Multi-scale grading energy dissipation cooperative control device and method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load

Abstract

The application provides a kind of device and method for multi-scale grading energy dissipation cooperative control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, belongs to the technical field of roadway surrounding rock control, method: according to geomechanics test and dynamic load characteristics, the surrounding rock is divided into micro crack control area, meso wave absorbing area and macro energy absorption area in radial direction, respectively using high pre-stressed anchor, large diameter borehole array and artificial weak structure layer construction, forming a three-stage progressive energy dissipation system;Through multi-physical field monitoring and calculation of total energy dissipation coefficient and feedback optimization parameters, the long-term stability of dynamic load roadway is significantly improved;Device: multi-scale energy dissipation structure construction subsystem is used to execute the construction of micro crack control area, meso wave absorbing area and macro energy absorption area;Multi-physical field cooperative monitoring subsystem is used for three-dimensional monitoring of the whole energy dissipation process;Efficiency evaluation and parameter optimization decision subsystem is used for energy dissipation effect evaluation and parameter closed-loop optimization.The application can significantly improve the stability of the whole surrounding rock and the adaptability to dynamic load disturbance.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of tunnel surrounding rock control technology, specifically relating to a multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control device and method for tunnel surrounding rock under dynamic load. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing depletion of shallow coal resources, mining operations both domestically and internationally have gradually extended to deeper levels. The environment surrounding the rock in deep roadways is extremely complex, generally facing a complex mechanical condition characterized by "three highs and one disturbance": high ground stress, high ground temperature, high osmotic pressure, and intense mining disturbance. In such a complex environment, the surrounding rock not only has to withstand high static loads resulting from the superposition of its own weight and tectonic stress, but also frequently suffers dynamic disturbances caused by adjacent coal seam mining, blasting operations, and roof fractures. The coupled superposition of dynamic and high static loads easily induces sudden instability and failure of the surrounding rock, such as rock bursts and rockbursts, seriously threatening mine safety and the lives of workers, becoming one of the core bottlenecks restricting the efficient exploitation of deep resources.

[0003] Traditional tunnel support theories and technologies (such as suspension theory and composite beam theory) are all based on static assumptions, with the core objective of enhancing the self-supporting capacity of the surrounding rock and suppressing static deformation. However, they do not adequately consider the energy release and dissipation mechanisms of the surrounding rock under dynamic loads, making them unsuitable for the complex support requirements of deep tunnels under dynamic loads. Therefore, how to effectively control the stability of the surrounding rock under dynamic loads has become a key technical challenge that urgently needs to be overcome in the field of deep resource extraction.

[0004] Currently, research and engineering practices on dynamic load roadway surrounding rock control both domestically and internationally largely focus on single-scale protection methods, lacking systematic collaborative design and consideration. At the macroscopic scale, mainstream technologies mostly adopt a rigid support model, attempting to directly resist dynamic load impacts by increasing support strength and enhancing the breaking force of anchor bolts and cables. At the microscopic scale, large-diameter borehole stress relief technology is widely used, guiding stress transfer to deeper surrounding rock through drilling within the surrounding rock to achieve localized stress relief. However, these single-scale control methods have significant limitations: rigid support is prone to fracture and failure under high-energy dynamic load impacts, and cannot effectively dissipate impact energy, making long-term stable support difficult; while single-hole stress relief technology can transfer some surrounding rock stress and alleviate stress concentration, it easily weakens the overall integrity of the surrounding rock, leading to surface rock fragmentation and uncontrolled deformation, which in turn exacerbates the risk of surrounding rock instability. Existing technologies fail to construct a multi-layered, collaborative protection system based on the complete chain of dynamic load energy generation, transmission, conversion, and dissipation. This results in limited protective effectiveness and poor stability under complex dynamic load conditions, failing to fundamentally solve the technical challenge of controlling the instability of surrounding rock in deep dynamic load roadways. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide a multi-scale, graded, collaborative energy dissipation control device and method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a multi-scale hierarchical energy consumption collaborative control device and method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load. This method can significantly improve the overall stability of the surrounding rock and its adaptability to dynamic load disturbances by constructing a multi-scale hierarchical energy consumption system, and can realize the whole-process management, collaborative dissipation and adaptive feedback optimization of dynamic load energy from the source to the roadway. This device can significantly improve the overall stability of the surrounding rock under dynamic load and ensure the safety of coal mine production operations.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, comprising the following steps:

[0007] Step 1: Multi-scale energy dissipation zoning design; Based on the roadway geomechanical test data and expected dynamic load characteristic parameters, the surrounding rock is radially divided into micro-fracture control zone, micro-wave damping zone and macro-energy absorption zone, and their thickness and key mechanical indicators are determined respectively.

[0008] Step 2: Construction of micro-scale anchor bolt anchoring crack control layer; In the shallow micro-crack control zone of the roadway, high prestressed anchor bolts or anchor cables are constructed to form a surface crack control layer that inhibits the dynamic propagation of microcracks and maintains the integrity and continuity of the shallow surrounding rock.

[0009] Step 3: Construction of the micro-scale borehole pressure relief and wave-absorbing layer; In the micro-scale wave-absorbing zone outside the micro-scale fracture control zone, a large-diameter borehole array arranged according to predetermined geometric parameters is constructed to form a wave-absorbing layer with the purpose of attenuating dynamic stress wave energy and inducing controllable cracks in the surrounding rock.

[0010] Step 4: Construction of the macroscopic weak-structure energy-absorbing layer; In the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone outside the microscopic wave-dissipating zone, artificial intervention is used to transform the intact original rock into a weak-structure energy-absorbing layer with predetermined fragmentation characteristics and residual bearing capacity.

