Perovskite photovoltaic device thermal management apparatus and method suitable for extreme environments

Abstract

This invention discloses a thermal management device and method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, belonging to the field of photovoltaic module thermal management technology. It addresses the technical problem of poor thermal stability and reliability of existing perovskite photovoltaic devices under extreme conditions such as vacuum and / or large temperature difference, which restricts their application. The invention comprises a perovskite photovoltaic device body, a thermoelectric cooling component, and a phase change heat dissipation component arranged sequentially. One side of the thermoelectric cooling component is connected to the perovskite photovoltaic device body through a thermal interface connection layer, and the other side of the thermoelectric cooling component is connected to the phase change heat dissipation component through the same thermal interface connection layer. This invention offers advantages such as good temperature stability and suitability for thermal management of perovskite photovoltaic devices in extreme environments.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of thermal management technology for perovskite photovoltaic devices, and specifically to a thermal management device and method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite photovoltaic devices possess excellent light absorption performance, adjustable bandgap, and low-cost fabrication processes. Over the past decade, their photoelectric conversion efficiency has increased from an initial 3.8% to over 27%, demonstrating enormous commercial potential. However, their insufficient long-term stability, especially degradation under thermal stress, has become one of the key bottlenecks restricting their application.

[0003] In practical operation, perovskite photovoltaic devices are often subjected to continuous illumination and rising temperatures. When the temperature exceeds 85 °C, the perovskite material is prone to structural instability due to the loss of volatile components and ion migration, leading to a rapid decline in device efficiency. Existing research has attempted to improve the thermal stability of perovskite thin films through component engineering, additive doping, and surface passivation. However, these measures largely rely on material modification, have limited universality, and cannot fundamentally eliminate the degradation risk caused by heat accumulation. Especially in extreme environments, the thermal stability of perovskite photovoltaic devices is even more fragile. For example, in outer space, devices must withstand large temperature differences ranging from -50 °C to 100 °C, and traditional convection-based heat dissipation methods fail under vacuum conditions, requiring heat exchange only through conduction and radiation. Existing encapsulation and cooling designs are mostly based on terrestrial applications and lack optimization for vacuum and large temperature difference conditions, thus failing to guarantee the reliability of perovskite photovoltaic devices under extreme conditions. This severely restricts their widespread adoption in aerospace and satellite energy fields.

[0004] In summary, thermal management of perovskite photovoltaic devices has become a major challenge restricting their commercialization and aerospace applications. Existing material modification and traditional electronic heat dissipation solutions have limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to propose an innovative external thermal management strategy that combines efficient heat dissipation, environmental adaptability, and structural compatibility to ensure the stable operation of perovskite photovoltaic devices under both normal and extreme thermal conditions, ultimately improving their long-term stability and application reliability. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is that existing perovskite photovoltaic devices have poor thermal stability and reliability under extreme conditions such as vacuum and / or large temperature difference, which restricts their application. Therefore, a thermal management device and method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments is proposed.

[0006] This invention is achieved through the following technical solution: A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments includes a perovskite photovoltaic device body, a thermoelectric cooling component, and a phase change heat dissipation component arranged sequentially. One side of the thermoelectric cooling component is connected to the perovskite photovoltaic device body through a thermal interface connection layer, and the other side of the thermoelectric cooling component is connected to the phase change heat dissipation component through a thermal interface connection layer.

[0007] This invention addresses the vulnerability of perovskite photovoltaic devices to thermal in extreme environments. For example, in outer space, devices must withstand large temperature fluctuations ranging from -50°C to 100°C, and traditional convection-based heat dissipation methods fail under vacuum conditions, leaving only conduction and radiation for heat exchange. Therefore, a thermoelectric cooling component is incorporated into the perovskite photovoltaic device to cool it via heat conduction. The heat generated by the thermoelectric cooling component is then processed by a phase-change cooling component. By coupling the passive buffering of phase-change cooling with the active cooling of Peltier sensors, thermal stress-induced performance degradation is suppressed, thus constructing a hybrid thermal management system capable of operating under extreme conditions such as large temperature differences, low convection, and vacuum.

[0008] When heat dissipation is required for perovskite photovoltaic devices, the side of the thermoelectric cooling component connected to the perovskite photovoltaic device body is controlled as the cold side, and the side connected to the phase change heat dissipation component is controlled as the hot side. In extreme cases, when heat preservation is required for perovskite photovoltaic devices, the side of the thermoelectric cooling component connected to the perovskite photovoltaic device body is controlled as the hot side, and the side connected to the phase change heat dissipation component is controlled as the cold side. By controlling the electrical parameters of the thermoelectric cooling component, heat dissipation or heat preservation under extreme conditions can be achieved.

