

[0030] Optionally, in the above photovoltaic modules, the thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive accessories corresponding to the first, second, and third slits increases sequentially.

[0031] Optionally, in the above photovoltaic modules, the thermal conductivity of the heat-conducting accessories corresponding to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit increases sequentially;

[0032] And / or, the thickness of the heat-conducting auxiliary parts corresponding to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit increases sequentially.

[0033] Optionally, in the above photovoltaic module, the cell array includes multiple arrayed crystalline silicon solar cell units, which are coplanarly laid on the surface of the insulating enamel layer; the gap between adjacent crystalline silicon solar cells is a spacing region.

[0034] Each crystalline silicon solar cell unit has a perovskite solar cell unit disposed on the side of its surface facing away from the enamel substrate.

[0035] Using the above technical solution, in the photovoltaic module provided by this application, the cell array is disposed on an enamel substrate. Compared with a glass substrate, the enamel substrate with a metal substrate not only has good mechanical strength but also good thermal conductivity, which can improve the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic module. The insulating enamel layer can achieve good insulation and isolation between the metal substrate and the cell array, and the insulating enamel layer also has good weather resistance.

[0036] In addition, in the spacer area between adjacent perovskite solar cell units, the enamel substrate is also provided with a thermally conductive auxiliary component with high thermal conductivity. This increases the heat dissipation rate of the corresponding spacer area of ​​the photovoltaic module, allowing the heat in the spacer area between the perovskite solar cell units to be quickly conducted to the metal substrate and dissipated to the outside of the photovoltaic module through the thermally conductive auxiliary component. This solves the problem of heat accumulation in the spacer area caused by the hot spot effect of the perovskite solar cell units, avoids hot spot problems in the spacer area of ​​the photovoltaic module, and avoids degradation or phase change problems of perovskite material caused by hot spot problems, thereby improving the stability and service life of perovskite solar cells. Attached Figure Description

[0037] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or related technologies, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0038] The structures, proportions, sizes, etc., shown in the accompanying drawings are only for the purpose of assisting those skilled in the art in understanding and reading the content disclosed in the specification, and are not intended to limit the implementation conditions of this application. Therefore, they have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in the proportions, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and purposes that this application can produce, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in this application.

[0039] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0040] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided for the application;

[0041] Figure 3 A structural schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided for the application;

[0042] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0043] Figure 5 This application provides a schematic diagram of a protection circuit in a photovoltaic module.

[0044] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0045] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0046] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0047] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0048] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0049] The annotations in the attached figures are explained as follows:

[0050] Enameled substrate 100, battery array 101, perovskite solar cell unit 102, spacer region 103, metal substrate 104, thermally conductive auxiliary component 105, insulating enamel layer 106, first surface 107, first electrode 108, electron transport layer 109, perovskite layer 110, hole transport layer 111, second electrode 112, conductive layer 113, stacked structure 114, stacked unit 115, bypass diode 116, crystalline silicon solar cell unit 117, molding layer 118, cover plate 119, first electrode layer D1, second electrode layer D2, first slit F1, second slit F2, third slit F3, first region A1, second region A2, third region A3. Detailed Implementation

[0051] The embodiments of this application will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will recognize that, with technological advancements and the emergence of new scenarios, the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this application are equally applicable to similar technical problems.

[0052] In real-world applications of perovskite solar cell modules, localized shading caused by factors such as tree cover, accumulated leaves, snow cover, or wildlife can cause shaded perovskite solar cell units within the photovoltaic module to be in a reverse bias state. Under these conditions, the shaded perovskite solar cell unit forms a reverse current path, which not only triggers localized hot spots but also damages the structure of the perovskite active layer material inside the solar cell. Ultimately, this leads to a sharp decline in the performance of the perovskite solar cell unit, severely impacting the power output of the entire photovoltaic module.

[0053] As perovskite solar cell modules develop towards larger areas (such as gigawatt-scale production lines with 1.2×2.4-meter specifications), the gradient temperature field formed by the accumulation of heat inside the module not only accelerates the degradation of the perovskite material itself, but also causes internal stress between functional layers due to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients. Especially in series structures, local hot spots in a single perovskite solar cell can affect the performance of the entire module, making thermal management one of the key challenges facing the industrialization of modules.

[0054] Conventional perovskite solar cell modules use glass substrates. Due to the poor thermal conductivity of glass, the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic module is poor, resulting in the inability to quickly dissipate heat from inside the module to the outside, leading to severe hot spot effects. The thermal conductivity of glass is extremely low, approximately 1 W / m·K, making it impossible to dissipate the heat generated during module operation in a timely manner. Under partial shading, the shaded perovskite solar cell unit will experience reverse bias, generating localized overheating areas (i.e., hot spots), with temperatures potentially exceeding 100°C. Furthermore, the relatively poor thermal stability of perovskite material means that the current-induced thermal effect and heat accumulation under reverse bias can cause thermal degradation or phase transitions in the perovskite material, thereby accelerating the performance degradation of the perovskite solar cell unit.

[0055] To improve the heat dissipation performance of perovskite solar cell modules, a conventional approach is to add thermally conductive materials to the perovskite layer. However, this method only addresses localized hot spots and cannot achieve efficient thermal management at the module level. While incorporating high thermal conductivity two-dimensional polymer semiconductors and graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets into the electron transport layer and perovskite layer can increase heat dissipation efficiency to some extent, it cannot fundamentally solve the hot spot problem in photovoltaic modules.