[0011] Step 5: Multi-scale energy dissipation and effect monitoring feedback; When the dynamic load incident wave enters the surrounding rock, it is dissipated step by step through the fracturing deformation absorption in the macro energy absorption zone, the borehole reflection and scattering energy dissipation in the micro wave-dissipation zone, and the anchor bolt prestressing crack control in the micro fracture control zone, so as to significantly reduce the residual energy transmitted to the roadway surface; At the same time, by using stress, displacement and microseismic monitoring instruments arranged in each scale zone, the response data of the three-level energy dissipation system under dynamic load is obtained, the total energy dissipation coefficient is calculated, and the results are used for subsequent optimization and adjustment of design parameters;

[0012] As a preferred approach, the multi-scale energy consumption zoning design process in step 1 is as follows:

[0013] S11: Microscopic crack control zone thickness design;

[0014] Measured thickness of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock in the tunnel Design length of anchorage section of anchor bolt The sum of these values ​​serves as the minimum design thickness of the micro-fracture-controlled zone. As shown in the following formula:

[0015] ;

[0016] In the formula, This is to ensure that the anchoring end of the anchor bolt is located within a stable rock mass;

[0017] S12: Detailed analysis of the damping zone thickness design; based on the dynamic load main frequency. The attenuation requirements determine the design thickness of the detailed wave-damping zone. As shown in the following formula:

[0018] ;

[0019] In the formula, The wavelength of the stress wave. , The longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass;

[0020] S13: Macroscopic energy absorption zone thickness design;

[0021] Based on the expected maximum impact kinetic energy Energy absorption capacity per unit volume of weakly structured rock masses Determine the design thickness of the macroscopic energy absorption region As shown in the following formula:

[0022] ;

[0023] In the formula, The surface area of ​​the affected section of the roadway. Calibrated through indoor rock mechanics tests;

[0024] S14: Energy consumption mechanism coupled with numerical simulation and parameter optimization;

[0025] A three-dimensional discrete element numerical model containing a three-level energy dissipation structure was established to simulate the energy transfer and dissipation process under different dynamic loads. With the goal of maximizing the total energy dissipation coefficient, the micro-drilling diameter, spacing, and macro-damage degree of the energy absorption zone were iteratively optimized to determine the optimal combination of construction parameters.

[0026] As a preferred method, the construction process of the microscale anchor bolt anchorage crack control layer in step 2 is as follows:

[0027] S21: Prestressed design; ensuring the prestress value applied during anchor bolt construction. The following conditions must be met to suppress the dynamic propagation of microcracks under dynamic loading:

[0028] ;

[0029] In the formula, This represents the maximum dynamic tensile stress generated on the surface of the surrounding rock under dynamic loading. The surface area of ​​the surrounding rock borne by a single anchor bolt; This is the effective coefficient of prestress;

[0030] S22: Construction Control; During anchor bolt construction, a torque wrench or tensioning equipment is used to quantitatively control the prestress value, ensuring that the actual applied value is not less than the calculated critical anchoring force. .

[0031] As a preferred method, the construction process of the borehole pressure relief and wave-damping layer at the microscale in step 3 is as follows:

[0032] S31: Drilling geometry parameter optimization;

[0033] Ensure borehole diameter and row spacing To meet the conditions for optimal wave-damping efficiency, the wave-damping coefficient... Defined according to the following formula:

[0034] ;

[0035] In the formula, The peak value of the incident stress wave; The peak value of the transmitted stress wave after passing through the borehole array; The function is calibrated by discrete element numerical simulation experiments;

[0036] S32: Energy consumption mechanism and verification; The energy consumption effect is verified in real time by an acoustic emission monitoring system deployed around the borehole. When the acoustic emission energy rate exceeds the preset threshold for three consecutive monitoring, it is determined that the borehole wave damping function is started normally. Otherwise, wave damping performance enhancement measures are implemented and the energy consumption effect is re-verified until the borehole wave damping function is started normally.

[0037] As a preferred approach, the wave-damping performance enhancement process in S32 is as follows:

[0038] S32-1: Continuously monitor and extend the evaluation window; continue to collect data, eliminate occasional interference, and observe the trend of energy rate change within the set time period. If it is always lower than 3 times the background noise level, it is determined that the borehole wave damping function has not been started normally.

[0039] S32-2: Trigger an early warning and adjust drilling parameters; issue an early warning signal and reinforcement reminder message for insufficient borehole wave damping effectiveness; the operator shall assess on-site whether the borehole diameter and spacing meet the design requirements; for substandard boreholes, supplementary drilling and densification or borehole enlargement shall be carried out until the design requirements are met, and acoustic emission monitoring shall be performed again to verify the wave damping effectiveness; if the design value cannot be fully achieved due to geological conditions, the parameters shall be re-optimized through numerical simulation, and auxiliary reinforcement measures shall be taken to make up for the insufficient wave damping capacity, but measures that may inhibit the wave damping function, such as increasing the anchor density, shall not be adopted.

[0040] As a preferred approach, the construction process of the macroscopically weak structural energy-absorbing layer in step 4 is as follows:

[0041] S41: Damage control; the damage degree of the weak structural layer is defined according to the following formula. :

[0042] ;

[0043] In the formula, The equivalent elastic modulus of the weakly structured rock mass; The original rock elastic modulus;

[0044] S42: Energy absorption capacity calibration for fragmentation and swelling; energy absorption capacity per unit volume of weakly structured rock masses. Determined by the following formula:

[0045] ;

[0046] In the formula, This represents the uniaxial compressive strength of the original rock. The energy conversion efficiency coefficient;

[0047] S43: Construction Control; The construction of weak structural layers achieves the predetermined degree of damage by controlling the drilling density to induce fracturing or the soaking time for water softening. .

[0048] As a preferred approach, the multi-scale energy consumption and effect monitoring feedback process in step 5 is as follows:

[0049] S51: Calculation of total energy dissipation coefficient; based on the total dynamic load energy transmitted to the surrounding rock. and the residual energy that is eventually transferred to the surface of the tunnel. The ratio is defined as the total energy consumption coefficient. As shown in the following formula:

[0050] ;

[0051] In the formula, The vibration waveforms were inverted and calculated using a microseismic monitoring system deployed in the deep rock mass surrounding the macroseismic energy absorption zone. Energy is estimated by monitoring the maximum displacement and vibration velocity using displacement gauges and velocity gauges placed on the roadway surface, combined with the surrounding rock quality.

[0052] S52: Performance Assessment and Feedback; When When the overall efficiency of the three-level energy consumption system is deemed qualified, the thickness, drilling parameters, or damage degree of the weak structural layer in each scale area are adjusted according to the monitoring results to achieve parameter optimization.

[0053] This invention provides a multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load. Compared with the prior art, this invention has the following technical advantages:

[0054] 1. A three-level progressive, radially reciprocating collaborative energy dissipation system was constructed. In this invention, a micro-fracture control zone (high prestressed anchor bolt anchoring), a micro-wave damping zone (large-diameter borehole array), and a macro-energy absorption zone (artificial fracturing or softening of weak structures) are constructed in the radial direction of the surrounding rock of the roadway from the surface to the inside. This allows the dynamic load energy transmitted into the surrounding rock to undergo a progressive dissipation process of macro-buffering and energy absorption, micro-attenuation and wave damping, and micro-fracture control and reinforcement. This breaks through the technical limitations of single control methods that cannot take into account both energy dissipation and stability, and realizes the hierarchical management of dynamic load energy throughout the entire process.

