A high-efficiency ventilation and waste-dispersion cooling method and system for deep and long buried tunnels

Abstract

The embodiment of the application provides a high-efficiency ventilation and waste-dispersion cooling method and system for a deep and long buried tunnel, which is applied to the technical field of computer-aided design, a three-dimensional space model containing a top waste-dispersion channel and a bottom air supply channel is established according to a tunnel section structure, the tunnel is divided into multiple control sections along an axial direction, and actual temperature data and air supply data of each control section are loaded to form an initial thermal field, a waste-dispersion influence correlation relationship between the control sections and controllable flow guide holes is established, multiple candidate ventilation regulation combinations are generated under the premise of meeting a ventilation safety constraint condition, and computational fluid dynamics simulation calculation is respectively performed to obtain ventilation indexes representing an axial temperature equalization degree and a local high-temperature suppression effect, a target ventilation regulation combination is obtained through comparative analysis and screening, and the target ventilation regulation combination is converted into a flow guide hole control instruction, so that fine regulation and control of a ventilation and waste-dispersion process of the deep and long buried tunnel is realized, and the waste-dispersion efficiency and the cooling effect of the tunnel are effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of computer-aided design technology, and in particular to a method and system for efficient ventilation, waste dissipation and cooling in deep and long buried tunnels. Background Technology

[0002] Deep and long buried tunnels, due to their great depth, long axial length, and high surrounding rock temperature, are prone to continuous waste heat release during construction and operation, resulting in significant variations in air temperature inside the tunnel with time and spatial location. Particularly along long axial distances, the temperature distribution exhibits marked unevenness due to the influence of the intensity of heat release from the surrounding rock, ventilation conditions, and airflow paths, with localized high-temperature accumulation zones easily forming. These problems not only affect the working environment and personnel safety within the tunnel but also place higher demands on equipment operational stability and structural durability. Therefore, the effective dissipation of waste heat and the rational control of temperature distribution inside deep and long buried tunnels have become crucial technical needs urgently requiring solutions in the field of tunnel engineering.

[0003] In existing technologies, ventilation and waste dissipation cooling for deep, long buried tunnels typically involves setting up air supply and exhaust channels within the tunnel to guide cold air into the tunnel and exhaust hot air, thus forming a basic ventilation and heat exchange process. Some technical solutions incorporate adjustable ventilation components in the exhaust channels or ventilation paths to improve airflow by altering local ventilation conditions. In practical applications, the design and adjustment of ventilation schemes are largely based on parameters such as air volume, air velocity, or local temperature, supplemented by empirical judgment or single-condition analysis to evaluate the cooling effect of different ventilation configurations and determine the appropriate ventilation adjustment method.

[0004] The above-mentioned solutions still have some problems in practical application. When the axial span of deep and long buried tunnels is large, the effects of adjusting different ventilation components on waste heat migration and heat accumulation in different axial sections of the tunnel have obvious spatial differences and mutual coupling characteristics. Existing technologies cannot systematically characterize the interaction between ventilation component adjustment and axial waste heat distribution in the tunnel based on the actual heat distribution of the tunnel. Therefore, it is impossible to effectively select a ventilation regulation method that can simultaneously improve the axial temperature uniformity of the tunnel and suppress the formation of local high-temperature zones while meeting ventilation safety constraints. As a result, existing ventilation and waste heat dissipation cooling methods are difficult to achieve targeted and predictable ventilation control effects when facing the complex waste heat distribution and numerous regulation objects in deep and long buried tunnels. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides an efficient ventilation and waste heat dissipation cooling method and system for deep and long buried tunnels, so as to achieve accurate perception and quantitative control of the intensity of waste heat release inside the tunnel, improve the uniformity of the axial temperature distribution of the tunnel and effectively suppress the formation of local high temperature zones while meeting ventilation safety constraints.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, this application adopts the following technical solution: This application provides an efficient ventilation and waste cooling method for deep, long buried tunnels. The method includes: establishing a three-dimensional spatial model including a top waste cooling channel and a bottom air supply channel based on the cross-sectional structure of the deep, long buried tunnel; the top waste cooling channel having multiple controllable guide holes arranged along the tunnel axis; dividing the deep, long buried tunnel along the axis into multiple control sections; acquiring actual temperature data and air supply data at the corresponding positions of the bottom air supply channels for each control section; loading the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field; establishing a waste cooling impact correlation between the control sections and the controllable guide holes based on the initial thermal field; and, under the premise of meeting preset ventilation safety constraints, establishing a waste cooling impact correlation between the control sections and the controllable guide holes. Multiple candidate ventilation control combinations are generated through association, each corresponding to the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes. Each candidate ventilation control combination is loaded into the three-dimensional spatial model, and computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed for each combination to obtain ventilation indices. These indices characterize the degree of axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect on local high-temperature zones within the tunnel. Based on these indices, the candidate ventilation control combinations are compared and analyzed to select a target ventilation control combination. The opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the target ventilation control combination is converted into corresponding guide hole control commands, and each controllable guide hole is controlled according to these commands to achieve ventilation, waste dissipation, and cooling in deep, long buried tunnels.

[0007] In some possible implementations, loading the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field includes: axially sorting the actual temperature data collected from each control section according to its spatial position along the tunnel axis, and mapping the actual temperature data to spatial positions in the three-dimensional spatial model that match the corresponding control sections; spatially corresponding the air supply data based on the spatial layout of the bottom air supply channels along the tunnel axis and the spatial distribution of the air supply outlets, and loading the air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to match the spatial positions of each control section; The calculation area corresponding to the air outlet; based on the actual temperature data after axial sorting, multiple waste heat release areas distributed along the tunnel axis are set at the corresponding positions of the tunnel surrounding rock in the three-dimensional spatial model, and each waste heat release area is assigned a waste heat release intensity corresponding to the actual temperature data of the corresponding control section; in the three-dimensional spatial model, the waste heat release areas and the air supply data are loaded into the calculation area, and the initial thermal field in the three-dimensional spatial model is determined by numerical matching processing of the waste heat release intensities of adjacent waste heat release areas. The initial thermal field is used to characterize the state of uneven distribution of waste heat along the tunnel axis.

[0008] In some possible implementations, establishing the correlation between the control section and the controllable guide holes based on the initial thermal field includes: in the three-dimensional spatial model, based on the initial thermal field, taking the waste heat release area corresponding to each control section as the starting position and the location of each controllable guide hole in the top waste dispersion channel as the target position, constructing multiple spatially connected waste heat migration calculation paths along the tunnel axial and radial directions; in the initial thermal field, discretizing each waste heat migration calculation path according to a preset spatial step size to obtain multiple calculation nodes distributed along the waste heat migration calculation path; extracting the temperature gradient parameters and airflow velocity vector parameters at each calculation node. The path segment length parameter is determined based on the spatial distance between adjacent calculation nodes. Based on the temperature gradient parameter, airflow velocity vector parameter, and path segment length parameter extracted from the initial thermal field, each path segment on the same waste heat migration calculation path is calculated segment by segment to obtain the path waste transfer amount corresponding to the waste heat migration calculation path. In the initial thermal field, the path waste transfer amounts of multiple waste heat migration calculation paths pointing to the same controllable guide hole in the same control section are accumulated to obtain the section guide hole waste transfer influence value between the control section and the controllable guide hole. Based on the section guide hole waste transfer influence value, the waste transfer influence correlation between the control section and the controllable guide hole is established.

[0009] In some possible implementations, the step of constructing multiple spatially connected waste heat migration calculation paths along the tunnel axial and radial directions based on the initial thermal field, taking the waste heat release area corresponding to each of the controllable guide holes in the top waste dispersion channel as the starting position and the location of each controllable guide hole as the target position, includes: in the three-dimensional spatial model, based on the initial thermal field, identifying the waste heat release intensity corresponding to each of the waste heat release areas along the tunnel axial direction, and determining the main axial waste heat migration direction corresponding to each of the waste heat release areas based on the axial change direction of the waste heat release intensity from high to low; and in the determined main axial waste heat migration direction, combining the bottom air supply channel in the initial thermal field... The airflow velocity vector distribution formed by the wind data is radially expanded along the main axis of the waste heat migration direction to form multiple candidate waste heat migration directions that have a radial offset relationship with the main axis of the waste heat migration direction. Guided by each of the candidate waste heat migration directions, a spatial connection path extending from the corresponding waste heat release area to the top waste dissipation channel is constructed in the three-dimensional spatial model, and the path that is spatially connected to the location of at least one of the controllable guide holes is determined as the waste heat migration calculation path. The waste heat migration calculation path is subjected to path constraint processing to retain waste heat migration calculation paths whose path length is within a preset range and whose path covers at least one adjacent control section along the tunnel axis.

