Construction method of large-area multi-type curtain wall

Abstract

The application discloses a construction method of a large-area multi-type curtain wall and belongs to the field of building curtain wall construction. The large-area multi-type curtain wall comprises the following systems: a broken line colored glaze glass curtain wall, a frame type glass curtain wall, an aluminum plate modeling, a stone curtain wall and an interlayer aluminum plate curtain wall. The method comprises the following steps: (1) integrating the systems into the same BIM digital model, constructing an error transmission directed acyclic topology structure, and establishing an electrochemical corrosion calculation model; (2) dividing common nodes of main keels into three standard types, pre-assembling broken line nodes of the broken line colored glaze glass curtain wall system into integral broken line unit modules, and pre-fabricating in batches; (3) reverse correction, on-site installation of the main keels; (4) hoisting of the glass units; (5) glue sealing; and (6) joint loading monitoring of the systems, double-mode defect scanning and life prediction digital twin delivery. The application ensures standardization, refinement and batch production of repeated systems across buildings, and has the advantages of fast construction speed, small difficulty, high quality and low construction cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of building curtain wall construction technology, specifically relating to a construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing functional integration and stylistic differentiation of modern building complexes, a single construction project often comprises multiple independent buildings, each employing different types of curtain wall systems. However, existing technologies still face the following unresolved systemic technical problems in practical applications: The construction organization for multiple buildings and systems is chaotic. Existing technology usually organizes construction independently for each building, with each building's curtain wall system designed, procured, and constructed separately. This makes it impossible to form a unified plan for the mass production and logistics of standard parts across buildings, resulting in redundant configuration of tower cranes, construction elevators, and temporary storage yards. The overall construction period is lengthy, and the cumulative errors of multiple buildings cannot be controlled collaboratively.

[0003] Some curtain wall designs include non-planar shapes such as zigzag lines, which makes construction extremely difficult. The zigzag shape causes the center of gravity of the panels to deviate from the geometric center, which traditional hoisting equipment cannot adapt to. There are sudden changes in stiffness at the zigzag joints, and traditional rigid welded keels cannot adapt to temperature deformation and displacement of the main structure, which can easily induce glass spontaneous breakage.

[0004] The compatibility of keel nodes made of different materials is poor. The connection nodes between the keel and the main structure of different buildings are of different forms. A large number of connectors, embedded parts and fasteners of different specifications need to be prepared on site, resulting in high procurement and management costs, high on-site misinstallation rate, and potential electrochemical corrosion hazards due to direct contact.

[0005] Repeated construction of inter-floor curtain walls is inefficient. Each building requires separate measurement, material cutting, and installation, which fails to leverage the economies of scale of mass replication of standard floors.

[0006] Quality traceability is difficult. Each building belongs to a different construction team, and there is a lack of digital management and control methods throughout the process. Data gaps exist between design, production, construction, and operation and maintenance, making it difficult to accurately trace the source of quality problems.

[0007] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a construction method that can integrate multiple types of curtain wall systems into a unified and collaborative construction system. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this application provides a construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls. This construction method ensures standardized, refined, and repetitive batch processing across buildings, fundamentally achieving fast construction speed, low difficulty, high quality, and low construction costs. The resulting multi-type curtain wall system meets the diverse usage needs of modern buildings.

[0009] This application provides a construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls, including a zigzag colored glaze curtain wall system, a framed glass curtain wall system, an aluminum panel molding system, a stone curtain wall system, and an interlayer aluminum panel curtain wall system. The construction method includes the following steps: (1) Incorporate each system into the same BIM digital model, establish a parametric model that includes each panel unit and the main keel type, and form the digital ID of each panel unit; construct an error propagation directed acyclic topology; establish an electrochemical corrosion calculation model and determine the sacrificial anode parameters based on Faraday's law; (2) For the main keel material of each system, the general nodes are designed as three standard models A / B / C according to the load-bearing capacity level, and the external installation dimensions are uniform; the folded nodes of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system are pre-assembled into an integral folded unit module; the panel units and main keels of each system are prefabricated in batches; (3) Scan to obtain the main structural deviation of the curtain wall installation and make reverse correction; install the main keel on site in the order of inter-layer aluminum panel curtain wall system → frame glass curtain wall system → aluminum panel molding system → stone curtain wall system → zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system; (4) Install the general node and the integral broken line unit module at the design location, and hoist the panel unit of each system in the order of step (3). The broken line colored glaze glass curtain wall system is hoisted using a six-degree-of-freedom attitude adaptive hoisting platform, while other systems are hoisted as a whole. (5) Perform the glue injection and sealing between the glass units of each system in the order of step (4). The integral folded unit module of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system is first locked by the hydraulic support tooling and then glue injection and sealing. (6) Perform joint loading monitoring, dual-mode defect scanning and life prediction digital twin delivery for each system.

[0010] In this application, preferably, the zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system, the framed glass curtain wall system, the aluminum panel molding system, and the stone curtain wall system are applied to different buildings, the inter-floor aluminum panel curtain wall system is applied between the floors of each building, and the framed glass curtain wall system is also applied in conjunction with the zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system on the buildings where the zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system is applied.

[0011] In this application, preferably, the panels of the zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system and the framed glass curtain wall system are made of triple silver LOW-E colored glaze glass curtain wall; the panels of the aluminum panel molding system and the interlayer aluminum panel curtain wall system are made of aluminum panels; and the panels of the stone curtain wall system are made of granite.

[0012] In this application, preferably, in step (1), the BIM digital model establishes vertical modular units based on the standard floor height of each building, and establishes horizontal modular units based on 1500mm or 3000mm. After establishing the parametric model, cross-building three-dimensional collision detection, joint optimization and panel aggregation are performed. Then, precise processing drawings and spatial coordinate data of each panel unit and main keel of each system are generated.

[0013] In this application, preferably, the error propagation directed acyclic topology constructed in step (1) is established with the inter-layer aluminum panel curtain wall system as the cross-building reference root node, the frame glass curtain wall system as the first-level node, the aluminum panel molding system as the second-level node, the stone curtain wall system as the third-level node, and the polygonal colored glaze glass curtain wall system as the end key node. The error propagation direction is defined as unidirectional propagation from the low-precision system to the high-precision system, and a physical cutoff zone is preset on the error propagation key path. The electrochemical corrosion calculation model is established based on the environmental corrosion level of the contact nodes of the main keel of each system. The sacrificial anode parameters include specifications, arrangement position and replacement cycle within the design life. The parameters are written into the digital ID of each panel unit.

[0014] In this application, preferably, the general node in step (2) is a box-shaped cavity structure. Inside the box-shaped cavity structure, a gradient impedance isolation layer, a sacrificial anode cavity, and a disc spring friction damping system are arranged sequentially from top to bottom. The gradient impedance isolation layer includes an epoxy resin-based insulating layer, a polytetrafluoroethylene buffer layer, and a butyl rubber sealing layer arranged sequentially from bottom to top. The elastic moduli of the three layers are approximately 10. -3 ~10 1 The GPa gradient decreases, and the node substrate is integrally formed using a molding vulcanization process. The vulcanization temperature is 160℃±5℃, the vulcanization pressure is 15MPa, and the vulcanization time is 20min. The sacrificial anode is integrated into the sacrificial anode cavity within the box-shaped cavity structure according to the electrochemical equivalent within the design life. It is electrically connected to the protected steel substrate through a copper core wire and is completely insulated from the main keel by a gradient impedance isolation layer. The disc spring friction damping composite system includes a disc spring assembly and a friction damping plate sandwiched between the lower end of the disc spring assembly and the load-bearing surface of the box-shaped cavity structure. The friction damping plate consumes frictional work during temperature cycle deformation, so that the preload attenuation rate of the general node is controlled within 5% in the range of -30℃ to +80℃.

[0015] In this application, preferably, during the batch prefabrication in step (2), the process is carried out according to the precise processing drawings and spatial coordinate data of each panel unit and main keel of each system in step (1), and "one model, one code" coding management is implemented according to building, floor, and installation location; Type A node design bearing capacity ≥15kN, applicable to the main load-bearing connection of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system and stone curtain wall system; Type B node design bearing capacity ≥8kN, applicable to the main load-bearing connection of the frame glass curtain wall system and aluminum panel molding system; Type C node design bearing capacity ≥4kN, applicable to the secondary load-bearing connection of the inter-layer aluminum panel curtain wall system.