[0055] 2. The system achieves functional synergy and non-interference among multiple scales. Through quantitative design of each scale (e.g., microscale thickness based on the plastic zone and anchorage length, mesoscale thickness based on stress wavelength, and macroscale thickness based on impact kinetic energy) and precise control of construction parameters, it ensures that the three-level energy dissipation system works in synergy without interference. This fully leverages the dominant energy dissipation mechanisms of each scale (energy absorption from fragmentation in the macroscale zone, energy dissipation from wave reflection / scattering / crack propagation in the mesoscale zone, and crack suppression and maintenance of surrounding rock integrity in the microscale zone), while avoiding conflicting measures, significantly improving the overall stability of the surrounding rock and its adaptability to dynamic load disturbances.

[0056] 3. It provides a scientific, systematic, and operable end-to-end technical solution. Starting from geomechanical assessment and dynamic load characteristics acquisition, this invention sequentially completes the process of zonal design, graded construction, performance monitoring, and feedback optimization. In particular, it establishes a multi-physics field monitoring network (anchor bolt force gauge, convergence gauge, borehole stress gauge, acoustic emission, microseismic detector, displacement / velocity gauge) and a total energy consumption coefficient evaluation system. This enables precise quantitative assessment of energy consumption effects and adaptive correction of design parameters based on monitoring data (such as acoustic emission energy rate and total energy consumption coefficient), providing clear and operable technical guidance for on-site engineering applications.

[0057] 4. It possesses excellent engineering adaptability and economic efficiency; this invention differentiates the design parameters for each scale based on different dynamic load characteristics (peak stress, dominant frequency, total energy), and allows efficient collaborative operation even when the actual dynamic load parameters vary within a preset allowable fluctuation range. Furthermore, the construction of each zone utilizes existing mature equipment in coal mines (anchor drilling rig, large-diameter drilling rig, fracturing / softening equipment) and monitoring instruments, making it easy to promote based on existing technologies and reducing implementation difficulty and cost.

[0058] 5. Effectively solves the fundamental defects of existing technologies; This invention overcomes the technical drawbacks of traditional methods that are single-scale, work in isolation, and lack coordination. It breaks through the limitations of starting from a single means such as anchoring, pressure relief, or weak structure, and realizes the whole process management from the energy source (macroscopic energy absorption) to energy attenuation (microscopic wave damping) and then to residual energy dissipation (microscopic crack control), which significantly improves the long-term stability and impact resistance of roadways under deep high stress and strong disturbance conditions.

[0059] This method, by constructing a multi-scale hierarchical energy dissipation system that integrates macroscopic energy absorption, microscopic wave dissipation, and microscopic crack control in a radially progressive manner, can significantly improve the overall stability of the surrounding rock and its adaptability to dynamic load disturbances. It also realizes the whole-process management, coordinated dissipation, and adaptive feedback optimization of dynamic load energy from the source to the roadway.

[0060] This invention also provides a multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control device for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, used to realize a method for multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, comprising:

[0061] A multi-scale energy-dissipating structure construction subsystem is used to perform construction of the micro-crack control zone, the micro-wave damping zone, and the macro-energy absorption zone;

[0062] A multi-physics field collaborative monitoring subsystem is used for three-dimensional monitoring of the entire energy consumption process;

[0063] The performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem includes a downhole data acquisition station and a surface central control room, wherein the surface central control room houses a data processing and decision-making module.

[0064] As a preferred embodiment, the data processing and decision-making module is configured as follows:

[0065] Receive monitoring data uploaded in real time by the multiphysics field collaborative monitoring subsystem, and automatically calculate the total energy consumption coefficient according to the calculation logic in step 5;

[0066] When the total energy consumption coefficient is lower than the set threshold or the acoustic emission energy rate is continuously lower than 3 times the background noise level, an early warning signal is triggered and a reinforcement reminder message is output.

[0067] Based on preset decision rules, the system outputs optimization and adjustment suggestions for design parameters at various scales, including densifying drilling, enlarging holes, adjusting the spacing between boreholes, modifying the damage degree of the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone, or initiating auxiliary energy-consuming measures.

[0068] In this technical solution, the data processing and decision-making module realizes real-time quantitative evaluation of energy consumption effect, automatic early warning of abnormal state, and closed-loop optimization of design parameters. It can dynamically trigger reinforcement measures based on monitoring data and output targeted adjustment suggestions, which significantly improves the intelligence level and adaptability of dynamic load control of roadway surrounding rock.

[0069] As a preferred embodiment, the performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem also includes a built-in three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation module; the three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation module is used to iteratively optimize the borehole diameter, spacing, and damage degree during the preliminary design stage or parameter adjustment, and output the optimal combination of construction parameters.

[0070] In this technical solution, the borehole diameter, spacing, and damage degree are iteratively optimized through three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation. This allows for the rapid acquisition of the optimal parameter combination before construction or during parameter adjustment, avoiding the blindness of traditional experience-based design. It significantly improves the scientificity and efficiency of multi-scale energy-consuming structure parameter design and reduces on-site trial and error costs.

[0071] In this invention, the multi-scale energy-dissipating structure construction subsystem allows for the configuration of specialized construction equipment for micro-crack control zones, meso-wave-damping zones, and macro-energy-absorbing zones, achieving precise control of structural parameters in each zone and ensuring the coordinated construction of the three-level energy-dissipating structures without interference. The multi-physics field collaborative monitoring subsystem enables real-time capture of stress changes, microcrack initiation and propagation, vibration waveforms, and energy release in each zone, providing comprehensive and reliable data support for energy dissipation effect assessment. The performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem, with its built-in data processing and decision-making module, automatically calculates the total energy dissipation coefficient based on real-time uploaded monitoring data and triggers early warnings or outputs reinforcement suggestions according to preset criteria. Furthermore, this subsystem supports iterative optimization of design indicators such as drilling parameters and damage levels, significantly improving the system's adaptability to complex geological and dynamic load conditions.

[0072] This device can significantly improve the overall stability of the surrounding rock under dynamic loads, ensure the safety of coal mine production operations, and provide a standardized and scalable engineering solution for the control of surrounding rock in deep dynamic load roadways. Attached Figure Description

[0073] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the present invention;

[0074] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the control method in this invention;

[0075] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the multi-scale energy consumption process in this invention.