[0056] The inventors discovered that the hot spot problem in photovoltaic modules is caused by defects and stress concentration at the sidewalls of the perovskite solar cell units due to cutting. Once the perovskite solar cell unit is shaded, the current is forced to flow through the high-resistance defect point, which causes severe heating at the sidewalls caused by cutting. If the module substrate cannot conduct the heat at this location to the outside of the module in time, the heat accumulation at this location will lead to serious hot spot problems, which can easily cause the perovskite material to degrade and the module encapsulation material to melt.

[0057] In view of this, embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module price including:

[0058] Enamel substrate;

[0059] A battery array is located on the surface of an enamel substrate and includes multiple perovskite solar cell units; there are spacing regions between adjacent perovskite solar cell units.

[0060] The enamel substrate includes:

[0061] A metal substrate having a first surface;

[0062] A heat-conducting accessory is disposed on the first surface and is positioned opposite to the interval area.

[0063] An insulating enamel layer covers the first surface and the thermally conductive components; the insulating enamel layer is located on the side of the metal substrate facing the battery array;

[0064] Among them, the thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive auxiliary component is greater than that of the metal substrate.

[0065] In the photovoltaic module provided in this application, the cell array is mounted on an enamel substrate. Compared to a glass substrate, the enamel substrate with a metal substrate not only has good mechanical strength but also good thermal conductivity, which can improve the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic module. The insulating enamel layer can achieve good insulation and isolation between the metal substrate and the cell array, and the insulating enamel layer also has good weather resistance.

[0066] In addition, in the spacer area between adjacent perovskite solar cell units, the enamel substrate is also provided with a thermally conductive auxiliary component with high thermal conductivity. This increases the heat dissipation rate of the corresponding spacer area of ​​the photovoltaic module, allowing the heat in the spacer area between the perovskite solar cell units to be quickly conducted to the metal substrate and dissipated to the outside of the photovoltaic module through the thermally conductive auxiliary component. This solves the problem of heat accumulation in the spacer area caused by the hot spot effect of the perovskite solar cell units, thus avoiding hot spot problems in the spacer area of ​​the photovoltaic module and preventing degradation or phase change of the perovskite material due to hot spot problems. This improves the stability and lifespan of the perovskite solar cell.

[0067] To make the above-mentioned objectives, features and advantages of this application more apparent and understandable, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0068] refer to Figure 1 , Figure 1 This application provides a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module, which includes:

[0069] 100 enamel substrate;

[0070] A battery array 101 is located on the surface of an enamel substrate 100. The battery array 101 includes a plurality of perovskite solar cell units 102. There is a spacing region 103 between adjacent perovskite solar cell units 102.

[0071] Enamelled substrate 100 includes:

[0072] Metal substrate 104, metal substrate 104 having a first surface 107;

[0073] A heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 is disposed on the first surface 107 and is disposed opposite to the spacer region 103.

[0074] An insulating enamel layer 106 covers the first surface 107 and the thermally conductive auxiliary component 105; the insulating enamel layer 106 is located on the side of the metal substrate 104 facing the battery array 101.

[0075] The thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 is greater than that of the metal substrate 104.

[0076] Optionally, the insulating enamel layer 106 can be an enamel layer with a thickness of 50μm to 300μm. As an insulating layer on the surface of the metal substrate 104, the enamel material can improve the insulation effect and, through a coating process, form a smooth surface with high flatness, facilitating the subsequent formation of the battery array 101. The enamel material also has good chemical corrosion resistance, which can improve the weather resistance of the module.

[0077] In the photovoltaic module provided in this application, the cell array 101 is disposed on the enamel substrate 100. Compared with the glass substrate, the enamel substrate 100 with the metal substrate 104 not only has good mechanical strength, but also good thermal conductivity, which can improve the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic module. The insulating enamel layer 106 can achieve good insulation and isolation between the metal substrate 104 and the cell array 101, and the insulating enamel layer 106 also has good weather resistance.

[0078] The sidewalls created by cutting in the perovskite solar cell unit 102 are close to the spacing region 103 between the perovskite solar cell units 102. In this embodiment, the enamel substrate 100 is provided with a high thermal conductivity heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 in the spacing region 103. The heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 with high thermal conductivity can improve the heat dissipation speed of the photovoltaic module in the corresponding spacing region 103. This increases the heat dissipation speed of the photovoltaic module in the corresponding spacing region 103, allowing the heat in the spacing region 103 between the perovskite solar cell units 102 to be quickly conducted to the metal substrate 104 and dissipated to the outside of the photovoltaic module based on the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105. This solves the problem of heat accumulation in the spacing region 103 caused by the hot spot effect of the perovskite solar cell unit 102, thereby avoiding hot spot problems in the photovoltaic module in the spacing region and preventing degradation or phase change of the perovskite material due to hot spot problems, thus improving the stability and service life of the perovskite solar cell.

[0079] The technical solution of this application embodiment is based on the synergistic heat dissipation effect of the metal substrate 104, the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 and the insulating enamel layer 106 in the enamel substrate 100, which can reduce the operating temperature of the photovoltaic module by 3℃~10℃, thereby increasing the power generation by 2%~3%.

[0080] Optionally, the insulating enamel layer 106 may include a radiation-cooling material component, which can reduce the operating temperature of the photovoltaic module by 5°C to 8°C through radiation cooling. Experimental data shows that the average temperature rise during midday is 6.2°C lower than that of conventional modules.