[0016] In this application, preferably, the integral broken line unit module in step (2) includes adjacent glass panels at the broken line node, a main keel, and a variable stiffness ball joint-viscous damping composite mechanism. The variable stiffness ball joint-viscous damping composite mechanism is located between the adjacent glass panels and the main keel, and includes a ball joint seat, a ball head, a nonlinear spring group, a micro viscous damper, and a stiffness switching trigger device. The ball head is rotatably disposed in the ball joint seat, the locking groove is located on the ball head, the neck of the ball head is fixedly connected to the adjacent glass panel, the ball joint seat is fixedly connected to the main keel, and the nonlinear spring group includes three sets of conical springs arranged around the ball head at a 120° angle to the center of the ball joint seat. The helical spring exhibits a nonlinear stiffness variation, with an initial stiffness of 500 N / mm and an ultimate stiffness of 8 kN / mm. The piston rod of the micro viscous damper is hinged to the ball joint neck via an ear plate, and the cylinder is hinged to the ball joint seat via the ear plate, forming an energy-dissipating path that is rotationally coupled with the ball joint seat. The stiffness switching triggering device includes a microswitch and an electromagnetic locking pin mounted on the ball joint seat. Under normal operating conditions, the nonlinear spring is in its initial low stiffness stage, and the viscous damper slides freely. Under extreme load conditions, the electromagnetic locking pin inserts into the locking groove between the ball joint head and the ball joint seat, and the nonlinear spring is compressed to its ultimate high stiffness stage.

[0017] In this application, preferably, the six-degree-of-freedom attitude adaptive hoisting platform in step (4) includes a load-bearing frame, six sets of electric servo push rods, a laser tracker and a real-time attitude feedback control system. The servo push rods have a three-axis translational stroke of ±200mm in X / Y / Z and a three-axis rotation angle of ±15° around the X / Y / Z axes. The laser tracker has a spatial coordinate measurement accuracy of ±10μm+6μm / m.

[0018] In this application, preferably, the joint loading monitoring in step (6) involves simultaneously applying wind pressure, temperature cycling and spray coupling to detect the collaborative sealing performance of the interfaces of multiple types of curtain walls; and using an infrared thermal imager and an ultrasonic pulse echo detector for dual-mode fusion detection.

[0019] The beneficial effects of this application are as follows: 1. The construction method of this application can ensure standardized, refined, and repetitive batch production across buildings, fundamentally achieving fast construction speed, low difficulty, high quality, and low construction cost. The resulting multi-type curtain wall system meets the diverse usage needs of modern buildings.

[0020] 2. This application eliminates geometric and structural conflicts between various types of curtain walls in a virtual environment beforehand, transforming on-site wet work and high-altitude processing into standardized factory production, reducing reliance on on-site manual labor and material waste; achieving "zero-error" rapid assembly and significantly improving construction speed; tiered adhesive injection ensures the sealing reliability of different systems; and joint loading monitoring and digital twin delivery form a complete data closed loop of "design-construction-inspection-operation and maintenance". While meeting the diverse usage needs of modern buildings, this application significantly reduces construction difficulty and costs, ensuring the quality of large-area collaborative construction of various curtain wall systems.

[0021] 3. This application transforms the installation error control of large-area, multi-type curtain wall systems from traditional independent control to networked collaborative control across buildings by constructing a directed acyclic topology for cross-building error transmission and setting elastic sliding support-type physical cutoff zones on the critical path. Through a gradient impedance isolation layer, a sacrificial anode, and a disc spring friction damping composite system, electrochemical corrosion blocking, smooth force flow transmission, and adaptive preload maintenance are simultaneously achieved within a single node, solving the technical challenge of insufficient long-term durability of connection nodes for different profiles. By using a variable stiffness ball hinge-viscous damping composite mechanism and a prestressed self-balancing grid, the polygonal node maintains flexibility under normal use to adapt to deformation and automatically switches to a high-stiffness mode under extreme loads to ensure safety, fundamentally eliminating the risk of spontaneous breakage of double-laminated insulated glazed glass. Zero-collision safe hoisting is achieved through a six-degree-of-freedom attitude adaptive hoisting platform and wind load feedforward control. By combining large-area, multi-type curtain wall loading detection, infrared-ultrasonic dual-mode defect scanning, and life prediction based on defect mapping, quality traceability is upgraded from traditional paper records to full life-cycle digital twin management and control, enabling precise traceability and predictive maintenance. Detailed Implementation

[0022] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the technical solutions of this application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0023] The technical solutions disclosed in the embodiments of this application are described in detail below.

[0024] This embodiment applies to a group of commercial complexes consisting of buildings A through H. Building A is the main building (60m high), buildings B through F are office buildings (45m high), building G is a commercial podium (24m high), and building H is a clubhouse building (15m high). The curtain wall system configuration for each building is as follows: - Building A Front (Floors 1-15): Folded-line colored glaze glass curtain wall system, the panels are made of 12+2.28PVB+12+12A+12+2.28PVB+12mm double-laminated hollow tempered ultra-white triple silver LOW-E colored glaze glass, the main keel is made of aluminum alloy profile, the exterior surface is fluorocarbon sprayed (three coats and three bakes), the interior surface is powder sprayed, the invisible parts are anodized with AA15 grade, the surface layer is fixed with stainless steel bolts and stainless steel connectors to fix the main keel, and sealed with neutral weather-resistant silicone building sealant and neutral silicone structural sealant.

[0025] - Building A (non-front) and Buildings B-F: Framed glass curtain wall system, with panels using 6(LOW-E)+12A+6 double-glazed tempered glass, 8(LOW-E)+12A+8 double-glazed tempered glass, and 6+1.14PVB+6+12A+6+1.14PVB+6mm double-laminated double-glazed tempered ultra-clear triple-silver LOW-E soundproof glass. The main keel uses aluminum alloy profiles. The exterior is fluorocarbon coated (three coats and three bakes), the interior is powder coated, and the invisible parts are anodized to AA15 grade. - Building G: Aluminum panel molding system, with 3mm aluminum single panel for the panel, 50×50×4mm steel pipe and 50 angle steel for the main keel column, and 50×50×4mm steel pipe and 50 angle steel for the crossbeam; - Building H: Stone curtain wall system, with 30mm thick granite panels, 120×60×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel pipes for the main keel columns, and 50×50×5mm hot-dip galvanized angle steel for the crossbeams; -A~F Building Inter-floor: Inter-floor aluminum panel curtain wall system, with panels made of 2.5mm or 3.0mm thick aluminum plates (fluorocarbon coated), main keel columns made of 100×65×6mm hot-dip galvanized angle steel, and crossbeams made of 40×40×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel pipes.

[0026] The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls includes the following steps: (1) Incorporate each system into the same BIM digital model, establish a parametric model that includes each panel unit and the main keel type, and form the digital ID of each panel unit; construct an error propagation directed acyclic topology; establish an electrochemical corrosion calculation model and determine the sacrificial anode parameters based on Faraday's law.

[0027] During the design phase, vertical modular units were established based on the standard floor height of 4.2m in Building A and 3.6m in Buildings B-F, with 1500mm as the horizontal modular unit. Parametric models of five curtain wall systems for Buildings A-H were created using Revit software. The models defined the following: - The angle of the folded colored glaze glass curtain wall on the front of Building A, the panel division, and the semi-hidden frame construction parameters in plan; -The main keel grid of the framed glass curtain wall in other areas of Building A and Building BF, as well as the distribution areas of the three types of glass panels; -Parameters of the aluminum single-panel curved surface of the aluminum panel molding system of Building G and positioning of the main keel; -Granite slab segmentation and main keel positioning for the stone curtain wall system of Building H; -Aluminum panel segmentation and main keel positioning of the inter-floor aluminum panel system in Building AF.

[0028] Through 3D collision detection across building models, 156 spatial conflicts were identified and resolved, including the junction between the folded glass on the front of Building A and the non-front frame glass of Building A, the junction between the aluminum panels and frame glass between floors of Building A, and the junction between the aluminum panel design of Building G and the stone cladding of Building H. Further optimization of joint spacing and panel grouping were then implemented.

[0029] 3D collision detection was performed using Autodesk Revit 2024 as the main modeling platform, combined with Rhino 7.0 and its plugin Grasshopper for parametric construction of complex surfaces. Finally, Navisworks Manage 2024 was used for multi-disciplinary model integration and collision detection. The models for all five curtain wall systems achieved a LOD of 400 (construction-grade accuracy). The panel models included actual thickness, material properties, and connection hole locations; the keel models included cross-sectional contours, wall thickness, and machining allowances; and the embedded component models included anchor bolt specifications, embedded plate dimensions, and positioning deviations.

[0030] A dedicated collision detection rule library for heterogeneous multi-type curtain wall systems was established in Navisworks, specifically including: - Hard Collision Rule: When two physical components physically interfere with each other, the minimum distance between them must be less than 0mm. This mainly addresses physical conflicts between the keel and the main structural steel reinforcement, embedded parts and electromechanical pipelines, and the intersection areas of keels from adjacent systems.