[0076] In the diagram, 1 represents the tunnel; 2 represents the microscopic crack control zone; 3 represents the microscopic wave absorption zone; 4 represents the macroscopic energy absorption zone; 5 represents the dynamic load incident wave; 21 represents the high-prestressed anchor bolt or anchor cable; and 31 represents the borehole. Detailed Implementation

[0077] To further illustrate the technical means and effects of the present invention in achieving its intended purpose, the following detailed description of the specific implementation methods, structures, features, and effects of the present invention, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, is provided below.

[0078] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, this invention provides a multi-scale graded energy dissipation and coordinated control method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load. By constructing a micro-fracture control zone 2, a micro-wave attenuation zone 3, and a macro-energy absorption zone 4 radially from the surface to the interior of the roadway 1 surrounding rock, a three-level graded energy dissipation system for dynamic load energy is formed. This allows the energy of the dynamic load incident wave 5 transmitted into the surrounding rock to undergo a progressive energy dissipation process of macro-buffering and energy absorption, micro-attenuation and wave attenuation, and micro-fracture control and reinforcement. Specifically, the method includes the following steps:

[0079] Step 0: Obtain design parameters;

[0080] The triaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and P-wave velocity of the original rock were obtained through in-situ in-situ stress measurements and indoor core sampling tests; the dominant frequency range and maximum energy of the dynamic load were determined through statistical analysis of historical microseismic monitoring data.

[0081] Step 1: Multi-scale energy consumption zoning design;

[0082] Based on the geomechanical test data and expected dynamic load characteristics of tunnel 1, the surrounding rock is radially divided into micro-fracture control zone 2, micro-wave damping zone 3 and macro-energy absorption zone 4, and their thickness and key mechanical indicators are determined respectively.

[0083] As a preferred option, the multi-scale energy consumption zoning design process is as follows:

[0084] S11: Thickness design of the micro-crack control zone 2;

[0085] Based on the parameters obtained in step 0, the measured thickness of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock in roadway 1 is taken. Design length of anchorage section of anchor bolt The sum of these values ​​serves as the minimum design thickness of the micro-fracture-controlled zone 2. As shown in the following formula:

[0086] ;

[0087] In the formula, This is to ensure that the anchoring end of the anchor bolt is located within a stable rock mass;

[0088] S12: Based on the parameters obtained in step 0, examine the thickness design of the wave-damping zone 3 in detail; according to the dynamic load main frequency... The attenuation requirements determine the design thickness of the detailed wave-damping zone 3. As shown in the following formula:

[0089] ;

[0090] In the formula, The wavelength of the stress wave is expressed in meters (m). , The longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass is expressed in m / s. The unit is Hz;

[0091] S13: Macroscopic energy absorption zone with 4-thickness design;

[0092] Based on the parameters obtained in step 0, and according to the expected maximum impact kinetic energy (Unit: J) and the energy absorption capacity per unit volume of weakly structured rock mass due to fragmentation and swelling. (Unit: J / m³) Determine the design thickness of macroscopic energy absorption region 4. As shown in the following formula:

[0093] ;

[0094] In the formula, The surface area of ​​the affected section of roadway 1 is expressed in m². Calibrated through indoor rock mechanics tests;

[0095] S14: Energy consumption mechanism coupled with numerical simulation and parameter optimization;

[0096] Based on the parameters obtained in step 0 and the thickness range initially determined in S11 to S13, a three-dimensional discrete element numerical model containing a three-level energy dissipation structure is established to simulate the energy transfer and dissipation process under different dynamic loads. With the goal of maximizing the total energy dissipation coefficient, the micro-drilling diameter, spacing, and macro-damage degree of the energy absorption zone are iteratively optimized to determine the optimal combination of construction parameters.

[0097] In this technical solution, the thickness of the micro-crack control zone, the meso-wave damping zone, and the macro-energy absorption zone are calculated by formula, and the drilling parameters and damage degree are iteratively optimized by combining three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation. This achieves the quantitative design and scientific optimization of multi-scale partition parameters, avoids the blindness of empirical values, and significantly improves the synergistic efficiency and engineering adaptability of the three-level energy dissipation structure.

[0098] As a specific embodiment of the present invention, the early warning dynamic load characteristics include at least the peak stress, dominant frequency, and total energy of the dynamic load. The energy dissipation design parameters at all three scales need to be differentiated and matched to these three characteristics to ensure that the three-level energy dissipation system can still achieve coordinated, stable, and efficient energy dissipation when the actual dynamic load parameters fluctuate within ±30% of a preset threshold. This fluctuation range can be adjusted according to specific geological conditions and safety levels. Through differentiated matching design of the peak stress, dominant frequency, and total energy of the dynamic load, the three-level energy dissipation system can maintain efficient and coordinated operation even when the actual dynamic load parameters fluctuate, significantly improving the system's adaptive robustness to complex dynamic load conditions.

[0099] Step 2: Construction of the micro-scale anchor bolt anchorage crack control layer;

[0100] Within the shallow micro-crack control zone 2 of tunnel 1, high-prestressed anchor bolts or anchor cables 21 are constructed to form a surface crack control layer that inhibits the dynamic propagation of microcracks and maintains the integrity and continuity of the shallow surrounding rock.

[0101] As a preferred option, the construction process of the micro-scale anchor bolt anchorage crack control layer is as follows:

[0102] S21: Prestressed design; ensuring the prestress value applied during anchor bolt construction. The following conditions must be met to suppress the dynamic propagation of microcracks under dynamic loading:

[0103] ;

[0104] In the formula, The maximum dynamic tensile stress generated on the surface of the surrounding rock under dynamic loading is expressed in MPa and is determined through numerical simulation. The area of ​​the surrounding rock supported by a single anchor bolt, expressed in m², is the product of the spacing between anchor bolts. The effective prestress coefficient is taken as 0.6 to 0.8, which reflects the diffusion and attenuation of the anchor bolt preload in the surrounding rock.

[0105] S22: Construction Control;

[0106] During anchor bolt installation, a torque wrench or tensioning equipment is used to quantitatively control the prestress value, ensuring that the actual applied value is not less than the calculated critical anchoring force. ;

[0107] In this technical solution, by quantitatively calculating the critical anchoring force and using a torque wrench or tensioning equipment to precisely control the prestress, the anchor rod effectively suppresses the propagation of microcracks under dynamic load, realizing the precise design and construction of prestressed anchoring, and significantly improving the integrity and crack resistance of shallow surrounding rock.