[0081] As described earlier, conventional photovoltaic modules mostly use glass substrates. This is because glass materials have a high coefficient of thermal expansion (approximately 9 × 10⁻⁶). -6 (°C) and the coefficient of thermal expansion of perovskite materials (approximately 12 × 10⁻⁶). -6 There is a significant difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion (°C). When photovoltaic modules undergo long-term diurnal temperature cycle, the large difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion will cause the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion, resulting in periodic thermal stress at the interlayer interface. This will lead to defects such as microcracks and interface delamination in the internal film layer of the perovskite solar cell unit 102, which will greatly reduce the service life and reliability of the photovoltaic module.

[0082] In this embodiment, the photovoltaic module uses an enamel substrate 100. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the insulating enamel layer 106 is approximately 9~11×10⁻⁶. -6 / ℃. The metal substrate 104 can be a steel plate, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is approximately 11~12×10⁻⁶. -6 / ℃. The coefficient of thermal expansion of perovskite materials is approximately 12 × 10⁻⁶. -6 / ℃. The absolute value of the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the steel plate and the insulating enamel layer 106, and the absolute value of the difference between the insulating enamel layer 106 and the perovskite material, can both not exceed 1.5 × 10⁻⁶. -6 / ℃, which enables the thermal expansion coefficients between the steel plate and the insulating enamel layer 106, and between the insulating enamel layer 106 and the perovskite material to be matched, thereby avoiding problems such as large interlayer thermal stress and film interface peeling caused by thermal expansion coefficient mismatch.

[0083] Optionally, the metal substrate 104 can be a carbon steel plate or an aluminum alloy plate. As the core support structure of the photovoltaic module backsheet, the metal substrate 104 can provide excellent mechanical strength and rapid lateral heat conduction, enabling rapid and uniform heat distribution.

[0084] Optionally, the thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 is greater than 200 W / m·K. The thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 may include at least one material selected from aluminum, copper, copper alloy, aluminum alloy, etc. The materials of the metal substrate 104 and the thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 can be selected according to requirements, and are not limited to the implementation provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0085] like Figure 1As shown, in one embodiment, the first surface 107 has multiple grooves; wherein, the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 is a metal block embedded in the grooves. In this method, by providing grooves in the first surface 107 and fixing the metal block by embedding it in the grooves, the stability of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 on the surface of the metal substrate 104 can be improved. Moreover, the thickness of the metal substrate 104 is reduced in the groove region, which can further improve the heat dissipation rate of the corresponding interval region 103.

[0086] In one approach, it can be as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the height of the metal block is set to be greater than the thickness of the groove, and the top of the metal block protrudes from the first surface 107. This can increase the contact area of ​​the insulating enamel layer 106 on the first surface 107, improve the adhesion stability of the insulating enamel layer 106 on the first surface 107, and also increase the contact area between the insulating enamel layer 106 and the metal block, improve the heat conduction speed, and further improve the heat dissipation speed of the corresponding interval area 103.

[0087] refer to Figure 2 , Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the application, based on other methods. Figure 2 In the photovoltaic module shown, a groove is provided in the first surface 107, and the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 is a metal block embedded in the groove, with the thickness of the metal block equal to the depth of the groove. At this time, the metal block is flush with the first surface 107, which can improve the surface flatness of the insulating enamel layer 106. When the perovskite solar cell unit 102 is formed directly on the surface of the insulating enamel layer 106, it is convenient to form the film layer structure of the perovskite solar cell unit 102 directly on the surface of the insulating enamel layer 106.

[0088] correspond Figure 2 The photovoltaic module with the structure shown can first form a groove on the first surface of the metal substrate 104, then embed a metal block in the groove, the thickness of the metal block is greater than the depth of the groove, remove the metal block protruding outside the groove by grinding process, so that the surface of the metal block is flush with the first surface 107, and then form an insulating enamel layer 106 on the first surface 107.

[0089] In some embodiments of this application, the depth of the groove in the metal substrate 104 is not less than one-third of the thickness of the metal substrate 104. On the one hand, this allows the metal block to be embedded more deeply in the metal substrate 104, improving its stability. On the other hand, it also allows the thickness of the metal block to be relatively large compared with the thickness of the metal substrate 104 in the relative position of the interval region 103, reducing the thickness ratio of the metal substrate 104 at that position, so as to improve the heat dissipation speed at that position through the larger thickness of the metal block.

[0090] refer to Figure 3 , Figure 3 This is another structural diagram of a photovoltaic module provided in the application, based on other methods. Figure 3 In the photovoltaic module shown, the first surface 107 is planar, and the thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 is a patterned metal thin film formed on the first surface 107. This method allows the patterned metal thin film to be prepared on the first surface 107 as the thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 using processes such as screen printing, vapor deposition, and photolithography.

