A broadband high-gain array antenna

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of antennas and discloses a broadband high-realization-gain array antenna, comprising eight antenna elements distributed on the same plane. Each antenna element includes a base plate, a basic radiating element is disposed on the top of the base plate, and a metasurface element is connected above the basic radiating element. A square closed reflector is vertically connected to the upper surface of the base plate, and the square closed reflector is located directly below the basic radiating element and encloses the space below the basic radiating element. Two pairs of radial patches are disposed on the lower surface of the basic radiating element, and two intersecting microstrip feed lines are disposed on the upper surface of the basic radiating element. The top of the coaxial feed lines passes through the base plate and the square closed reflector and connects the microstrip feed lines and the radial patches. The eight antenna elements are divided into four antenna groups, which face four directions respectively. The base plates of the eight antenna elements are sequentially connected to form an annular cavity, and reflectors are disposed at the four outer corners of the annular cavity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of antennas and relates to a broadband high-realization-gain array antenna. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) technology, it has become the core of wireless communication and is widely used in homes, businesses, and public places. Antennas, as a key component of WiFi base stations, directly impact network performance and user experience. As the number of devices and data demands increase, antenna technology continues to evolve to meet these higher requirements. From early single-antenna systems to MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology, WiFi antenna technology has undergone significant changes. Current WiFi 6E and WiFi 7 use the frequency bands (5GHz: 5.180-5.825GHz and 6GHz: 5.925-7.125GHz), providing wider channels and higher transmission rates for wireless communication, making them key technologies for high-density, high-throughput scenarios. This also places higher demands on the antenna's multi-user concurrency capability, channel utilization efficiency, and signal coverage quality.

[0003] In 2024, Zhang Jinshuai proposed a novel capacitively cross-slot coupled circularly polarized metasurface antenna in his paper "An Aperture-Fed Quad-mode Wideband CP Metasurface Antenna for WiFi 7" (DOI:10.1109 / AP-S / INC-USNC-URSI52054.2024.10686440). This antenna employs two orthogonal characteristic modes derived from radiating patches, exhibiting high resonance, while the two orthogonal magnetic modes exhibit low resonance with the feed structure. This allows for mode pairing of adjacent modes, forming three sets of orthogonal modes, significantly enhancing the antenna's axial ratio bandwidth. Although this antenna covers the entire 6GHz band, the actual gain of a single antenna element is only 5.7 to 8.7 dBi. While this design represents a breakthrough in bandwidth and circular polarization performance, the low actual gain limits its application in long-distance, high-interference environments.

[0004] In 2024, Gu Wenzhe proposed a high-gain vertically polarized omnidirectional antenna in his paper "A High Gain Omnidirectional Dipole Array Antenna for WiFi-6E" (DOI: 10.1109 / ICEICT61637.2024.10670978). This antenna employs a double U-shaped symmetrical dipole as the radiating oscillator, and then uses four radiating elements to form a series-fed antenna array. This antenna is suitable for omnidirectional coverage scenarios such as short-range wireless communication, indoor and outdoor LANs (Local Area Networks), agricultural irrigation, and environmental monitoring. However, the gain of a single antenna element is only 3.2 to 3.8 dBi, which is insufficient to meet the system requirements of high directional gain, multi-channel concurrency, high isolation, and compact integration in the high-density access scenarios of WiFi 6E (Wireless Fidelity 6 Extended). Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a broadband high-realization-gain array antenna that improves the range of wireless coverage and communication efficiency in dense scenes.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention employs the following technical solution: A broadband high-realization-gain array antenna includes eight antenna elements distributed on the same plane; Each antenna array includes a base plate and a coaxial feed line; A basic radiating unit is set above the base plate, and a metasurface unit is connected above the basic radiating unit; a square closed reflective wall is vertically connected to the upper surface of the base plate, and the square closed reflective wall is located directly below the basic radiating unit and encloses the space below the basic radiating unit. Two pairs of radial patches are provided on the lower surface of the basic radiating unit, and two intersecting microstrip feed lines are provided on the upper surface of the basic radiating unit. The top of the coaxial feed line passes through the base plate and the square closed reflector wall, and connects the microstrip feed line and the radial patches. The eight antenna arrays are grouped into four groups, each facing one of the four directions. The four antenna groups include the first antenna group, the second antenna group, the third antenna group, and the fourth antenna group. The base plates of the eight antenna arrays are connected in sequence to form an annular cavity. Reflector walls are set at the four outer corners of the annular cavity.

[0007] Optionally, the angle between the reflector wall and the annular cavity is 135°.

[0008] Optionally, there are two coaxial feed lines. The inner conductors of the two coaxial feed lines are connected to two microstrip feed lines respectively, and the outer conductors are connected to two pairs of radial patches respectively.

[0009] Optionally, each pair of radial patches includes two annular dipoles. The annular dipoles have a rectangular structure, extend into the rectangle and fork at the ends to form open-circuit dipoles. The ends of the annular dipoles are Y-shaped with an included angle of 90°.

[0010] Optionally, the two microstrip feed lines are two intersecting aluminum strips with perpendicular angles. The ends of the aluminum strips fork and extend outwards, and the front ends of the aluminum strips are connected to rectangular aluminum sheets. The rectangular aluminum sheets of one of the aluminum strips are broken at both ends at the intersection, forming three parts: the front end, the middle part, and the end of the aluminum strip. The front end and the end of the aluminum strip are on the same plane as the other aluminum strip, and the middle part is located directly below the other aluminum strip. The front end and the end of the aluminum strip are connected to the two ends of the middle part by two shorting pins, respectively.

[0011] Optionally, the metasurface unit of the antenna array in the first antenna group includes 4 L-shaped patches, 4 rectangular patches, 1 cross-shaped patch, and 1 rectangular ring; The four L-shaped patches are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches all face the center of the metasurface unit. The four rectangular patches are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches. The cross-shaped patch is located at the center of the metasurface unit. The rectangular ring is located outside the four L-shaped patches.