[0108] Step 3: Construction of the pressure relief and wave-damping layer by drilling at close scale;

[0109] Within the microscopic wave-absorbing zone 3 surrounding the microscopic crack-controlling zone 2, an array of large-diameter boreholes 31 arranged according to predetermined geometric parameters is constructed to form a wave-absorbing layer aimed at attenuating the energy of dynamic stress waves and inducing controllable cracks in the surrounding rock.

[0110] As a preferred option, the construction process of the borehole pressure relief and wave-damping layer at a microscale is as follows:

[0111] S31: Optimization of borehole geometry parameters;

[0112] Ensure the borehole diameter is 31 (Unit: mm) and spacing between rows (Unit: mm) Meeting the conditions for optimal wave suppression efficiency, wave suppression coefficient Defined according to the following formula:

[0113] ;

[0114] In the formula, The peak value of the incident stress wave is expressed in MPa and is determined through numerical simulation or similar material simulation. The peak value of the transmitted stress wave after passing through the array of boreholes 31 is expressed in MPa. The function is calibrated by discrete element numerical simulation experiments; the wave suppression coefficient. The target value is not less than 0.5, and the borehole diameter is 31. The value range is 90–150 mm, and the spacing between rows is... The range of values ​​is ;

[0115] S32: Energy dissipation mechanism and verification; The energy dissipation mechanism of borehole 31 under dynamic load includes: energy dissipation from the reflection and scattering of stress waves on the free surface of borehole 31, energy dissipation from the radial crack propagation of the rock mass surrounding borehole 31, and energy dissipation from the plastic deformation of the rock column between boreholes 31; The energy dissipation effect is verified in real time by an acoustic emission monitoring system arranged around borehole 31 (specifically, the spatiotemporal evolution of microcrack initiation and propagation can be captured by acoustic emission probes). When the acoustic emission energy rate is detected to exceed the preset threshold for three consecutive times (the preset threshold is determined in advance by acoustic emission calibration test under laboratory rock sample loading conditions, or is set to more than three times the background noise level), it is determined that the wave damping function of borehole 31 is normally activated. Otherwise, wave damping performance reinforcement measures are implemented, and the energy dissipation effect is re-verified until the wave damping function of borehole 31 is normally activated.

[0116] In this technical solution, the borehole diameter and spacing are quantitatively optimized using a wave-dissipation coefficient formula to ensure that the wave-dissipation efficiency is not less than 50%. Multiple mechanisms, such as borehole free-face reflection and scattering, radial crack propagation, and rock column plastic deformation, are used to dissipate energy in a coordinated manner. The wave-dissipation effect is verified in real time with the help of an acoustic emission monitoring system. When the energy rate exceeds the threshold three times consecutively, the function is considered to be in normal operation. Otherwise, reinforcement measures are implemented until the standard is met. This achieves the scientific design of pressure relief and wave-dissipation parameters, the visualization verification of the energy consumption process, and the adaptive closed-loop adjustment, which significantly improves the reliability and engineering controllability of stress wave attenuation.

[0117] As a further optimization, the process for enhancing wave-damping effectiveness is as follows:

[0118] S32-1: Continuously monitor and extend the evaluation window; continue to collect data, eliminate occasional interference, and observe the trend of energy rate change within a set time period (such as 10 stress wave cycles). If it is always lower than 3 times the background noise level, it is determined that the wave damping function of borehole 31 has not been started normally.

[0119] S32-2: Trigger an early warning and adjust the parameters of borehole 31; issue an early warning signal and reinforcement reminder information for insufficient wave-damping effectiveness of borehole 31. Based on the reinforcement reminder information, the operator shall conduct an on-site assessment of whether the diameter and spacing of borehole 31 meet the design requirements. For boreholes 31 that do not meet the requirements, additional drilling and densification (reducing the spacing) shall be carried out, or boreholes 31 with insufficient diameter shall be enlarged until the actual construction parameters meet the design requirements. Then, acoustic emission monitoring shall be carried out again to verify the wave-damping effectiveness. If the design value cannot be fully achieved due to geological conditions, the parameters shall be re-optimized through numerical simulation, and auxiliary reinforcement measures (such as grouting reinforcement or filling the borehole with buffer material) shall be taken to make up for the insufficient wave-damping capacity. However, measures that may inhibit the wave-damping function, such as increasing the anchor density, shall not be adopted.

[0120] In this technical solution, the monitoring window is extended to eliminate occasional interference and accurately determine the wave-damping function status. After the warning, the site is guided to supplement the drilling diameter and spacing or to enlarge the borehole to correct the error. When the geological conditions limit the operation, the parameters are re-optimized by numerical simulation and auxiliary measures such as grouting or filling with buffer materials are used to make up for the deficiency. At the same time, the solution of increasing the anchor density, which may suppress the wave-damping capacity, is clearly ruled out, ensuring that the wave-damping layer always maintains high energy consumption capacity under complex working conditions.

[0121] Step 4: Construction of the macroscopically scaled weak-structure energy-absorbing layer;

[0122] Within the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone 4 surrounding the microscopic wave-dissipating zone 3, artificial intervention methods such as drilling 31 to induce fracturing or water injection to soften the rock are used to transform the intact original rock into a weakly structured energy-absorbing layer with predetermined fragmentation characteristics and residual bearing capacity.

[0123] As a preferred option, the construction process of the macroscopically scaled weak structure energy-absorbing layer is as follows:

[0124] S41: Damage control; the damage degree of the weak structural layer is defined according to the following formula. :

[0125] ;

[0126] In the formula, This is the equivalent elastic modulus of the weakly structured rock mass, in MPa. The original rock elastic modulus is expressed in MPa. The damage level should be controlled within the preset range [0.3, 0.6] to ensure that the energy-absorbing layer has both sufficient energy dissipation capacity and residual bearing capacity.

[0127] S42: Energy absorption capacity calibration for fragmentation and swelling; energy absorption capacity per unit volume of weakly structured rock masses. The unit is J / m³, and it is determined by the following formula:

[0128] ;

[0129] In the formula, This represents the uniaxial compressive strength of the original rock, expressed in MPa. The energy conversion efficiency coefficient ranges from 0.08 to 0.12 and is calibrated through indoor rock compression tests.