[0091] refer to Figure 4 , Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application. Based on other implementation methods, Figure 4 In the photovoltaic module shown, the cell array 101 includes: a first electrode layer D1, which is located on the side surface of the insulating enamel layer 106 facing away from the metal substrate 104; the first electrode layer D1 is provided with a plurality of first slits F1 penetrating the first electrode 108, the first slits F1 dividing the first electrode layer D1 into the first electrode 108; a stacked structure 114, wherein an electron transport layer 109, a perovskite layer 110, and a hole transport layer 111 are sequentially stacked on the surface of the first electrode layer D1; the electron transport layer 109 fills the first slits F1; the stacked structure 114 has a second slit F2 penetrating the stacked structure 114, the second slit F2 dividing the stacked structure 114 into a plurality of stacked units 115. The second electrode layer D2 is located on the surface of the stacked structure 114. The second electrode layer D2 has a third slit F3 that penetrates the second electrode layer D2 and extends to the first electrode 108. The third slit F3 divides the second electrode layer D2 into a plurality of second electrodes 112. The perovskite solar cell unit 102 includes a first electrode 108, a stacked unit 115, and a second electrode 112 stacked sequentially. The second electrode layer D2 fills the second slit F2, such that the second electrode 112 of one perovskite solar cell unit 102 is connected to the first electrode 108 of another adjacent perovskite solar cell unit 102. The spacing region 103 includes a first slit F1, a second slit F2, and a third slit F3.

[0092] The perovskite solar cell unit 102 can be a PIN structure or a NIP structure, and this application embodiment does not limit this.

[0093] exist Figure 4 The diagram shows four perovskite solar cell units 102 arranged in a continuous sequence. From left to right, the second electrode 112 of the preceding perovskite solar cell unit 102 is electrically connected to the first electrode 108 of the following perovskite solar cell unit 102 through a second slit F2, thereby achieving series connection between adjacent perovskite solar cell units 102.

[0094] Optionally, the second electrode layer D2 can be a transparent conductive layer, such as an Ag thin film. The first electrode layer D1 can be a transparent electrode layer, such as an ITO layer. Alternatively, the first electrode layer D1 can be a non-transparent conductive layer.

[0095] Optionally, such as Figure 4 As shown, a conductive layer 113 is further included between the second electrode layer D2 and the hole transport layer 111, and both the second slit F2 and the third slit F3 penetrate the conductive layer 113. The conductive layer 113 can be a transparent conductive layer, such as an ITO layer. The conductive layer 113 can reduce the contact resistance between the second electrode layer D2 and the hole transport layer 111.

[0096] In some implementations, such as Figure 4 As shown, all perovskite solar cell units 102 in the cell array 101 can be integrally fabricated to form a large-area integrally fabricated perovskite solar cell photovoltaic module. In this method, the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 can be formed by laser scribing. However, laser processing of the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 is prone to forming defects or stress concentration on the slit sidewalls. When the surface of the photovoltaic module is shaded, the current is forced to flow through the high-impedance defect points, thereby causing severe heat generation. If the heat dissipation in the area corresponding to the slit of the photovoltaic module is not timely, hot spot problems are likely to occur, leading to the decomposition of the perovskite material or the melting of the encapsulation material.

[0097] In this embodiment of the application, in the interval region 103 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2 and the third slit F3, the enamel substrate 100 is provided with a thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 with a large thermal conductivity. The thermally conductive auxiliary component 105 can improve the heat dissipation speed of the regions corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2 and the third slit F3, and avoid heat accumulation of photovoltaic modules at the corresponding slit positions, thereby solving the hot spot problem caused by the photovoltaic modules being blocked.

[0098] As can be seen from the above description, the embodiments of this application can fundamentally solve the problem of heat accumulation in photovoltaic modules during partial shading by using the thermal conductive auxiliary component 105. The thermal conductive auxiliary component 105 with high thermal conductivity can improve the heat dissipation rate in areas of photovoltaic modules that are prone to heat accumulation, and prevent permanent damage to photovoltaic modules caused by local overheating.

[0099] Optionally, in a photovoltaic module, if a large-area perovskite solar cell is integrally fabricated based on a first slit F1, a second slit F2, and a third slit F3 to form multiple perovskite solar cell units 102, whether it is a single perovskite solar cell module or a tandem photovoltaic module of perovskite-crystalline silicon solar cells as described below, the photovoltaic module may also include a cover plate disposed on the side of the second electrode layer D2 away from the enamel substrate 100.

[0100] In photovoltaic modules, the cover can be made of high-transmittance ultra-clear glass or high-transmittance encapsulating film (such as POE / PVB) to maximize light utilization.

[0101] The cover plate can be bonded and fixed to the perovskite solar cell unit 102 via a molding compound. Optionally, the molding compound is an adhesive film (such as EVA or POE) formed by a hot-pressing process. The third slit F3 is generally formed by laser cutting. Due to the small width of the third slit F3 and the high viscosity of the adhesive film material after hot pressing, it cannot completely fill the third slit F3, easily forming residual gas cavities. These gas cavities are easily corroded by moisture, affecting the lifespan of the module. To solve this problem, before bonding and fixing the cover plate, insulating material can be filled into the third slit F3 first, and then the cover plate can be bonded to the top of the perovskite solar cell unit 102 via the molding compound.

[0102] Optionally, the insulating material filling the third slit F3 can be a light-transmitting material, which allows light incident on the third slit F3 to enter the perovskite layer through scattering / refraction and be photoelectrically converted, thereby improving light utilization.

[0103] Optionally, the insulating material filling the third gap F3 can be a thermally conductive adhesive material to improve the heat dissipation speed of the module corresponding to the third gap F3 area and improve the temperature uniformity of different areas of the photovoltaic module.

[0104] Optionally, the insulating material filling the three slits F3 contains a fluorescent material. This fluorescent material can convert the light incident on the third slit F3 into multi-directional emitted fluorescence, facilitating the fluorescence to enter the perovskite layer for photoelectric conversion and improving light utilization. The fluorescent material can be a long-afterglow material, enabling it to emit fluorescence using light energy absorbed during the day in the absence of light at night, thereby improving power generation efficiency.