[0031] - Soft Collision Rule: Although the two components do not interfere with each other, the net distance is less than the minimum allowable installation gap in the design. The specific thresholds are set as follows: net distance between glass panel and aluminum panel ≥ 10mm; net distance between stone panel and keel ≥ 5mm; net distance at the folded joint of adjacent folded glass panels ≥ 15mm (to reserve installation space for variable stiffness ball hinges); net distance between curtain wall components and the outer surface of the main structure ≥ 50mm (to meet the thickness of the insulation layer and fireproof sealing).

[0032] - Gap Collision Rule: Components encroach on necessary operating or maintenance space. Specific thresholds are set as follows: ≥300mm within the operating radius of openable windows; ≥100mm in the inter-floor fireproof sealing area; ≥800mm in the suspended platform running passage.

[0033] Collision detection execution process Part 1: Model Integration and Coordinate Alignment The architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical, and curtain wall models were imported into Navisworks and aligned using a shared coordinate system (Project Base Point) to ensure that the origin error of each model was less than 1mm. For the interior of the curtain wall model, five selection sets were created for the following types: polyline colored glaze curtain wall (GL-1), framed glass curtain wall (GL-2), aluminum panel curtain wall (AL-1), stone curtain wall (ST-1), and interlayer aluminum panel curtain wall (AL-2), each assigned a color: red, blue, green, yellow, and gray.

[0034] 2: Batch configuration of collision rules Using Navisworks' Clash Detective module, create 10 detection tasks based on the rule base described above: -Task 1: GL-1 vs. Main Structure (Hard Collision + Soft Collision) -Task 2: GL-2 vs Main Structure (Hard Collision + Soft Collision) - Mission 3: AL-1 vs. Main Structure (Hard Collision + Soft Collision) - Mission 4: ST-1 vs. Main Structure (Hard Collision + Soft Collision) -Task 5: AL-2 vs. Main Structure (Hard Collision + Soft Collision) -Task 6: GL-1 vs GL-2 (Hard collision + soft collision, with a focus on the junction of the folded glass and the frame glass) -Task 7: AL-1 vs ST-1 (Hard collision + soft collision, with a focus on the junction of the aluminum plate shape and the stone base) Task 8: GL-2 vs AL-2 (Hard collision + soft collision, with a focus on the junction between the frame glass and the interlayer aluminum plate) Task 9: All Curtain Wall Systems vs. Mechanical and Electrical Piping (Hard Collision + Gap Collision) Task 10: All Curtain Wall Systems vs. Suspended Platform Access (Gap Collision) Three: Automatic Detection and Grading Report Batch collision detection is performed, and the software automatically calculates the coordinates of interference points, interference volume, and the IDs of involved components. Detection results are graded according to severity. - Class A (Fatal Collision): Hard collision involving the main structural steel bars or main load-bearing joists, requiring design modifications; - Class B (Severe Collision): Soft collision and the net distance is less than 50% of the design value. The joint or keel position must be adjusted. - Class C (General Collision): Soft collision but the clearance is between 50% and 100% of the design value, which can be absorbed by adjusting the nodes on site; -D level (conflict warning): Gap collision, need to check whether the maintenance space can be replaced.

[0035] Upon completion of the collision detection, a collision detection report is automatically generated, including: collision ID, collision type, affected plate number, 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z), interference depth, suggested solution, and responsible specialty. The report is output in the form of an Excel spreadsheet and a Navisworks viewpoint file (.nwd), which automatically locates the collision position and takes a screenshot.

[0036] 4. Design Revision and Closed-Loop Review Based on the Class A and Class B conflict reports, curtain wall designers adjust the corresponding panel sizes, joist positions, or joint positions in Revit. After adjustment, the model is re-exported and the corresponding collision check is performed again until the task has zero conflicts. Class C conflicts are included in the on-site adjustment allowance list and absorbed by the three-dimensional adjustment capability (±30mm) of the connection nodes. Class D conflicts are submitted to the general contractor coordination meeting to confirm alternative maintenance access solutions.

[0037] Specialized collision testing for zigzag colored glaze glass curtain walls For zigzag glazed glass curtain walls, a specialized inspection script was written in Grasshopper: - Extract the coordinates of the turning points of the polyline and calculate the dihedral angle between adjacent plates; -Detect the minimum distance between the glass edge and the adjacent plate at the fold line node. If it is less than 15mm, mark it as a conflict (to reserve space for variable stiffness ball joints and hydraulic support fixtures). - Detect the step height difference at the junction of the folded glass and the frame glass. If it is greater than 3mm, mark it as a conflict (to ensure a smooth visual transition).

[0038] The seam optimization is performed using the following multi-objective function: - Objective Function 1 (Maximizing the Standardization Rate of Panels): Maximize the number of standard-sized panels, ensuring that the proportion of non-standard customized panels is ≤5%. Standard size is defined as: an integer multiple of 1500mm in the horizontal module (3000mm, 4500mm), and the vertical module is based on 4200mm (standard floor height), with an allowable adjustment of ±50mm to accommodate changes in beam height between structural floors.

[0039] - Objective Function Two (Maximizing Joint Alignment): The five curtain wall systems should have their horizontal joints aligned as closely as possible to reduce visual clutter on the facade. The alignment index is defined as the percentage of joints in adjacent systems with a horizontal joint position deviation ≤ 5mm, with a target value ≥ 90%.

[0040] - Objective function three (maximizing the uniformity of adhesive joint width): The fluctuation range of adhesive joint width within the same system is controlled within ±2mm to avoid local adhesive joints that are too wide (>20mm) or too narrow (<<6mm).

[0041] The constraints include: -Structural constraints: The joint location must avoid the edges of the main structural columns, beams, and shear walls, and be ≥100mm away from the structural edge; - Thermal constraints: The maximum side length of glass curtain wall panels is ≤4500mm to prevent thermal cracking caused by excessively large single glass panes; the maximum side length of aluminum curtain wall panels is ≤3000mm to prevent excessive deformation due to thermal expansion and contraction of the aluminum panels (calculated according to ΔL=α·L·ΔT, where α=23.6×10). -6 / ℃, ΔT is taken as 80℃, the thermal expansion of a 4.5m board is 8.5mm, which needs to be absorbed by the adhesive joint). - Waterproofing constraints: Horizontal joint width ≥ 8mm, vertical joint width ≥ 6mm, and must meet the minimum ventilation section of the pressure equalization chamber design; - Polyline constraint: The polyline angle of the polyline colored glaze curtain wall is discretized in integer multiples of 15° (30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, 120°, 135°) to avoid too many non-standard corner pieces due to arbitrary angles.

[0042] Separation optimization execution process 1. Extraction of structural baselines Extract the structural outline, column edge lines, and beam bottom lines of each floor from the structural BIM model to serve as rigid boundaries for joint optimization. Generate a "Structural Constraint Layer" in Revit and mark the areas that cannot be traversed.

[0043] 2: Initial seam generation Generate the initial seam mesh according to a unified modular coordinate system: - Vertical: Based on the floor elevation, each floor is divided into 1 or 2 vertical units (when the floor height is 4.2m, the aluminum plate between floors occupies 0.8m, and the upper glass / stone / aluminum plate occupies 3.4m). - Horizontal: Using 1500mm as the base module, the panels are symmetrically arranged from the building centerline to both sides to generate the initial panel joint positions.

[0044] Three: Conflict Identification and Local Adjustment Overlay the initial seam gap with the structural constraint layer to identify the following conflicts: - Joint line overlaps with structural column: Shift the joint to the left or right by 1 / 3 or 1 / 2 of the 1500mm module (i.e., 500mm or 750mm), ensuring that it remains aligned with the adjacent system after shifting; - Distance between the joint line and the edge of the door / window opening << 100mm: Adjust the size of the panels on both sides of the opening so that the joint line is ≥ 100mm from the edge of the opening, while keeping the width difference between the two panels ≤ 200mm (visually acceptable range). - The inflection point of the zigzag line is located in the middle of the plate: Adjust the joint to the inflection point of the zigzag line so that the zigzag node is located at the edge of the plate, which facilitates the installation of the variable stiffness ball joint.

[0045] 4. Multi-system seam alignment verification Import the joint lines of the five curtain wall systems into the same 2D layer and check the horizontal alignment. If a joint shift occurs in a system due to local adjustments, check whether adjacent systems can shift synchronously within a ±50mm adjustment range. If they cannot shift synchronously, install an edge trim or transition cap with a width ≤50mm at the shift point and record it as a special structural node.