[0012] Optionally, the metasurface elements of the antenna array within the second antenna group include four L-shaped patches, five oblique cross-shaped patches tilted at a 45° angle to the horizontal direction, and one rectangular ring. The four L-shaped patches are arranged in a square with their four corners facing each other. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches all face the center of the metasurface unit. Four oblique cross-shaped patches are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches, and the fifth oblique cross-shaped patch is located at the center of the metasurface unit. The rectangular ring is located outside the four L-shaped patches.

[0013] Optionally, the metasurface elements of the antenna array within the third antenna group include four L-shaped patches, four I-shaped patches, one square patch, and one rectangular ring. Four L-shaped patches are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches all face the center of the metasurface unit. Four I-shaped patches are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches. The long side of each I-shaped patch is parallel to the edge of the rectangular ring on the same side. The square patch is located at the center of the metasurface unit, and the rectangular ring is located outside the four L-shaped patches.

[0014] Optionally, the metasurface elements of the antenna array in the fourth antenna group include four L-shaped patches, four U-shaped patches, and one rectangular ring; Four L-shaped patches are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches all face the center of the metasurface unit. Four U-shaped patches are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches. The openings of the four U-shaped patches all face the outside of the metasurface unit. A rectangular ring is located outside the four L-shaped patches.

[0015] Optionally, within each antenna group, the distance between antenna elements is half the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating frequency band of each antenna group.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention divides eight antenna elements into four antenna groups, arranged in four directions, enabling the array antennas to operate simultaneously in four different channels across a 360° horizontal direction. Spatial diversity and polarization diversity enhance system capacity and signal reliability, while a rational layout reduces mutual coupling, ensuring the performance of each antenna element. The base plate, acting as a grounded reflector, suppresses back radiation and improves forward gain. Metasurface elements above the basic radiating elements generate local resonances in the incident electromagnetic waves, altering the equivalent wave impedance and propagation phase, thereby optimizing the aperture efficiency and radiation characteristics of the antenna elements. Coaxial feed lines pass through the base plate and a square closed reflector wall to feed the radial patch and microstrip feed lines; the alternating current generates an alternating electromagnetic field, resulting in high radiation efficiency of the antenna elements at the center frequency.

[0017] Furthermore, the inner conductors of two coaxial feed lines are connected to microstrip feed lines, and the outer conductors are connected to radial patches, enabling synchronous feeding of the radial patches. Synchronous feeding causes the alternating current to generate an alternating electromagnetic field, thereby giving the antenna array high radiation efficiency at the center frequency.

[0018] Furthermore, the Y-shaped structure of the ring dipole can generate the first main resonant point. Simultaneously, the altered current distribution at the Y-shaped end can excite higher-order resonant modes, which approach and merge with the main resonant point, thus significantly widening the impedance bandwidth of the antenna array. The Y-shaped end design extends the current path, effectively expanding the impedance bandwidth and improving low-frequency matching.

[0019] Furthermore, at the intersection of the two microstrip feed lines, a rectangular aluminum sheet of one of them is broken and connected to the middle part using a shorting pin. This is to prevent the two microstrip lines from contacting each other when they intersect. The shorting pin cleverly achieves vertical electrical isolation, prevents short circuits, and ensures good signal transmission.

[0020] Furthermore, the distance between antenna elements is half the wavelength of the center frequency of each antenna group's operating frequency band, which effectively reduces the coupling between elements and ensures the isolation when multiple antenna arrays operate concurrently. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the broadband high-realization-gain array antenna described in this invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the bottom structure of the broadband high-realization-gain array antenna described in this invention; Figure 3 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a single antenna array according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a side view of the structure of a single antenna array according to the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the lower surface structure of the basic radiating element of a single antenna array according to the present invention; Figure 6 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the microstrip feed connection relationship on the upper surface of the basic radiating element of a single antenna array according to the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the coaxial feeding three-dimensional structure of a single antenna array according to the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the metasurface structure of the channel 79 antenna array described in this invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the metasurface structure of the antenna array operating in channel 111 as described in this invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the metasurface structure of the antenna array operating in channel 143 as described in this invention; Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the metasurface structure of the channel 175 antenna array described in this invention; Figure 12 This is a topological diagram of the equivalent circuit model of the transmissive metasurface unit described in this invention. Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram showing the mapping relationship between the physical structure of the metasurface unit and the circuit elements of the antenna array operating in Channel 79 as described in this invention; Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram showing the mapping relationship between the physical structure of the metasurface unit and the circuit elements of the antenna array operating in channel 111 as described in this invention; Figure 15 This is a schematic diagram showing the mapping relationship between the physical structure of the metasurface unit and the circuit elements of the antenna array operating in channel 143 as described in this invention; Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram showing the mapping relationship between the physical structure of the metasurface unit and the circuit elements of the antenna array operating in Channel 175 as described in this invention; Figure 17 The original lumped element equivalent circuit diagram of the metasurface unit physical structure of the antenna arrays operating in channels 79, 111 and 143 as described in this invention; Figure 18This is the original lumped element equivalent circuit diagram of the metasurface unit physical structure of the channel 175 antenna array described in this invention; Figure 19 This is a comparison chart of the S-parameters of the full-wave electromagnetic simulation and equivalent circuit simulation of the metasurface unit working in the Channel 79 antenna array described in this invention. Figure 20 This is a comparison diagram of the S-parameters of the full-wave electromagnetic simulation and equivalent circuit simulation of the metasurface unit working in the channel 111 antenna array described in this invention. Figure 21 This is a comparison chart of the S-parameters of the full-wave electromagnetic simulation and equivalent circuit simulation of the metasurface unit working in the channel 143 antenna array described in this invention. Figure 22 This is a comparison chart of S-parameters for full-wave electromagnetic simulation and equivalent circuit simulation of the metasurface unit working in the Channel 175 antenna array described in this invention. Figure 23 Gain curves are plotted based on the simulation results of the four antenna elements described in this invention. Figure 24 The radiation pattern of the channel 79 antenna array described in this invention at a frequency of 6.345 GHz; Figure 25 The radiation pattern of the antenna array operating in channel 111 described in this invention at a frequency of 6.505 GHz; Figure 26 The radiation pattern of the antenna array operating in channel 143 described in this invention at a frequency of 6.665 GHz; Figure 27 This is the radiation pattern of the Channel 175 antenna array described in this invention at a frequency of 6.825 GHz.