[0105] refer to Figure 5 , Figure 5 This application provides a schematic diagram of a protection circuit in a photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module includes a protection circuit for bypassing reverse bias. The protection circuit includes a bypass diode 116 connected in parallel with perovskite solar cell units 102. The perovskite solar cell unit 102 has an output voltage V0 during normal operation. When the photovoltaic module experiences partial shading, the shaded perovskite solar cell unit 102 forms a reverse current path. When a reverse bias problem occurs, the bypass diode 116 conducts, short-circuiting the perovskite solar cell unit 102 experiencing reverse bias, preventing the perovskite solar cell unit 102 from consuming current and generating heat, thus avoiding energy waste.

[0106] exist Figure 5In the configuration shown, each perovskite solar cell unit 102 can be connected in parallel with a bypass diode 116.

[0107] To reduce costs, some perovskite solar cell units 102 can be connected in parallel with bypass diodes 116. In this method, some perovskite solar cell units 102 in the central area can be connected in parallel with bypass diodes 116, while some perovskite solar cell units 102 in the surrounding edge areas are not connected in parallel with bypass diodes 116. This is because the central area of ​​the photovoltaic module is prone to local shading problems, while the surrounding edge areas of the photovoltaic module are less likely to accumulate fallen leaves, snow, or other obstructions.

[0108] Optionally, the protection circuit includes a thermal switch. The thermal switch can be activated when the temperature exceeds a set threshold, thereby turning on the protection circuit and short-circuiting the perovskite solar cell unit 102 connected in parallel. In this way, when the perovskite solar cell unit 102 generates heat due to reverse bias, causing its temperature to exceed the set threshold, the thermal switch is automatically triggered, thus automatically turning on the protection circuit.

[0109] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 4 As shown, the first electrode layer D1 is formed directly on one side surface of the insulating enamel layer 106. In this method, each perovskite solar cell unit 102 can be integrally formed directly on the surface of the insulating enamel layer 106 to form a large-area perovskite solar cell module.

[0110] refer to Figure 6 , Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application, based on other methods. Figure 6 In the photovoltaic module shown, there are multiple crystalline silicon solar cell units 117 between the first electrode layer D1 and the insulating enamel layer 106, and the crystalline silicon solar cell units 117 are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence with the perovskite solar cell units 102.

[0111] Figure 6 The method shown is a tandem photovoltaic module of perovskite-crystalline silicon solar cells. In this tandem photovoltaic module, multiple perovskite solar cell units 102 integrally formed are formed on the side surface of the crystalline silicon solar cell unit array facing away from the enamel substrate 100.

[0112] exist Figure 5 and Figure 6In the illustrated configuration, the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 corresponding to the same interval region 103 correspond to the same heat-conducting auxiliary component 105. Thus, for two adjacent perovskite solar cell units 102, the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 corresponding to them can be arranged opposite to the same heat-conducting auxiliary component 105, making the layout of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 relatively simple and reducing manufacturing costs.

[0113] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 4 or Figure 6 As shown, when the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 corresponding to the same interval region 103 correspond to the same heat-conducting auxiliary component 105, the thickness of different regions of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 is uniform, making the layout of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 relatively simple and reducing the manufacturing cost.

[0114] refer to Figure 7 , Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application, based on other methods. Figure 7 In the photovoltaic module shown, when the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 corresponding to the same interval region 103 correspond to the same thermal conductive auxiliary component 105, the thermal conductive auxiliary component 105 has a first region A1, a second region A2, and a third region A3 that correspond sequentially to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3; wherein the thicknesses of the first region A1, the second region A2, and the third region A3 are different.

[0115] Because the depths of the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3, the distances between them and the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105, and the thermal conductivity of the filling material are different, the heat dissipation rates of the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 are different, resulting in different heat dissipation requirements for the three. Figure 7 In the illustrated method, the thicknesses of the first region A1, the second region A2, and the third region A3 are set to be different. By providing different heat dissipation rates to these three regions, a more uniform temperature distribution can be achieved in the regions of the photovoltaic module corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3.

[0116] For the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3, the first slit F1 has the smallest depth, the smallest sidewall area, and the smallest distance from the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105. Therefore, the first slit F1 has the smallest heat conduction distance, the fewest defects in its sidewall, and the fastest heat dissipation rate. The second slit F2 has a moderate depth, a moderate sidewall area, and a moderate distance from the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105. Therefore, the second slit F1 has a moderate heat conduction distance, the moderate number of defects in its sidewall, and a moderate heat dissipation rate. The third slit F3 has the largest depth, the largest sidewall area, and a moderate distance from the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105. Therefore, the third slit F3 has the largest heat conduction distance, the largest number of defects in its sidewall, and the smallest heat dissipation rate. Because the second slit F2 is filled with metal electrode material, and the third slit F3 is filled with insulating material after the photovoltaic module is encapsulated, the thermal conductivity of the metal electrode material is greater than that of the insulating material, increasing the difference in their heat dissipation performance. Therefore, there are differences in the heat dissipation performance of the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3, and their heat dissipation performance decreases sequentially.

[0117] In some embodiments of this application, the thicknesses of the first region A1, the second region A2, and the third region A3 increase sequentially, so that the heat dissipation performance of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 increases sequentially, thereby enabling the photovoltaic module to have a more uniform temperature distribution in the regions corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3.