[0046] 5. Segment aggregation, pre-statistics, and iterative optimization Based on the current jointing scheme, the system automatically counts the types and quantities of panel sizes for the five curtain wall systems. If the proportion of non-standard panels exceeds 5%, iterative optimization is initiated. -Prioritize adjusting the joint positions of interlayer aluminum panel curtain walls and framed glass curtain walls (these two systems have the highest tolerance for standardization) and bring their panel dimensions closer to the standard module; - Secondly, adjust the joints of the aluminum panel curtain wall (the aluminum panels can be slightly sized without affecting the visual effect). - The joints of stone curtain walls and folded glazed glass curtain walls are generally not adjusted (the fixed module of stone is strictly limited, and the precision requirements of folded glass are high), and they are naturally aligned through the adjustment of the preceding system.

[0047] Iteration termination condition: Non-standard panel ratio ≤ 5% and seam alignment ≥ 90%.

[0048] 6. Discretization Optimization of Piece Line Angles In Grasshopper, the continuous polyline surface provided by the architect is discretized by angle. The normal angles at all polyline inflection points are extracted and rounded to integer multiples of 15°. - The original angle of 38° is rounded down to 30° or 45°, and a solution is chosen that makes the size of the glass panel closer to the standard module. - The adjusted angle difference (e.g., 8°) is absorbed by the slight deflection of adjacent straight line segments, ensuring that the overall rhythm of the broken line remains unchanged; - Generate a summary table of line angles, count the number of each angle type, and merge an angle type with adjacent angles if it only appears 1 to 2 times to avoid customizing special corner parts.

[0049] 7. Output the results of seam optimization The final output files are as follows: - Joint optimization report: Includes comparison of the initial and optimized solutions, proportion of non-standard panels, joint alignment, and statistics on adhesive joint width; -Seam positioning diagram: DWG format, with the three-dimensional coordinates (X,Y,Z) of all seam lines marked; - Panel Dimension Summary Table: Classified by system, listing all panel numbers, dimensions, area, quantity, weight, and polygon angle; -Special Node List: List all non-standard nodes caused by joint optimization (such as misaligned joints, variable width adhesive joints, transitional covers), and indicate the reasons and solutions.

[0050] A five-level classification system is established for the systematic aggregation of all modules from the five curtain wall systems: - Level 1 (System Category): Divided into 5 categories according to curtain wall system, with the code prefixes GL-1 (zigzag colored glaze glass), GL-2 (framed glass), AL-1 (aluminum panel molding), ST-1 (stone), and AL-2 (interlayer aluminum panel). - Second level (material specifications): Subdivided by panel material and specifications, such as GL-1-CSG (double-laminated hollow colored glaze glass), GL-2-L6 (6mm LOW-E hollow), GL-2-L8 (8mm LOW-E hollow), GL-2-SC (double-laminated hollow sound insulation), AL-1-A3 (3mm aluminum single panel), ST-1-G30 (30mm granite), AL-2-A25 (2.5mm aluminum plate), AL-2-A30 (3.0mm aluminum plate); - Level 3 (Size Series): Subdivided according to the standard size of the panels, named by width × height, such as 3000×4200, 1500×3400, 3000×800 (interlayer aluminum panel), etc. - Level 4 (Geometric Features): Subdivided by the angle of the broken line, the curvature of the surface, or the shape features, such as A30 (30° broken line), A45 (45° broken line), A90 (90° corner), C-1 (single curvature shape), F-1 (flat plate with no shape); - Level 5 (Special Construction): Subdivided according to special functions such as opening sash, louvers, fireproof sealing, lightning protection connection, etc., such as OP-1 (top-hung opening sash), FR-1 (fireproof sealing layer), BL-1 (rainproof louvers).

[0051] Using structured coding rules, each panel is assigned a unique digital ID, which is an RFID electronic tag embedded in the frame of each curtain wall panel, with the following format: [Project Code]-[System Category]-[Material Specifications]-[Size Series]-[Geometric Features]-[Special Construction]-[Floor Number]-[Serial Number] For example: PRJ-GL-1-CSG-3000x4200-A135-OP-0-15F-001 means: -PRJ: Project code; -GL-1: Zigzag Enameled Glass Curtain Wall System; -CSG: Double-laminated insulated colored glaze glass material; -3000x4200: Plate dimensions: 3.0m wide, 4.2m high; -A135: The angle of the broken line is 135°; -OP-0: Non-opening fan (fixed fan); -15F: The 15th floor; -001: The serial number of this type of panel in this layer.

[0052] The code is automatically written to the "Mark" parameter of each tile instance via a Revit Dynamo script, generating a corresponding QR code. The QR code contains the following information: - Unique code for the sector; - Panel material type, specifications, thickness, and color; - Keel material specifications and surface treatment methods (fluorocarbon coating / powder coating / anodizing / hot-dip galvanizing); - Panel dimensions, area, weight, and center of gravity coordinates; -Polyline angle or surface curvature parameter; -Connection node type number and three-dimensional adjustment margin; - Node locations and allowable error thresholds in the error propagation topology diagram; - Sacrificial anode specifications and replacement cycle (for heterogeneous nodes). -Installation floor, section, and axis location; - Factory prefabrication completion date, and the corresponding report number.

[0053] Collection and execution process 1. Attribute Extraction from Parametric Models In Revit, using Dynamo visual programming, the geometric and type parameters of all curtain wall panel instances are extracted in batches, including: family name, type tag, width, height, thickness, area, volume, material, elevation, and coordinate origin (X, Y, Z). For polyline glass panels created in Grasshopper, the geometric data is synchronized to Revit parameters using the Rhino.Inside.Revit plugin.

[0054] 2. Automatic Classification and Collection Write a Python script (based on the Revit API) to automatically classify all sections according to the five-level classification system described above: - Traverse all plate instances and read their material and dimension parameters; - Match categories from level one to level five according to preset rules; - Mark the sections that cannot be matched as "Pending Review" and submit them to the designer for confirmation; - Generate a statistical table that lists the quantity, total area, total weight, and keel usage for each type of board.

[0055] Three: Merging and optimizing similar sectors For plates within the same category, a geometric comparison is performed. If the dimensional difference between two plates is ≤2mm (within the allowable processing error range), they are merged into the same processing batch, and the average size is taken as the blanking size to reduce the number of mold changes. For example, if two aluminum plates have dimensions of 2998mm×4198mm and 3002mm×4202mm respectively, they are merged into a standard size of 3000mm×4200mm, and the error is absorbed on-site by adjusting the connection nodes by ±30mm.

[0056] IV: Production Order Generation The following production files will be automatically generated based on the aggregation results: -Cutting List: Sorted by material, thickness, and specifications, listing the cutting dimensions, quantity, angle, and process requirements (such as edge grinding, chamfering, and tempering homogenization treatment for folded glass). -Shop Drawing: Detailed machining drawings for each type of panel, marking all holes, slots, bevel angles, and welding positions; - Bill of Materials (BOM): A summary of the specifications and quantities of all materials, including panels, keels, connectors, sealants, sacrificial anodes, disc springs, etc. - Assembly process card: For complex nodes (such as variable stiffness ball joint-viscous damping composite mechanisms), write step-by-step assembly instructions and key points between them.

[0057] 5. QR code binding and logistics tracking During the factory prefabrication stage, QR code labels are affixed to the non-visible surfaces of the panels (such as the lower inner corner of glass panels and the back of aluminum panels). The QR codes are linked to the factory's MES (Manufacturing Execution System) to record: material preparation time, processing equipment number, operator, results, and packaging date. During transportation, handheld terminals are used to scan the codes and update the logistics status (out of factory, en route, arrived, accepted). During on-site installation, scanning confirms the installation location, achieving full traceability throughout the process.

[0058] 6. On-site installation and data collection verification During on-site installation, construction personnel scan the QR code on each panel using a mobile terminal. The system automatically retrieves the panel's 3D installation location, information on adjacent panels, and adjustment parameters for connection nodes. After installation, the system scans to confirm and uploads the installation status (coarse adjustment complete, fine adjustment complete, sealing complete). If the scanned location deviates from the preset location in the BIM model by more than 100mm, the system automatically alarms and prompts for verification.

[0059] Under a unified coordinate system, collision detection and error pre-elimination are carried out throughout the building, generating precise processing drawings and spatial coordinate data for each component, ensuring that geometric errors at building junctions and inter-floor transitions for different types of curtain walls are eliminated during the factory processing stage.

