A rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of sodium-based battery technology and provides a rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery. The positive electrode of this battery primarily uses sodium chloride as the positive electrode material, and the electrolyte is mainly composed of sodium salt and AlCl3 as the electrolyte, combined with a solvent that can coordinate with AlCl3. The negative electrode is mainly composed of a functional carbon negative electrode material capable of storing sodium ions. This invention demonstrates for the first time the application of sodium chloride as a conversion-type positive electrode active material in batteries. Furthermore, by combining the sodium chloride positive electrode material with hard carbon-based functional carbon materials capable of storing sodium ions, and constructing an electrolyte using sodium salt and AlCl3 as the electrolyte, stable Na storage / desorption on the negative electrode side can be achieved while fully releasing the reversible NaCl / Cl2 redox reaction, thus achieving excellent battery performance and making it a promising candidate battery system for next-generation energy storage applications.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of sodium-based battery technology and relates to a rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery. The carbon-sodium chloride battery uses sodium chloride (NaCl) as the positive electrode material and a functional carbon-based material that can store sodium ions as the negative electrode material, and can be applied to the field of energy storage. Background Technology

[0002] Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are now widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, concerns about safety, cost, and raw material availability limit the large-scale application of LIBs in grid energy storage. Therefore, developing targeted novel electrochemical systems based on inexpensive and safe electrode materials is crucial, but challenging, for large-scale energy storage.

[0003] Given the abundance and widespread distribution of sodium reserves, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are widely recognized as one of the most promising candidates for the efficient storage and regulation of renewable energy. However, the practical application of SIBs in grid energy storage remains limited by several factors. For example, the energy density of traditional cathode materials based on intercalation / deintercalation mechanisms, such as Prussian blue analogues, polyanionic electrode materials, and layered transition metal oxides, is difficult to achieve, and the complex preparation process further weakens the cost advantage of SIBs. Furthermore, the widespread use of flammable organic electrolytes has raised safety concerns. Therefore, developing a safe, low-cost, and high-energy-density novel electrochemical system is a key objective for expanding the scale of grid energy storage systems, and also a challenging one.

[0004] In existing research, Li / Na-Cl based battery systems often use Li / Na metal or alloyed materials as anodes. Even when a large excess of the material is used, severe parasitic reactions or dendrite formation often result in low cycle life (< 500 cycles) (Zhu, G. et al. Rechargeable Na / Cl2 and Li / Cl2 batteries. Nature 596, 525 (2021); Zhu, G. et al. High-Capacity Rechargeable Li / Cl2 Batteries with Graphite Positive Electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 144, 22505-22513 (2022).). Hard carbon (HC) is the preferred material for commercial sodium-ion batteries, with a capacity of ~300 mAh / g and high electrochemical reversibility. However, HC has not yet been proven to be well-matched with chlorine-based systems. Carbon-based materials with intercalation / extraction or adsorption / desorption characteristics have not yet been used as anodes in chlorine-based battery systems.

[0005] Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common alkali metal salt, utilized throughout almost the entire history of human civilization. With the development of modern chemical engineering, sodium chloride has become the cheapest and most abundant chemical raw material, with an annual production exceeding 290 million tons. A few published studies have explored its application in batteries. For example, Chung et al. achieved a metallization phase transition of sodium chloride at atmospheric pressure through an electrochemical activation process, enabling Na... +Reversible insertion-extraction in sodium chloride (Moeez, I. et al. Enhanced cycle stability of low-cost Na-rich metallic NaClelectrode for advanced Na-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2210370(2023); Moeez, I. et al. Electrochemically induced metallization of NaCl: use of the main component of salt as a cost-effective electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 2060-2068 (2019).). However, excessively high overpotentials (above 2.5 V) and poor cycling performance (≤ 100 cycles) have kept this strategy at the theoretical research level. Wang et al. constructed a reversible chlorine redox flow battery by electrolyzing an aqueous sodium chloride solution, extracting the generated chlorine gas, and storing it in carbon tetrachloride. However, the complex battery structure limits its application prospects (Hou, S. et al. High-energy and low-cost membrane-free chlorine flow battery. Nat. Commun. 13,1281 (2022)). In 2021, US researchers used the reduction reaction of thionyl chloride to generate sodium chloride in situ at the positive electrode during the first discharge of the battery, and then converted it into chlorine gas for energy storage during the charging process (Zhu, G. et al. Rechargeable Na / Cl2 and Li / Cl2 batteries. Nature 596, 525-530 (2021)). However, this method cannot control the distribution and loading of sodium chloride, resulting in a sodium chloride utilization rate of less than 20%, a battery energy density of only 20% of current sodium-ion batteries, and a cycle life that is one to two orders of magnitude lower (Ma, C. et al. Confinement-induced insitu Cl2). – / Cl2 conversion in a cathode enables a lean electrolyte sodium-chlorine battery. ACS Nano 19, 31213-31223 (2025). Furthermore, this system relies on highly corrosive thionyl chloride and produces highly toxic chlorine gas and sulfur dioxide, posing significant safety hazards and environmental risks, and thus lacks application potential.

[0006] Therefore, if sodium chloride (NaCl) cathode materials can be combined with hard carbon (HC) anode materials, assuming that the advantages of both can be utilized simultaneously, the cycle life and practical application potential of sodium chloride batteries can be greatly expanded. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery. Firstly, it demonstrates for the first time the application of sodium chloride as a conversion-type positive electrode active material in batteries. Secondly, it combines sodium chloride (NaCl) positive electrode material with hard carbon (HC)-based functional carbon materials capable of storing sodium ions. By constructing an electrolyte using sodium salt and AlCl3 as the electrolyte, it can achieve stable Na storage / desorption on the negative electrode side while fully releasing the reversible NaCl / Cl2 redox reaction, thus achieving excellent battery performance. Furthermore, the non-flammable electrolyte provides high safety for practical applications, making it a highly promising candidate battery system for next-generation energy storage applications.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention employs a technical solution consisting of the following technical measures.

[0009] In one aspect, the present invention provides a rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery, wherein the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface, or is directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material; the NaCl content in the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material is 45~90 wt%.

[0010] Its electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, combined with a solvent that can form coordination with AlCl3; wherein, the sodium salt is at least one of sodium salt containing cyanide, sodium salt containing fluoride and sodium salt containing amino, and the molar ratio of sodium salt to AlCl3 is 0.1~1.1:1.1~2;

[0011] Its negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode current collector and a sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material on its surface, or directly composed of a sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material; the sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material is composed of a sodium ion-storing functional carbon material and a binder material, wherein the sodium ion-storing functional carbon material is at least one of hard carbon, soft carbon, nitrogen / oxygen / phosphorus doped hard carbon, and graphene. The AlCl3 in the electrolyte is used to form a chloroaluminate complex system. This chloroaluminate complex system causes the NaCl on the positive electrode to be oxidized to generate chlorine gas during the charging process. It also causes the chlorine gas to be reduced to NaCl and deposited on the positive electrode during the discharging process, thereby achieving a reversible relationship between NaCl and chlorine gas on the positive electrode.

[0012] In this document, the carbon-sodium chloride battery is based on the common knowledge of sodium-based batteries in the prior art. Those skilled in the art can select a suitable process to prepare the carbon-sodium chloride battery based on the conventional preparation process of sodium-based batteries or the required battery type.

[0013] To better illustrate the present invention, and to provide an example of the carbon-sodium chloride battery provided by the present invention, specifically, the carbon-sodium chloride battery is composed of a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a negative electrode.