[0022] Wherein: 1-Antenna array; 2-Ring cavity; 3-Reflector wall; 4-Base plate; 5-Basic radiating element; 6-Metasurface element; 7-Square closed reflector wall; 8-Coaxial feed line; 9-Nylon hexagonal stud; 10-Ring dipole; 11-Microstrip feed line; 12-Short-circuit pin; 13-L-shaped patch; 14-Rectangular patch; 15-Cross-shaped patch; 16-Rectangular ring; 17-Oblique cross-shaped patch; 18-I-shaped patch; 19-Square patch; 20-U-shaped patch. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0024] like Figure 1 As shown, the broadband high-gain array antenna described in this embodiment includes eight antenna elements 1 arranged on the same height plane, arranged in pairs to form four antenna groups, facing the positive X-axis, positive Y-axis, negative X-axis, and negative Y-axis directions respectively. The first antenna group consists of two antenna elements 1 operating in channel 79 (6.265-6.425GHz), the second antenna group consists of two antenna elements 1 operating in channel 111 (6.425-6.585GHz), the third antenna group consists of two antenna elements 1 operating in channel 143 (6.585-6.745GHz), and the fourth antenna group consists of two antenna elements 1 operating in channel 175 (6.745-6.905GHz). By utilizing these eight antenna elements 1 to achieve high gain and operate in different channels, the array antenna can simultaneously operate in four different channels in a horizontal 360° direction. Spatial diversity and polarization diversity are used to improve system capacity and signal reliability, while reasonable layout reduces mutual coupling and ensures the performance of each antenna element.

[0025] like Figure 2 As shown, the eight antenna elements 1 are divided into four groups facing four different directions (positive X-axis, positive Y-axis, negative X-axis, and negative Y-axis). The base plates 4 of the eight antenna elements 1 are connected sequentially to form an annular cavity 2. Reflective walls 3 are located at the four corners of the annular cavity 2, with an angle α of 135° between the reflective walls 3 and the annular cavity 2. This design helps reduce mutual coupling and improve the gain. Within each antenna group, the distance g between the antenna elements 1 is half the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating frequency band of each antenna group. This distance design effectively reduces inter-element coupling.

[0026] The two antenna elements 1 within each antenna group have identical structures. The only difference in structure between antenna elements 1 within different antenna groups lies in the metasurface unit 6. The structure of one antenna element 1 will be explained below using it as an example.

[0027] like Figure 3 and Figure 4As shown, the antenna array 1 includes a base plate 4, a basic radiating element 5, a metasurface element 6, a square closed reflector wall 7, two coaxial feed lines 8, and eight nylon hexagonal studs 9. The base plate 4 serves as a grounded reflector surface, which can suppress back radiation and improve the antenna's forward gain; the nylon hexagonal studs 9 are used for mechanical fixing and insulating support to avoid short circuits or performance degradation caused by aluminum contact.

[0028] Four nylon hexagonal studs 9 pass through the base plate 4 and connect to the metasurface unit 6, fixing the metasurface unit 6 above the base plate 4. Another four nylon hexagonal studs 9 pass through the base plate 4 and connect to the base radiating unit 5, fixing the base radiating unit 5 between the base plate 4 and the metasurface unit 6. The base plate 4 is placed perpendicular to the square closed reflector wall 7, which encloses the four nylon hexagonal studs 9 connecting to the base radiating unit 5. Two coaxial feed lines 8 pass through the middle of the base plate 4 and inside the square closed reflector wall 7, connecting to the base radiating unit 5.

[0029] A square closed reflective wall 7 is placed vertically on the base plate 4. The basic radiation unit 5 is fixed above the base plate 4 by four nylon hexagonal studs 9. The metasurface unit 6 is fixed above the basic radiation unit 5 by the other four nylon hexagonal studs 9.

[0030] like Figure 5 As shown, two pairs of radial patches are printed on the lower surface of the base radiating unit 5. Figure 6 As shown, two clamp-shaped microstrip feed lines 11 pass through... Figure 7 The two short-circuit pins 12 shown enable synchronous power supply to the radial patches. The inner conductors of the two coaxial feed lines 8 are respectively connected to the two microstrip feed lines 11, and the outer conductors are respectively connected to the two pairs of radial patches.

[0031] Each pair of radial patches includes two ring dipoles 10. The ring dipoles 10 have a rectangular structure, extending inwards and branching at their ends to form open-circuit dipoles. The ends of the ring dipoles 10 form a Y-shape with an included angle of 90°. Both branches are fed simultaneously, and the alternating current generates an alternating electromagnetic field, thus enabling the antenna array 1 to achieve high radiation efficiency at the center frequency. The Y-shaped structure portion (L2 + L3) of the ring dipoles 10 generates the first main resonant point. The Y-shaped structure ends alter the current distribution, exciting higher-order resonant modes that approach and merge with the main resonant point, significantly widening the impedance bandwidth of the antenna array 1. This is one of the core mechanisms for achieving broadband characteristics. The Y-shaped structure end design extends the current path, effectively expanding the impedance bandwidth and improving low-frequency matching.

[0032] like Figure 7As shown, the two clamp-shaped microstrip feed lines 11 are two perpendicularly intersecting aluminum conductors. The ends of the aluminum conductors fork and extend outwards, and the front ends of the aluminum conductors are connected to rectangular aluminum sheets to connect to the inner conductor of the coaxial feed line 8. To prevent the two microstrip feed lines 11 from contacting each other, a short-circuit pin 12 is used to achieve vertical spatial spacing at the intersection.

[0033] The inner conductor of the coaxial feeder 8 extends upward and connects to the rectangular aluminum sheet. When the rectangular aluminum sheet of one of the aluminum conductors extends forward, it is disconnected at both ends at the intersection to avoid contact with the other aluminum conductor, forming three parts: the front end, the middle part, and the end of the aluminum conductor. The front end and the end of the aluminum conductor are on the same plane as the other aluminum conductor, and the middle part is located directly below the other aluminum conductor. The front end and the end of the aluminum conductor are connected to the two ends of the middle part by two shorting pins 12, forming a vertical spatial interval.