[0010] In some possible implementations, establishing the waste dispersion impact correlation between the controllable flow guide orifice and the controllable flow guide orifice based on the waste dispersion impact value of each of the aforementioned flow guide orifices includes: for the same controllable flow guide segment, collecting all the waste dispersion impact values ​​of the flow guide orifices corresponding to the controllable flow guide segment of the controllable flow guide segment, and sorting the waste dispersion impact values ​​of the flow guide orifices according to their numerical values; based on the sorting results, selecting controllable flow guide orifices whose waste dispersion impact values ​​of the flow guide orifices are higher than a preset impact threshold, and determining a set of target flow guide orifices that have an effective waste dispersion effect on the controllable flow guide segment; performing a proportional calculation on the waste dispersion impact values ​​of each of the aforementioned flow guide orifices in the target flow guide orifice set to obtain a relative impact parameter of the flow guide orifice reflecting the intensity of the waste dispersion effect of each of the controllable flow guide orifices relative to the controllable flow guide segment; binding and recording the relative impact parameter of the flow guide orifice with the corresponding controllable flow guide segment and the controllable flow guide orifice to form a waste dispersion impact correlation between the controllable flow guide segment and the controllable flow guide orifice.

[0011] In some possible implementations, the step of generating multiple candidate ventilation control combinations based on the correlation between the impact of scattered waste and other pollutants, under the premise of satisfying preset ventilation safety constraints, includes: based on the correlation between the impact of scattered waste and other pollutants, for each control section, extracting the target guide hole set corresponding to the control section and its corresponding section guide hole relative influence parameters; classifying the controllable guide holes in the target guide hole set according to the magnitude of the relative influence parameters of the section guide holes, forming at least two guide hole subsets with different influence levels; under the premise of satisfying the preset ventilation safety constraints, selecting different numbers of controllable guide holes as activated guide holes in a progressive manner from high-influence-level guide hole subsets to low-influence-level guide hole subsets, constructing corresponding guide hole opening and closing state combinations; performing cross-segment combination splicing processing on the guide hole opening and closing state combinations generated for different control sections, forming multiple ventilation control combinations covering multiple control sections along the tunnel axis; and determining the ventilation control combinations that satisfy the preset ventilation safety constraints as candidate ventilation control combinations.

[0012] In some possible implementations, the step of performing computational fluid dynamics simulation calculations for each candidate ventilation control combination to obtain ventilation indices includes: mapping the opening and closing states of each controllable guide hole in the candidate ventilation control combination to ventilation boundary conditions at corresponding positions in the three-dimensional spatial model; updating the airflow boundary in the three-dimensional spatial model based on the ventilation boundary conditions, while keeping the initial thermal field unchanged, to construct a simulation condition corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination; performing computational fluid dynamics simulation calculations for the simulation condition to obtain the temperature field results and airflow velocity field results distributed along the axial direction inside the tunnel; extracting the average temperature parameter and the maximum temperature parameter of each control section based on the temperature field results; extracting the heat transfer parameters of each control section based on the airflow velocity field results; and summarizing the average temperature parameter, the maximum temperature parameter, and the heat transfer parameters to form a ventilation index corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination, wherein the ventilation index includes the average temperature, the maximum temperature, and the heat transfer parameters.

[0013] In some possible implementations, the step of comparing and analyzing each candidate ventilation control combination based on the ventilation index to select the target ventilation control combination includes: obtaining the average temperature of the section, the highest temperature of the section, and the heat transfer parameters of the section in the ventilation index corresponding to each candidate ventilation control combination; for each candidate ventilation control combination, performing a fusion calculation on the average temperature of the section, the highest temperature of the section, and the heat transfer parameters of the section according to preset constraints to obtain a comprehensive value of the ventilation index; sorting the comprehensive values ​​of all candidate ventilation control combinations, and determining the optimal ventilation control combination that meets the preset ventilation safety constraints based on the sorting results of the comprehensive values, as the target ventilation control combination.

[0014] In some possible implementations, converting the opening and closing state of the controllable guide orifice corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into a corresponding guide orifice control command includes: extracting the opening and closing state information of each controllable guide orifice in the target ventilation control combination, and mapping the opening and closing state information into a corresponding control signal according to a preset rule; encapsulating the control signal of each controllable guide orifice into a guide orifice control command according to the structure of the corresponding target ventilation control combination, wherein the guide orifice control command includes the opening and closing state, opening and closing angle, and opening and closing sequence of the controllable guide orifice.

[0015] This application provides an efficient ventilation and waste cooling system for deep, long buried tunnels. The system includes: a tunnel model generation unit, used to construct a three-dimensional spatial model including a top waste disposal channel and a bottom air supply channel based on the tunnel cross-sectional structure, wherein the top waste disposal channel is provided with multiple controllable guide holes along the tunnel axis; a thermal field construction unit, used to divide the deep, long buried tunnel into multiple control sections along the axial direction, acquire the actual temperature data of each control section and the air supply data at the corresponding position of the bottom air supply channel, and map the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field; a waste impact analysis unit, used to establish the waste impact correlation between the control sections and the controllable guide holes based on the initial thermal field; and a ventilation control combination generation unit, used to generate a system that meets preset ventilation requirements. Under the premise of safety constraints, multiple candidate ventilation control combinations are generated based on the correlation between the impact of scattered waste and ventilation. Each candidate ventilation control combination represents the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes. A simulation evaluation unit is used to load each candidate ventilation control combination into the three-dimensional spatial model, perform computational fluid dynamics simulation calculations, and obtain ventilation indicators to characterize the axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect of local high-temperature zones in the tunnel. A target screening unit is used to compare and analyze each candidate ventilation control combination based on the ventilation indicators and screen out the target ventilation control combination. A guide hole control unit is used to convert the opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into guide hole control commands, and control each controllable guide hole according to the guide hole control commands to achieve ventilation and waste cooling in deep and long buried tunnels.

[0016] As can be seen from the above technical solution, this application has the following beneficial effects: 1. This application constructs a three-dimensional spatial model containing a top waste dispersal channel and a bottom air supply channel, and forms an initial thermal field based on actual temperature data and air supply data. It further establishes the correlation between the waste dispersal effect of the control section and the controllable guide hole, realizing a quantitative characterization of the axial waste heat migration path and its intensity in deep and long buried tunnels. This transforms ventilation control from a traditional method that relies on experience and local parameters to a refined analysis based on the overall thermal field and spatial coupling relationship, effectively improving the pertinence and predictability of ventilation scheme design and adjustment. 2. This application constructs a three-dimensional spatial model including a top waste dispersal channel and a bottom air supply channel, and forms an initial thermal field based on actual temperature data and air supply data. It further establishes the correlation between the waste dispersal effect of the control section and the controllable guide hole, realizing a quantitative characterization of the axial waste heat migration path and its intensity in deep and long buried tunnels. This transforms ventilation control from a traditional method that relies on experience and local parameters to a refined analysis based on the overall thermal field and spatial coupling relationship, effectively improving the pertinence and predictability of ventilation scheme design and adjustment. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of an efficient ventilation, waste dissipation, and cooling method for deep, long buried tunnels according to this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the composition of a high-efficiency ventilation and waste cooling system for deep, long buried tunnels, as described in this application. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The terms "first," "second," and "third," etc., used in this application specification, claims, and drawings are used to distinguish different objects, not to limit a specific order.

[0019] In the embodiments of this application, the terms "exemplary" or "for example" are used to indicate that something is an example, illustration, or description. Any embodiment or design that is described as "exemplary" or "for example" in the embodiments of this application should not be construed as being more preferred or advantageous than other embodiments or designs. Specifically, the use of the terms "exemplary" or "for example" is intended to present the relevant concepts in a specific manner.

[0020] Research has revealed that in applications involving deep, long, buried tunnels with large axial spans, the opening and closing of ventilation components in existing technologies simultaneously affect multiple axial sections and alter the airflow path within the tunnel. This causes directional migration and accumulation of waste heat from the surrounding rock between different sections. Due to differences in waste heat release intensity, ventilation distance, and airflow organization conditions among the axial sections, this migration process exhibits significant spatial variability and inter-segment coupling characteristics. Existing technologies typically design and adjust ventilation schemes based solely on local temperature or single ventilation parameters, lacking the ability to systematically characterize and quantify the relationship between the adjustment effect of ventilation components and the axial waste heat distribution under actual heat distribution conditions. Consequently, it is difficult to effectively compare and select multiple ventilation adjustment schemes while meeting ventilation safety constraints. This results in a lack of targeted and predictable ventilation and waste heat dissipation cooling effects in deep, long, buried tunnels with complex waste heat distribution and a large number of adjustment targets.