[0014] The positive electrode is one of the components commonly known in batteries. The positive electrode used in this invention is the positive electrode as described in this invention: the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface, or directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material. Typically, the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface. The NaCl-containing conductive coating is composed of conventional conductive coatings used in the field of sodium-based batteries with the addition of NaCl. That is, it is composed of conductive materials, binder materials, and NaCl. It may also include functional additives that are commonly known in the art or described in existing technical documents and can be applied to sodium-based batteries. For example, the conductive coating is formed by mixing carbon-based materials, NaCl, and binder as raw material components and coating them onto the surface of the positive electrode current collector. Typically, the positive electrode is directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material. The NaCl-containing composite conductive material is formed by adding NaCl to a conventional conductive coating used in the field of sodium-based batteries and then drying it. That is, it is composed of conductive materials, binders and NaCl. It may also include functional additives that are common knowledge in the art or described in existing technical literature and can be applied to sodium-based batteries. For example, the positive electrode is formed by drying and shaping carbon-based materials, NaCl and binders as raw material components for the conductive coating.

[0015] Furthermore, the conductive material includes carbon-based materials for conductive coatings, such as at least one of Ketjen black, graphite, conductive carbon black, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, and metal-organic framework materials (such as UiO-66).

[0016] The bonding material includes any one of aqueous adhesives and non-aqueous adhesives; the aqueous adhesive is a conventional aqueous adhesive described in the prior art that is suitable for use in the positive electrode of a battery, and uses water as the main solvent during use, such as any one of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylates (such as LA133), natural polymers (such as chitosan, starch, etc.), and conductive polymers (such as PEDOT:PSS); the non-aqueous adhesive is a conventional non-aqueous adhesive described in the prior art that is suitable for use in the positive electrode of a battery, and uses conventional organic reagents (such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, cyclohexanone, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate) as the main solvent during use, such as any one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyurethane (PU), perfluorosulfonic acid-polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (Nafion), and epoxy resin;

[0017] The positive current collector includes any one of nickel foil, nickel foam, stainless steel foil, stainless steel mesh, aluminum foil, carbon-coated aluminum foil, aluminum foam, titanium foil, carbon-based materials, and metal-organic polymer composites;

[0018] Typically, in the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material, the ratio of conductive material, binder, and optional functional additives follows the specifications for the positive electrode material of conventional sodium-based batteries.

[0019] In one preferred embodiment, the NaCl loading in the positive electrode is 2-36 mg / cm³. -2 .

[0020] In one preferred embodiment, the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material further include halogen elements (e.g., elemental iodine, bromine) and / or chalcogen elements (e.g., elemental tellurium, selenium, sulfur) as functional additives. These additives mediate the conversion of chlorine gas into a more stable chlorine-containing active material. Specifically, during battery charging, NaCl on the positive electrode is oxidized to chlorine gas, which is then converted into a chlorine-containing active material. Furthermore, during battery discharging, the chlorine-containing active material is reduced to NaCl and deposited on the positive electrode, thus achieving a reversible conversion between NaCl and the chlorine-containing active material on the positive electrode. The amount of halogen elements and / or chalcogen elements added is 0-50 wt% of the NaCl content.

[0021] More preferably, the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material further contain elemental sulfur as a functional additive, wherein the amount of elemental sulfur added is 0 to 50 wt% of the NaCl content.

[0022] The negative electrode is a component commonly known in batteries. The negative electrode used in this invention is the negative electrode as described in this invention: the negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode current collector and a sodium-ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material on its surface, or directly composed of the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material. Typically, the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material is composed of a sodium-ion-storing functional carbon-based material and a binder material, and may also include functional additives known in the art or described in prior art literature that can be applied to sodium-based batteries. For example, the negative electrode is formed by mixing and coating the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon-based material and the binder material as raw material components onto the surface of the negative electrode current collector, or by drying and shaping the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon-based material and the binder as raw material components. The binder material can be referred to the binder material described in the above-mentioned positive electrode. The nitrogen / oxygen / phosphorus-doped hard carbon is based on known materials described in prior art literature, such as those described in the following documents:

[0023] Zuo, W. et al. Next-generation anodes for high-energy and low-costsodium-ion batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 11, 117-135 (2026).

[0024] Furthermore, the negative electrode current collector includes any one of nickel foil, nickel foam, stainless steel foil, stainless steel mesh, aluminum foil, carbon-coated aluminum foil, aluminum foam, titanium foil, carbon-based materials, and metal-organic polymer composites.

[0025] The electrolyte is a component commonly known in batteries. The electrolyte used in this invention is the electrolyte described in this invention: the electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, and a solvent that can coordinate with AlCl3; wherein the sodium salt is at least one of sodium salt containing cyanide, sodium salt containing fluoride and sodium salt containing amino groups.

[0026] In one of the technical solutions, the sodium cyanide salt is at least one of sodium cyanate and sodium dicyandiamide;

[0027] The fluorine-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.

[0028] The amino-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium diformamide and sodium aminosulfonate.

[0029] Furthermore, sodium cyanate is preferred as the sodium salt.

[0030] Typically, the electrolyte described in this invention is selected from solvents that can coordinate with AlCl3. Reference can be made to solvents commonly used in chloroaluminate-based electrolytes as described in the prior art. Solvents commonly used in sodium-based battery systems are preferred, such as at least one of imidazole ionic liquids, pyrrolidine ionic liquids, hydrogen bond donors constituting deep eutectic solvents, and solvents for chlorine-based electrolytes.

[0031] Further, the imidazole ionic liquid includes any one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (PMImCl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIFSI);

[0032] The pyrrolidine ionic liquid includes N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidine chloride (Py 12 Cl), N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidone chloride (Py) 13 Cl) any one of them;

[0033] The hydrogen bond donors constituting the deep eutectic solvent include either urea or acetamide.

[0034] The solvent used in the chlorine-based electrolyte includes any one of thionyl chloride (SOCl2), sulfonyl chloride (SO2Cl2), and chloroacetyl chloride (C2H2Cl2O).

[0035] In one preferred embodiment, the electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, and thionyl chloride as solvent.

[0036] Generally, the solvent selection mentioned above follows conventional preparation amounts. For example, when the solvent is an imidazole ionic liquid, the molar ratio of sodium salt, AlCl3 and imidazole ionic liquid is 0.1~1.1:1.1~2:1.

[0037] Typically, the electrolyte also includes other conventional electrolyte additives, such as those inherent in commercial chlorine-based electrolyte compositions, especially functional additives, which can be selected and added according to the required functional needs by those skilled in the art. It should be emphasized that the electrolyte in the present invention may or may not contain other conventional electrolyte additives.

[0038] In one preferred embodiment, to significantly improve the electrochemical performance of the carbon-sodium chloride battery, the electrolyte further includes a diluent; the diluent includes any one of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane, and trichloromethane, and the amount of the diluent added is 30-90% of the electrolyte volume percentage.

[0039] It should be noted that when preparing the electrolyte, imidazole ionic liquids may mix with AlCl3 to generate heat. Those skilled in the art can reasonably prepare the mixture based on common knowledge, such as by adding solid components in small amounts multiple times or by stirring slowly.

[0040] In one preferred technical solution, in order to make Cl – During the Cl2 oxidation-reduction process, the electrolyte does not produce reactive Al2Cl7. – The concentration of sodium salt in the electrolyte reaches saturation.

[0041] It should also be noted that, when preparing the electrolyte, depending on the specific selection of the sodium salt, and based on existing technical literature or common knowledge in the chemical industry, those skilled in the art should be aware of the precautions for using the sodium salt to prepare the electrolyte, such as inert atmosphere conditions, order of addition, etc., and that the solvent can coordinate with AlCl3 to form a chloroaluminate-based electrolyte before adding the sodium salt to obtain the electrolyte. The types of sodium salts listed above (cyanide-containing sodium salts, fluoride-containing sodium salts, and amino-containing sodium salts) have all been documented for use in electrolytes. Those skilled in the art can refer to relevant literature or follow the examples described below to prepare the electrolyte.