[0009] This invention preferably provides a thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, wherein the phase change heat dissipation component includes: A container filled with phase change material, the container having a heat dissipation structure on its inner wall or inside, and one side of the container being connected to the hot side of a thermoelectric refrigeration component through a thermal interface connection layer.

[0010] Preferably, the heat dissipation structure is a fin, a needle rib, or a porous metal skeleton to increase the heat exchange area and improve the heat diffusion rate.

[0011] The present invention preferably provides a thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, wherein the phase change material comprises one or a mixture of two of paraffin and n-alkanes.

[0012] This invention preferably provides a thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments. The outer shell of the container is made of a high thermal conductivity material, and a polished or coated layer is provided at the contact point with the thermoelectric cooling component to reduce contact thermal resistance. The phase transition temperature is preferably matched to the target operating temperature range of the device (e.g., 30~40°C), and the melting point can be stepped or broadened by mixing different alkane chain lengths to expand the effective buffer zone.

[0013] Preferably, the high thermal conductivity material includes copper, aluminum, or graphite composite materials, etc.

[0014] The present invention preferably provides a thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, wherein the thermoelectric cooling component is a Peltier device, and the Peltier device is arranged in a multi-piece parallel or partitioned matrix configuration.

[0015] To conform to the heat flow distribution of large-area modules; to cool photovoltaic devices in response to different high external temperatures, the magnitude of the input current of the Peltier can be controlled; since the Peltier temperature is only related to the input current, this design system can play a role in heat preservation for photovoltaic devices at extremely cold temperatures, such as below -50℃.

[0016] The present invention preferably provides a thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, and further includes a controller electrically connected to a thermoelectric cooling component.

[0017] The present invention preferably provides a thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments. The thermal interface connection layer is a thermally conductive paste, a thermally conductive pad, or a phase change thermally conductive sheet, and its volume resistivity and thermal resistance meet the dual requirements of device insulation and low thermal resistance.

[0018] A thermal management method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, implemented using the aforementioned management device, includes: managing heat dissipation of the perovskite photovoltaic device body; when the temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic device body exceeds a preset threshold, controlling a thermoelectric cooling component to operate; the cold surface of the thermoelectric cooling component directly cools the perovskite photovoltaic device body; and the phase change heat dissipation component cools the hot surface of the thermoelectric cooling component.

[0019] The present invention preferably provides a thermal management method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, which further includes thermal insulation management of the perovskite photovoltaic device body in low-temperature environments. When the temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic device body is lower than a preset threshold, the thermoelectric cooling component is controlled to work, and the hot surface of the thermoelectric cooling component directly heats and insulates the perovskite photovoltaic device body.

[0020] The present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects: 1. This invention couples passive buffering of phase change heat dissipation with active cooling of Peltier thermocouples to suppress thermal stress-induced performance degradation, constructing a hybrid thermal management system that can be used under extreme conditions such as large temperature differences, low convection, and vacuum. This system achieves low thermal resistance conduction, controllable heat flow paths, and peak heat load reduction even under extreme conditions, thereby significantly improving the temperature stability and long-term operational reliability of perovskite photovoltaic devices.

[0021] 2. Under strong light irradiation, the present invention can reduce the device temperature from 100℃ to 18℃, a temperature reduction of about 80℃, which is very effective. Attached Figure Description

[0022] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of embodiments of the invention and form part of this application, do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the thermal management device of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 2 This shows the phase change ratio of the phase change material in Example 1 and Comparative Example 3 of the thermal management device of the present invention as a function of temperature.

[0024] Figure 3 This is a comparison diagram showing the heat dissipation effect of the phase change material in Example 1 and Comparative Example 3 of the thermal management device of the present invention over time.

[0025] Figure 4 These are thermal management experimental process diagrams and thermal management effect result diagrams for Comparative Examples 1 and 2 of the present invention, wherein (a) thermal management experimental diagram of Comparative Example 1; (b) thermal management experimental diagram of Comparative Example 2; (c) thermal management effect diagram of Comparative Example 1; and (d) thermal management effect diagram of Comparative Example 2.

[0026] Figure 5 The figures shown are thermal management experimental process diagrams and thermal management effect result diagrams for Embodiments 1 and 3 of the present invention, wherein (a) thermal management experimental diagrams for Embodiments 1 and 3; (b) thermal management effect diagram for Embodiment 1; and (c) thermal management effect diagram for Embodiment 3.