[0021] To address the aforementioned problems, this application provides a method for efficient ventilation and waste cooling in deep, long buried tunnels. The method includes: establishing a three-dimensional spatial model of the deep, long buried tunnel, comprising a top waste cooling channel and a bottom air supply channel, wherein the top waste cooling channel is provided with multiple controllable guide holes along the tunnel axis; dividing the deep, long buried tunnel along the axial direction into multiple control sections, acquiring actual temperature data and air supply data at the corresponding positions of the bottom air supply channels for each control section, and loading the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field; establishing a waste cooling impact correlation between the control sections and the controllable guide holes based on the initial thermal field; and, under the premise of meeting preset ventilation safety constraints, establishing a method for efficient ventilation and waste cooling based on the waste cooling impact... Multiple candidate ventilation control combinations are generated based on the correlation relationship. Each candidate ventilation control combination corresponds to the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes. Each candidate ventilation control combination is loaded into the three-dimensional spatial model. Computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed on each candidate ventilation control combination to obtain ventilation indicators. These ventilation indicators characterize the degree of axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect of local high-temperature zones in the tunnel. Based on the ventilation indicators, the candidate ventilation control combinations are compared and analyzed to select the target ventilation control combination. The opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the target ventilation control combination is converted into corresponding guide hole control commands. The controllable guide holes are controlled according to the guide hole control commands to achieve ventilation, waste dissipation, and cooling in deep and long buried tunnels.

[0022] Example 1

[0023] like Figure 1 As shown, this application provides a highly efficient ventilation and waste dissipation cooling method for deep, long buried tunnels, with the following specific steps: Step 1: Based on the cross-sectional structure of the deep and long buried tunnel, establish a three-dimensional spatial model including the top waste disposal channel and the bottom air supply channel. The top waste disposal channel is provided with multiple controllable guide holes along the tunnel axis.

[0024] In step one, the cross-sectional structure refers to the geometric profile of a deep, long buried tunnel on any cross section along the axial direction, including the tunnel width, tunnel height, curvature shape of the tunnel arch and floor, as well as the thickness and material properties of the surrounding rock, which is used to accurately reflect the spatial layout and airflow boundary of the tunnel.

[0025] The top waste discharge channel refers to an air discharge channel set at the top of the tunnel and extending along the tunnel axis. Its function is to guide the waste heat air inside the tunnel to be discharged upwards. Adjustable or controllable guide holes are arranged inside the channel to regulate the air flow direction and waste heat migration path.

[0026] Bottom air supply channels refer to air input channels located on both sides of the tunnel bottom or below the floor slab. They are used to deliver cool air into various controlled sections within the tunnel, enabling air convection and heat exchange inside the tunnel. The outlet location, air volume, and distribution of the bottom air supply channels affect the axial temperature uniformity of the tunnel.

[0027] A three-dimensional spatial model refers to a three-dimensional digital model of a tunnel constructed using CAD computer-aided design technology, based on the tunnel's cross-sectional structure and ventilation channel layout. It includes the tunnel's surrounding rock, the top waste dispersal channel, the bottom air supply channel, and the location of each control section, and is used to simulate airflow, heat transfer, and waste heat migration processes.

[0028] Controllable guide holes are ventilation components installed in the top waste dissipation channel. They can be opened or closed or have their opening angle adjusted according to control commands. They are used to regulate the amount and direction of waste heat air discharge, thereby affecting the temperature distribution and waste heat migration effect in each control zone.

[0029] In step one, the method for establishing a three-dimensional spatial model including the top waste dissipation channel and the bottom air supply channel is as follows: Obtain cross-sectional data of the tunnel along its axial direction, including width, height, crown and floor shapes, and surrounding rock material properties; Based on the axial length of the tunnel, the cross-sectional data are continuously arranged in a three-dimensional coordinate system at actual intervals to form the main model of the tunnel; Waste dispersal channels are set up at the top of the tunnel, and the distribution, number and size of controllable diversion holes are determined along the axial direction and represented in the form of adjustable ventilation nodes in the main tunnel model; Air supply channels are set up at the bottom of the tunnel, the location, number and size of the air supply outlets are determined, and corresponding air input nodes are established in the main model of the tunnel. By integrating the surrounding rock of the tunnel, the top waste disposal channel, and the bottom air supply channel, a three-dimensional spatial model can be generated that can be used for computational fluid dynamics simulation and thermal field analysis.

[0030] This application establishes a three-dimensional spatial model of a deep, long buried tunnel in step one, mapping the top waste dispersion channel, bottom air supply channel, and controllable guide holes onto the tunnel's axial direction and surrounding rock structure. This allows for a complete reproduction of the airflow path, temperature distribution, and waste heat migration patterns within the tunnel. Based on this model, the contribution of each control section to waste heat discharge can be quantitatively analyzed, and the impact of different ventilation configurations on temperature uniformity and local high-temperature suppression can be derived through the layout and adjustability of the guide holes. In engineering implementation, this model can guide the generation of ventilation control schemes and CFD simulation evaluation, enabling the prediction and optimization of heat distribution within the tunnel. This improves the axial temperature uniformity of the tunnel, suppresses local high-temperature accumulation, and enhances the safety of the working environment and the stability of equipment operation, demonstrating significant engineering application value and operability.

[0031] Step 2: Divide the deep buried tunnel into multiple control sections along the axial direction, obtain the actual temperature data of each control section and the air supply data of the corresponding position of the bottom air supply channel, and load the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field.

[0032] In step two, the control section refers to several continuous areas divided along the tunnel axis according to a preset length. Each control section represents a spatial unit within the tunnel that can be analyzed independently, used for local temperature monitoring and ventilation regulation, to achieve axial zoning management and waste heat analysis.

[0033] Actual temperature data refers to the air temperature information obtained by temperature sensors or on-site measurements within each control section, including the average temperature, maximum temperature, and temperature distribution characteristics of the section, which is used to reflect the actual thermal environment status of the section.

[0034] Air supply data refers to the airflow, wind speed, and temperature information at the outlet of the corresponding control section of the bottom air supply duct, which is used to describe the intensity and direction of cold air input.

[0035] In step two, the initial thermal field is formed as follows: S201, according to the spatial position of the control section in the tunnel axis, sort the actual temperature data collected by each control section along the axis, and map the actual temperature data to the spatial position in the three-dimensional spatial model that matches the corresponding control section. In step S201, spatial location refers to the physical coordinates of each control section in the three-dimensional spatial model in the tunnel's axial, lateral, and height directions. This coordinates are used to ensure that the temperature data in the model accurately corresponds to the actual tunnel location, thereby truly reflecting the thermal environment of each section.

[0036] S202, based on the spatial location of the bottom air supply channel along the tunnel axis and the spatial distribution of the air supply outlets, the air supply data is spatially corresponded and loaded into the calculation area corresponding to each air supply outlet in the three-dimensional spatial model. In step S202, spatial distribution refers to the actual arrangement of the air supply channels and air supply outlets in the axial, lateral and vertical directions of the tunnel; Spatial correspondence processing refers to matching the collected air supply parameters (air volume, air velocity, temperature) with the spatial location of each air supply outlet in the 3D model, so that the air input conditions in the model are consistent with the actual ventilation conditions. The computational domain refers to the local simulation unit in the three-dimensional spatial model associated with each air outlet. It is used to load air input boundary conditions and participate in subsequent airflow and heat transfer calculations.

[0037] S203, based on the actual temperature data after axial sorting, multiple waste heat release areas distributed along the tunnel axis are set at the corresponding positions of the tunnel surrounding rock in the three-dimensional space model, and each waste heat release area is assigned a waste heat release intensity corresponding to the actual temperature data of the corresponding control section. In step S203, the waste heat release area refers to a virtual heat source unit in the surrounding rock of the tunnel or the air space inside the tunnel used to simulate the release of heat into the air. The surrounding rock of a tunnel refers to the rock or soil layer surrounding the tunnel, whose heat capacity and thermal conductivity determine the characteristics of waste heat transfer to the air. Waste heat release intensity refers to the amount of heat released into the tunnel air per unit time in each waste heat release area, and the value is determined by the actual temperature of the corresponding section.