[0034] like Figure 8 As shown, the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 79 (6.265-6.425 GHz) includes four L-shaped patches 13, four rectangular patches 14, one cross-shaped patch 15, and one rectangular ring 16. The side length of the L-shaped patch 13 is equal to one-sixth of the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating band, and the side length of the rectangular patch 14 is one-seventh of the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating band. There is a gap between each patch.

[0035] Four L-shaped patches 13 are arranged in a square with their four corners facing each other. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches 13 all face the center of the metasurface unit 6. Four rectangular patches 14 are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches 13. A cross-shaped patch 15 is located at the center of the metasurface unit 6. A rectangular ring 16 is located outside the four L-shaped patches 13.

[0036] like Figure 9 As shown, the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 111 (6.425-6.585 GHz) includes four L-shaped patches 13, five oblique cross-shaped patches 17 tilted at a 45° angle to the horizontal direction, and one rectangular ring 16. The side length of the L-shaped patch 13 is equal to one-sixth of the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating band, and the side length of the oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is one-seventh of the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating band. There is a gap between each patch.

[0037] The four L-shaped patches 13 are arranged in a square with their four corners facing each other. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches 13 all face the center of the metasurface unit 6. The four oblique cross-shaped patches 17 are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches 13, and the fifth oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is located at the center of the metasurface unit 6. The rectangular ring 16 is located outside the four L-shaped patches 13.

[0038] like Figure 10As shown, the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 143 (6.585-6.745 GHz) includes four L-shaped patches 13, four I-shaped patches 18, one square patch 19, and one rectangular ring 16. The side length of the L-shaped patch 13 is equal to one-sixth of the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating frequency band, and there is a gap between each patch.

[0039] Four L-shaped patches 13 are arranged in a square with their four corners facing each other. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches 13 all face the center of the metasurface unit 6. Four I-shaped patches 18 are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches 13. The long side of each I-shaped patch 18 is parallel to the edge of the rectangular ring 16 on the same side. A square patch 19 is located at the center of the metasurface unit 6. The rectangular ring 16 is located outside the four L-shaped patches 13.

[0040] like Figure 11 As shown, the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 175 (6.745-6.905 GHz) includes four L-shaped patches 13, four U-shaped patches 20, and one rectangular ring 16. The side length of the L-shaped patches 13 and the side length of the U-shaped patches 20 are both equal to one-sixth of the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating frequency band, and there is a gap between each patch.

[0041] Four L-shaped patches 13 are arranged in a square with their four corners facing each other. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches 13 all face the center of the metasurface unit 6. Four U-shaped patches 20 are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches 13. The openings of the four U-shaped patches 20 all face the outside of the metasurface unit 6. A rectangular ring 16 is located outside the four L-shaped patches 13.

[0042] In this embodiment, the reflective wall 3, the base plate 4, the square closed reflective wall 7, the L-shaped patch 13, the rectangular patch 14, the cross-shaped patch 15, the rectangular ring 16, the oblique cross-shaped patch 17, the I-shaped patch 18, the square patch 19, and the U-shaped patch 20 are all made of aluminum.

[0043] For the physical structures of the four metasurface elements 6 described above, each patch can be considered a subwavelength LC resonator, where L is the inductance, originating from the equivalent current path on the patch surface, and C is the capacitance, originating from the charge accumulation effect between patches or between patches and the metal backplate. When the electromagnetic wave radiated by the antenna element 1 passes through the metasurface element, it excites the patch to resonate, thereby changing the local wave impedance and propagation phase. The metasurface element generates local resonance with the incident electromagnetic wave, changing the equivalent wave impedance and propagation phase, thereby optimizing the aperture efficiency and radiation characteristics of the antenna element 1.

[0044] To reveal the high-gain mechanism of the physical structures of the four metasurface units 6 under different channels, this embodiment establishes as follows: Figure 12The equivalent circuit model is shown. To simplify the electromagnetic analysis process and accurately characterize the scattering characteristics of the metasurface unit 6, this embodiment performs full-wave electromagnetic simulation on the metasurface unit 6. By setting waveguide ports in the space above and below the metasurface unit 6, its transmission phase and amplitude indicators are accurately captured. In this equivalent circuit model, G1 and G2 are waveguide ports set during full-wave electromagnetic simulation, and transmission lines TL1 and TL3 respectively simulate the air layer between the simulation port and the metasurface structure; transmission line TL2 is used to simulate the electrical characteristics of the dielectric substrate in the metasurface unit 6. Although the geometric topologies of the above four metasurface units 6 are different (including L-shaped patch 13, rectangular patch 14, cross-shaped patch 15, oblique cross-shaped patch 17, I-shaped patch 18, square patch 19 and U-shaped patch 20 respectively), their electromagnetic physical essence can be uniformly mapped to the same resonant network topology composed of inductor L and capacitor C. The equivalent circuit model structure consists of a series branch Q1 and a parallel branch Q2 cascaded together. The series branch Q1 comprises resistors R2 and R3, inductors L2 and L3, and capacitors C2 and C3. The parallel branch Q2 comprises resistors R1 and R4, inductors L1 and L4, and capacitors C1 and C4. By selectively optimizing the geometric dimensions of each metasurface unit 6, precise control of the inductance L and capacitance C parameters in the equivalent circuit model can be achieved. This allows each equivalent circuit model to generate controlled resonance at its corresponding channel center frequency, thereby ensuring good transmission performance while effectively controlling the local wave impedance and radiation phase.

[0045] right Figure 12 The equivalent circuit model shown is illustrated in Table 1. The circuit element parameters in the equivalent circuit model corresponding to the metasurface unit 6 of the antenna array 1 for different channels are shown in Table 1.