[0042] Typically, based on common knowledge about batteries in the prior art, the carbon-sodium chloride battery may also include conventional negative electrode shell, gasket, spring, separator for loading electrolyte, positive electrode shell, and other conventional structures / components / parts. Those skilled in the art can select a suitable process to prepare the carbon-sodium chloride battery based on the conventional manufacturing process of sodium-based batteries or the required battery type.

[0043] Furthermore, based on common knowledge of sodium-based batteries in the prior art, in the carbon-sodium chloride battery, in addition to the technical contents already described above, the specifications and assembly ratios of the positive electrode, electrolyte, negative electrode and / or negative electrode current collector all follow conventional sodium-based battery processes. Those skilled in the art can select a suitable process to prepare the carbon-sodium chloride battery product based on the conventional preparation process of sodium-based batteries or the required battery model.

[0044] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0045] 1. This invention provides a rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery. On the one hand, it demonstrates for the first time the application of sodium chloride as a conversion-type positive electrode active material in batteries. On the other hand, it combines sodium chloride (NaCl) positive electrode material with hard carbon (HC) type functional carbon materials that can store sodium ions. By constructing an electrolyte with sodium salt and AlCl3 as the electrolyte, it can achieve stable Na storage / de-Na on the negative electrode side while fully releasing the reversible NaCl / Cl2 redox reaction, thereby achieving excellent battery performance.

[0046] 2. By utilizing sodium chloride as a low-cost and high-performance cathode material for carbon-sodium chloride batteries, the material cost of sodium chloride is extremely low, at only $0.04 per kilogram, which is two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of current sodium-ion battery cathode materials, due to the significant sustainability of sodium chloride in nature.

[0047] 3. In the preferred technical solution, on the one hand, the battery performance is significantly improved by using a rationally proportioned ionic liquid as a solvent and by adding additives. For example, the carbon-sodium chloride battery shown in the embodiment is based on NaCl / Cl2 redox on the positive electrode side, with a theoretical capacity of 459 mAh g. –1 The negative electrode side is based on HC storage / Na removal. + The capacity is approximately 300 mAh g. –1 At shallow depths (approximately 20% charge / discharge depth), it achieves approximately 20,000 cycles of cycle stability, while at deeper depths (approximately 80% charge / discharge depth), it achieves approximately 400 cycles of cycle stability.

[0048] 4. The sodium salt and AlCl3 electrolyte constructed in this invention provide excellent safety due to their non-flammability. The carbon-sodium chloride battery provided by this invention features low cost, high sustainability, and excellent electrochemical performance, making it a highly promising candidate battery system for next-generation energy storage applications. Attached Figure Description

[0049] Figure 1 Figure a shows a schematic diagram of the HC / NaCl full cell structure assembled in Example 1 of this invention, and a comparison curve of the electrochemical performance of the batteries obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2. Specifically, Figure a is a schematic diagram of the HC / NaCl full cell structure assembled in Example 1; Figure b is a comparison curve of the charge-discharge curves of the batteries obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2.

[0050] Figure 2Figure 1 shows the electrochemical performance comparison curves of the Na / HC half-cells assembled in Comparative Examples 2-4 of this invention. Specifically, Figure 2a shows the charge-discharge curves of the Na / HC half-cells assembled in Comparative Examples 2-4; Figure 2b shows the rate performance comparison of the Na / HC half-cells assembled in Comparative Examples 2-4; and Figure 2c shows the cycle performance comparison of the Na / HC half-cells assembled in Comparative Examples 2-4. All tests were conducted at 1 mA cm⁻¹. –2 Under certain conditions, the capacity is capped at 200 mAh g. –1 It will be carried out in a timely manner.

[0051] Figure 3 Figure 1 is a summary diagram of the sodium storage mechanism test of the Na / HC half-cell assembled in Comparative Example 2 of this invention. Figures a and b show the charge-discharge curves and in-situ and out-of-situ Raman spectra of the Na / HC half-cell assembled in Comparative Example 2, respectively; Figure c shows the galvanostatic titration (GITT) curve of the Na / HC half-cell assembled in Comparative Example 2; Figure d shows the discharge curve of the hard carbon anode in the Na / HC half-cell assembled in Comparative Example 2 and a schematic diagram of the corresponding sodium storage mechanism.

[0052] Figure 4 This is a summary diagram of the positive electrode chemical tests of the Na / NaCl half-cell assembled in Comparative Example 1 of this invention. Figure a shows a comparison of the charge-discharge curves of the half-cell samples prepared in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 5; Figure b shows a comparison of the cycle stability of the half-cell samples prepared in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 5; Figure c shows a comparison of the charge-discharge curves of the half-cell sample prepared in Comparative Example 1 at different cycle numbers. All tests in Figures a, b, and c were performed at 1 mA cm⁻¹. –2 Under certain conditions, the charging capacity is 1 mAhcm –2 The process was carried out at the specified time; Figure d shows the charge-discharge curves of the half-cell sample prepared in Comparative Example 1 and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the NaCl cathode under three representative charge-discharge states, namely, the SEM images at the initial state, after full charge, and after full discharge, with a current density of 1 mA cm⁻¹. -2 Figure e shows the half-cell sample prepared in Comparative Example 1 at a charging capacity and current density of 1 mAh / cm³. -2 and 1 mA cm -2 The initial charge-discharge curves and corresponding X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the NaCl cathode are shown in Figures f and g, respectively, for the NaCl cathode under fully charged and discharged conditions. The charging capacity during the test was 1 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 .

[0053] Figure 5Figure 1 presents a summary of the electrochemical performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 of this invention. Figure 1a shows the charge-discharge curves of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at different depths of charge and discharge; Figure 2b shows the electrochemical performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Figure 1 shows the rate performance at different rates, with the inset showing charge-discharge curves at different rates; Figure 2 shows the rate performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Cyclic performance graphs at areal capacity, with insets showing charge-discharge curves at different cycle numbers; all tests were conducted with a NaCl mass loading of approximately 9 mg / cm³ in the positive electrode. –2 The following will proceed.

[0054] Figure 6 This is a summary graph of the electrochemical performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 of the present invention. Figure a shows the electrochemical performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at 0.5 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Figure b shows the rate performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at 0.5 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Figure 1 shows the cycle performance at areal capacity, with the inset showing the 200th galvanostatic charge-discharge curve; Figure 2c shows the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at 1 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Figure d shows the rate performance of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 at 1 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Cyclic performance at areal capacity, with the inset showing the 50th constant current charge-discharge curve.

[0055] Figure 7 This is a comparative summary chart of the electrolytes prepared in Examples 1, 3, 4, and 6 of the present invention. Figure a shows the Raman spectra of SOCl2, AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte, NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte, and NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte; Figure b shows the Raman spectra of NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte and NaCl / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte. 23 Comparison of Na NMR spectra; Figure c shows NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte, NaCl / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte, and DCE. 1 Comparison of H NMR spectra.

[0056] Figure 8Figure 1 is a summary of the negative electrode chemical tests of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1 of this invention. Specifically, Figure 1a shows the cyclic voltammetry curve of the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1; Figure 2b shows the XPS spectrum of the hard carbon negative electrode in the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1; and Figure 3c shows the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) characterization of the hard carbon negative electrode in the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1, with NaCl obtained from each. – S – AlO – CN – C2Cl – and Na3N – The three-dimensional distribution of secondary ion fragments; Figure d is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the hard carbon anode interface in the HC / NaCl full cell assembled in Example 1.