[0027] Component Name: 1-Perovskite photovoltaic device body, 2-thermal interface connection layer, 3-heat dissipation structure, 4-phase change material, 5-thermoelectric cooling component. Detailed Implementation

[0028] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and accompanying drawings. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of the present invention are only used to explain the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0029] Example 1 A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, such as Figure 1As shown, the device includes a perovskite photovoltaic device body 1, a thermoelectric cooling component 5, and a phase change heat dissipation component arranged sequentially. One side of the thermoelectric cooling component 5 is connected to the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1 through a thermal interface connection layer 2, and the other side of the thermoelectric cooling component 5 is connected to the phase change heat dissipation component through the thermal interface connection layer 2. The thermoelectric cooling component 5 is a Peltier device, and the Peltier device is arranged in a multi-piece parallel or partitioned matrix. The input voltage and current of the Peltier device are 4V and 2A, respectively.

[0030] The phase change heat dissipation component includes: The container is filled with phase change material 4, and the inner wall or interior of the container is provided with a heat dissipation structure 3. One side of the container is connected to the hot side of the thermoelectric cooling component 5 through a thermal interface connection layer 2.

[0031] The heat dissipation structure 3 is a finned structure to increase the heat exchange area and improve the heat diffusion rate.

[0032] The phase change material 4 is paraffin wax.

[0033] The container shell is made of a high thermal conductivity material, and a polished or plated layer is provided at the contact point with the thermoelectric cooling component 5 to reduce contact thermal resistance. The phase change temperature is preferably matched to the target operating temperature range of the device (e.g., 30~40°C), and the melting point can be stepped or broadened by mixing different alkane chain lengths to expand the effective buffer zone.

[0034] The high thermal conductivity material includes copper, aluminum, or graphite composite materials.

[0035] It also includes a controller, which is electrically connected to the thermoelectric cooling assembly 5.

[0036] In this embodiment, the thermal interface bonding layer 2 is thermal conductive paste.

[0037] In this embodiment, for the target operating temperature range of 30-40℃ for perovskite photovoltaic devices, three types of paraffin wax with different melting points were selected as phase change materials, namely melting points of approximately 30℃, 35℃, and 40℃. The three paraffin waxes have similar latent heat, density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, with a latent heat of 220 kJ / kg, a density of 0.8 g / cm³, a specific heat of 2 kJ / kg·K, and a thermal conductivity of 0.2 W / m·K. To achieve a broadened phase change effect within this temperature range, the mixing ratio was optimized to allow the three paraffin waxes to gradually melt within the 30-40℃ range, thereby continuously absorbing heat throughout the entire temperature range and preventing efficiency degradation caused by localized overheating.

[0038] To characterize the phase transition process, the melting behavior of each paraffin component is approximated as a function of the liquid phase fraction that gradually changes with increasing temperature. The total liquid phase fraction of the mixture can be expressed as:

[0039] in, , , These represent the liquid phase ratios of the three types of paraffin at temperature T. , , Let the mass fractions of the three paraffins be [values], and let them satisfy the following:

[0040] The least squares numerical fitting method was used to make the mixed liquid phase fraction curve as close as possible to a linear function in the range of 30~40℃.

[0041] Optimization calculation results show that when the mass ratio of the three paraffins with melting points of 30℃, 35℃, and 40℃ is approximately 23:53:24, the phase transition range of the resulting mixed phase change material closely matches the target curve. Figure 2 As shown, an approximately linear broadening phase transition process can be formed within the temperature range of 30~40℃.

[0042] Example 2 A thermal management method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, implemented using the aforementioned management device, includes: managing heat dissipation of the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1; when the temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1 exceeds a preset threshold, controlling the thermoelectric cooling component 5 to operate; the cold surface of the thermoelectric cooling component 5 directly cools the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1; and the phase change heat dissipation component cools the hot surface of the thermoelectric cooling component 5.

[0043] In this embodiment, the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1 is also kept warm in a low-temperature environment. When the temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1 is lower than a preset threshold, the thermoelectric cooling component 5 is controlled to work. The hot surface of the thermoelectric cooling component 5 directly heats and keeps the perovskite photovoltaic device body 1 warm.

[0044] Comparative Example 1 The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the phase change heat dissipation component of the perovskite photovoltaic device does not contain paraffin-related materials and does not use a Peltier module.

[0045] Comparative Example 2 The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the perovskite photovoltaic device is directly connected to the phase change heat dissipation component, and a thermal interface connection layer is set between the two. That is, the Peltier component is not used, and only the phase change heat dissipation component is used for thermal management.

[0046] Comparative Example 3 The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that, as Figure 2As shown, the phase change material uses a single melting point, such as a phase change material with a melting point of 36°C. Its phase change ratio has a steep narrow peak with temperature, and it releases latent heat almost instantaneously, making it impossible to maintain the system within the target temperature range.