[0046] Table 1. Circuit element parameters of antenna array 1 for different channels

[0047] The physical topology of the four metasurface units 6 can all be divided into two main parts: an internal radiation region and an external control region. The physical structures of the internal radiation regions differ, but can all be equivalently represented as... Figure 13 The series branch Q1 in the middle; the external control region differs only in structural parameters, but its physical structure and working principle are exactly the same, and can be equivalent to Figure 13 The parallel branch Q2 in the model is described below. The mapping relationship between the physical structure of the internal radiation region and the circuit elements of the four metasurface units 6 is explained in detail below.

[0048] like Figure 13As shown, for the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 79 (6.265-6.425GHz), four rectangular patches 14 and one cross-shaped patch 15 form the internal radiation region; four L-shaped patches 13 and one rectangular ring 16 form the external control region. The four rectangular patches 14 are equivalent to series connections of inductors L and resistors R, respectively. The cross-shaped patch 15 is equivalent to two sets of series coupling structures of inductors L and resistors R. Specifically, the mapping relationship is as follows: the first rectangular patch is equivalent to series connection of resistor R3a and inductor L3a; the second rectangular patch is equivalent to series connection of resistor R2c and inductor L2c; the third rectangular patch is equivalent to series connection of resistor R3c and inductor L3c; the fourth rectangular patch is equivalent to series connection of resistor R2a and inductor L2a; and the cross-shaped patch 15 is equivalent to series coupling structures of resistors R2b and inductor L2b, and resistors R3b and inductor L3b. The four rectangular patches 14 and one cross-shaped patch 15 are equivalent to series coupling structures of resistors R2b, inductor L2b, resistors R3b, and inductor L3b. The gaps between the I-shaped patches 15 contain coupling capacitors, which are equivalent to capacitors C3a, C2b, C3b, and C2a, respectively. The circuit components are divided into two groups: horizontal (resistor R2a, inductor L2a, capacitor C2a, resistor R2b, inductor L2b, capacitor C2b, resistor R2c, inductor L2c) and vertical (resistor R3a, inductor L3a, capacitor C3a, resistor R3b, inductor L3b, capacitor C3b, resistor R3c, inductor L3c). Components within each group are connected in series, and components between groups are connected in parallel. The four L-shaped patches 13 are equivalent to two sets of series-coupled structures of inductors L and resistors R. The rectangular ring 16 is equivalent to... Eight sets of series-connected inductors L and resistors R are arranged near the four L-shaped patches 13. Due to the symmetry of this structure, the mapping relationship of the four L-shaped patches 13 is exactly the same. Here, we take two L-shaped patches 13 as examples for specific explanation. The horizontal part of the first L-shaped patch 13 and the rectangular ring 16 next to it are equivalent to the series connection of resistor R1b and inductor L1b, and resistor R1a and inductor L1a, respectively. There is a coupling capacitor between them, which is equivalent to capacitor C1a. There is also a coupling capacitor between the first L-shaped patch 13 and the adjacent rectangular patch 14, which is equivalent to capacitor C1b. The circuit components are connected in parallel. Similarly, the horizontal portions of the four L-shaped patches 13 are equivalent to the same circuit topology. The vertical portion of the second L-shaped patch 13 and the rectangular ring 16 adjacent to it are equivalent to the series connection of resistor R4b and inductor L4b, and the series connection of resistor R4a and inductor L4a, respectively. There is a coupling capacitor between them, which is equivalent to capacitor C4a. There is also a coupling capacitor between the second L-shaped patch 13 and the adjacent rectangular patch 14, which is equivalent to capacitor C4b. The circuit components are connected in parallel. Similarly, the vertical portions of the four L-shaped patches 13 are equivalent to the same circuit topology.

[0049] like Figure 14As shown, for the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 111 (6.425-6.585GHz), five oblique cross-shaped patches 17 tilted at a 45° angle to the horizontal direction constitute the internal radiation region; four L-shaped patches 13 and a rectangular ring 16 constitute the external control region. The four outermost oblique cross-shaped patches 17 are equivalent to series connections of inductors L and resistors R, respectively. The central oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is equivalent to two sets of series-coupled structures of inductors L and resistors R. Specifically, the mapping relationships are as follows: the first outermost oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R3a and inductor L3a; the second outermost oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R2c and inductor L2c; the third outermost oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R3c and inductor L3c; the fourth outermost oblique cross-shaped patch 17 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R2a and inductor L2a; and the central oblique cross-shaped patch 17... The structure is equivalent to a series coupling structure of resistors R2b and L2b, and resistors R3b and L3b. The gaps between the five oblique cross-shaped patches 17 contain coupling capacitors, which are equivalent to capacitors C3a, C2b, C3b, and C2a, respectively. The circuit elements are divided into two groups: horizontal (R2a, L2a, C2a, R2b, L2b, C2b, R2c, L2c) and vertical (R3a, L3a, C3a, R3b, L3b, C3b, R3c, L3c). Elements within each group are connected in series, and elements between groups are connected in parallel. The mapping relationship between the external control area and the external control area of ​​the metasurface unit 6 of the channel 79 antenna array 1 is completely identical.

[0050] like Figure 15As shown, for the metasurface element of antenna array 1 operating in channel 143 (6.585-6.745GHz), four I-shaped patches 18 and one square patch 19 constitute the internal radiation region; four L-shaped patches 13 and a rectangular ring 16 constitute the external control region. The four I-shaped patches 18 are equivalent to series connections of inductors L and resistors R, respectively, and the one square patch 19 is equivalent to two sets of series-coupled structures of inductors L and resistors R. Specifically, the mapping relationships are as follows: the first I-shaped patch 18 is equivalent to a series connection of resistor R3a and inductor L3a; the second I-shaped patch 18 is equivalent to a series connection of resistor R2c and inductor L2c; the third I-shaped patch 18 is equivalent to a series connection of resistor R3c and inductor L3c; the fourth I-shaped patch 18 is equivalent to a series connection of resistor R2a and inductor L2a; and the square patch 19 is equivalent to resistor R2b, inductor L2b, and resistor R3b. The series coupling structure of inductor L3b has coupling capacitors between the gaps of the four I-shaped patches 18 and the square patches 19, which are equivalent to capacitors C3a, C2b, C3b, and C2a, respectively. The circuit components are divided into two groups: horizontal (resistor R2a, inductor L2a, capacitor C2a, resistor R2b, inductor L2b, capacitor C2b, resistor R2c, inductor L2c) and vertical (resistor R3a, inductor L3a, capacitor C3a, resistor R3b, inductor L3b, capacitor C3b, resistor R3c, inductor L3c). Components within each group are connected in series, and components between groups are connected in parallel. The mapping relationship between the external control area and the external control area of ​​the metasurface unit 6 of the channel 79 antenna array 1 is exactly the same.