[0057] Figure 9 This is a summary chart of the safety performance tests of the HC / NaCl full battery assembled in Example 1 of the present invention. Figure a shows a comparison of the flammability of a conventional organic electrolyte and a NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte. The organic electrolyte in the figure is 1.0 M NaPF6 dissolved in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and the NASD electrolyte is NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte. Figure b shows the charge-discharge curves of the HC / NaCl full battery assembled in Example 1 at different temperatures (-60 °C to 80 °C). The inset shows the constant current charge-discharge curves at different temperatures (-60 °C to 80 °C), and the tests involved are performed at 1 mAcm⁻¹. –2 Under these conditions, the capacity is capped at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. –2 It will be carried out in a timely manner.

[0058] Figure 10 These are constant current charge-discharge curves of the battery samples obtained in Examples 3, 4, and 6 of this invention. The tests involved were conducted at 4 mA cm⁻¹. –2 Under these conditions, the capacity is capped at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. –2 It will be carried out in a timely manner.

[0059] Figure 11 This is a constant current charge-discharge curve of the battery sample obtained in Example 5 of the present invention. The test involved was conducted at 4 mA / cm². –2 Under these conditions, the capacity is capped at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. –2 It will be carried out in a timely manner.

[0060] Figure 12 This is a constant current charge-discharge curve diagram of the battery samples obtained in Examples 1-2 of this invention. The tests involved were conducted at 1 mA cm⁻¹. –2Under certain conditions, the capacity is limited to 1 mAh cm⁻¹ –2 It will be carried out in a timely manner.

[0061] Figure 13 This is a constant current charge-discharge curve diagram of the battery samples obtained in Examples 7-8 of this invention. The tests involved were conducted at 4 mA cm⁻¹. –2 Under these conditions, the capacity is capped at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. –2 It will be carried out in a timely manner.

[0062] Figure 14 These are constant current charge-discharge curves of the battery samples obtained in Examples 1 and 9 of this invention. The 4 M NaOCN / 8 M AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE corresponds to the battery sample in Example 1, and the 2 M NaOCN / 4 M AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE corresponds to the battery sample in Example 9; the tests involved were conducted at 4 mA cm⁻¹. –2 Under these conditions, the capacity is capped at 0.2 mAh cm⁻¹. –2 It will be carried out in a timely manner. Detailed Implementation

[0063] To further understand the present invention, preferred embodiments are described below with reference to examples. However, it should be understood that these descriptions are only for further illustrating the features and advantages of the present invention, and not for limiting the scope of the claims. Those skilled in the art can refer to the content of this document to appropriately improve the process parameters. In particular, it should be noted that all similar substitutions and modifications are obvious to those skilled in the art and are considered to be included within the scope of the present invention. The methods and applications of the present invention have been described through preferred embodiments, and those skilled in the art can obviously make modifications or appropriate changes and combinations to the methods and applications described herein without departing from the content, spirit and scope of the present invention to realize and apply the technology of the present invention. Although it is believed that those skilled in the art will fully understand the following terms, the following definitions are set forth to help illustrate the subject matter disclosed in the present invention.

[0064] In one aspect, the present invention provides a rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery, wherein the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface, or is directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material; the NaCl content in the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material is 45~90 wt%.

[0065] Its electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, combined with a solvent that can form coordination with AlCl3; wherein, the sodium salt is at least one of sodium salt containing cyanide, sodium salt containing fluoride and sodium salt containing amino, and the molar ratio of sodium salt to AlCl3 is 0.1~1.1:1.1~2;

[0066] Its negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode current collector and a sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material on its surface, or directly composed of a sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material; the sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material is composed of a sodium ion-storing functional carbon material and a binder material, wherein the sodium ion-storing functional carbon material is at least one of hard carbon, soft carbon, nitrogen / oxygen / phosphorus doped hard carbon, and graphene. The AlCl3 in the electrolyte is used to form a chloroaluminate complex system. This chloroaluminate complex system causes the NaCl on the positive electrode to be oxidized to generate chlorine gas during the charging process. It also causes the chlorine gas to be reduced to NaCl and deposited on the positive electrode during the discharging process, thereby achieving a reversible relationship between NaCl and chlorine gas on the positive electrode.

[0067] In this document, the carbon-sodium chloride battery is based on the common knowledge of sodium-based batteries in the prior art. Those skilled in the art can select a suitable process to prepare the carbon-sodium chloride battery based on the conventional preparation process of sodium-based batteries or the required battery type.

[0068] To better illustrate the present invention, and to provide an example of the carbon-sodium chloride battery provided by the present invention, specifically, the carbon-sodium chloride battery is composed of a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a negative electrode.

[0069] The positive electrode is one of the components commonly known in batteries. The positive electrode used in this invention is the positive electrode as described in this invention: the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface, or directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material. Typically, the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface. The NaCl-containing conductive coating is composed of conventional conductive coatings used in the field of sodium-based batteries with the addition of NaCl. That is, it is composed of conductive materials, binder materials, and NaCl. It may also include functional additives that are commonly known in the art or described in existing technical documents and can be applied to sodium-based batteries. For example, the conductive coating is formed by mixing carbon-based materials, NaCl, and binder as raw material components and coating them onto the surface of the positive electrode current collector. Typically, the positive electrode is directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material. The NaCl-containing composite conductive material is formed by adding NaCl to a conventional conductive coating used in the field of sodium-based batteries and then drying it. That is, it is composed of conductive materials, binders and NaCl. It may also include functional additives that are common knowledge in the art or described in existing technical literature and can be applied to sodium-based batteries. For example, the positive electrode is formed by drying and shaping carbon-based materials, NaCl and binders as raw material components for the conductive coating.

[0070] Furthermore, in one embodiment, the conductive material includes a carbon-based material for conductive coating, such as at least one of Ketjen black, graphite, conductive carbon black, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, and metal-organic framework materials (such as UiO-66).

[0071] In one embodiment, the bonding material includes any one of aqueous binders and non-aqueous binders; the aqueous binder is a conventional aqueous binder described in the prior art that is suitable for use in battery positive electrodes, and uses water as the main solvent during use, such as any one of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylates (such as LA133), natural polymers (such as chitosan, starch, etc.), and conductive polymers (such as PEDOT:PSS); the non-aqueous binder is... The prior art describes conventional non-aqueous binders suitable for use in battery positive electrodes, which use conventional organic reagents (such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, cyclohexanone, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate) as the main solvent, including any one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyurethane (PU), perfluorosulfonic acid-polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (Nafion), and epoxy resin;

[0072] In one embodiment, the positive current collector includes any one of nickel foil, nickel foam, stainless steel foil, stainless steel mesh, aluminum foil, carbon-coated aluminum foil, aluminum foam, titanium foil, carbon-based materials, and metal-organic polymer composites;

[0073] Typically, in the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material, the ratio of conductive material, binder, and optional functional additives follows the specifications for the positive electrode material of conventional sodium-based batteries.

[0074] In one embodiment, the NaCl content in the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material is 45-90 wt%, for example, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 74 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, or any range or point value between them.

[0075] In one preferred embodiment, the NaCl loading in the positive electrode is 2~36 mg cm⁻¹. -2 For example, 2mg cm -2 3 mg cm -2 4 mg cm -2 5 mg cm -2 6 mg cm -2 7 mg cm -2 8 mg cm -2 9 mg cm -2 10mg cm -2 11 mg cm -2 12 mg cm -2 13 mg cm -2 14 mg cm -2 15 mg cm -2 16 mg cm -2 17 mgcm -2 18 mg cm -2 19 mg cm -2 20 mg cm -2 21 mg cm -2 22 mg cm -2 23 mg cm -2 24 mg cm -2 25 mg cm -2 26 mg cm-2 27 mg cm -2 28 mg cm -2 29 mg cm -2 30 mg cm -2 31 mg cm -2 32 mgcm -2 33 mg cm -2 34 mg cm -2 35 mg cm -2 36 mg cm -2 Or any range or point value between them.