[0038] In step S203, the method for assigning a waste heat release intensity to each waste heat release zone corresponding to the actual temperature data of the corresponding control section is as follows: For each control zone, its actual temperature data is obtained, including average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature distribution characteristics. These temperature data are then correlated with the corresponding waste heat release areas in the three-dimensional spatial model. Each waste heat release area corresponds to a part of the control zone. The initial waste heat release intensity of each waste heat release zone is set as a function of the average temperature of the control zone. This can be understood as the higher the temperature, the greater the heat released into the air by the zone. Local high-temperature points within the zone are locally amplified to make the waste heat release intensity of the high-temperature points slightly higher than the average value. The intensity of adjacent waste heat release areas along the tunnel axis is smoothed to avoid abrupt changes in intensity between adjacent areas. The smoothing method is to weight the intensity of the current area with the intensity of the areas before and after it according to a certain ratio to make the heat distribution continuous. The certain ratio can be derived based on historical data or expert experience. For each waste heat release zone, adjustments are made based on the corresponding air supply data (air volume, air velocity, temperature): for example, if the air volume is large and the air velocity is high, the air carries away heat quickly, so it is deduced that the waste heat release intensity should be appropriately reduced; if the air volume is small and the air velocity is low, the air stagnates, so it is deduced that the waste heat release intensity should be maintained or appropriately increased. The calculated and corrected waste heat release intensity is assigned to each waste heat release zone.

[0039] S204, In the three-dimensional spatial model, the waste heat release area and the air supply data are loaded into the calculation area, and the initial thermal field in the three-dimensional spatial model is determined by numerically matching the waste heat release intensity of adjacent waste heat release areas.

[0040] In step S204, numerical matching processing refers to smoothing and weighting adjacent waste heat release areas and air supply inputs to ensure that heat input and air flow are continuous in the model, avoiding local abrupt changes, while maintaining consistency with the actual air flow and temperature distribution patterns.

[0041] In step S204, the initial thermal field in the three-dimensional spatial model is determined as follows: The three-dimensional spatial model is divided into multiple three-dimensional grid units along the tunnel axis, transverse direction and height direction. Each grid unit corresponds to an independent volume space inside the tunnel. Each grid unit is used to simultaneously receive the effects of waste heat release and air supply, ensuring that temperature calculation can be localized, while reflecting the overall thermal environment of the tunnel.

[0042] For each grid cell, the waste heat release intensity of the corresponding waste heat release area is allocated to the grid cell based on its location.

[0043] For the grid cells located near the bottom air supply channel outlet, the air supply data of the corresponding control section is loaded, including air volume, air velocity and temperature information. The air supply data and the waste heat release intensity work together to form local thermal fluid boundary conditions, ensuring that the simulation of air flow and heat transfer is consistent with reality.

[0044] The temperature of each grid cell is calculated according to the law of conservation of energy: the temperature change per unit time is determined by the heat provided by the intensity of waste heat release and the cooling effect brought by the air supply, specifically: the increase in grid cell temperature = the contribution of waste heat release - the temperature drop affected by the air supply.

[0045] The temperatures of adjacent grid cells in the axial, lateral, and vertical directions are weighted and averaged to eliminate local temperature abrupt changes. The weights are determined based on the distance between grid cells, ensuring a continuous temperature field that conforms to actual airflow and heat transfer patterns.

[0046] After the temperature of all grid cells is calculated and smoothed as described above, a complete initial thermal field is formed. This initial thermal field can be directly used for subsequent analysis of the impact of scattered waste and evaluation of candidate ventilation control combinations.

[0047] Step two of this application divides the deep, long buried tunnel into multiple independently analyzable control sections along its axial direction. By combining actual temperature data and bottom air supply data, and through three-dimensional spatial model mapping, waste heat release area setting, and waste heat release intensity derivation, the heat distribution within the tunnel is accurately characterized and the initial thermal field is constructed. This step enables the local high-temperature characteristics, airflow, and heat transfer effects of each control section to be systematically reflected, ensuring continuous temperature distribution and consistency with actual airflow. This provides a reliable data foundation for subsequent analysis of the impact of scattered waste and evaluation of candidate ventilation control combinations, thereby improving the accuracy and safety of ventilation control.

[0048] Step 3: Based on the initial thermal field, establish the correlation between the waste dispersion impact of the control section and the controllable guide hole.

[0049] In step three, the correlation between scattered waste impact refers to the quantitative representation of the degree of ventilation impact of waste heat release in each controllable guide hole at the top of the tunnel. It is used to describe the efficiency and effect of waste heat transfer along the tunnel space to the guide hole, and to reflect the heat transfer correlation characteristics between the control section and the guide hole.

[0050] In step three, the method for establishing the correlation between the waste dispersion impact of the controllable section and the controllable guide hole is as follows: S301, In the three-dimensional spatial model, based on the initial thermal field, with the waste heat release area corresponding to each of the control sections as the starting position and the location of each controllable guide hole in the top waste dispersal channel as the target position, multiple spatially connected waste heat migration calculation paths are constructed along the tunnel axis and radial direction. In step S301, the waste heat migration calculation path refers to the spatial connection line from the waste heat release area of ​​the control section to the outlet of the guide hole, which is used to simulate the transfer path of waste heat along the air flow, taking into account the air flow direction inside the tunnel and the geometric constraints of the tunnel.

[0051] One possible implementation of step S301 is as follows: In the three-dimensional space model, based on the initial thermal field, the waste heat release intensity corresponding to each waste heat release area is identified along the tunnel axis, and the main axial waste heat migration direction corresponding to each waste heat release area is determined by the axial change direction of the waste heat release intensity from high to low. It should be noted that the main axial direction of waste heat migration refers to the main direction of heat transfer from the high-temperature zone to the low-temperature zone in the axial direction, which is used to guide the flow trend of waste heat along the tunnel length.

[0052] In the determined main axial waste heat migration direction, combined with the airflow velocity vector distribution formed by the air supply data of the bottom air supply channel in the initial thermal field, the main axial waste heat migration direction is radially expanded to form multiple candidate waste heat migration directions that have a radial offset relationship with the main axial waste heat migration direction. It should be noted that the airflow velocity vector distribution refers to the spatial distribution of the direction and speed of airflow near the waste heat release area, and is used to describe the dynamic conditions under which air carries away heat.

[0053] Radial unfolding refers to offsetting by a fixed step size in both the horizontal and vertical directions based on the main axis direction, generating multiple offset directions at a certain angle to the main axis.

[0054] Candidate waste heat migration directions refer to multiple possible waste heat migration directions obtained by radial offset of the main axial direction. Each direction can be used to generate potential spatial connectivity paths extending from the waste heat release area to the top of the tunnel.

[0055] Guided by the candidate waste heat migration directions, a spatial connection path extending from the corresponding waste heat release area to the top waste dissipation channel is constructed in the three-dimensional spatial model, and the path that is spatially connected to the location of at least one of the controllable guide holes is determined as the waste heat migration calculation path. It should be noted that the spatial connectivity path refers to a three-dimensional route constructed along the main axis and the candidate radial direction, continuously covering the waste heat release area to the guide hole. Each path represents a spatial pathway through which waste heat may migrate with airflow.

[0056] The waste heat migration calculation path is subjected to path constraint processing, and waste heat migration calculation paths whose path length is within a preset range and whose path covers at least one adjacent control section along the tunnel axis are retained.

[0057] It should be noted that path constraints refer to filtering waste heat migration paths by length and coverage to ensure that the paths reflect the actual waste heat transfer without creating excessively long or locally isolated computational paths.

[0058] The path constraint processing method is as follows: calculate the actual spatial length of each path and count the number of control segments it covers along the axial direction. Delete paths whose length exceeds the preset maximum value or do not cover adjacent segments. The remaining paths are used as the final waste heat migration calculation paths.

[0059] S302, in the initial thermal field, each waste heat migration calculation path is discretized according to a preset spatial step size to obtain multiple calculation nodes distributed along the waste heat migration calculation path; In step S302, discrete partitioning refers to dividing the continuous path into several equally spaced discrete points so as to perform segment-by-segment analysis of local temperature and airflow parameters on the path.

[0060] A computation node is a spatial point on the path used for local calculation of temperature gradients and airflow velocities. Each node represents a local unit that can be analyzed independently.

[0061] The preset spatial step size refers to the axial and radial distance between adjacent computing nodes. Its size is determined by the tunnel length and path complexity. One-tenth of the control section length can be used as the step size.

[0062] The preset spatial step size is determined by dividing each path evenly according to the length of the control section and the transverse dimensions of the tunnel, ensuring that the nodes can reflect changes in heat transfer without excessively increasing the computational load.

[0063] S303, extract the temperature gradient parameters and airflow velocity vector parameters at each of the computing nodes, and determine the path segment length parameters based on the spatial distance between adjacent computing nodes; In step S303, the temperature gradient parameter refers to the rate of temperature change between adjacent nodes, which is used to characterize the driving force of waste heat along the path.

[0064] The airflow velocity vector parameter refers to the direction and velocity of airflow at the node, which is used to reflect the dynamic conditions of waste heat migration.

[0065] The path segment length parameter refers to the spatial distance between adjacent nodes, which is used to convert temperature gradient and airflow velocity into local waste heat transfer.