[0118] refer to Figure 8 , Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application, based on other methods. Figure 8 In the photovoltaic module shown, the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 each correspond to a thermal conductive auxiliary component 105, and the thermal conductive auxiliary components 105 have different thermal conductivity.

[0119] As described above, the heat dissipation performance of the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 differs. Figure 8 In the illustrated method, by configuring independent heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 for the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 respectively, and setting the heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 of the three to have different heat conduction performances, the areas of the photovoltaic module corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 can have a relatively uniform temperature distribution.

[0120] Optionally, the thermal conductivity of the heat-conducting auxiliary parts 105 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 increases sequentially. For example, the thermal conductivity of the heat-conducting auxiliary parts 105 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 increases sequentially.

[0121] In one approach, when the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 each correspond to a heat-conducting auxiliary component 105, and the heat conduction capacity of the heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 is different, the thickness of the three heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 can be the same, and the materials of the three heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 can be different. By selecting suitable materials, the heat conduction performance of the three heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 increases sequentially. For example, the heat conduction performance of copper, aluminum, and aluminum alloy decreases sequentially, and is all greater than that of steel plate. Therefore, the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 corresponding to the first slit F1 can be made of aluminum alloy, the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 corresponding to the second slit F2 can be made of aluminum, and the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 corresponding to the third slit F3 can be made of copper, thereby increasing the heat conduction capacity of the three heat-conducting auxiliary components 105 sequentially, and thus increasing the thermal conductivity coefficient sequentially.

[0122] refer to Figure 9 , Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application, based on other methods. Figure 9 In the photovoltaic module shown, the thickness of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 increases sequentially, so that the heat conduction capacity of the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 increases sequentially.

[0123] In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the heat-conducting auxiliary parts 105 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 can be set to increase sequentially, and the thickness of the heat-conducting auxiliary parts 105 corresponding to the first slit F1, the second slit F2, and the third slit F3 can be set to increase sequentially.

[0124] refer to Figure 10 , Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of another photovoltaic module provided in the embodiments of this application, based on other methods. Figure 10 In the photovoltaic module shown, the cell array 101 includes multiple arrayed crystalline silicon solar cell units, which are coplanarly disposed on the surface of the insulating enamel layer 106. The gaps between adjacent crystalline silicon solar cells are spacer regions 103. Each crystalline silicon solar cell unit 117 has a perovskite solar cell unit 102 disposed on its surface facing away from the enamel substrate. The perovskite solar cell unit 102 includes a first electrode, a cell transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. A conductive layer to reduce contact resistance may be present between the hole transport layer and the second electrode layer.

[0125] There is a gap region 103 between adjacent stacked battery cells. Figure 10 The photovoltaic module shown is also a tandem photovoltaic module using perovskite-crystalline silicon solar cells. Unlike... Figure 6 The method shown illustrates the direct integral fabrication of multiple perovskite solar cell units 102 using crystalline silicon solar cell units 117 as a carrier. Figure 10 In the illustrated method, multiple separate perovskite solar cell units 102 can be prepared first. The perovskite solar cell units 102 are then bonded and fixed to crystalline silicon solar cell units 117 to form a cascaded cell unit. The crystalline silicon solar cell units 117 of the cascaded cell unit face the enamel substrate 100. A cover plate 119 is provided on the side of the perovskite solar cell unit 102 facing away from the enamel substrate 100. The cascaded cell unit between the cover plate 119 and the enamel substrate 100 can be bonded and fixed by a molding compound 118. Optionally, the molding compound 118 can be formed by lamination and melting based on a lower adhesive film located between the enamel substrate 100 and the cascaded cell unit, and an upper adhesive film located between the cascaded cell unit and the cover plate 119.

[0126] Optionally, the crystalline silicon solar cell unit 117 can be a multi-segment cell formed by cutting a whole crystalline silicon solar cell, such as a two-segment cell or a three-segment cell.

[0127] Among them, the perovskite solar cell unit 102 is a separate cell unit formed by cutting a large area of ​​initial perovskite cell. Although it does not have the above-mentioned slit design, cutting will still cause a large number of defects and stress concentration problems on the sidewall of the perovskite solar cell unit 102. Figure 10 In the illustrated method, setting a heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 in the interval region 103 can also effectively solve the hot spot problem caused by the reverse bias of the perovskite solar cell unit 102.

[0128] In the embodiments of this application, the photovoltaic module can be a single-layer perovskite solar cell module, or a cascaded photovoltaic module of perovskite and perovskite, or a cascaded photovoltaic module of perovskite-crystalline silicon solar cells.

[0129] When designing a tandem photovoltaic module using perovskite-crystalline silicon solar cells, because the two types of solar cell units absorb different wavelengths, some light can pass through the perovskite solar cell unit 102 and be absorbed by the crystalline silicon solar cell unit 117 for photovoltaic power generation, thus improving the overall spectral range of photovoltaic power generation in the tandem solar cell. Furthermore, since the crystalline silicon solar cell unit 117 is susceptible to aging due to ultraviolet radiation, placing the perovskite solar cell unit 102 on its light-incident side allows the perovskite solar cell unit 102 to utilize ultraviolet radiation for photovoltaic power generation, significantly reducing the damage caused by ultraviolet radiation to the crystalline silicon solar cell unit 117.