[0047] Therefore, this hybrid phase change material method ensures that it can release latent heat throughout the target temperature range, achieving continuous thermal buffering and temperature regulation.

[0048] The heat dissipation results over time were tested for Comparative Example 3, which uses a single paraffin phase change material, and Example 1, which uses an optimal mixed paraffin phase change material. Figure 3 As shown, under the heat dissipation conditions of a single phase change material, there is a significant "temperature plateau" near the melting point, but its duration is very short, and the temperature rises rapidly after melting. However, under the optimal thermal management based on the mixed paraffin, a widened temperature buffer zone is formed in the 30–40℃ range, resulting in a slower and more stable temperature rise and a longer heat absorption duration. After 60 minutes, the device temperature under the mixed paraffin heat dissipation condition is significantly lower than that under the single phase change material heat dissipation condition, indicating that the mixed paraffin thermal management scheme has the advantage of a longer sustained heat absorption time.

[0049] Example 3 The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the input voltage and current of the Peltier component are different; specifically, the voltage is 8V and the current is 4A.

[0050] The phase change heat dissipation components used do not contain phase change materials such as paraffin, and Peltier components are used for heat dissipation.

[0051] The thermal management effects of different embodiments were tested, and the results are as follows: Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown.

[0052] 1. In Comparative Example 1, the phase change heat dissipation component does not contain the phase change material paraffin. The heat dissipation component is connected to the photovoltaic device using a thermal interface material, and a thermal management experiment is conducted under simulated extreme temperatures (~100℃). Figure 4 As shown in a and c, when strong light shines on a photovoltaic device connected to a heat sink without paraffin filling, the surface temperature of the photovoltaic device can reach 120°C, while on a heat sink with paraffin filling, as... Figure 4 As shown in b and 4d, due to the phase change heat dissipation of paraffin, the surface temperature of the photovoltaic device is only 42.3℃ under the same light intensity, and this method can reduce the temperature by up to 80℃.

[0053] 2. In Examples 1 and 3, the photovoltaic module is connected to the Peltier cold surface using a thermal interface material, and then the Peltier hot surface is connected to the phase change heat dissipation component using a thermal interface material. The Peltier is then connected to a power source, such as... Figure 5As shown, this method can achieve cooling of photovoltaic modules under strong sunlight at ~100℃, and the cooling effect depends on the input current and voltage. Figure 5 As shown in Figure b, when a Peltier is applied with a voltage and current of 4V and 2A, the device can cool down to 32.5℃, a temperature drop of approximately 60℃; while when a Peltier is applied with a voltage and current of 8V and 4A, the device can cool down to 18.3℃, a temperature drop of approximately 80℃. Figure 5 As shown in c.

[0054] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and beneficial effects of the present invention. It should be understood that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, characterized in that, The device includes a perovskite photovoltaic device body (1), a thermoelectric cooling component (5), and a phase change heat dissipation component arranged in sequence. One side of the thermoelectric cooling component (5) is connected to the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1) through a thermal interface connection layer (2), and the other side of the thermoelectric cooling component (5) is connected to the phase change heat dissipation component through a thermal interface connection layer (2).

2. The thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phase change heat dissipation component includes: The container is filled with phase change material (4), and the inner wall or interior of the container is provided with a heat dissipation structure (3). One side of the container is connected to the hot side of the thermoelectric cooling component (5) through a thermal interface connection layer (2).

3. A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to claim 2, characterized in that, The phase change material (4) includes one or a mixture of two of paraffin and n-alkanes.

4. A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The outer shell of the container is made of a material with high thermal conductivity.

5. A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The thermoelectric cooling component (5) is a Peltier device, which is arranged in a multi-piece parallel or partitioned matrix configuration.

6. A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, It also includes a controller that is electrically connected to the thermoelectric cooling assembly (5).

7. A thermal management device for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The thermal interface connecting layer (2) is a thermal paste, a thermal pad, or a phase change thermal sheet.

8. A thermal management method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments, characterized in that, The implementation is carried out using the management device according to any one of claims 1-7, including: performing heat dissipation management on the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1); when the temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1) is higher than a preset threshold, controlling the thermoelectric cooling component (5) to work; the cold surface of the thermoelectric cooling component (5) directly cools the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1); and the phase change heat dissipation component cools the hot surface of the thermoelectric cooling component (5).

9. A thermal management method for perovskite photovoltaic devices suitable for extreme environments according to claim 8, characterized in that, It also includes thermal insulation management of the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1) in a low-temperature environment. When the temperature of the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1) is lower than a preset threshold, the thermoelectric cooling component (5) is controlled to work. The hot surface of the thermoelectric cooling component (5) directly heats and insulates the perovskite photovoltaic device body (1).

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