[0066] S304. Based on the temperature gradient parameters, airflow velocity vector parameters and path segment length parameters extracted from the initial thermal field, each path segment on the same waste heat migration calculation path is calculated segment by segment to obtain the path waste transfer amount corresponding to the waste heat migration calculation path. In step S304, the amount of waste heat transferred along the path refers to the total amount of heat transferred from the waste heat release area to the guide hole per unit time along each segment of the path.

[0067] In step S304, the segment-by-segment calculation is performed as follows: along each segment of the path, the node temperature gradient is multiplied by the path segment length and combined with the node airflow velocity to obtain the heat transfer amount within the segment. Then, the total transfer amount of the entire path is accumulated along the path as the path waste transfer amount.

[0068] S305, in the initial thermal field, the waste heat transfer amount of multiple waste heat migration calculation paths pointing to the same controllable guide hole in the same control section is accumulated to obtain the waste heat transfer influence value of the section guide hole between the control section and the controllable guide hole; In step S305, the cumulative processing refers to adding the transmission amounts of multiple paths to obtain the total waste dissipation impact of the control section on the guide hole.

[0069] The waste heat transfer effect value of the section guide hole refers to the total amount of heat transferred from the control section to a specific guide hole, reflecting the waste heat transfer efficiency.

[0070] In step S305, the accumulation process is performed by summing the transfer amounts of each path according to the node correspondence to ensure that the heat distribution is consistent with the superposition effect of multiple paths.

[0071] S306, Based on the waste dispersion impact value of each section guide hole, establish the waste dispersion impact correlation between the control section and the controllable guide hole.

[0072] In step S306, the method for establishing the correlation between the waste dispersion impact of the control section and the controllable guide hole is as follows: For the same control section, all waste emission impact values ​​of the guide holes corresponding to the control section are collected, and the waste emission impact values ​​of the guide holes are sorted according to their numerical values. Based on the sorting results, controllable guide holes with waste dispersion impact values ​​higher than preset impact thresholds are selected, and a set of target guide holes that have an effective waste dispersion effect on the controlled section is determined. It should be noted that the preset impact threshold refers to the minimum waste dispersion impact value used to determine whether the diversion hole has an effective waste dispersion effect on the control section. It can be set according to the tunnel ventilation design requirements or historical operation data, for example, taking 50% of the average impact value as the threshold.

[0073] The method for setting the impact threshold is as follows: statistically analyze the distribution of the impact values ​​of scattered waste in all control sections, select a value that can distinguish between efficient and inefficient guide holes as the threshold, and ensure that only guide holes that have a significant effect on waste heat transfer are retained. This is usually derived based on historical data or expert experience.

[0074] The target set of guide holes refers to the set of guide holes that have been selected and can significantly accept the waste heat of the control section, and is used for subsequent ventilation control and heat distribution analysis.

[0075] The waste dispersion impact value of each section guide hole in the target guide hole set is proportionally calculated to obtain the section guide hole relative impact parameter reflecting the intensity of the waste dispersion effect of each controllable guide hole relative to the control section. It should be noted that the ratio calculation refers to the ratio of the waste dissipation contribution of a single guide hole to the total contribution of the target guide hole set, thereby obtaining a parameter reflecting the strength of the effect of each guide hole.

[0076] The method for calculating the proportion is as follows: divide the waste impact value of each guide hole by the total waste impact value of the set.

[0077] The relative influence parameter of the section guide hole refers to the numerical parameter obtained by proportional calculation, which is used to quantitatively control the intensity of waste heat distribution to each guide hole in the section.

[0078] The relative influence parameters of the section guide hole are bound and recorded with the corresponding control section and the controllable guide hole to form the waste dispersion influence correlation between the control section and the controllable guide hole.

[0079] It should be noted that the binding record is performed as follows: in the data table, rows represent control sections, columns represent guide holes, and cells store relative influence parameters, ensuring that the intensity of waste dispersion between each control section and its corresponding target guide hole can be directly viewed and applied.

[0080] This application, through step three, establishes a correlation between the waste heat transfer effect of the control section and the controllable guide hole based on the initial thermal field, thereby achieving a quantitative characterization of the waste heat transfer law in deep and long buried tunnels. By discretizing the spatial connection path between the waste heat release area of ​​the control section and the top controllable guide hole, extracting temperature gradient and airflow velocity parameters, and performing segment-by-segment calculations in conjunction with the path length, this application can accurately obtain the waste heat transfer amount along each path. By accumulating the transfer amounts of multiple paths pointing to the same guide hole, a total waste heat transfer effect value of the control section on the guide hole is formed, and a complete correlation is established in matrix form, thus achieving a quantitative correspondence between waste heat input and guide hole response. The implementation of this application can accurately reflect the efficiency and effect of the waste heat in each control section on the ventilation of the guide hole, making waste heat management and ventilation control highly coupled, avoiding local heat concentration or uneven air flow, improving the accuracy of tunnel thermal environment prediction and ventilation control, providing reliable data for subsequent waste heat transfer effect analysis, ventilation control strategy optimization, and safety assurance, and has engineering reproducibility and practical application value.

[0081] Step 4: Under the premise of meeting the preset ventilation safety constraints, generate multiple candidate ventilation control combinations based on the correlation between the scattered waste impact. Each candidate ventilation control combination corresponds to the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes.

[0082] In step four, the method for generating multiple candidate ventilation control combinations based on the aforementioned correlation between scattered waste impacts is as follows: S401, Based on the correlation of the impact of scattered waste, for each control section, extract the set of target guide holes corresponding to the control section and the corresponding section guide hole relative impact parameters; S402, based on the numerical values ​​of the relative influence parameters of the section guide holes, the controllable guide holes in the target guide hole set are classified into at least two subsets of guide holes with different influence levels. In step S402, the hierarchical division refers to dividing the controllable guide holes in the target guide hole set into different levels of waste dispersion intensity based on the relative influence parameters of the section guide holes, so that the guide holes have a clear priority distinction during the control process.

[0083] The classification method is as follows: the guide holes in the section are sorted from largest to smallest relative influence parameter. The guide holes with relative influence parameters higher than the average value of the control section are classified as high-influence guide holes, and the remaining guide holes are classified as low-influence guide holes. When there are many target guide holes, they can be further subdivided into medium-influence guide holes, thus forming a multi-level influence structure.

[0084] A subset of diversion orifices refers to a set of controllable diversion orifices within the same control section that have similar waste dispersion intensity and are classified into the same influence level, and are used to participate in the unified construction of opening and closing combinations.

[0085] S403, Under the premise of satisfying the preset ventilation safety constraints, in a progressive manner from the high-impact level guide hole subset to the low-impact level guide hole subset, different numbers of controllable guide holes are selected as activated guide holes to construct the corresponding guide hole opening and closing state combination. In step S403, ventilation safety constraints refer to the ventilation boundary requirements that must be met to ensure the safe operation of the tunnel, including but not limited to: minimum air exchange capacity requirements, local airflow velocity limits, maximum number of guide holes that can be opened simultaneously, and allowable exhaust capacity range of the top waste ventilator.

[0086] The method for presetting ventilation safety constraints is as follows: based on the tunnel design ventilation parameters, operating specifications and historical operating data, various ventilation safety thresholds are pre-set and used as constraint judgment conditions when generating the opening and closing combination of the guide hole.

[0087] Activated flow guide holes refer to controllable flow guide holes that are set to be open in a certain ventilation control combination and participate in waste heat dissipation.

[0088] The combination of open and closed states of the guide orifice refers to a set of state configurations formed by setting different guide orifices to be open or closed for the same control section under the condition of meeting ventilation safety constraints. It is used to express a specific ventilation control scheme for that section.

[0089] S404, For the combination of opening and closing states of the guide holes generated in different control sections, cross-section combination splicing processing is performed to form multiple ventilation control combinations covering multiple control sections along the tunnel axis; In step S404, the combination splicing process refers to the orderly combination of the opening and closing states of the guide holes generated in each control section according to the order of the tunnel axial control sections, to form an overall ventilation scheme covering multiple control sections.

[0090] The combined splicing process is as follows: constrained by the axial sequence of the tunnel, the opening and closing states of the guide holes in adjacent control sections that have compatible ventilation capacity and will not cause airflow conflicts are combined and spliced ​​to form a ventilation control combination that can simultaneously meet the waste dispersal needs of multiple sections within the overall scale of the tunnel.

[0091] Ventilation control combination refers to the overall ventilation scheme formed by uniformly configuring the opening and closing states of controllable guide holes in multiple control sections throughout the entire axial range of the tunnel.

[0092] S405, the ventilation control combination that satisfies the preset ventilation safety constraints is determined as the candidate ventilation control combination.