[0051] like Figure 16 As shown, for the metasurface element of antenna array 1 operating in channel 175 (6.745-6.905GHz), the four U-shaped patches 20 are the internal radiation region; the four L-shaped patches 13 and the rectangular ring 16 are the external control region. The four U-shaped patches 20 are equivalent to series connections of inductor L and resistor R, respectively. The specific mapping relationship is as follows: the first U-shaped patch 20 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R3a and inductor L3a, the second U-shaped patch 20 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R2b and inductor L2b, the third U-shaped patch 20 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R3b and inductor L3b, and the fourth U-shaped patch 20 is equivalent to series connection of resistor R2a and inductor L2a. There are coupling capacitors between the four U-shaped patches 20, which are equivalent to capacitors C2a and C3a, respectively. The circuit components are divided into two groups: horizontal (resistor R2a, inductor L2a, capacitor C2a, resistor R2b, inductor L2b) and vertical (resistor R3a, inductor L3a, capacitor C3a, resistor R3b, inductor L3b). The components within each group are connected in series, and the components between groups are connected in parallel. The mapping relationship between the external control region and the external control region of the metasurface element 6 of the channel 79 antenna array 1 is exactly the same.

[0052] Based on the physical structure and circuit element mapping relationship of the metasurface element 6 described above, the equivalent circuit diagram of the original lumped element was constructed. Specifically, the metasurface element 6 of antenna elements 1 in channels 79, 111, and 143 are all equivalent to the following: Figure 17 The circuit diagram shown can be simplified by combining the series components of the resistors (R2a-R2c and R3a-R3c), inductors (L2a-L2c and L3a-L3c), and capacitors (C2a-C2b and C3a-C3b). Figure 12 The series branch Q1 in the circuit; the parallel components of the circuit, namely resistors (R1a-R1h and R4a-R4h), inductors (L1a-L1h and L4a-L4h), and capacitors (C1a-C1h and C4a-C4h), are combined and simplified to: Figure 12 The parallel branch Q2 in the circuit is used to obtain the proposed equivalent circuit model. The metasurface element 6 of the channel 175 antenna array 1 is equivalent to the following: Figure 18 The circuit diagram shown can be simplified by combining the series resistors (R2a, R2b, R3a, and R3b), inductors (L2a, L2b, L3, and L3b), and capacitors (C2a and C3a) into the following form: Figure 12 The series branch Q1 in the circuit; the parallel components of the circuit, namely resistors (R1a-R1h and R4a-R4h), inductors (L1a-L1h and L4a-L4h), and capacitors (C1a-C1h and C4a-C4h), are combined and simplified to: Figure 12 By connecting the parallel branch Q2 in the circuit, the proposed equivalent circuit model is finally obtained.

[0053] In this example, the base plate 4 is made of aluminum, and the basic radiating unit 5 and the metasurface unit 6 are both made of FR-4 (Flame Retardant Type 4) material. The relative permittivity of the FR-4 material used in this example is 4.3; the characteristic impedance of the coaxial feeder 8 is 50Ω.

[0054] In embodiments of the present invention, other structural dimensions are shown in Table 2: Table 2 Dimensions of each structure

[0055] Wherein: Gw is the side length of the base plate 4, H is the distance between the basic radiating unit 5 and the base plate 4, H1 is the distance between the metasurface unit 6 and the base plate 4, Hr is the height of the square closed reflector wall 7, Hs is the thickness of the base plate 4, the basic radiating unit 5 and the metasurface unit 6, l is the length of the metasurface unit 6, L1 is the length of the basic radiating unit 5, L2 is the arm length from the bending point to the bifurcation point of the Y-shaped open dipole formed by the inward bending of the two arms of the radial patch, L3 is the arm length of the extended arm after the bifurcation of the Y-shaped open dipole formed by the inward bending of the two arms of the radial patch, Lf1 is the arm length of the long arm of the microstrip feed line 11, Lf2 is the arm length of the middle arm (middle part) of the microstrip feed line 11, Lf3 is the arm length of the short arm of the microstrip feed line 11, and Lr is the width of the square closed reflector wall 7. q is the width of the rectangular ring 16 outside the metasurface element 6 of the four types of antenna array 1. For the metasurface element 6 of antenna array 1 operating in channel 79 (6.265-6.425GHz), p is the width of the four L-shaped patches 13, k is the distance from the center of the rectangular patch 14 to the center of the cross-shaped patch 15, m is the length of the long side of the cross-shaped patch 15, s is the length of the short side of the cross-shaped patch 15, and n is the width of the four rectangular patches 14. For the metasurface element 6 of antenna array 1 operating in channel 111 (6.425-6.585GHz), p1 is the length of the four L-shaped patches 13, k1 is the distance from the center of the outermost oblique cross-shaped patch 17 to the center of the middle oblique cross-shaped patch 17, m1 is the length of the long side of the five oblique cross-shaped patches 17, s1 is the length of the short side of the five oblique cross-shaped patches 17, and n1 is the width of the four L-shaped patches 13. For the metasurface element 6 of the antenna array 1 operating in channel 143 (6.585-6.745GHz), p2 is the length of the four L-shaped patches 13, k2 is the distance from the center of the I-shaped patch 18 to the center of the square patch 19, and n2 is the width of the four L-shaped patches 13 and the width of the four I-shaped patches 18. For the metasurface element 6 of antenna element 1 operating in channel 175 (6.745-6.905GHz), p3 is the length of the four L-shaped patches 13, k3 is the distance between the center of the U-shaped patch 20 and the center of the L-shaped patch 13, n3 is the width of the four L-shaped patches 13 and the width of the four U-shaped patches 20, W1 is the width of the two arms of the radial patch, W2 is the spacing at the inward bend of the two arms of the radial patch, W3 is the width from the bend to the bifurcation of the Y-shaped open dipole formed by the inward bend of the two arms of the radial patch, W4 is the width of the extended arm after the bifurcation of the Y-shaped open dipole formed by the inward bend of the two arms of the radial patch, W5 is the spacing between the radial patches, Wf is the width of the microstrip feed line 11, and g is the distance between two antenna elements 1 in the same antenna group.