[0076] In one preferred embodiment, the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material further include halogen elements (e.g., elemental iodine, bromine) and / or chalcogen elements (e.g., elemental tellurium, selenium, sulfur) as functional additives. These additives mediate the conversion of chlorine gas into a more stable chlorine-containing active material. Specifically, during battery charging, NaCl on the positive electrode is oxidized to chlorine gas, and the additive mediates the generation of the chlorine-containing active material. Furthermore, during battery discharging, the chlorine-containing active material is reduced to NaCl and deposited on the positive electrode, thus achieving reversible conversion between NaCl and the chlorine-containing active material on the positive electrode. The amount of halogen elements and / or chalcogen elements added is 0-50 wt% of the NaCl content, for example, 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt%, 10 wt%, 11 wt%, 12 wt%, 13 wt%, 14 wt%, 15 wt%. wt%, 16 wt%, 17 wt%, 18 wt%, 19 wt%, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt% or any range or point value therebetween.

[0077] More preferably, the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material further contain elemental sulfur as a functional additive, wherein the amount of elemental sulfur added is 0 to 50 wt% of the NaCl content.

[0078] The negative electrode is a component commonly known in batteries. The negative electrode used in this invention is the negative electrode as described in this invention: the negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode current collector and a sodium-ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material on its surface, or directly composed of the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material. Typically, the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material is composed of a sodium-ion-storing functional carbon-based material and a binder material, and may also include functional additives known in the art or described in prior art literature that can be applied to sodium-based batteries. For example, the negative electrode is formed by mixing and coating the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon-based material and the binder material as raw material components onto the surface of the negative electrode current collector, or by drying and shaping the sodium-ion-storing functional carbon-based material and the binder as raw material components. The binder material can be referred to the binder material described in the above-mentioned positive electrode. The nitrogen / oxygen / phosphorus-doped hard carbon is based on known materials described in prior art literature, such as those described in the following documents:

[0079] Xu, G. et al. Next-generation anodes for high-energy and low-costsodium-ion batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 11, 117-135 (2026).

[0080] Furthermore, in one embodiment, the negative electrode current collector includes any one of nickel foil, nickel foam, stainless steel foil, stainless steel mesh, aluminum foil, carbon-coated aluminum foil, aluminum foam, titanium foil, carbon-based materials, and metal-organic polymer composites.

[0081] The electrolyte is a component commonly known in batteries. The electrolyte used in this invention is the electrolyte described in this invention: the electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, and a solvent that can coordinate with AlCl3; wherein the sodium salt is at least one of sodium salt containing cyanide, sodium salt containing fluoride and sodium salt containing amino groups.

[0082] In one embodiment, the cyanide-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium cyanate and sodium dicyandiamide;

[0083] The fluorine-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.

[0084] The amino-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium diformamide and sodium aminosulfonate.

[0085] Furthermore, in one embodiment, the sodium salt is preferably sodium cyanate.

[0086] In one embodiment, the molar ratio of the sodium salt to AlCl3 is 0.1~1.1:1.1~2, for example, 0.1:1.1, 0.2:1.1, 0.3:1.1, 0.4:1.1, 0.5:1.1, 0.6:1.1, 0.7:1.1, 0.8:1.1, 0.9:1.1, 1:1.1, 1.1:1.1, 0.1:1.2, 0.2:1.2, 0.3:1.2, 0.4:1.2, 0.5:1.2, 0.6:1.2, 0.7:1.2, 0.8:1.2, 0.9:1.2, 1:1.2, 1.1:1.2, 0.1:1.3 0.2:1.3, 0.3:1.3, 0.4:1.3, 0.5:1.3, 0.6:1.3, 0.7:1.3, 0.8:1.3, 0.9:1.3, 1:1.3, 1.1:1.3, 0.1:1.4, 0.2:1.4, 0.3:1.4, 0.4:1.4, 0.5:1.4, 0.6:1.4, 0.7:1.4, 0.8:1.4, 0.9:1.4, 1:1.4, 1.1:1.4, 0.1:1.5, 0.2:1.5, 0.3:1.5, 0.4:1.5, 0.5:1.5, 0.6:1.5, 0.7:1.5, 0.8 :1.5, 0.9:1.5, 1:1.5, 1.1:1.5, 0.1:1.6, 0.2:1.6, 0.3:1.6, 0.4:1.6, 0.5:1.6, 0.6:1.6, 0.7:1.6, 0.8:1.6, 0.9:1.6, 1:1.6, 1.1:1.6, 0.1:1.7, 0.2:1.7, 0.3:1.7, 0.4:1.7, 0.5:1.7, 0.6:1.7, 0.7:1.7, 0.8:1.7, 0.9:1.7, 1:1.7, 1.1:1.7, 0.1:1.8, 0.2:1.8, 0.3:1.8, 0 0.4:1.8, 0.5:1.8, 0.6:1.8, 0.7:1.8, 0.8:1.8, 0.9:1.8, 1:1.8, 1.1:1.8, 0.1:1.9, 0.2:1.9, 0.3:1.9, 0.4:1.9, 0.5:1.9, 0.6:1.9, 0.7:1.9, 0.8:1.9, 0.9:1.9, 1:1.9, 1.1:1.9, 0.1:2, 0.2:2, 0.3:2, 0.4:2, 0.5:2, 0.6:2, 0.7:2, 0.8:2, 0.9:2, 1:2, 1.1:2, or any range or point value between them.

[0087] Typically, the electrolyte described in this invention is selected from solvents that can coordinate with AlCl3. Reference can be made to solvents commonly used in chloroaluminate-based electrolytes as described in the prior art. Solvents commonly used in sodium-based battery systems are preferred, such as at least one of imidazole ionic liquids, pyrrolidine ionic liquids, hydrogen bond donors constituting deep eutectic solvents, and solvents for chlorine-based electrolytes.

[0088] Further, in one embodiment, the imidazole ionic liquid includes any one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (PMImCl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIFSI);

[0089] The pyrrolidine ionic liquid includes N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidine chloride (Py 12 Cl), N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidone chloride (Py) 13 Cl) any one of them;

[0090] The hydrogen bond donors constituting the deep eutectic solvent include either urea or acetamide.

[0091] The solvent used in the chlorine-based electrolyte includes any one of thionyl chloride (SOCl2), sulfonyl chloride (SO2Cl2), and chloroacetyl chloride (C2H2Cl2O).

[0092] In one preferred embodiment, the electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, and thionyl chloride as solvent.

[0093] Typically, the solvent selection described above follows conventional preparation amounts. In one embodiment, for example, when the solvent is an imidazole ionic liquid, the molar ratio of sodium salt, AlCl3, and imidazole ionic liquid is 0.1~1.1:1.1~2:1.

[0094] Typically, the electrolyte also includes other conventional electrolyte additives, such as those inherent in commercial chlorine-based electrolyte compositions, especially functional additives, which can be selected and added according to the required functional needs by those skilled in the art. It should be emphasized that the electrolyte in the present invention may or may not contain other conventional electrolyte additives.

[0095] In one preferred embodiment, to significantly improve the electrochemical performance of the carbon-sodium chloride battery, the electrolyte further includes a diluent; the diluent includes any one of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane, and trichloromethane, and the amount of the diluent added is 30-90% of the electrolyte volume percentage, for example, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 74 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, or any range or point value between them.