[0060] Construct a directed acyclic topology for cross-building error propagation: Define a vertex set V = {V1, V2, V3, V4, V5}, where V1 is the aluminum panel curtain wall between floors of buildings A to F (cross-building reference root node), V2 is the non-frontal glass curtain wall of building A and the framed glass curtain wall of buildings B to F (first-level node), V3 is the aluminum panel decorative curtain wall of building G (second-level node), V4 is the stone curtain wall of building H (third-level node), and V5 is the frontal polygonal colored glaze glass curtain wall of building A (final critical node). Define a directed edge E. 12 E 23 E 34 E 45 The transfer coefficient was calculated using ANSYS finite element analysis: A global finite element model containing buildings A through H was established. A unit flatness error of 1 mm was applied to the aluminum plate nodes on the 7th floor of building A in V1. The displacement response of the corresponding frame glass node in V2 was extracted to be 1.35 mm, i.e., t 12 =1.35; Applying a unit error of 1mm to node V2, the displacement response of the V3 aluminum plate molding node is extracted to be 1.15mm, i.e., t 23 =1.15; Applying a unit error of 1mm to node V3, the displacement response of node V4 is extracted to be 1.08mm, i.e., t 34 =1.08; Applying a unit error of 1mm to node V4, the extracted displacement response of the V5 broken-line glass node is 1.25mm, i.e., t 45 =1.25. Therefore, a cumulative transfer coefficient matrix T is constructed, where element t... ij Indicates from node Vi To node V j Error cumulative propagation coefficient: The physical meaning of each element in the matrix is ​​as follows: t 12 =1.35: The coefficient by which the error of V1 is propagated to V2; t 13 =1.35×1.15=1.5525: The coefficient by which the error of V1 is accumulated and passed to V3 through V2; t 14 =1.35×1.15×1.08=1.6767: The coefficient by which the error of V1 is accumulated and passed to V4 through V2 and V3; t 15 =1.35×1.15×1.08×1.25=2.0959: The coefficient by which the error of V1 is cumulatively propagated to V5 along the entire path; Calculations show that when the flatness error of the aluminum panels (V1) between buildings A and F is 2mm, the cumulative error transmitted to the folded glass (V5) on the front of building A is 2mm × 2.0959 ≈ 4.19mm, exceeding the ±2mm accuracy requirement for the folded glass. Therefore, a flexible sliding support with a preset width of ±50mm is used as a physical cutoff zone along the V2→V3 path (the junction of the non-front frame glass of building A and the aluminum panel shape of building G). When the cumulative error exceeds 2mm, the main keel adaptively slides and compensates within the sliding support, cutting off the error at node V3 and preventing its transmission to V5, ensuring that the deviation of the folded node on the front of building A is controlled within ±1.5mm. The flexible sliding support includes a base steel plate connected to the embedded parts of the main structure, a sliding steel plate connected to the base steel plate by M16 stainless steel bolts, a polytetrafluoroethylene sliding pad sandwiched between the base steel plate and the sliding steel plate, and limiting baffles set on both sides of the sliding steel plate.

[0061] Existing curtain wall construction error control typically employs a "single-building independent control" model, where each building establishes its own control network, and errors at building junctions are corrected through on-site cutting. This embodiment applies a directed acyclic topology from graph theory to multi-building curtain wall error propagation control: "One-way constraint" on the direction of error propagation By defining directed edges E={E 12 E 23 E 34 E 45 The error propagation direction is restricted to a unidirectional transmission from the low-precision system (interlayer aluminum plate) to the high-precision system (folded glass), and reverse transmission is not allowed. This "unidirectional constraint" avoids the error of the high-precision system from "contaminating" the low-precision system, so that each system only needs to control its own manufacturing error and does not need to bear the cumulative error of adjacent systems.

[0062] "Error reset" of the physical cutoff band A flexible sliding support-type physical cutoff strip is set on the critical path of error propagation. When the accumulated error exceeds the threshold, a "hard reset" is achieved by adjusting the position of the sliding steel plate, bringing the accumulated error to zero. This is different from traditional "flexible transitions" (such as expansion joints): traditional expansion joints allow errors to accumulate continuously and are absorbed only by deformation; the physical cutoff strip actively cuts off the error propagation chain, allowing the subsequent system to start from zero error.

[0063] The following table compares the truncation error between the method in this embodiment and the traditional method.

[0064] A simultaneous electrochemical corrosion model was established: the contact nodes between the aluminum alloy profiles of Building A and the hot-dip galvanized steel pipes of Buildings G and H are located at the connecting corridor between Buildings G and A, with an environmental corrosion level of C3 (urban environment). The design life of the nodes is 25 years, the protection current density is 0.3 mA / m², and the contact area of ​​a single node is 0.03 m². Based on Faraday's law, the required mass of the zinc alloy sacrificial anode is calculated to be 2.4 g, designed as a cylinder with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 3 mm, integrated into the node cavity, and a replacement warning is set for the 12th and 20th years.

[0065] Write the above parameters into the digital ID of each section.

[0066] (2) For the main keel material of each system, the general nodes are designed as three standard models A / B / C according to the load-bearing capacity level, and the external installation dimensions are uniform; the folded nodes of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system are pre-assembled into an integral folded unit module; the panel units and main keels of each system are prefabricated in batches.

[0067] Multi-material universal joints are prefabricated in the factory: serialized into three standard models (A, B, and C) according to load-bearing capacity levels. Type A joints are used for the main load-bearing connections of the folded glass curtain wall on the front of Building A and the stone curtain wall on Building H, with a design load-bearing capacity of 16kN; Type B joints are used for the non-frontal glass curtain walls of Building A and the framed glass curtain walls of Buildings B-F, and the aluminum panel curtain wall of Building G, with a design load-bearing capacity of 9kN; Type C joints are used for the inter-floor aluminum panel curtain walls of Buildings A-F, with a design load-bearing capacity of 4.5kN. All three models have uniform external installation dimensions (150mm × 100mm base plate, 80mm height), differing only in the specifications of the internal disc spring assembly and the thickness of the gradient impedance layer. They can be quickly interchanged and installed with the same main keel, enabling standardized batch production across buildings, reducing the unit production cost by 48% compared to customized joints.

[0068] The general-purpose joint is a box-shaped cavity structure. Inside the box-shaped cavity structure, from top to bottom, a gradient impedance isolation layer, a sacrificial anode cavity, and a disc spring friction damping system are arranged sequentially. The gradient impedance isolation layer consists of an epoxy resin-based insulation layer, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) buffer layer, and a butyl rubber sealing layer, arranged sequentially from bottom to top. For the connection node between the aluminum alloy column of Building A and the 50×50×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel pipe of Building G, a prefabricated gradient impedance isolation layer is used. The first layer is an epoxy resin-based insulation layer (elastic modulus 3.5 GPa, thickness 2 mm), the second layer is a PTFE buffer layer (elastic modulus 0.5 GPa, thickness 3 mm), and the third layer is a butyl rubber sealing layer (elastic modulus 0.001 GPa, thickness 2 mm). The three layers are integrally formed with the aluminum alloy connectors through compression molding and vulcanization at a temperature of 160℃, a pressure of 15 MPa, and a time of 20 minutes. According to ASTM D1002 standard, the interfacial shear strength of the three layers is 5.3 MPa. It is then connected to the hot-dip galvanized steel pipe using stainless steel bolts. The node integrates a zinc alloy sacrificial anode (2.4g) and a disc spring assembly (preload 8kN, friction damper coefficient 0.2). The sacrificial anode is integrated into the sacrificial anode cavity within the box-shaped structure according to the electrochemical equivalent within its design life. It is electrically connected to the protected steel substrate via a copper core wire and is completely insulated from the main keel by a gradient impedance isolation layer. The disc spring friction damping composite system includes a disc spring assembly and a friction damper sandwiched between the lower end of the disc spring assembly and the load-bearing surface of the box-shaped structure. The friction damper consumes frictional work during temperature cycling deformation, keeping the preload attenuation rate of the general-purpose node within 5% in the range of -30℃ to +80℃. The disc spring assembly is made of 60Si2MnA material. Type A nodes use 8 disc springs with an outer diameter of 63mm and a thickness of 3.5mm stacked together. Type B nodes use 5 disc springs of the same specification stacked together. Type C nodes use 4 disc springs with an outer diameter of 50mm and a thickness of 2.5mm stacked together.

[0069] Gradient impedance isolation layer resolves the "insulation-load" contradiction Traditional single-layer insulating gaskets (such as nylon, E≈3GPa) have a large difference in elastic modulus between themselves and the metal matrix (E≈200GPa). This leads to shear slip at the interface during load deformation, causing insulation failure. This embodiment employs a three-layer gradient material: an epoxy resin-based insulating layer (E1≈3.5GPa) with high bonding strength to the metal matrix (≥8MPa) bears the main shear load; a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) buffer layer (E2≈0.5GPa) provides low-friction deformation coordination and absorbs differences in thermal expansion and contraction; and a butyl rubber sealing layer (E3≈0.001GPa) makes flexible contact with the aluminum alloy sub-frame, eliminating stress concentration. The ratio of the elastic moduli of the three layers forms a continuous gradient transition of 3500:500:1, increasing the interfacial shear strength from the traditional ≤2MPa to ≥5MPa, and the insulation resistance from the traditional 10... 9 Ω increased to ≥10 12 Ω.