[0056] like Figure 20As shown, the amplitude-frequency response curve obtained from the equivalent circuit model of antenna element 1 operating in channel 79 exhibits a high degree of consistency with the full-wave electromagnetic simulation results within the target frequency band (6.265-6.425GHz). The resonant point offset is extremely small and its trend perfectly matches the actual value, which fully verifies the physical mapping circuit model established in this embodiment (e.g., ...). Figure 12 The accuracy and scientific validity of the results (as shown) are further analyzed. Further analysis reveals that at the center frequency of channel 79 (6.345 GHz), both simulation methods demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits good transmittance (|S...). 21 | The -3dB indicates that the structure has good impedance matching and extremely low electromagnetic wave energy loss within the corresponding frequency band. This excellent transmission performance ensures that the signal radiated by antenna element 1 can efficiently pass through the metasurface layer, and through precise phase-controlled translation, the peak antenna gain is accurately guided to the frequency range of each target channel.

[0057] like Figure 21 As shown, the amplitude-frequency response curve obtained from the equivalent circuit model of antenna element 1 operating in channel 111 exhibits a high degree of consistency with the full-wave electromagnetic simulation results within the target frequency band (6.425-6.585GHz). The resonant point offset is extremely small and its changing trend perfectly matches, which fully verifies the physical mapping circuit model established in this embodiment (e.g., ...). Figure 12 The accuracy and scientific validity of the results (as shown in the figure) are further analyzed. Further analysis reveals that at the center frequency of channel 111 (6.505 GHz), both simulation methods demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits good transmittance (|S...). 21 | The -3dB indicates that the structure has good impedance matching and extremely low electromagnetic wave energy loss within the corresponding frequency band. This excellent transmission performance ensures that the signal radiated by antenna element 1 can efficiently pass through the metasurface layer, and through precise phase-controlled translation, the peak antenna gain is accurately guided to the frequency range of each target channel.

[0058] like Figure 22 As shown, the amplitude-frequency response curve obtained from the equivalent circuit model of antenna element 1 operating in channel 143 exhibits a high degree of consistency with the full-wave electromagnetic simulation results within the target frequency band (6.585-6.745GHz). Its resonant point offset is extremely small and its trend perfectly matches the simulation results. This fully verifies the physical mapping circuit model established in this embodiment (e.g., ...). Figure 12 The accuracy and scientific validity of the results (as shown in the figure) are further analyzed. Further analysis reveals that at the center frequency of channel 143 (6.665 GHz), both simulation methods demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits good transmittance (|S...). 21 | The -3dB indicates that the structure has good impedance matching and extremely low electromagnetic wave energy loss within the corresponding frequency band. This excellent transmission performance ensures that the signal radiated by antenna element 1 can efficiently pass through the metasurface layer, and through precise phase-controlled translation, the peak antenna gain is accurately guided to the frequency range of each target channel.

[0059] like Figure 23 As shown, the amplitude-frequency response curve obtained from the equivalent circuit model of antenna element 1 operating in channel 175 exhibits a high degree of consistency with the full-wave electromagnetic simulation results within the target frequency band (6.745-6.905GHz). The resonant point offset is extremely small and its trend perfectly matches the model, which fully verifies the physical mapping circuit model established in this embodiment (e.g., ...). Figure 12 The accuracy and scientific validity of the results (as shown in the figure) are further analyzed. Further analysis reveals that at the center frequency of 6.825 GHz in channel 175, both simulation methods demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits good transmittance (|S...). 21 | The -3dB indicates that the structure has good impedance matching and extremely low electromagnetic wave energy loss within the corresponding frequency band. This excellent transmission performance ensures that the signal radiated by antenna element 1 can efficiently pass through the metasurface layer, and through precise phase-controlled translation, the peak antenna gain is accurately guided to the frequency range of each target channel.

[0060] like Figure 19 As shown, the peak realized gains of the four antenna elements 1 are 9.84dBi, 9.88dBi, 9.84dBi, and 9.86dBi, respectively, falling within the frequency ranges of channel 79 (6.265-6.425GHz), channel 111 (6.425-6.585GHz), channel 143 (6.585-6.745GHz), and channel 175 (6.745-6.905GHz). The antenna element 1 operating within its corresponding channel exhibits the highest realized gain. Therefore, the four antenna elements 1 described in this embodiment achieve optimal realized gains across four different 160MHz wide channels, resulting in the strongest energy focusing capability and highest operating efficiency within their respective channels.

[0061] The radiation direction of antenna element 1 operating in channel 79 (6.265-6.425 GHz) at the 6.345 GHz frequency point is as follows: Figure 24 As shown, the pattern does not exhibit significant distortion in the ±45° polarization direction and possesses stable radiation pattern characteristics.

[0062] The radiation direction of antenna element 1 operating in channel 111 (6.425-6.585 GHz) at the 6.505 GHz frequency point is as follows: Figure 25As shown, the pattern does not exhibit significant distortion in the ±45° polarization direction and possesses stable radiation pattern characteristics.

[0063] The radiation direction of antenna element 1 operating in channel 143 (6.585-6.745 GHz) at the 6.665 GHz frequency point is as follows: Figure 26 As shown, the pattern does not exhibit significant distortion in the ±45° polarization direction and possesses stable radiation pattern characteristics.

[0064] The radiation direction of antenna element 1 operating in channel 175 (6.745-6.905 GHz) at the 6.825 GHz frequency point is as follows: Figure 27 As shown, the pattern does not exhibit significant distortion in the ±45° polarization direction and possesses stable radiation pattern characteristics.