[0130] S43: Construction Control; The construction of weak structural layers is carried out by controlling the drilling density of borehole 31 to induce fracturing or the soaking time for water softening to achieve the preset damage level. .

[0131] In this technical solution, the damage degree of the weak structural rock mass is controlled within the range of 0.3 to 0.6 by combining the damage degree formula, which ensures the balance between energy dissipation and residual bearing capacity. The energy absorption capacity per unit volume is quantitatively calculated by using the crushing and swelling energy absorption capacity calibration formula, and the preset damage degree is achieved by controlling the density of fracturing boreholes or the water injection softening time. This allows the artificially modified weak structural layer to stably absorb a large amount of impact energy through crushing and swelling deformation under dynamic load, while maintaining a certain bearing skeleton function, which significantly improves the construction controllability and energy absorption efficiency of the macroscopic energy absorption zone.

[0132] Step 5: Multi-scale energy consumption and effect monitoring and feedback;

[0133] like Figure 3 As shown, when the dynamic load incident wave enters the surrounding rock, it dissipates energy step by step through the macroscopic energy absorption zone of fragmentation and deformation, the microscopic wave dissipation zone of borehole reflection and scattering, and the microscopic fracture control zone of anchor bolt prestressing, thus significantly reducing the residual energy transmitted to the roadway surface. At the same time, by using stress, displacement, and microseismic monitoring instruments arranged in various scale zones, the response data of the three-level energy dissipation system under dynamic load are obtained, the total energy dissipation coefficient is calculated, and the results are used for subsequent optimization and adjustment of design parameters.

[0134] As a preferred option, the multi-scale energy consumption and effect monitoring feedback process is as follows:

[0135] S51: Calculation of total energy dissipation coefficient; based on the total dynamic load energy transmitted to the surrounding rock. (Unit: J) and the residual energy ultimately transferred to the surface of tunnel 1. The ratio (in J) defines the total energy consumption coefficient. As shown in the following formula:

[0136] ;

[0137] In the formula, The vibration waveforms were inverted and calculated using a microseismic monitoring system deployed in the deep rock mass surrounding the macroseismic energy absorption zone 4. Energy is estimated by monitoring the maximum displacement and vibration velocity using displacement gauges and velocity gauges placed on the surface of roadway 1, combined with the surrounding rock mass.

[0138] S52: Performance Assessment and Feedback; When When the overall efficiency of the three-level energy consumption system is deemed qualified, the thickness of each scale area, borehole parameters, or damage degree of the weak structural layer are adjusted according to the monitoring results to achieve parameter optimization. As an alternative, the optimized parameters can be used to pre-determine the detailed layout plan of sensors in each scale area and the specific thresholds of key criteria such as acoustic emission energy rate and total energy consumption coefficient for the next construction stage.

[0139] In this technical solution, the overall efficiency of the three-level energy consumption system is quantitatively evaluated through the total energy consumption coefficient. The system can be judged as qualified in time, and the partition thickness, drilling parameters and damage degree can be dynamically adjusted according to the monitoring results, realizing the quantitative evaluation of energy consumption effect and the adaptive correction of design parameters. At the same time, the sensor deployment plan and judgment threshold can be formulated in advance, forming a continuous control mechanism of quantitative evaluation, feedback optimization and advance guidance, which significantly improves the scientificity and engineering adaptability of the multi-scale energy consumption system.

[0140] This invention constructs a three-tiered energy dissipation system in the radial direction of the surrounding rock of the tunnel, from the surface inwards: microscopic fracture control, microscopic wave attenuation, and macroscopic energy absorption. This system allows dynamic load energy to undergo a progressive dissipation process, sequentially undergoing macroscopic buffering and energy absorption, microscopic attenuation and wave attenuation, and microscopic fracture control and reinforcement. Through the quantitative design and coordinated construction of high-prestressed anchor bolts, large-diameter borehole arrays, and artificial weak structural layers, the multi-scale energy dissipation mechanisms are organically integrated and operate without interference. Combined with multi-physics field monitoring and total energy dissipation coefficient evaluation, the entire process of impact energy management is achieved. This method significantly improves the long-term stability of deep tunnels under dynamic load disturbances and is characterized by its scientific, systematic, and operable nature.

[0141] This invention also provides a multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control device for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, used to realize a method for multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, comprising:

[0142] A multi-scale energy-dissipating structure construction subsystem is used to perform the construction of the micro-crack control zone 2, the micro-wave damping zone 3, and the macro-energy absorption zone 4;

[0143] The multi-scale energy-consuming structure construction subsystem includes a micro-scale fracture control zone construction unit, a meso-scale wave-dissipating zone construction unit, and a macro-scale energy-absorbing zone construction unit. The micro-scale fracture control zone construction unit consists of high-prestressed anchor bolts or anchor cables 21 and their matching tensioning equipment, used to construct high-prestressed anchor bolts or anchor cables 21 within the micro-scale fracture control zone 2 according to a preset prestress value, forming a surface fracture control layer. The meso-scale wave-dissipating zone construction unit consists of a mining large-diameter drilling rig and its matching drill rods and drill bits, used to construct a large-diameter borehole array 31 within the meso-scale wave-dissipating zone 3 according to the optimized borehole diameter and spacing, forming a pressure-relief wave-dissipating layer. The macro-scale energy-absorbing zone construction unit consists of mining borehole fracturing equipment or water injection softening equipment, used to artificially fracture or soften the original rock within the macro-scale energy-absorbing zone 4 according to a preset damage degree, forming a weak-structure energy-absorbing layer. Thus, it constitutes the ability to artificially intervene in the physical and mechanical state of the surrounding rock at three scales.

[0144] A multi-physics field collaborative monitoring subsystem is used for three-dimensional monitoring of the entire energy consumption process;

[0145] The multi-physics field collaborative monitoring subsystem includes a micro-fracture control zone monitoring unit, a meso-wave absorption zone monitoring unit, a macro-energy absorption zone monitoring unit, and a roadway surface monitoring unit. The micro-fracture control zone monitoring unit includes a bolt force gauge and a roadway surface convergence gauge deployed in the micro-fracture control zone 2, used to collect bolt stress and surrounding rock surface displacement data. The meso-wave absorption zone monitoring unit includes a borehole stress gauge and an acoustic emission probe deployed in the meso-wave absorption zone 3, used to collect stress changes around borehole 31 and acoustic emission energy rates generated by rock fractures. To verify whether the wave-damping function of borehole 31 is activated normally; the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone monitoring unit includes a micro-vibration detector deployed deep within the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone 4, used to pick up the vibration waveform of the deep surrounding rock under dynamic load, and invert the total dynamic load energy transmitted to the surrounding rock; the roadway surface monitoring unit includes a displacement meter and a velocity meter deployed on the surface of roadway 1, used to monitor the residual displacement and vibration velocity finally transmitted to the surface of roadway 1, and estimate the residual energy; as a further preferred option, all of the above sensors are mature commercial products in the field of mine safety monitoring;

[0146] The performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem includes a downhole data acquisition substation and a ground central control room (or edge computing server), wherein the ground central control room (or edge computing server) has a built-in data processing and decision-making module.