[0070] Spatial nesting of sacrificial anode and gradient impedance layer Traditional external sacrificial anode blocks require separate fixing, occupying space within the curtain wall cavity, and the anode conductors are easily damaged. This invention embeds the sacrificial anode into a dedicated anode cavity inside the node substrate. This cavity is located between the gradient impedance isolation layer and the disc spring friction damping system. The anode is electrically connected to the steel substrate via a copper core conductor passing through a pre-drilled hole in the gradient impedance isolation layer. The anode and the aluminum alloy sub-frame are completely insulated by the epoxy resin-based insulation layer of the gradient impedance layer. This "spatial nesting" design reduces the node volume by 40% and improves the uniformity of the anode protection current distribution (potential difference reduced from ±50mV to ±20mV). "Deformation Synergy" of Disc Spring Friction Damping and Gradient Impedance Layer Traditional disc springs only provide preload and have no energy dissipation function. This implementation incorporates a copper-based powder metallurgy friction damping plate at the lower end of the disc spring assembly. When temperature cycling causes relative displacement between the panel and the keel, the axial deformation of the spring drives the friction plate to slide and dissipate energy. The key lies in the PTFE buffer layer (friction coefficient ≤0.08) of the gradient impedance layer, which allows the panel to slide freely relative to the node substrate, while the friction damping plate (friction coefficient μ=0.15) dissipates energy inside the node. The two have a clear division of labor—the PTFE buffer layer coordinates "external deformation," and the friction damping plate consumes "internal energy," avoiding the chain reaction of "deformation obstruction → stress concentration → connection failure" in traditional structures. The table below shows a comparison of energy consumption between the Type A node and the traditional node in this embodiment.

[0071] For the folded-line colored glaze glass curtain wall of Building A, prefabricated integral folded-line unit modules are manufactured in the factory. Taking a typical node with a folded-line angle of 135° on the 7th floor of Building A as an example, two 3.0m×2.1m colored glaze glass panels, aluminum alloy keel, variable stiffness ball hinge-viscous damping composite mechanism, and prestressed cables are assembled as a whole on the factory assembly platform. The variable stiffness ball hinge-viscous damping composite mechanism is located between adjacent glass panels and the main keel, and includes a ball hinge seat, ball head, nonlinear spring group, micro viscous damper, and stiffness switching trigger device; the ball head is rotatably set in the ball hinge seat, the locking groove is located on the ball head, the neck of the ball head is fixedly connected to the adjacent glass panel, and the ball hinge seat is fixedly connected to the main keel. The nonlinear spring group includes three sets of conical helical springs arranged around the ball head at a 120° angle around the center of the ball hinge seat. The stiffness of the springs changes nonlinearly, with an initial stiffness of 500N / m². The piston rod of the micro viscous damper, with a stiffness of 8 kN / mm at its ultimate stage, is hinged to the ball joint neck via an ear plate. The cylinder body is hinged to the ball joint seat via an ear plate, forming an energy dissipation path that is rotationally coupled with the ball joint seat. The stiffness switching triggering device includes a micro switch and an electromagnetic locking pin mounted on the ball joint seat. Under normal operating conditions, the nonlinear spring is in the initial low stiffness stage and the viscous damper slides freely. Under extreme load conditions, the electromagnetic locking pin is inserted into the locking groove between the ball joint head and the ball joint seat, and the nonlinear spring is compressed to the ultimate high stiffness stage. The three sets of nonlinear springs are K1=500 N / mm, K2=2000 N / mm, and K3=8000 N / mm. The damping coefficient of the integrated micro viscous damper is C=50 kN·s / m, and the stroke is ±15 mm. The prestressed cables were tensioned in stages symmetrically at the factory: Stage 1: 0.7 kN (20%), held for 10 minutes; Stage 2: 1.4 kN (40%), held for 10 minutes; Stage 3: 2.1 kN (60%), held for 10 minutes; Stage 4: 2.8 kN (80%), held for 10 minutes; Stage 5: 3.5 kN (100%), held for 30 minutes. After tensioning, a water tightness test was performed (700 Pa, no leakage for 15 minutes). After passing the test, the cables were fixed with temporary rigid supports and shipped as a whole.

[0072] Existing curtain wall polygonal joints are typically constructed using fixed-angle steel transition pieces or simple hinges, which cannot adapt to the changing stiffness requirements between normal use (flexible) and extreme load conditions (rigid). The variable stiffness ball hinge-viscous damping composite mechanism in this embodiment achieves "adaptive stiffness switching" through the following technical means: Three-stage stiffness design of nonlinear springs Three sets of conical helical springs are arranged at a 120° angle. Nonlinear stiffness is achieved through gradual changes in wire diameter (Φ8mm→Φ12mm) and effective number of turns (8 turns→5 turns): Initial stage (compression 0~10mm, corresponding to normal wind load): K1=500N / mm, the system has high flexibility and can adapt to temperature deformation; Intermediate stage (compression 10~30mm, corresponding to larger wind load): K2=2kN / mm, the stiffness gradually increases, limiting displacement development; Ultimate stage (compression 30~40mm, corresponding to extreme load): K3=8kN / mm, the stiffness jumps, and the system becomes a rigid load.

[0073] "Coupling energy dissipation" between viscous dampers and ball joint rotation The piston rod of the miniature viscous damper (damping coefficient C=50kN·s / m) is hinged to the ball joint neck, and the cylinder is hinged to the ball joint seat. When the ball joint rotates, the damper piston generates axial movement, dissipating energy through silicone oil shearing. This "rotation-translational coupling" design allows the damper to produce a significant energy dissipation effect within a small rotation angle (±5°) of the ball joint, while traditional viscous dampers require a larger stroke (±50mm or more) to be effective. Electromagnetic locking trigger mechanism The electromagnetic locking pin is triggered by an acceleration sensor (threshold 0.2g) to achieve the switching between "passive sensing and active locking": Normal state: the locking pin retracts, the ball head rotates freely, and the damper slides to dissipate energy; Extreme state: the locking pin is inserted, the ball head is rigidly connected to the ball joint seat, and the nonlinear spring is compressed to its ultimate stiffness.

[0074] The following table compares the allowable deformation of the variable stiffness ball joint in this embodiment with that of a conventional component.

[0075] Based on the processing data generated in step (1), precise batch prefabrication is carried out in factories producing various types of curtain wall components, and "one module, one code" coding management is implemented according to building, floor, and installation location: - Prefabricated glass panels: cut to size according to BIM model, edge grinding, tempering, lamination, hollow bonding and LOW-E coating; among them, the colored glaze glass on the front of Building A completes the glaze pattern sintering and tempering of the fold angle in the factory, and the double-laminated hollow bonding process is formed in one step; the framed glass is prefabricated according to the area as 6 (LOW-E)+12A+6, 8 (LOW-E)+12A+8 and double-laminated hollow tempered ultra-white triple silver LOW-E glass panels.

[0076] - Prefabrication of aluminum profiles: Cutting and drilling to size according to BIM data; For aluminum alloy profiles of folded-line colored glaze glass curtain walls and framed glass curtain walls, the surface treatment is completed in the factory in sections - the outdoor parts are coated with fluorocarbon (three coats and three bakes), the indoor parts are coated with powder, and the invisible parts are anodized with AA15 grade.

[0077] - Prefabricated aluminum panels: The 3mm aluminum panels for Building G are bent and shaped and surface pretreated in the factory; the 2.5mm / 3.0mm aluminum panels between floors of Building AF are fluorocarbon coated in the factory.

[0078] - Stone prefabrication: The 30mm thick granite for Building H is cut to size, ground, chamfered and pre-processed with back bolt holes / hanger grooves in the factory.

[0079] -Prefabricated steel keel: 50×50×4mm steel pipe and 50 angle steel for Building G, 120×60×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel pipe and 50×50×5mm hot-dip galvanized angle steel for Building H, and 100×65×6mm hot-dip galvanized angle steel and 40×40×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel for inter-floor use in Building AF. All steel is cut, drilled, welded and hot-dip galvanized according to BIM data.

[0080] The components are categorized and packaged according to their codes, forming a complete supply unit that perfectly matches the on-site installation sequence, enabling error-free transportation, hoisting, and installation.

[0081] (3) Scan to obtain the deviation of the main structure of the curtain wall installation and make reverse correction; install the main keel on site in the order of interlayer aluminum panel curtain wall system → frame glass curtain wall system → aluminum panel molding system → stone curtain wall system → zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system.