[0096] It should be noted that when preparing the electrolyte, imidazole ionic liquids may mix with AlCl3 to generate heat. Those skilled in the art can reasonably prepare the mixture based on common knowledge, such as by adding solid components in small amounts multiple times or by stirring slowly.

[0097] It should also be noted that, when preparing the electrolyte, depending on the specific selection of the sodium salt, and based on existing technical literature or common knowledge in the chemical industry, those skilled in the art should be aware of the precautions for using the sodium salt to prepare the electrolyte, such as inert atmosphere conditions, order of addition, etc., and that the solvent can coordinate with AlCl3 to form a chloroaluminate-based electrolyte before adding the sodium salt to obtain the electrolyte. The types of sodium salts listed above (cyanide-containing sodium salts, fluoride-containing sodium salts, and amino-containing sodium salts) have all been documented for use in electrolytes. Those skilled in the art can refer to relevant literature or follow the examples described below to prepare the electrolyte.

[0098] In one preferred embodiment, so that Cl – During the Cl2 oxidation-reduction process, the electrolyte does not produce reactive Al2Cl7. –The concentration of sodium salt in the electrolyte reaches saturation.

[0099] Typically, based on common knowledge about batteries in the prior art, the carbon-sodium chloride battery may also include conventional negative electrode shell, gasket, spring, separator for loading electrolyte, positive electrode shell, and other conventional structures / components / parts. Those skilled in the art can select a suitable process to prepare the carbon-sodium chloride battery based on the conventional manufacturing process of sodium-based batteries or the required battery type.

[0100] Furthermore, based on common knowledge of sodium-based batteries in the prior art, in the carbon-sodium chloride battery, in addition to the technical contents already described above, the specifications and assembly ratios of the positive electrode, electrolyte, negative electrode and / or negative electrode current collector all follow conventional sodium-based battery processes. Those skilled in the art can select a suitable process to prepare the carbon-sodium chloride battery product based on the conventional preparation process of sodium-based batteries or the required battery model.

[0101] The present application will be further explained in detail below with reference to embodiments. However, those skilled in the art should understand that these embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the present application.

[0102] Example

[0103] The embodiments of this application will be described in detail below with reference to examples. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the following examples are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of this application. Where specific conditions are not specified in the examples, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall apply. Where the manufacturers of reagents or instruments are not specified, they are all commercially available conventional products. This application should not be construed as being limited to the specific embodiments described.

[0104] raw material:

[0105] NaCl (99.99%, Adamas) was dried under vacuum at 80 °C for 24 hours to remove residual moisture. SOCl2 (99%, Aladdin), AlCl3 (98.0%, TCI), and S (99.99%, Rhawn) were used without further purification. PTFE emulsion binder (60 wt%, D–210C) and Ketjen Black (KJ, ECP–600JD) were purchased from Cyber ​​Electrochemical Materials. Battery-grade hard carbon (99.9%) was purchased from Krohde.

[0106] Example 1

[0107] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0108] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 0.26 g (4 mmol) sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and stir for another hour until completely dissolved, take 300 mL and add 700 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and stir for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0109] Positive electrode: 0.2 g Ketjen Black, 0.4 g S, 1.2 g NaCl, and 8 g anhydrous ethanol were mixed and ball-milled at 500 rpm for 5 hours, then dried at 80 °C, and ball-milled again at 500 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was then combined with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aqueous dispersion, solids content 0.83 g / mL). –1 The NaCl cathode was prepared by mixing the two components at a mass ratio of 9:1 and dispersing them in ethanol via ultrasonic treatment. The resulting slurry was coated onto Ni foam (12 mm in diameter) and dried at 90 °C to remove the ethanol. Unless otherwise specified, the mass loading of NaCl is approximately 6 mg cm⁻¹. –2 .

[0110] Negative electrode: Hard carbon (HC) and sodium alginate (SA) binder were mixed in water at a weight ratio of 95:5, and then ground in an agate mortar for 1 hour at 25°C to obtain a uniformly dispersed negative electrode slurry. This negative electrode slurry was coated onto the surface of a carbon-coated aluminum foil current collector, dried in a vacuum environment at 100°C for 24 hours, and finally rolled to obtain the hard carbon negative electrode. The active material loading was 3.0–6.0 mg / cm³. –2 .

[0111] The HC / NaCl full cell uses a 12 mm diameter hard carbon negative electrode and a 12 mm diameter NaCl positive electrode. In a coin cell (type 2032), 120 μL of electrolyte is injected into a glass fiber separator (GF / D, Whatman), and this cell is designated as an HC / NaCl full cell. All cells are sealed using a CNC pressure sealing machine (MTI, MSK-160E).

[0112] Comparative Example 1

[0113] Comparative Example 1 is a Na / NaCl half-cell prepared according to Example 1, the difference being that a 14 mm diameter sodium metal was used as the negative electrode and assembled with the NaCl positive electrode using the same method.

[0114] Comparative Example 2

[0115] Comparative Example 2 is a Na / HC half-cell prepared according to Example 1, the difference being that a 14 mm diameter sodium metal was used as the counter electrode and assembled with a hard carbon negative electrode using the same method.

[0116] Comparative Example 3

[0117] This comparative assembly of a Na / HC half-cell serves as the test sample.

[0118] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 0.26 g (4 mmol) sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and stir for another 1 hour until completely dissolved to obtain the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte.

[0119] Comparative Example 3 adopted a similar implementation method to Comparative Example 2, using sodium metal with a diameter of 14 mm as the counter electrode and hard carbon anode assembled in the same way, but using the above-mentioned NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte.

[0120] Comparative Example 4

[0121] This comparative assembly of a Na / HC half-cell serves as the test sample.

[0122] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 4 mmol sodium chloride (NaCl) and stir for another hour until completely dissolved, take 300 mL and add 700 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and stir for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaCl / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0123] Comparative Example 4 adopted a similar implementation method to Comparative Example 2, using sodium metal with a diameter of 14 mm as the counter electrode and hard carbon anode assembled in the same way, but the electrolyte used was the above-mentioned NaCl / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0124] Comparative Example 5

[0125] This comparative assembly uses a Na half-cell with no NaCl loaded at the positive electrode as a test sample.

[0126] Positive electrode: 0.2 g Ketjen Black, 0.4 g S, and 8 g anhydrous ethanol were mixed and ball-milled at 500 rpm for 5 hours, then dried at 80 °C, and ball-milled again at 500 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was then combined with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aqueous dispersion, solids content 0.83 g / mL). –1 The two components were mixed at a mass ratio of 9:1 and dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonic treatment. The resulting slurry was coated onto Ni foam (12 mm in diameter) and dried at 90 °C to remove the ethanol, thus obtaining a cathode without NaCl loading.

[0127] Comparative Example 5 was prepared using a similar implementation method to Comparative Example 1, using sodium metal with a diameter of 14 mm as the negative electrode and an unloaded NaCl positive electrode assembled in the same way.

[0128] Comparative Example 6

[0129] This comparative example uses an AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte as a test sample.

[0130] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved to prepare the electrolyte, which is denoted as AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte.

[0131] Example 2

[0132] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0133] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 0.26 g (4 mmol) sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and stir for another 1 hour until completely dissolved to obtain the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte.

[0134] Example 2 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but the electrolyte is the above-mentioned NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 electrolyte.