[0065] The simulation results of antenna element 1 in this embodiment are shown in Table 3: Table 3 Simulation results of antenna element 1

[0066] This embodiment optimizes the structure of antenna element 1 to achieve synergistic performance improvement in three aspects: gain, impedance bandwidth, and aperture efficiency, rather than sacrificing certain performance aspects to improve a single performance. This is beneficial for improving the range of wireless coverage and communication efficiency in dense scenarios.

[0067] In this embodiment, antenna array 1 is divided into four groups and arranged horizontally to achieve 360° horizontal coverage. The four antenna groups can work simultaneously and independently on different channels, supporting multi-channel parallel transmission. This makes full use of wireless channel resources and is more suitable for the high communication capacity and high throughput requirements of wireless coverage in dense scenarios.

[0068] The main materials of antenna array 1 in this embodiment are aluminum and FR-4 dielectric substrate, which are low in material cost and easy to manufacture. Although each antenna group operates on a different channel, they are structurally identical except for the metasurface elements, which is more conducive to mass production and can further reduce production costs.

[0069] It should be understood that the above description is for illustrative purposes and not for limitation. Many embodiments and applications beyond the provided examples will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the above description. Therefore, the scope of this application should not be determined by reference to the above description, but rather by reference to the foregoing claims and the full scope of their equivalents. For purposes of completeness, all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated herein by reference. The omission of any aspect of the subject matter disclosed herein in the foregoing claims is not intended as a waiver of that subject matter, nor should it be construed as an indication that the applicant has not considered that subject matter as part of the disclosed inventive subject matter.

Claims

1. A broadband high-realization-gain array antenna, characterized in that, It includes eight antenna elements distributed on the same plane (1); Each antenna element (1) includes a base plate (4) and a coaxial feed line (8); A basic radiation unit (5) is provided above the base plate (4), and a metasurface unit (6) is connected above the basic radiation unit (5); a square closed reflective wall (7) is vertically connected to the upper surface of the base plate (4), and the square closed reflective wall (7) is located directly below the basic radiation unit (5) and encloses the space below the basic radiation unit (5); Two pairs of radial patches are provided on the lower surface of the basic radiation unit (5), and two intersecting microstrip feed lines (11) are provided on the upper surface of the basic radiation unit (5). The top of the coaxial feed line (8) passes through the bottom plate (4) and the square closed reflector wall (7), and connects the microstrip feed line (11) and the radial patches. The eight antenna elements (1) are grouped into four groups, each facing one of the four directions. The four antenna groups include the first antenna group, the second antenna group, the third antenna group, and the fourth antenna group. The base plate (4) of the eight antenna elements (1) is connected in sequence to form an annular cavity (2).

2. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, Reflective walls (3) are provided at the four outer corners of the annular cavity (2).

3. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, There are two coaxial feed lines (8). The inner conductors of the two coaxial feed lines (8) are connected to two microstrip feed lines (11) respectively, and the outer conductors are connected to two pairs of radial patches respectively.

4. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, Each pair of radial patches includes two annular dipoles (10). The annular dipoles (10) have a rectangular structure, extend into the rectangle and fork at the end to form an open-circuit dipole. The ends of the annular dipoles (10) are Y-shaped with an included angle of 90°.

5. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The two microstrip feed lines (11) are two aluminum conductors that are perpendicular to each other. The ends of the aluminum conductors are forked and extend outward. The front end of the aluminum conductors is connected to a rectangular aluminum sheet. The rectangular aluminum sheet of one of the aluminum conductors is broken at both ends at the intersection, forming three parts: the front end of the aluminum conductor, the middle part, and the end of the aluminum conductor. The front end and the end of the aluminum conductor are on the same plane as the other aluminum conductor. The middle part is located directly below the other aluminum conductor. The front end and the end of the aluminum conductor are connected to the two ends of the middle part by two short-circuit pins (12).

6. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metasurface unit (6) of the antenna array (1) in the first antenna group includes 4 L-shaped patches (13), 4 rectangular patches (14), 1 cross-shaped patch (15) and 1 rectangular ring (16). Four L-shaped patches (13) are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches (13) all face the center of the metasurface unit (6). Four rectangular patches (14) are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches (13). A cross-shaped patch (15) is located at the center of the metasurface unit (6). A rectangular ring (16) is located outside the four L-shaped patches (13).

7. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metasurface unit (6) of the antenna array (1) in the second antenna group includes 4 L-shaped patches (13), 5 oblique cross-shaped patches (17) tilted at a 45° angle to the horizontal direction, and 1 rectangular ring (16). Four L-shaped patches (13) are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches (13) all face the center of the metasurface unit (6). Four oblique cross-shaped patches (17) are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches (13), and the fifth oblique cross-shaped patch (17) is located at the center of the metasurface unit (6). A rectangular ring (16) is located outside the four L-shaped patches (13).

8. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metasurface unit (6) of the antenna array (1) in the third antenna group includes 4 L-shaped patches (13), 4 I-shaped patches (18), 1 square patch (19) and 1 rectangular ring (16). Four L-shaped patches (13) are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches (13) all face the center of the metasurface unit (6). Four I-shaped patches (18) are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches (13). The long side of each I-shaped patch (18) is parallel to the edge of the rectangular ring (16) on the same side. The square patch (19) is located at the center of the metasurface unit (6). The rectangular ring (16) is located outside the four L-shaped patches (13).

9. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metasurface unit (6) of the antenna element (1) in the fourth antenna group includes 4 L-shaped patches (13), 4 U-shaped patches (20) and 1 rectangular ring (16). Four L-shaped patches (13) are arranged in a square with the four corners of the square. The inner corners of the four L-shaped patches (13) all face the center of the metasurface unit (6). Four U-shaped patches (20) are located between two adjacent L-shaped patches (13). The openings of the four U-shaped patches (20) all face the outside of the metasurface unit (6). A rectangular ring (16) is located outside the four L-shaped patches (13).

10. The broadband high-realization-gain array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, Within each antenna group, the distance between antenna elements (1) is half the wavelength of the center frequency of the operating frequency band of each antenna group.

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