[0082] Before on-site construction, the main structures of buildings A through H were scanned using a Leica RTC360 3D laser scanner, with a point cloud density set to a spacing of 6mm. The scan data was imported into a cross-building cumulative transfer coefficient matrix for reverse correction, revealing a +7mm vertical deviation on the 7th floor of building A and a +5mm horizontal deviation on the 5th floor of building B. According to the transfer coefficient matrix, the deviation in building A would reach +14.6mm by the time it reached the end of the broken-line glass node, exceeding the threshold. Since a pre-set elastic sliding support physical cutoff strip was installed on the V2→V3 path, the main keel of the 7th floor of building A was adaptively slid by +6mm using the sliding support during installation, combined with a +3mm adjustment using the 3D adjustment groove at the connection node, thus cutting off the cumulative error to +5.7mm. A second cutoff strip on the V3→V4 path further absorbed the +4mm deviation, ensuring the deviation at the end of the broken-line node was controlled within ±1.5mm.

[0083] Construction was organized in a sequential manner across buildings: In the first phase, standard aluminum panel curtain wall units were installed simultaneously in buildings A through F, with six work teams operating in parallel across the six buildings to establish a horizontal benchmark across buildings; in the second phase, framed glass curtain wall units were installed simultaneously on the non-front side of building A and in buildings B through F; in the third phase, aluminum panel decorative curtain wall units were installed in building G; in the fourth phase, stone curtain wall units were installed in building H; and in the fifth phase, integral modular units of folded-line colored glaze glass curtain wall were installed on the front side of building A.

[0084] On-site rapid positioning and installation are performed based on component codes and BIM coordinates: - AF Building Inter-floor installation: Install 100×65×6mm hot-dip galvanized angle steel columns and 40×40×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel beams for the inter-floor aluminum panel curtain wall system, and simultaneously complete the inter-floor fireproof sealing and insulation layer laying. -Other areas of Building A and Buildings B and F: Install aluminum alloy columns and beams for framed glass curtain walls. The columns are connected to the main structure, and the beams are connected to the columns by plugging or bolting to form standard frame units. -Building G: Install aluminum panel molding system with 50×50×4mm steel pipe columns and 50 angle steel beams, positioning them layer by layer according to the molding curve; -Building H: Install 120×60×4mm hot-dip galvanized steel columns and 50×50×5mm hot-dip galvanized angle steel beams for the stone curtain wall system, and pre-level the hanging nodes; - Building A Front: Install stainless steel connectors and aluminum alloy profile frame for the folded-line colored glaze glass curtain wall. The frame is reliably connected to the main structure by stainless steel bolts, and the folded line angle is adjusted to the BIM preset value.

[0085] M12 chemical anchors are implanted at the junctions of different types of curtain walls and multi-functional adjustable connection nodes are installed to ensure smooth connection of the keel system on the same elevation plane. When installing the aluminum alloy columns of Building A, coarse adjustment is performed through the X / Y / Z three-dimensional adjustment grooves of the connection nodes, with an adjustment range of ±30mm in each direction. When installing the 50×50×4mm steel pipe columns of Building G, a quick-installation snap-fit ​​coarse positioning connection is used: the wedge-shaped clip at the end of the steel pipe is pushed horizontally into the C-shaped clip groove, and the spring steel ball in the clip groove automatically locks and positions it. For fine adjustment, the position is finely adjusted through the X / Y / Z three-dimensional adjustment grooves (±30mm in each direction) on the bottom plate of the clip groove, and then M12 stainless steel bolts are inserted from the side to complete the fixation. The installation time of a single column node is reduced from 12 minutes for traditional double bolt nodes to 3.5 minutes. Total station monitoring is used to ensure that the verticality deviation of the column is ≤H / 1000.

[0086] (4) Install universal nodes at the designed locations of the main keel, and install integral polygonal unit modules at further designed locations of the universal nodes. Perform panel unit hoisting of each system in the order of step (3). The polygonal colored glaze glass curtain wall system is hoisted using a six-degree-of-freedom attitude adaptive hoisting platform, while other systems are hoisted as a whole.

[0087] Before hoisting, component codes are scanned and verified against the target installation coordinates in the BIM model. During panel installation, codes are scanned and transmitted back to the BIM platform in real time, automatically checking installation position deviations and enabling visual traceability of the installation process.

[0088] The six-DOF attitude adaptive hoisting platform includes a load-bearing frame, six sets of electric servo push rods, a laser tracker, and a real-time attitude feedback control system. The servo push rods have a translational stroke of ±200mm in the X / Y / Z axes and a rotation angle of ±15° around the X / Y / Z axes. The laser tracker's spatial coordinate measurement accuracy is ±10μm + 6μm / m. The factory-prefabricated integral polygonal unit module (including two glass panels, a keel, a variable stiffness ball joint, and prestressed cables) is hoisted to the designed position on the 7th floor of Building A. Since the polygonal nodes have already undergone prestressing tensioning and variable stiffness ball joint pre-adjustment in the factory, there is no need for staged symmetrical tensioning operations on site. It only requires quick connection to the main keel via the quick-release buckle at the root and fine-tuning and locking via hydraulic support fixtures (support force adjustment range 5~50kN). The on-site operation time for a single polygonal node is reduced from 5 hours of traditional high-altitude assembly to 1.5 hours, increasing efficiency by 70% and avoiding the safety risks of high-altitude tensioning operations. Adjusting the variable stiffness ball joint keeps the three sets of nonlinear springs in a ready-to-activate state. The support force is dynamically adjusted using hydraulic support fixtures to ensure that the node displacement remains within the monitoring range. In the wind tunnel test of Building A, when the wind load reaches 30% of the design value, the second set of springs (K2) is activated; when it reaches 70%, the third set of springs (K3) is activated, and the dynamic stress amplitude at the node is reduced by 43% compared to traditional rigid nodes.

[0089] The hoisting platform connects to on-site weather station data. When the wind speed reaches 4.5 m / s, the wind load prediction neural network performs feedforward calculations. This network employs a hybrid architecture of 2-layer LSTM (64 neurons / layer) + 2-layer 1D-CNN (3 convolutional kernels, 32 filters). The input includes real-time wind speed, wind direction, turbulence intensity, plate area, and current tilt angle time-series data for the previous 5 seconds, and the output is the predicted time history of plate displacement within the next 3 seconds. The network predicts that the plate will experience a +18 mm lateral sway after 3 seconds, triggering the yaw adjustment mechanism to pre-deflect by 4° in advance. The actual sway amplitude is controlled within ±9 mm to avoid collision with the inter-floor aluminum panels and frame glass panels already installed in Building A.

[0090] (5) Perform the glue injection and sealing between the glass units of each system in the order of step (4). The integral folded unit module of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system is first locked by the hydraulic support tooling and then glue injection and sealing.

[0091] During the sealing phase, a dual-sealing system of neutral weather-resistant silicone building sealant and neutral silicone structural sealant was uniformly used between the panels of buildings A through H. The sealant was injected using a high-pressure injection machine at a pressure of 0.3–0.5 MPa and a speed of 200 mm / min.

[0092] An industrial camera (2048×1536 resolution, 60fps) is integrated into the glue dispensing gun head to capture real-time images of the glue joint cross-section. An OpenCV-based image processing algorithm extracts the glue joint width and height pixel values. When the cross-sectional area of ​​the glue joint is detected to be less than 90% of the design value, the dispensing pressure is automatically increased to 0.6MPa and the speed is reduced to 150mm / min until the glue joint fullness reaches over 98%. All process data is uploaded in real-time to a cross-building digital twin platform. The machine vision sampling frequency is one inspection every 15 linear meters, which improves inspection efficiency by 85% and reduces labor costs by 65% ​​compared to traditional full manual inspection.

[0093] (6) Perform joint loading monitoring, dual-mode defect scanning and life prediction digital twin delivery for each system.

[0094] A representative area (15m × 10m) was selected on the 8th floor of Building A to construct a five-system joint loading test platform. This area simultaneously included the interfaces of three systems: the front-facing folded glass of Building A, the non-front-facing frame glass of Building A, and the interlayer aluminum panels of Building A. The following coupled loads were applied simultaneously: wind pressure ±4.0kPa (fluctuation frequency 0.5Hz, duration 30min), temperature cycling -20℃ to +60℃ (3 cycles), and spraying 3L / (m²·min) (duration 15min). The test results showed that the synergistic watertightness at the junction of the folded glass and frame glass, and at the junction of the interlayer aluminum panels and frame glass, reached 800Pa, meeting the design requirements.