[0135] Example 3

[0136] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0137] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 4 mmol sodium dicyandiamide (NaDCA) and stir for another hour until completely dissolved, take 300 mL and add 700 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and stir for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaDCA / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0138] Example 3 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but the electrolyte is the above-mentioned NaDCA / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0139] Example 4

[0140] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0141] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 2.5 mmol sodium difluorosulfonamide (NaFSI) and stir for another hour until completely dissolved, take 300 mL and add 700 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and stir for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaFSI / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0142] Example 4 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but the electrolyte is the above-mentioned NaFSI / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0143] Example 5

[0144] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0145] Electrolyte: The electrolyte was prepared in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm. 2.93 g (2 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl) and 3.47 g (2.6 mmol) of AlCl3 were weighed and mixed to prepare a mixed solution. AlCl3 was added in small amounts multiple times and stirred slowly to avoid violent heating. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours. 0.2 g of NaOCN was added and stirred for 1 hour until completely dissolved. 300 mL of the solution was taken and 700 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was added and stirred for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte, which was denoted as NaOCN / AlCl3 / EMImCl / DCE electrolyte.

[0146] Example 5 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but the electrolyte is the above-mentioned NaOCN / AlCl3 / EMImCl / DCE electrolyte.

[0147] Example 6

[0148] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0149] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 1.067 g (8 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 4 mmol sodium aminosulfonate (NaAS) and stir for another hour until completely dissolved, take 300 mL and add 700 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and stir for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte, which is denoted as NaAS / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0150] Example 6 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but the electrolyte is the above-mentioned NaAS / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte.

[0151] Example 7

[0152] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0153] Positive electrode: 0.2 g Ketjen Black, 0.4 g S, 0.8 g NaCl, and 8 g anhydrous ethanol were mixed and ball-milled at 500 rpm for 5 hours, then dried at 80 °C, and ball-milled again at 500 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was then combined with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aqueous dispersion, solids content 0.83 g / mL). –1 The NaCl and NiCl were mixed at a mass ratio of 7:1 and dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonic treatment. The resulting slurry was coated onto Ni foam (12 mm in diameter) and dried at 90 °C to remove the ethanol, yielding the positive electrode. Unless otherwise specified, the mass loading of NaCl is approximately 6 mg cm⁻¹. –2 The NaCl content is 50 wt%.

[0154] Example 7 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but uses the above-described positive electrode.

[0155] Example 8

[0156] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0157] Positive electrode: 0.2 g Ketjen Black, 0.4 g S, 3.2 g NaCl, and 8 g anhydrous ethanol were mixed and ball-milled at 500 rpm for 5 hours, then dried at 80 °C, and ball-milled again at 500 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was then combined with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aqueous dispersion, solids content 0.83 g / mL). –1 The NaCl and Ni were mixed at a mass ratio of 9.5:0.5 and dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonic treatment. The resulting slurry was coated onto Ni foam (12 mm in diameter) and dried at 90 °C to remove the ethanol, yielding the positive electrode. Unless otherwise specified, the mass loading of NaCl is approximately 6 mg cm⁻¹. –2 The NaCl content is 80 wt%.

[0158] Example 8 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but uses the above-described positive electrode.

[0159] Example 9

[0160] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0161] Electrolyte: Prepare the electrolyte in an argon-protected glove box with water and oxygen content below 2 ppm; weigh 0.533 g (4 mmol) AlCl3 and add it to 1 mL SOCl2 and stir for 2 hours until completely dissolved, then add 0.13 g (2 mmol) sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and stir for another 1 hour until completely dissolved, take 300 mL and add 700 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and stir for 1 hour to prepare the electrolyte.

[0162] Example 9 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but uses the electrolyte described above.

[0163] Example 10

[0164] In this embodiment, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled as a test sample.

[0165] Soft carbon anode: Soft carbon (SC) and sodium alginate (SA) binder were mixed in water at a weight ratio of 95:5, and then ground in an agate mortar for 1 hour at 25 °C to obtain a uniformly dispersed anode slurry. This anode slurry was coated onto the surface of a carbon-coated aluminum foil current collector, dried in a vacuum environment at 100 °C for 24 hours, and finally processed by a roll forming process to obtain the soft carbon anode. The active material loading was 3.0–6.0 mg / cm³. –2 .

[0166] Example 10 adopts a similar implementation method to Example 1, but the negative electrode adopts the above-mentioned soft carbon negative electrode.

[0167] Constant current charge-discharge tests were performed using the Xinwei Battery Testing System (CT-4008Tn-5V6A-S1), and all electrochemical measurements were conducted in a 25 ℃ constant temperature test chamber (Xinwei MHW-200). The frequency range was 10... -2 Up to 10 6 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on a CHI660E electrochemical workstation with a frequency of Hz and an amplitude of 5 mV. High-temperature and low-temperature measurements were performed in a blast furnace (DHG-9030) and a refrigerator (Haier BC / BD-307HEM), respectively.

[0168] Raman spectroscopy of the electrolyte was performed on a Horiba LabRAM Solei Raman spectrometer with an excitation laser wavelength of 532 nm. The electrolyte sample was sealed in a capillary prepared in an argon-filled glove box. SEM imaging was performed on a ZEISS Gemini 300 field emission scanning electron microscope. The accelerating voltage was set to 3 kV to prevent structural damage to NaCl. TEM imaging was performed at 200 kV on a FE Talos F200X G2 transmission electron microscope equipped with a liquid nitrogen-cooled sample holder. The button cell was removed in an argon-filled glove box, and residual electrolyte on the TEM grid was removed with anhydrous DCE and dried under vacuum. The TEM grid was then carefully mounted on a cryogenic rack and transferred to the TEM chamber, away from air exposure. The chamber pressure was below 1.1 × 10⁻⁶. -9 Data were acquired from an ion-time-of-flight mass spectrometer at a mbar ION-TOF 5-100. Bi0 was used at 30 keV. 3+ bundle and 80×80 μm 2 Depth analysis was performed on the scanned area. A Cs2O3 wavelength of 2 keV was used. + bundle and 250×250 μm 2Sputtering was performed in the sputtering region. XPS spectra were obtained using a Thermo Fisher Scientific K-Alpha+ X-ray photoelectron spectrometer with currents and voltages of 6 mA and 12 kV. The binding energy was calibrated using a C 1s peak at 284.8 eV. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was performed at 25 °C on a Bruker Avance III 500 MHz liquid NMR spectrometer. Coaxial NMR tubes (Bruker, NI5CCI-B 5mm) were used to acquire spectra. In a glove box, 400 μL of electrolyte was transferred to the outer tube, and 150 μL of deuterated chloroform was filled into the NMR tube inserted into the coaxial outer tube. Both tubes were tightly sealed with caps and Parafilm tape before characterization. XRD patterns were obtained using a Rigaku Mini Flex 600 X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The negative electrode inside the glass container was sealed with Kapton tape to isolate it from oxygen. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectral data were collected at station 4B7A of the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF, operating at 2.5 GeV with a maximum current of 250 mA). All XANES spectral data were obtained in fluorescence mode using a silicon drift detector (SDD).

[0169] like Figure 1 As shown, the HC / NaCl full cell consists of a NaCl positive electrode and an HC negative electrode, using a NaOCN / AlCl3 / SOCl2 / DCE electrolyte, with NaOCN as the main salt and DCE as the diluent. The charge-discharge curves are shown below. Figure 1 As shown in Figure b, an HC / NaCl full cell was assembled using NaCl as the positive electrode and HC as the negative electrode. The charge-discharge curves of the full cell show that its average operating voltage is approximately 3.2 V, and its coulombic efficiency reaches 99%, demonstrating a reasonable match between the positive and negative electrodes.

[0170] Generally speaking, the choice of electrolyte is crucial for the construction of HC / NaCl full cells, which require simultaneous efficient Na insertion / extraction on the negative electrode side and NaCl / Cl2 reactions on the positive electrode side. For example... Figure 2 As shown, the suitability of HC in SOCl2-based electrolytes was determined using a half-cell method, and its capacity and sodium storage mechanism were established. The locally highly concentrated electrolyte system using NaOCN as the main salt exhibited high reversibility at 200 mAh g⁻¹. –1 Under these conditions, it can stably cycle for 200 cycles, with the lowest overpotential, which is significantly better than NaCl-based electrolytes and high-concentration electrolytes that do not use DCE.