[0093] In step S405, the candidate ventilation control combination refers to the ventilation control combination that still meets all ventilation safety constraints and has practical engineering feasibility after the cross-section combination splicing is completed, and is used for subsequent waste dispersal effect evaluation and optimal decision-making.

[0094] This application, through step four, introduces preset ventilation safety constraints based on existing correlations between scattered waste effects, and systematically generates the opening and closing states of controllable guide holes, effectively transforming waste heat transfer analysis into specific ventilation control schemes. By extracting the target guide hole set and relative influence parameters of guide holes in each control section, and classifying the guide holes according to the intensity of scattered waste effects, this application can prioritize guide holes that contribute more to waste heat dissipation for ventilation control, avoiding ineffective or inefficient opening of guide holes. Under the premise of meeting ventilation safety boundaries, multiple combinations of guide hole opening and closing states are constructed in a progressive manner from high to low influence levels, and a comprehensive ventilation control combination covering the tunnel axis is formed by cross-section combination splicing, making the ventilation scheme both locally targeted and meeting the overall coordinated needs of the tunnel. This step can significantly improve the targeting and feasibility of ventilation control schemes, reduce the blindness of ventilation configuration, and provide a set of candidate schemes with a clear structure and controllable number for subsequent ventilation effect simulation and optimal scheme selection, with good engineering applicability and promotion value.

[0095] Step 5: Load each of the candidate ventilation control combinations into the three-dimensional spatial model, and perform computational fluid dynamics simulation for each candidate ventilation control combination to obtain ventilation indicators; In step five, the ventilation index is obtained as follows: S501, for each of the candidate ventilation control combinations, the opening and closing states of each controllable guide hole in the candidate ventilation control combination are mapped to the ventilation boundary conditions at the corresponding positions in the three-dimensional space model. In step S501, the ventilation boundary condition refers to the boundary setting in the three-dimensional space model that determines whether airflow is allowed to pass through the controllable guide hole and the manner of airflow. The enabled state is set as an open boundary that allows air to be discharged and has a preset flow direction, while the closed state is set as a closed boundary that does not allow air to pass through. This is used to clarify the influence of the guide hole on the airflow organization.

[0096] S502, Under the premise that the initial thermal field remains unchanged, the airflow boundary in the three-dimensional space model is updated based on the ventilation boundary conditions to construct a simulation condition corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination; In step S502, the airflow boundary is updated as follows: without changing the waste heat release intensity of the tunnel surrounding rock and the air supply conditions of the bottom air supply channel, only the boundary attributes corresponding to each controllable guide hole in the top waste dispersal channel are switched so that the airflow path in the model is consistent with the candidate ventilation control combination.

[0097] Simulation conditions refer to a set of calculation conditions for airflow and heat transfer determined by specific orifice opening and closing states, air supply input conditions, and tunnel geometry under a unified initial thermal field.

[0098] S503, Perform computational fluid dynamics simulation for the simulated working condition to obtain the temperature field and airflow velocity field results distributed along the axial direction inside the tunnel; In step S503, fluid dynamics simulation calculation refers to numerically solving the airflow and heat transfer process in the three-dimensional spatial model to obtain the airflow motion and temperature distribution results under steady-state conditions.

[0099] The computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed as follows: In the three-dimensional spatial model, the tunnel geometry, the waste heat release area of ​​the surrounding rock, the waste heat release intensity corresponding to each waste heat release area, and the air supply data of the bottom air supply channel remain unchanged. The opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combinations are set as the ventilation boundary conditions of the top waste dissipation channel. The initial thermal field is used as the initial state of the simulation, ensuring that the air temperature distribution at each spatial location in the three-dimensional spatial model is consistent with the initial thermal field. Within the three-dimensional spatial model, the airflow and heat transfer processes are calculated step-by-step according to the spatial mesh division results. In each calculation step, based on the ventilation boundary... The conditions and air supply conditions determine the airflow direction between each grid cell. The heat released into the air by the waste heat release area is superimposed on the airflow path to update the air temperature in each grid cell. After completing the above airflow and temperature update, the temperature between adjacent grid cells is continuously processed to avoid local temperature abrupt changes, so that the temperature distribution conforms to the actual laws of airflow and heat diffusion in the tunnel. The above calculation process is repeated until the temperature distribution corresponding to each control section in the tunnel no longer changes significantly with the number of calculation steps, and the stable temperature field result and airflow velocity field result corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination are obtained.

[0100] Temperature field results refer to the temperature distribution data corresponding to various spatial locations inside the tunnel under a steady state.

[0101] Airflow velocity field results refer to the data on the distribution of airflow velocity and direction at various spatial locations inside the tunnel under a steady state.

[0102] S504, Based on the temperature field results, extract the average temperature parameter and the highest temperature parameter of each control section respectively; In step S504, the section average temperature parameter refers to the representative temperature value obtained by averaging the temperature of all spatial locations within the same control section, which is used to reflect the overall thermal environment level of the section.

[0103] The maximum temperature parameter of a section refers to the maximum temperature value that occurs within the same control section, and is used to characterize the degree of local high temperature risk.

[0104] S505, Based on the airflow velocity field results, extract the heat transfer parameters for each of the control sections; In step S505, the section heat transfer parameter refers to the parameter characterizing the ability of the air flow in the control section to carry away waste heat. Specifically, it is reflected by statistically analyzing the airflow velocity and its distribution in the section to reflect the comprehensive ability of the air to transport and dissipate heat.

[0105] S506, the average temperature parameter of the section, the highest temperature parameter of the section, and the heat exchange parameter of the section are summarized to form a ventilation index corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination.

[0106] In step S506, the ventilation index refers to a set of comprehensive evaluation parameters formed for a single candidate ventilation control combination, including the section average temperature, the section maximum temperature and the section heat transfer parameters, which are used to quantitatively characterize the overall effect of the ventilation control combination on temperature balance, local high temperature suppression and waste heat dissipation within the tunnel axial range.

[0107] Step five of this application involves loading multiple candidate ventilation control combinations into a unified three-dimensional spatial model. While maintaining consistency in the initial thermal field, tunnel geometry, and air supply conditions, simulation analysis is performed on the ventilation conditions corresponding to different controllable orifice opening and closing states. This ensures that the ventilation effects of each candidate ventilation control combination are within a comparable computational environment, avoiding evaluation biases caused by differences in initial conditions. By simulating airflow and waste heat transfer processes, temperature field and airflow velocity field results distributed along the tunnel axis are obtained. Furthermore, the average temperature parameter, maximum temperature parameter, and heat transfer parameter of each section are extracted to achieve a quantitative characterization of the ventilation effect. Compared to methods relying solely on experience or single parameters, this step simultaneously reflects the overall temperature uniformity and the effect of suppressing local high temperatures, making the evaluation of ventilation control effects more comprehensive, objective, and precise.

[0108] Step 6: Based on the ventilation index, compare and analyze the candidate ventilation control combinations to select the target ventilation control combination.

[0109] In step six, comparative analysis refers to the quantitative fusion and ranking of ventilation indicators corresponding to different candidate ventilation control combinations under the same evaluation dimensions and unified constraints, so as to eliminate the one-sidedness caused by the judgment of a single indicator and thus achieve a comprehensive evaluation of the ventilation control effect.

[0110] The method for selecting the target ventilation control combination is as follows: S601, obtain the section average temperature, section maximum temperature and section heat exchange parameters in the ventilation index corresponding to each candidate ventilation control combination; S602, for each candidate ventilation control combination, the average temperature of the section, the highest temperature of the section, and the heat exchange parameters of the section are fused and calculated according to preset constraints to obtain a comprehensive value of the ventilation index; In step S602, the preset constraints refer to a set of engineering constraints used to limit the range of values ​​and interrelationships of different ventilation indicators in the comprehensive evaluation. The engineering constraints include at least the following: the highest temperature of the section shall not exceed the preset safe temperature upper limit, the average temperature of the section shall be within the allowable operating temperature range, and the heat exchange parameters of the section shall be higher than the minimum effective heat exchange threshold.

[0111] The constraint preset method is as follows: based on the tunnel operation safety requirements, the heat resistance conditions of the surrounding rock and the design parameters of the ventilation system, the allowable range corresponding to each ventilation index is determined in advance, and the candidate ventilation control combination that exceeds the allowable range is marked as not meeting the ventilation safety constraint conditions.

[0112] The comprehensive value of the ventilation index refers to a single value obtained by normalizing the average temperature of the section, the highest temperature of the section, and the heat exchange parameters of the section, and then calculating them according to the same evaluation scale, under the premise of meeting the preset constraints. It is used to characterize the comprehensive performance level of the candidate ventilation control combination in terms of overall temperature control effect and waste heat dissipation capacity.