[0147] As a preferred embodiment, the data processing and decision-making module is configured as follows:

[0148] Receive monitoring data uploaded in real time by the multiphysics field collaborative monitoring subsystem, and automatically calculate the total energy consumption coefficient according to the calculation logic in step 5;

[0149] When the total energy consumption coefficient is lower than the set threshold or the acoustic emission energy rate is continuously lower than 3 times the background noise level, an early warning signal is triggered and a reinforcement reminder message is output.

[0150] Based on the preset decision rules, the system outputs optimization and adjustment suggestions for the design parameters of each scale area, including densifying the borehole 31, enlarging the borehole, adjusting the row spacing between boreholes 31, modifying the damage degree of the macroscopic energy absorption zone, or initiating auxiliary energy dissipation measures.

[0151] In this technical solution, the data processing and decision-making module realizes real-time quantitative evaluation of energy consumption effect, automatic early warning of abnormal state, and closed-loop optimization of design parameters. It can dynamically trigger reinforcement measures based on monitoring data and output targeted adjustment suggestions, which significantly improves the intelligence level and adaptability of dynamic load control of roadway surrounding rock.

[0152] As a preferred embodiment, the performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision subsystem also includes a built-in three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation module; the three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation module is used to iteratively optimize the borehole diameter, spacing, and damage degree during the preliminary design stage or parameter adjustment, and output the optimal combination of construction parameters.

[0153] In this technical solution, the borehole diameter, spacing, and damage degree are iteratively optimized through three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation. This allows for the rapid acquisition of the optimal parameter combination before construction or during parameter adjustment, avoiding the blindness of traditional experience-based design. It significantly improves the scientificity and efficiency of multi-scale energy-consuming structure parameter design and reduces on-site trial and error costs.

[0154] As a further preferred option, a display and early warning terminal is also included, used to display various monitoring data, total energy consumption coefficient, early warning status, and optimization and adjustment instructions in real time. This allows relevant personnel to intuitively and promptly observe abnormal operating conditions, enabling them to take timely and effective countermeasures.

[0155] In this invention, the multi-scale energy-dissipating structure construction subsystem is equipped with high-prestressed anchor bolt / cable tensioning equipment, large-diameter drilling rigs, and borehole fracturing / water injection softening equipment for the micro-crack control zone 2, the micro-wave absorption zone 3, and the macro-energy absorption zone 4, respectively. This allows for precise control of anchor bolt prestress, borehole geometry parameters, and surrounding rock damage according to design requirements, forming a three-level physical energy-dissipating structure. This ensures the independence of each zone's function while enabling synergistic complementarity. The multi-physics field collaborative monitoring subsystem deploys anchor bolt force gauges, convergence gauges, borehole stress gauges, acoustic emission probes, microseismic detectors, and displacement / velocity meters within the three scale zones and on the roadway surface, constructing a complete sensing chain from deep within the surrounding rock to the roadway surface. This subsystem can capture stress changes, microcrack initiation and propagation, vibration waveforms, and residual displacement / velocity in each zone in real time, providing multi-dimensional and highly reliable data support for energy dissipation effect assessment. Furthermore, all sensors are mature commercial products used in mining, facilitating integration and maintenance. The performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem has a built-in data processing and decision-making module that can automatically calculate the total energy consumption coefficient based on real-time monitoring data and trigger early warnings or output reinforcement suggestions based on preset criteria (such as acoustic emission energy rate threshold and lower limit of total energy consumption coefficient). This subsystem links field data with design parameters, forming a process of construction, monitoring, evaluation and correction, which significantly improves the adaptability to complex dynamic load conditions.

[0156] The device has a clear overall architecture, with each unit built on existing mature equipment and monitoring instruments in coal mines. It can significantly improve the overall stability of the surrounding rock under dynamic loads, ensure the safety of coal mine production operations, and is easy to upgrade and promote in existing support systems. It provides a standardized and scalable engineering solution for the control of surrounding rock in deep dynamic load roadways.

[0157] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can make some modifications or alterations to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Multi-scale energy dissipation zoning design; Based on the roadway geomechanical test data and expected dynamic load characteristic parameters, the surrounding rock is radially divided into micro-fracture control zone, micro-wave damping zone and macro-energy absorption zone, and their thickness and key mechanical indicators are determined respectively. Step 2: Construction of micro-scale anchor bolt anchoring crack control layer; In the shallow micro-crack control zone of the roadway, high prestressed anchor bolts or anchor cables are constructed to form a surface crack control layer that inhibits the dynamic propagation of microcracks and maintains the integrity and continuity of the shallow surrounding rock. Step 3: Construction of the micro-scale borehole pressure relief and wave-absorbing layer; In the micro-scale wave-absorbing zone outside the micro-scale fracture control zone, a large-diameter borehole array arranged according to predetermined geometric parameters is constructed to form a wave-absorbing layer with the purpose of attenuating dynamic stress wave energy and inducing controllable cracks in the surrounding rock. Step 4: Construction of the macroscopic weak-structure energy-absorbing layer; In the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone outside the microscopic wave-dissipating zone, artificial intervention is used to transform the intact original rock into a weak-structure energy-absorbing layer with predetermined fragmentation characteristics and residual bearing capacity. Step 5: Multi-scale energy dissipation and effect monitoring feedback; When the dynamic load incident wave enters the surrounding rock, it is dissipated step by step through the fracturing deformation of the macro energy absorption zone, the borehole reflection and scattering in the micro wave-dissipation zone, and the anchor prestressing crack control in the micro fracture control zone, so as to significantly reduce the residual energy transmitted to the roadway surface; At the same time, the response data of the three-level energy dissipation system under dynamic load is obtained by stress, displacement and microseismic monitoring instruments arranged in each scale zone, the total energy dissipation coefficient is calculated, and the results are used for subsequent optimization and adjustment of design parameters.