[0130] In this embodiment, the enamel substrate 100 includes a plurality of spaced-apart thermally conductive auxiliary components 105, eliminating the need for a full-surface coverage of the thermally conductive auxiliary components 105 on the metal substrate 104. This reduces the area occupied by the high thermal conductivity thermally conductive auxiliary components 105 and lowers costs. The main metal substrate 104, which has good thermal conductivity, can form a rapid planar heat dissipation channel in the enamel substrate 100, and the insulating enamel layer 106 can achieve efficient infrared radiation cooling.

[0131] Since the enamel substrate 100 uses a metal substrate 104 as its main support structure, the thinner metal substrate 104, compared to a glass substrate, facilitates a sufficiently large support function. This is in contrast to the industry-standard 3.2mm glass substrate (area density approximately 8kg / m²). 2 As a backplane for the component, the enamel substrate 100 can be made of low-carbon steel plate with a thickness of 0.5mm to 0.8mm as the metal substrate 104, the thickness of the insulating enamel layer 106 is 100μm to 300μm, and the areal density of the enamel substrate 100 is approximately 4 to 5 kg / m³. 2 Not only is the thickness of the module backsheet significantly reduced, but its weight is also greatly reduced. Moreover, the enamel substrate 100, which uses a metal substrate 104 as the main support structure, has greater impact resistance and mechanical strength than a glass substrate, supporting larger-size photovoltaic module designs.

[0132] In this application, an insulating enamel layer 106 can be prepared on the surface of the composite metal substrate 104 by processes such as wet spraying or electrostatic adsorption coating. The insulating enamel layer 106 is then subjected to high-temperature sintering and surface polishing.

[0133] To optimize the thermal conductivity of the enamel layer 106, a high proportion of highly thermally conductive electrically insulating ceramic particles are incorporated into the enamel layer glaze. These electrically insulating ceramic particles include at least one of aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon carbide, and beryllium oxide. By constructing a thermally conductive permeation network through these electrically insulating ceramic particles, the longitudinal thermal conductivity of the enamel surface itself can be significantly improved.

[0134] Optionally, the insulating enamel layer 106 is prepared using an inorganic glaze, the glaze composition of which includes: 35 wt%~40 wt% SiO2; 20 wt%~26 wt% B2O3; 8 wt%~10 wt% Na2O / K2O; and 25 wt%~37 wt% auxiliary materials. The auxiliary materials may include electrically insulating ceramic microparticles and clay. Deionized water is added to the inorganic glaze to adjust the solid content to 55%~60%.

[0135] The electrically insulating ceramic microparticles may include: aluminum nitride at a mass percentage of 15 wt% to 22 wt%, boron nitride at a mass percentage of 3 wt% to 5 wt%, silicon carbide at a mass percentage of 2 wt% to 4 wt%, and alumina at a mass percentage of 2 wt% to 3 wt%. Optionally, the aluminum nitride particle size does not exceed 5 μm, such as 1 μm to 2 μm; the boron nitride is in the form of plate-like microparticles with a particle size of 3 μm, a plate diameter of 1 μm to 5 μm, and a thickness of 0.1 μm to 0.3 μm; the silicon carbide is in the β phase with a particle size not exceeding 2 μm, such as 0.5 μm to 1 μm. The particle size refers to the particle size corresponding to a cumulative strength distribution reaching 50%, also known as the median particle size.

[0136] In one approach, the enamel layer 106 has its enamel thickness controlled as follows: in the power generation zone (area outside the interval region 103), the enamel layer maintains a standard thickness, primarily ensuring high-voltage insulation performance; in the heat dissipation zone (interval region 103), the enamel layer thickness above the corresponding thermal conductive auxiliary component 105 is significantly reduced. The thinner enamel layer 106 further reduces thermal resistance, allowing heat from potential hotspot locations to be instantly transferred to the underlying thermal conductive auxiliary component 105. Despite the differences in "thick" and "thin" enamel layers within the enamel layer 106, and the structural variations in the underlying thermal conductive auxiliary component 105, this application can control these variations through secondary polishing or leveling processes to ensure that the upper surface (surface facing the battery cell) of the final sintered thermal conductive auxiliary component 105 remains highly flat both macroscopically and microscopically.

[0137] If multiple perovskite solar cell units 102 with a large-area integrated structure are formed directly on the surface of the insulating enamel layer 106, the electrode layer, transport layer, perovskite layer and other functional layers of the perovskite solar cell stacked structure can be deposited by solution method, vapor deposition method, sputtering method, and laser scribing to form the required openings, thereby forming multiple perovskite solar cell units 102 connected in series. The opening area precisely corresponds to the heat-conducting auxiliary component 105 in the enamel substrate 100.

[0138] As can be seen from the above description, the technical solution of this application embodiment can significantly suppress the hot spot problem. The metal substrate 104 of the enamel substrate 100 can quickly disperse the local heat at the possible hot spot location, preventing the peak temperature from being too high. Combined with the high radiation heat dissipation of the surface insulating enamel layer 106, it can effectively reduce the damage to the component caused by the heat accumulation at the possible hot spot location, and can greatly extend the operating life and safety of the component.

[0139] The technical solution of this application embodiment can further improve the heat dissipation speed based on the thermal conductive auxiliary component 105, improve the operating efficiency of the component, realize the self-heating of the component, reduce the actual working temperature of the perovskite layer by 5℃~15℃, and improve the outdoor photoelectric conversion efficiency of the component.