[0095] A dual-mode fusion detection was performed using a FLIR T1020 infrared thermal imager (thermal sensitivity << 20mK) and an ultrasonic pulse-echo detector (frequency 1MHz, resolution 1mm). A multimodal data fusion algorithm was used: db4 wavelet was used to decompose the infrared data into three layers to extract the low-frequency coefficient a3, and the ultrasonic data was decomposed into three layers to extract the high-frequency coefficients d1~d3. The posterior probability of the defect was calculated using Bayesian inference, with a prior probability P0=0.5, and a defect posterior probability ≥0.85 was used as the identification threshold. A localized delamination of sealant (area 25mm × 18mm) was found at the junction of the inter-floor aluminum panel and the frame glass in Building A, with an identification accuracy of 99.1%.

[0096] A construction defect database was established in the cross-building digital twin platform, and the parameters of the debonding defect (length 25mm, width 18mm, depth 4.5mm, area 450mm²) were entered. 2 Based on the defect-performance degradation mapping model established through accelerated aging tests, it is predicted that under C3 corrosion conditions, this defect will reduce the remaining service life of the A building's frame glass curtain wall system from 25 years to 22 years. An automatic maintenance strategy is generated: local sealant repair in year 7 (estimated cost 980 yuan), and a comprehensive inspection in year 14 (estimated cost 2800 yuan). The platform further calculates the present value of maintenance costs for buildings A through H over the next 25 years to be 386,000 yuan, and outputs annual maintenance budget recommendations for each building.

[0097] Finally, after scanning the QR codes of all sections in buildings A through H and verifying that the installation information is correct, a cross-building digital twin delivery model is generated, which includes all design parameters, construction process data, joint testing data, defect location data, life prediction report and maintenance cost budget, and is then handed over to the operation and maintenance unit.

[0098] The embodiments of this application have been described above, but this application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls, characterized in that... Large-area, multi-type curtain walls include zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall systems, framed glass curtain wall systems, aluminum panel molding systems, stone curtain wall systems, and interlayer aluminum panel curtain wall systems. The construction methods include the following steps: (1) Incorporate each system into the same BIM digital model, establish a parametric model that includes each panel unit and the main keel type, and form the digital ID of each panel unit; construct an error propagation directed acyclic topology; establish an electrochemical corrosion calculation model and determine the sacrificial anode parameters based on Faraday's law; (2) For the main keel material of each system, the general nodes are designed as three standard models A / B / C according to the load-bearing capacity level, and the external installation dimensions are uniform; the folded nodes of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system are pre-assembled into an integral folded unit module; the panel units and main keels of each system are prefabricated in batches; (3) Scan to obtain the main structural deviation of the curtain wall installation and make reverse correction; install the main keel on site in the order of inter-layer aluminum panel curtain wall system → frame glass curtain wall system → aluminum panel molding system → stone curtain wall system → zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system; (4) Install the general node and the integral broken line unit module at the design location, and hoist the panel unit of each system in the order of step (3). The broken line colored glaze glass curtain wall system is hoisted using a six-degree-of-freedom attitude adaptive hoisting platform, while other systems are hoisted as a whole. (5) Perform the glue injection and sealing between the glass units of each system in the order of step (4). The integral folded unit module of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system is first locked by the hydraulic support tooling and then glue injection and sealing. (6) Perform joint loading monitoring, dual-mode defect scanning and life prediction digital twin delivery for each system.

2. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 1, characterized in that, The zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system, the framed glass curtain wall system, the aluminum panel molding system, and the stone curtain wall system are applied to different buildings. The inter-floor aluminum panel curtain wall system is applied between the floors of each building. Furthermore, the zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system is also used in conjunction with the framed glass curtain wall system on the buildings where it is applied.

3. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The panels of the zigzag colored glaze glass curtain wall system and the framed glass curtain wall system are made of triple silver LOW-E colored glaze glass curtain wall; the panels of the aluminum panel molding system and the interlayer aluminum panel curtain wall system are made of aluminum panels; and the panels of the stone curtain wall system are made of granite.

4. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (1), the BIM digital model establishes vertical modular units based on the standard floor height of each building, and establishes horizontal modular units based on 1500mm or 3000mm. After establishing the parametric model, cross-building three-dimensional collision detection, joint optimization and panel aggregation are performed. Then, precise processing drawings and spatial coordinate data of each panel unit and main keel of each system are generated.

5. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step (1), the directed acyclic topology for error propagation is constructed by using the inter-layer aluminum panel curtain wall system as the cross-building reference root node, the framed glass curtain wall system as the first-level node, the aluminum panel molding system as the second-level node, the stone curtain wall system as the third-level node, and the polygonal colored glaze glass curtain wall system as the terminal key node. The error propagation direction is defined as unidirectional propagation from the low-precision system to the high-precision system, and a physical cutoff zone is preset on the critical path of error propagation. The electrochemical corrosion calculation model is established based on the environmental corrosion level of the contact nodes of the main keel of each system. The sacrificial anode parameters include specifications, arrangement position, and replacement cycle within the design life. The parameters are written into the digital ID of each panel unit.

6. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 5, characterized in that, In step (2), the general node is a box-shaped cavity structure. Inside the box-shaped cavity structure, from top to bottom, a gradient impedance isolation layer, a sacrificial anode cavity, and a disc spring friction damping system are arranged sequentially. The gradient impedance isolation layer includes, from bottom to top, an epoxy resin-based insulating layer, a polytetrafluoroethylene buffer layer, and a butyl rubber sealing layer. The elastic moduli of the three layers are approximately 10. -3 ~10 1 The GPa gradient decreases, and the node substrate is integrally formed using a molding vulcanization process. The vulcanization temperature is 160℃±5℃, the vulcanization pressure is 15MPa, and the vulcanization time is 20min. The sacrificial anode is integrated into the sacrificial anode cavity within the box-shaped cavity structure according to the electrochemical equivalent within the design life. It is electrically connected to the protected steel substrate through a copper core wire and is completely insulated from the main keel by a gradient impedance isolation layer. The disc spring friction damping composite system includes a disc spring assembly and a friction damping plate sandwiched between the lower end of the disc spring assembly and the load-bearing surface of the box-shaped cavity structure. The friction damping plate consumes frictional work during temperature cycle deformation, so that the preload attenuation rate of the general node is controlled within 5% in the range of -30℃ to +80℃.

7. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, In step (2), during batch prefabrication, the precise processing drawings and spatial coordinate data of each panel unit and main keel of each system in step (1) are used, and "one model, one code" coding management is implemented according to building, floor, and installation location; Type A node design bearing capacity ≥15kN, applicable to the main load-bearing connection of the folded glaze glass curtain wall system and stone curtain wall system; Type B node design bearing capacity ≥8kN, applicable to the main load-bearing connection of the frame glass curtain wall system and aluminum panel molding system; Type C node design bearing capacity ≥4kN, applicable to the secondary load-bearing connection of the inter-layer aluminum panel curtain wall system.

8. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the integral broken line unit module includes adjacent glass panels at the broken line node, the main keel, and a variable stiffness ball joint-viscous damping composite mechanism. The variable stiffness ball joint-viscous damping composite mechanism is located between the adjacent glass panels and the main keel, and includes a ball joint seat, a ball head, a nonlinear spring group, a micro viscous damper, and a stiffness switching trigger device. The ball head is rotatably set in the ball joint seat, the locking groove is located on the ball head, the neck of the ball head is fixedly connected to the adjacent glass panel, the ball joint seat is fixedly connected to the main keel, and the nonlinear spring group includes three sets of conical helical springs arranged around the ball head at a 120° angle around the center of the ball joint seat. The stiffness of the spring changes nonlinearly, with an initial stiffness of 500 N / mm and an ultimate stiffness of 8 kN / mm. The piston rod of the micro viscous damper is hinged to the ball head neck via an ear plate, and the cylinder is hinged to the ball joint seat via an ear plate, forming an energy dissipation path that is rotatably coupled with the ball joint seat. The stiffness switching triggering device includes a micro switch and an electromagnetic locking pin installed on the ball joint seat. Under normal use, the nonlinear spring is in the initial low stiffness stage and the viscous damper slides freely. Under extreme load conditions, the electromagnetic locking pin is inserted into the locking groove between the ball head and the ball joint seat, and the nonlinear spring is compressed to the ultimate high stiffness stage.

9. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the six-degree-of-freedom attitude adaptive hoisting platform includes a load-bearing frame, six sets of electric servo push rods, a laser tracker and a real-time attitude feedback control system. The servo push rods have a translational stroke of ±200mm in the X / Y / Z directions and a rotation angle of ±15° around the X / Y / Z axes. The laser tracker has a spatial coordinate measurement accuracy of ±10μm+6μm / m.

10. The construction method for large-area, multi-type curtain walls according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (6), the joint loading monitoring involves simultaneously applying wind pressure, temperature cycling, and spray coupling to detect the collaborative sealing performance of the interfaces of multiple types of curtain walls; dual-mode fusion detection is performed using an infrared thermal imager and an ultrasonic pulse echo detector.

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