[0113] S603, sort the comprehensive values ​​of all candidate ventilation control combinations, and determine the optimal ventilation control combination that meets the preset ventilation safety constraints based on the sorting results of the comprehensive values, and use it as the target ventilation control combination.

[0114] In step S603, the target ventilation control combination refers to the set of controllable guide hole opening and closing combinations that have the best ranking result corresponding to the comprehensive value of ventilation index among all candidate ventilation control combinations that meet the preset ventilation safety constraints, and have the best comprehensive performance in terms of overall temperature balance, local high temperature control and waste heat dissipation capacity.

[0115] This application, through step six, systematically compares and analyzes different ventilation control combinations based on the obtained ventilation indicators corresponding to each candidate ventilation control combination. This ensures that the determination of the ventilation control scheme is based on the synergistic evaluation of multiple key indicators, rather than relying on a single temperature or airflow parameter. By integrating the average temperature, maximum temperature, and heat transfer parameters of the section, the comprehensive performance of different ventilation control combinations in terms of overall cooling effect, local high temperature control capability, and waste heat dissipation efficiency can be comprehensively reflected. From an engineering perspective, this avoids an imbalance in ventilation effect due to an overemphasis on a single indicator. Ventilation safety constraints are introduced during the comprehensive value calculation and ranking process to constrain and eliminate control combinations with potential local high temperature hazards or insufficient heat transfer capacity, ensuring that all control schemes participating in the comparison meet the basic safety requirements for tunnel ventilation operation. By ranking the comprehensive values ​​and selecting the ventilation control combination with the best comprehensive performance, the determined target ventilation control combination has a more stable, balanced, and implementable ventilation control effect within the tunnel's axial range, thereby improving the engineering rationality and practical reliability of the ventilation scheme selection.

[0116] Step 7: Convert the opening and closing state of the controllable guide hole corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into the corresponding guide hole control command, and control each controllable guide hole according to the guide hole control command to achieve ventilation, waste dissipation and cooling of deep and long buried tunnels.

[0117] In step seven, the method for converting the opening and closing state of the controllable guide orifice corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into the corresponding guide orifice control command is as follows: S701, extract the opening and closing status information of each controllable guide hole in the target ventilation control combination, and map the opening and closing status information into the corresponding control signal according to the preset rules; In step S701, the open / close status information refers to Preset rule mapping refers to the process of converting the opening and closing state information into control signals that can be recognized and responded to by the guide hole actuator according to a pre-set state-signal correspondence. The opening state corresponds to the generation of a control signal for driving the guide hole to open, and the closing state corresponds to the generation of a control signal for driving the guide hole to close. The correspondence is predetermined and kept consistent during the system design phase.

[0118] A control signal is an electrical or digital signal used to drive a controllable guide hole to perform opening, closing, or angle adjustment actions. The control signal includes a status signal field for indicating the opening and closing state, and may further include a parameter field for indicating the opening and closing amplitude or execution sequence.

[0119] S702, the control signals of each controllable guide hole are encapsulated into guide hole control instructions according to the structure of the corresponding target ventilation control combination. The guide hole control instructions include the opening and closing state, opening and closing angle and opening and closing sequence of the controllable guide hole.

[0120] In step S702, structural encapsulation refers to organizing and arranging the control signals corresponding to multiple controllable guide holes in a unified manner according to a predetermined data format and control protocol, so that each control signal forms a clear correspondence in terms of time sequence, guide hole number, and parameter field, thereby forming a complete and parsable control instruction data structure.

[0121] The guide hole control command refers to the set of commands issued to the ventilation control system or the guide hole execution unit. The guide hole control command includes at least the opening and closing status information of each controllable guide hole, and further includes the opening and closing angle parameters and opening and closing timing parameters of the guide hole, so as to ensure that each controllable guide hole executes in coordination according to the requirements of the target ventilation control combination, thereby achieving the same ventilation control effect as the target ventilation control combination at the engineering implementation level.

[0122] This application, through step seven, further transforms the controllable orifice opening and closing states in the target ventilation control combination from the computational combination results into directly executable orifice control commands, effectively implementing ventilation optimization results at the engineering control level. On one hand, by regularizing and structurally encapsulating the opening and closing state information of each controllable orifice, the control state, opening and closing angle, and opening and closing sequence of each orifice have a clear and unique control command expression, avoiding deviations caused by manual interpretation or secondary judgment, and improving the accuracy and consistency of ventilation control execution. On the other hand, the generated orifice control commands can adapt to the actual control logic of the ventilation control system, enabling multiple orifices to complete opening and closing actions according to a predetermined sequence and cooperative relationship. This helps reduce local airflow abrupt changes and thermal environment fluctuations, enhancing the stability and controllability of the ventilation control process. Through the settings of step seven, the aforementioned model- and simulation-based optimization decisions can be directly transformed into engineering-implementable control behaviors, thereby improving the reliability and practicality of tunnel ventilation control schemes in practical applications.

[0123] This application constructs a three-dimensional spatial model that simultaneously includes a top waste dissipation channel and a bottom air supply channel, and loads actual temperature and air supply data to form an initial thermal field. This makes the description of the thermal environment inside the tunnel more closely resembles the actual engineering situation, which is beneficial to improving the reliability of subsequent analysis results. Furthermore, by establishing the correlation between the waste dissipation effects of the control section and the controllable guide holes, the quantitative action path of waste heat in different sections on the ventilation effect of each guide hole is clarified, avoiding the problem of relying on experience to determine the opening and closing of guide holes in traditional ventilation schemes. Under the premise of meeting ventilation safety constraints, candidate ventilation control combinations are generated and screened, and ventilation indicators are obtained by combining computational fluid dynamics simulation, realizing an objective evaluation of the tunnel's axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect of local high-temperature zones. Finally, the selected target ventilation control combinations are transformed into executable guide hole control commands, so that the ventilation optimization results can be directly applied to the engineering control process, thereby improving the overall efficiency, stability, and feasibility of ventilation and waste dissipation cooling in deep and long buried tunnels.

[0124] Example 2

[0125] like Figure 2 As shown in Example 1, this application describes a high-efficiency ventilation and waste dissipation cooling system for deep, long buried tunnels, comprising: The tunnel model generation unit is used to construct a three-dimensional spatial model including a top waste disposal channel and a bottom air supply channel based on the tunnel cross-sectional structure. The top waste disposal channel is provided with multiple controllable guide holes along the tunnel axis. The thermal field construction unit is used to divide the deep buried tunnel into multiple control sections along the axial direction, obtain the actual temperature data of each control section and the air supply data of the corresponding position of the bottom air supply channel, and map the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field. The waste impact analysis unit is used to establish the waste impact correlation between the control section and the controllable guide hole based on the initial thermal field; A ventilation control combination generation unit is used to generate multiple candidate ventilation control combinations based on the correlation between scattered waste and the preset ventilation safety constraints. The candidate ventilation control combination represents the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes. The simulation evaluation unit is used to load each candidate ventilation control combination into the three-dimensional spatial model, perform computational fluid dynamics simulation calculations, and obtain ventilation indicators to characterize the tunnel's axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect of local high-temperature zones. The target screening unit is used to compare and analyze each candidate ventilation control combination based on the ventilation index, and screen out the target ventilation control combination. The guide hole control unit is used to convert the opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into guide hole control commands, and to control each controllable guide hole according to the guide hole control commands, so as to realize ventilation, waste dissipation and cooling of deep and long buried tunnels.