[0140] Photovoltaic modules using enamel-coated substrates 100 exhibit good stability and weather resistance. The enamel-coated substrate 100 itself possesses excellent resistance to water vapor and acid / alkali corrosion, providing a robust and environmentally friendly backsheet design for the upper perovskite solar cell units 102. Furthermore, the enamel-coated substrate 100 has high mechanical strength, exhibiting impact and bending resistance far exceeding that of glass substrates, effectively improving the module's durability and facilitating transportation and installation. The enamel material is inexpensive, and the metal substrate 104 is recyclable, resulting in modules with good environmental friendliness and low cost, facilitating large-scale industrial production.

[0141] The various embodiments in this application are described in a progressive, parallel, or combined manner. Each embodiment focuses on its differences from other embodiments, and similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to interchangeably. The embodiments provided in this application can be combined with each other without contradiction.

[0142] It should be noted that, in the description of this application, the accompanying drawings and embodiments are illustrative rather than restrictive. The same reference numerals throughout the embodiments identify the same structures. Additionally, for understanding and ease of description, the thicknesses of some layers, films, panels, regions, etc., may be exaggerated in the drawings. It is also understood that when an element such as a layer, film, region, or substrate is referred to as being "on" another element, the element may be directly on the other element or there may be intermediate elements. Furthermore, "on" means positioning an element on or below another element, but does not inherently mean positioning it above another element according to the direction of gravity.

[0143] The terms "upper," "lower," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this application and for simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this application. When a component is considered to be "connected" to another component, it can be directly connected to the other component or there may be a component positioned centrally in the middle.

[0144] It should also be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used merely to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that an article or apparatus comprising a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such an article or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the article or apparatus that includes the aforementioned element.

[0145] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use this application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this application. Therefore, this application is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, include: Enamel substrate; A battery array located on the surface of the enamel substrate, the battery array comprising a plurality of perovskite solar cell units; There is a gap between adjacent perovskite solar cell units; The enamel substrate includes: A metal substrate having a first surface; A thermally conductive accessory is disposed on the first surface and is disposed opposite to the interval region. An insulating enamel layer covers the first surface and the thermally conductive accessory; the insulating enamel layer is located on the side of the metal substrate facing the battery array; The thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive auxiliary component is greater than that of the metal substrate.

2. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first surface has multiple grooves; The heat-conducting auxiliary component is a metal block embedded in the groove.

3. The photovoltaic module according to claim 2, characterized in that, The thickness of the heat-conducting accessory is the same as the depth of the groove.

4. The photovoltaic module according to claim 2, characterized in that, The depth of the groove is not less than one-third of the thickness of the metal substrate.

5. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first surface is a plane, and the thermally conductive auxiliary component is a patterned metal film formed on the first surface.

6. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The battery array includes: A first electrode layer is located on the side surface of the insulating enamel layer facing away from the metal substrate; the first electrode layer is provided with a plurality of first slits penetrating the first electrode, the first slits dividing the first electrode layer into first electrodes; A stacked structure comprising an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a hole transport layer sequentially stacked on the surface of a first electrode layer; the electron transport layer filling the first slit; and the stacked structure having a second slit penetrating the stacked structure, the second slit dividing the stacked structure into a plurality of stacked units. A second electrode layer is located on the surface of the stacked structure; the second electrode layer has a third slit extending through the second electrode layer and to the first electrode, the third slit dividing the second electrode layer into a plurality of second electrodes; the perovskite solar cell unit includes the first electrode, the stacked unit, and the second electrode stacked sequentially; the second electrode layer fills the second slit, such that the second electrode of one perovskite solar cell unit is connected to the first electrode of an adjacent perovskite solar cell unit; The interval region includes the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit.

7. The photovoltaic module according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first electrode layer is formed directly on one side surface of the insulating enamel layer.

8. The photovoltaic module according to claim 6, characterized in that, There are multiple crystalline silicon solar cell units between the first electrode layer and the insulating enamel layer, and the crystalline silicon solar cell units are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence with the perovskite solar cell units.

9. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 6-8, characterized in that, The first slit, the second slit, and the third slit corresponding to the same interval area correspond to the same heat-conducting auxiliary component.

10. The photovoltaic module according to claim 9, characterized in that, The thermally conductive accessory has a uniform thickness in different areas; Alternatively, the heat-conducting accessory has a first region, a second region, and a third region that correspond sequentially to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit; The thicknesses of the first region, the second region, and the third region are different.

11. The photovoltaic module according to claim 10, characterized in that, The thickness of the first region, the second region, and the third region increases sequentially.

12. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 6-8, characterized in that, The first slit, the second slit, and the third slit each correspond to one of the heat-conducting auxiliary components, and the heat-conducting auxiliary components have different heat conduction capabilities.

13. The photovoltaic module according to claim 12, characterized in that, The thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive accessories corresponding to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit increases sequentially.

14. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13, characterized in that, The thermal conductivity of the heat-conducting auxiliary components corresponding to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit increases sequentially. And / or, the thickness of the heat-conducting auxiliary component corresponding to the first slit, the second slit, and the third slit increases sequentially.

15. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The battery array includes multiple crystalline silicon solar cell units arranged in an array, and the crystalline silicon solar cell units are coplanarly laid on the surface of the insulating enamel layer; the gap between adjacent crystalline silicon solar cells is the interval region; Each of the crystalline silicon solar cell units has a perovskite solar cell unit disposed on the side of its surface facing away from the enamel substrate.

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