2. The method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 1, the multi-scale energy consumption zoning design process is as follows: S11: Measured thickness of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock in the tunnel. Design length of anchor bolt anchorage section The sum of these values ​​serves as the minimum design thickness of the micro-fracture-controlled zone. As shown in the following formula: ； In the formula, This is to ensure that the anchoring end of the anchor bolt is located within a stable rock mass; S12: Based on the dynamic load main frequency The attenuation requirements determine the design thickness of the detailed wave-damping zone. As shown in the following formula: ； In the formula, The wavelength of the stress wave. , The longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass; S13: Based on the expected maximum impact kinetic energy Energy absorption capacity per unit volume of weakly structured rock masses Determine the design thickness of the macroscopic energy absorption region As shown in the following formula: ； In the formula, The surface area of ​​the affected section of the roadway. Calibrated through indoor rock mechanics tests; S14: Establish a three-dimensional discrete element numerical model containing a three-level energy dissipation structure to simulate the energy transfer and dissipation process under different dynamic loads; with the goal of maximizing the total energy dissipation coefficient, iteratively optimize the micro-drilling diameter, spacing, and macro-damage degree of the energy-absorbing zone to determine the optimal combination of construction parameters.

3. The method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 2, the construction process of the micro-scale anchor bolt anchorage crack control layer is as follows: S21: Ensure the prestress value applied during anchor bolt construction. The following conditions must be met to suppress the dynamic propagation of microcracks under dynamic loading: ； In the formula, This represents the maximum dynamic tensile stress generated on the surface of the surrounding rock under dynamic loading. The surface area of ​​the surrounding rock borne by a single anchor bolt; This is the effective coefficient of prestress; S22: During anchor bolt construction, a torque wrench or tensioning equipment should be used to quantitatively control the prestress value, ensuring that the actual applied value is not less than the calculated critical anchoring force. .

4. The method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 3, the construction process of the borehole pressure relief and wave-damping layer at a microscale is as follows: S31: Ensure borehole diameter and row spacing To meet the conditions for optimal wave-damping efficiency, the wave-damping coefficient... Defined according to the following formula: ； In the formula, The peak value of the incident stress wave; The peak value of the transmitted stress wave after passing through the borehole array; The function is calibrated by discrete element numerical simulation experiments; S32: The energy dissipation effect is verified in real time by an acoustic emission monitoring system deployed around the borehole. When the acoustic emission energy rate exceeds the preset threshold three times in a row, it is determined that the borehole wave damping function has been started normally. Otherwise, wave damping performance enhancement measures are implemented and the energy dissipation effect is re-verified until the borehole wave damping function is started normally.

5. The method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 4, characterized in that, In S32, the process of strengthening the wave-damping effectiveness is as follows: S32-1: Continue collecting data, eliminate occasional interference, and observe the trend of energy rate change within the set time period. If it is always lower than 3 times the background noise level, it is determined that the borehole wave damping function has not been started normally. S32-2: Issues an early warning signal and reinforcement reminder information for insufficient borehole wave damping performance. The operator assesses on-site whether the borehole diameter and spacing meet the design requirements. For substandard boreholes, additional drilling or enlargement is carried out until the design requirements are met. The wave damping performance is then re-verified by acoustic emission monitoring. If the design value cannot be fully achieved due to geological limitations, the parameters should be re-optimized through numerical simulation, and auxiliary reinforcement measures should be taken to compensate for the insufficient wave dissipation capacity.

6. The method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 4, the construction process of the macroscopically scaled weak structure energy-absorbing layer is as follows: S41: Define the damage degree of the weak structural layer according to the following formula. : ； In the formula, The equivalent elastic modulus of the weakly structured rock mass; The original rock elastic modulus; S42: Energy absorption capacity per unit volume of weakly structured rock mass due to fragmentation and swelling Determined by the following formula: ； In the formula, This represents the uniaxial compressive strength of the original rock. The energy conversion efficiency coefficient; S43: The construction of weak structural layers achieves the predetermined degree of damage by controlling the drilling density to induce fracturing or the soaking time for water softening. .

7. The method for multi-scale graded energy consumption coordination control of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 5, the multi-scale energy consumption and effect monitoring feedback process is as follows: S51: Total dynamic load energy based on the transmitted surrounding rock and the residual energy that is eventually transferred to the surface of the tunnel. The ratio is defined as the total energy consumption coefficient. As shown in the following formula: ； In the formula, The vibration waveforms were inverted and calculated using a microseismic monitoring system deployed in the deep rock mass surrounding the macroseismic energy absorption zone. Energy is estimated by monitoring the maximum displacement and vibration velocity using displacement gauges and velocity gauges placed on the surface of the tunnel, combined with the quality of the surrounding rock. S52: When When the overall efficiency of the three-level energy consumption system is deemed qualified, the thickness, drilling parameters, or damage degree of the weak structural layer in each scale area are adjusted according to the monitoring results to achieve parameter optimization.

8. A multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control device for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load, used to implement the multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control method for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, include: A multi-scale energy-dissipating structure construction subsystem is used to perform construction of the micro-crack control zone, the micro-wave damping zone, and the macro-energy absorption zone; A multi-physics field collaborative monitoring subsystem is used for three-dimensional monitoring of the entire energy consumption process; The performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem includes a downhole data acquisition station and a surface central control room, wherein the surface central control room houses a data processing and decision-making module.

9. The multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control device for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The data processing and decision-making module is configured as follows: Receive monitoring data uploaded in real time by the multiphysics field collaborative monitoring subsystem, and automatically calculate the total energy consumption coefficient according to the calculation logic in step 5; When the total energy consumption coefficient is lower than the set threshold or the acoustic emission energy rate is continuously lower than 3 times the background noise level, an early warning signal is triggered and a reinforcement reminder message is output. Based on preset decision rules, the system outputs optimization and adjustment suggestions for design parameters at various scales, including densifying drilling, enlarging holes, adjusting the spacing between boreholes, modifying the damage degree of the macroscopic energy-absorbing zone, or initiating auxiliary energy-consuming measures.

10. A multi-scale graded energy consumption collaborative control device for roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The performance evaluation and parameter optimization decision-making subsystem also has a built-in three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation module; The three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation module is used to iteratively optimize the borehole diameter, spacing, and damage degree during the preliminary design stage or parameter adjustment, and output the optimal combination of construction parameters.

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