[0171] like Figure 3As shown, the sodium storage mechanism of HC on the negative electrode side was characterized by in-situ Raman spectroscopy. The HC negative electrode, based on adsorption / desorption and intercalation / deintercalation mechanisms, can achieve high stability and utilize the slope capacity (approximately 70 mAh g⁻¹) at shallow depths. –1 At great depths, the capacity of the slope and plateau regions is utilized, with the plateau capacity being approximately 200 mAh g. –1 The maximum sodium intercalation capacity is approximately 270 mAhg. –1 .

[0172] like Figure 4 As shown, we further elucidated the cathode redox reaction between NaCl and Cl2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the presence of NaCl particles with an average diameter of approximately 2 μm. NaCl was almost completely consumed after charging. However, after full discharge, NaCl was regenerated with a smaller average diameter (nanoscale). X-ray diffraction (XRD) also confirmed the consumption and regeneration of NaCl during battery charging and discharging. For example, the 31.8° diffraction peak corresponding to the NaCl (200) crystal plane disappeared during battery charging, but reappeared during battery discharging. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the evolution of Cl-based products on the cathode after full charge and discharge states. The coexistence of NaCl and AlCl3 was verified on the fully discharged cathode. In contrast, using the fully charged cathode, a pair of novel fitted peaks at 200.2 eV and 201.8 eV can be attributed to Cl2.

[0173] like Figure 5 As shown, through optimization of the positive electrode side and matching with the full cell, the NaCl full cell obtained in Example 1 has a capacitance of 0.2~1.5 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 It exhibits high electrochemical reversibility at its areal capacity. At shallow depths (0.2 mAh cm⁻¹), it also demonstrates this. -2 ), utilizing the ramp capacity of HC, 20,000 cycles can be achieved, with a 4000 mAh cm⁻¹ -2 The cumulative capacity has an average coulombic efficiency (CE) of approximately 99.7%, at which point the specific capacity of the positive and negative electrodes is approximately 21 mAh g⁻¹. –1 43.5 mAh g –1 The utilization rate of HC on the negative electrode side is 23%.

[0174] like Figure 6 As shown, the rate performance and cycle stability of the NaCl full cell obtained in Example 1 were further tested at a greater depth, at 0.5 mAh cm⁻¹. -2 Even at this depth, it achieves approximately 2000 cycles with an average CE of about 99.2%, at which point the capacities of the positive and negative electrodes are approximately 104.5 mAh g⁻¹. –1 108.7 mAh g–1 In 1 mAh cm -2 At this depth, it achieves a cycling performance of approximately 400 cycles with an average CE of approximately 99%, at which point the capacities of the positive and negative electrodes are approximately 209.3 mAh g⁻¹, respectively. –1 217.4 mAh g –1 The utilization rate of HC on the negative electrode side reached 81%.

[0175] like Figure 7 As shown, the excellent performance of the battery in Example 1 is partly due to the design of the electrolyte, in which OCN is selected. – Anions significantly affect the solvation structure and Na+. + Desolvation energy of ions. Locally high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) formed using DCE as a diluent reduce free active solvents and mitigate interfacial side reactions, thereby obtaining anion-rich structures that facilitate the formation of anion-derived solid electrolyte interfacial (SEI) structures.

[0176] like Figure 8 As shown, the formation of a stable SEI film was confirmed by XPS, TOF-SIMS, and TEM. Its main components are Na3N, NaCN, NaCl, Al2O3, and organic Cl, with additional components such as NaNO2, Na2S, and Na2SO3. The NaCl and S components are formed by the reduction of SOCl2 at a low potential of approximately 1V, while the N-containing compounds, Al2O3, and organic Cl are formed at a high potential of approximately 3.2V through anion-induced formation, resulting in a dense SEI dominated by the inorganic phase.

[0177] like Figure 9 As shown, the NaCl full cell provided in Example 1 exhibits several attractive properties, promising for large-scale energy storage. For example, the non-flammability of the electrolyte ensures high safety in practical applications, as verified in flammability tests. In contrast, conventional organic electrolytes (1M NaPF6 in diglyme) can be ignited under the same conditions. Furthermore, the NaCl full cell provided in Example 1 exhibits wide temperature range performance from -60 °C to 80 °C.

[0178] like Figures 10-14 As shown, this demonstrates the feasibility of different sodium salts in the electrolyte, solvent selection, and NaCl content on the positive electrode side for NaCl full cells.

[0179] The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above embodiments. Any changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, or simplifications made without departing from the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be considered equivalent substitutions and shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A rechargeable carbon-sodium chloride battery, characterized by: Its positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a NaCl-containing conductive coating on its surface, or directly composed of a NaCl-containing composite conductive material; the NaCl content in the NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material is 45~90 wt%. Its electrolyte is prepared by using sodium salt and AlCl3 as electrolytes, combined with a solvent that can form coordination with AlCl3; wherein, the sodium salt is at least one of sodium salt containing cyanide, sodium salt containing fluoride and sodium salt containing amino, and the molar ratio of sodium salt to AlCl3 is 0.1~1.1:1.1~2; Its negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode current collector and a sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material on its surface, or directly composed of a sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material; the sodium ion-storing functional carbon negative electrode material is composed of a sodium ion-storing functional carbon material and a binder material, wherein the sodium ion-storing functional carbon material is at least one of hard carbon, soft carbon, nitrogen / oxygen / phosphorus doped hard carbon, and graphene. The AlCl3 in the electrolyte is used to form a chloroaluminate complex system. This chloroaluminate complex system causes the NaCl on the positive electrode to be oxidized to generate chlorine gas during the charging process. It also causes the chlorine gas to be reduced to NaCl and deposited on the positive electrode during the discharging process, thereby achieving a reversible relationship between NaCl and chlorine gas on the positive electrode.

2. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The NaCl-containing conductive coating is formed by adding NaCl to a conventional conductive coating; the NaCl-containing composite conductive material is formed by adding NaCl to a conventional conductive coating and then drying it.

3. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The positive electrode also includes functional additives that can be used in sodium-based batteries.

4. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The NaCl-containing conductive coating and the NaCl-containing composite conductive material also contain halogens and / or chalcogens as functional additives, wherein the amount of halogens and / or chalcogens added is 0 to 50 wt% of the NaCl content.

5. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sodium-ion-storing functional carbon anode material also includes functional additives that can be applied to sodium-based batteries.

6. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sodium cyanide salt is at least one of sodium cyanate and sodium dicyandiamide; The fluorine-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The amino-containing sodium salt is at least one of sodium diformamide and sodium aminosulfonate.

7. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The solvent of the electrolyte includes at least one of imidazole ionic liquids, pyrrolidine ionic liquids, hydrogen bond donors constituting deep eutectic solvents, and solvents for chlorine-based electrolytes.

8. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 7, characterized in that: The imidazole ionic liquid includes any one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt; The pyrrolidine ionic liquid includes either N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidine chloride or N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidine chloride. The hydrogen bond donors constituting the deep eutectic solvent include either urea or acetamide. The solvent used in the chlorine-based electrolyte includes any one of thionyl chloride, sulfonyl chloride, and chloroacetyl chloride.

9. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrolyte also includes a diluent.

10. The carbon-sodium chloride battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The solvent can coordinate with AlCl3 to form a chloroaluminate-based electrolyte, and then sodium salt is added to prepare the electrolyte.

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