[0126] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of this application. Those skilled in the art should understand that this application is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely illustrative of the principles of this application. Various changes and modifications can be made to this application without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of this application as claimed. The scope of protection of this application is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A highly efficient ventilation, waste dissipation, and cooling method for deep, long buried tunnels, characterized in that, The method includes: Based on the cross-sectional structure of the deep and long buried tunnel, a three-dimensional spatial model including the top waste disposal channel and the bottom air supply channel is established. The top waste disposal channel is provided with multiple controllable flow guide holes along the tunnel axis. The deep buried tunnel is divided into multiple control sections along the axial direction. The actual temperature data of each control section and the air supply data of the corresponding position of the bottom air supply channel are obtained. The actual temperature data and air supply data are loaded into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field. Based on the initial thermal field, establish the correlation between the waste dispersion impact of the control section and the controllable guide hole; The process of establishing the correlation between the waste dispersion impact of the control section and the controllable guide hole based on the initial thermal field includes: In the three-dimensional spatial model, based on the initial thermal field, with the waste heat release area corresponding to each of the control sections as the starting position and the location of each controllable guide hole in the top waste dispersal channel as the target position, multiple spatially connected waste heat migration calculation paths are constructed along the tunnel axis and radial direction. In the initial thermal field, each waste heat migration calculation path is discretized according to a preset spatial step size to obtain multiple calculation nodes distributed along the waste heat migration calculation path; At each computing node, the temperature gradient parameters and airflow velocity vector parameters at the corresponding location are extracted, and the path segment length parameters are determined based on the spatial distance between adjacent computing nodes. Based on the temperature gradient parameters, airflow velocity vector parameters, and path segment length parameters extracted from the initial thermal field, each path segment on the same waste heat migration calculation path is calculated segment by segment to obtain the path waste transfer amount corresponding to the waste heat migration calculation path. In the initial thermal field, the waste heat transfer amount of multiple waste heat migration calculation paths pointing to the same controllable guide hole in the same control section is accumulated to obtain the waste heat transfer influence value of the section guide hole between the control section and the controllable guide hole; Based on the waste dispersion impact value of each section's guide hole, establish the waste dispersion impact correlation between the controllable section and the controllable guide hole; Under the premise of meeting the preset ventilation safety constraints, multiple candidate ventilation control combinations are generated based on the correlation between the scattered waste impact. Each candidate ventilation control combination corresponds to the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes. Each of the candidate ventilation control combinations is loaded into the three-dimensional space model. Computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed for each candidate ventilation control combination to obtain ventilation indices. These ventilation indices are used to characterize the degree of axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect of local high-temperature zones in the tunnel. Based on the ventilation index, the candidate ventilation control combinations are compared and analyzed to select the target ventilation control combination. The opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the target ventilation control combination is converted into corresponding guide hole control commands, and each controllable guide hole is controlled according to the guide hole control commands to achieve ventilation, waste dissipation and cooling of deep and long buried tunnels.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of loading the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field includes: According to the spatial position of the control section along the tunnel axis, the actual temperature data collected by each control section are sorted axially, and the actual temperature data are mapped to the spatial position in the three-dimensional spatial model that matches the corresponding control section. Based on the spatial location of the bottom air supply channel along the tunnel axis and the spatial distribution of the air supply outlets, the air supply data is spatially mapped and loaded into the calculation area corresponding to each air supply outlet in the three-dimensional spatial model. Based on the actual temperature data after axial sorting, multiple waste heat release zones distributed along the tunnel axis are set at the corresponding positions of the tunnel surrounding rock in the three-dimensional spatial model, and each waste heat release zone is assigned a waste heat release intensity corresponding to the actual temperature data of the corresponding control section. In the three-dimensional spatial model, the waste heat release area and the air supply data are loaded into the calculation area. By performing numerical matching processing on the waste heat release intensity of adjacent waste heat release areas, the initial thermal field in the three-dimensional spatial model is determined. The initial thermal field is used to characterize the state of uneven distribution of axial waste heat in the tunnel.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the initial thermal field, taking the waste heat release area corresponding to each of the controllable flow guide holes in the top waste dispersion channel as the starting position, and constructing multiple spatially connected waste heat migration calculation paths along the tunnel's axial and radial directions, including: In the three-dimensional spatial model, based on the initial thermal field, the waste heat release intensity corresponding to each waste heat release area is identified along the tunnel axis, and the main axial waste heat migration direction corresponding to each waste heat release area is determined by the axial change direction of the waste heat release intensity from high to low. In the determined main axial waste heat migration direction, combined with the airflow velocity vector distribution formed by the air supply data of the bottom air supply channel in the initial thermal field, the main axial waste heat migration direction is radially expanded to form multiple candidate waste heat migration directions that have a radial offset relationship with the main axial waste heat migration direction. Guided by the candidate waste heat migration directions, a spatial connection path extending from the corresponding waste heat release area to the top waste dissipation channel is constructed in the three-dimensional spatial model, and the path that is spatially connected to the location of at least one of the controllable guide holes is determined as the waste heat migration calculation path. The waste heat migration calculation path is subjected to path constraint processing, and waste heat migration calculation paths whose path length is within a preset range and whose path covers at least one adjacent control section along the tunnel axis are retained.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The step of establishing a waste dispersion impact relationship between the controlled section and the controllable guide hole based on the waste dispersion impact value of each section guide hole includes: For the same control section, all waste emission impact values ​​of the guide holes corresponding to the control section are collected, and the waste emission impact values ​​of the guide holes are sorted according to their numerical values. Based on the sorting results, controllable guide holes with waste dispersion impact values ​​higher than preset impact thresholds are selected, and a set of target guide holes that have an effective waste dispersion effect on the controlled section is determined. The waste dispersion impact value of each section guide hole in the target guide hole set is proportionally calculated to obtain the section guide hole relative impact parameter reflecting the intensity of the waste dispersion effect of each controllable guide hole relative to the control section. The relative influence parameters of the section guide hole are bound and recorded with the corresponding control section and the controllable guide hole to form the waste dispersion influence correlation between the control section and the controllable guide hole.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, Under the premise of meeting preset ventilation safety constraints, multiple candidate ventilation control combinations are generated based on the correlation between the impact of scattered waste, including: Based on the aforementioned correlation between the impact of scattered waste, for each control section, the set of target guide holes corresponding to the control section and the corresponding relative impact parameters of the section guide holes are extracted; Based on the relative influence parameters of the section guide holes, the controllable guide holes in the target guide hole set are classified into at least two subsets of guide holes with different influence levels. Under the premise of meeting the preset ventilation safety constraints, different numbers of controllable guide holes are selected as activated guide holes in a progressive manner from high-impact level guide hole subset to low-impact level guide hole subset, and corresponding guide hole opening and closing state combinations are constructed. For the different combinations of opening and closing states of the diversion holes generated in the control sections, cross-section combination splicing processing is carried out to form multiple ventilation control combinations covering multiple control sections along the tunnel axis; The ventilation control combinations that meet the preset ventilation safety constraints are determined as candidate ventilation control combinations.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed for each of the candidate ventilation control combinations to obtain ventilation indices, including: For each of the candidate ventilation control combinations, the opening and closing states of each controllable guide hole in the candidate ventilation control combination are mapped to the ventilation boundary conditions at the corresponding positions in the three-dimensional space model; Under the premise that the initial thermal field remains unchanged, the airflow boundary in the three-dimensional spatial model is updated based on the ventilation boundary conditions to construct a simulation condition corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for the simulated working conditions to obtain the temperature field and airflow velocity field results distributed along the axial direction inside the tunnel. Based on the temperature field results, the average temperature parameter and the highest temperature parameter of each control segment are extracted respectively. Based on the airflow velocity field results, the heat transfer parameters of each control section are extracted respectively; The average temperature parameter of the section, the maximum temperature parameter of the section, and the heat exchange parameter of the section are summarized to form a ventilation index corresponding to the candidate ventilation control combination. The ventilation index includes the average temperature of the section, the maximum temperature of the section, and the heat exchange parameter of the section.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, Based on the ventilation index, a comparative analysis is performed on each of the candidate ventilation control combinations to select the target ventilation control combination, including: Obtain the average temperature, maximum temperature, and heat transfer parameters of the ventilation index corresponding to each candidate ventilation control combination; For each candidate ventilation control combination, the average temperature of the section, the highest temperature of the section, and the heat exchange parameters of the section are fused and calculated according to preset constraints to obtain a comprehensive value of the ventilation index. The comprehensive values ​​of all candidate ventilation control combinations are ranked, and based on the ranking results of the comprehensive values, the optimal ventilation control combination that meets the preset ventilation safety constraints is determined as the target ventilation control combination.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The step of converting the opening and closing state of the controllable guide orifice corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into a corresponding guide orifice control command includes: Extract the opening and closing status information of each controllable guide hole in the target ventilation control combination, and map the opening and closing status information into the corresponding control signal according to the preset rules; The control signals of each controllable guide hole are encapsulated into guide hole control instructions according to the structure of the corresponding target ventilation control combination. The guide hole control instructions include the opening and closing state, opening and closing angle and opening and closing sequence of the controllable guide hole.

9. A high-efficiency ventilation, waste dissipation, and cooling system for deep, long buried tunnels, characterized in that: The system includes: The tunnel model generation unit is used to construct a three-dimensional spatial model including a top waste disposal channel and a bottom air supply channel based on the tunnel cross-sectional structure. The top waste disposal channel is provided with multiple controllable guide holes along the tunnel axis. The thermal field construction unit is used to divide the deep buried tunnel into multiple control sections along the axial direction, obtain the actual temperature data of each control section and the air supply data of the corresponding position of the bottom air supply channel, and map the actual temperature data and air supply data into the three-dimensional spatial model to form an initial thermal field. The waste impact analysis unit is used to establish the waste impact correlation between the control section and the controllable guide hole based on the initial thermal field; The process of establishing the correlation between the waste dispersion impact of the control section and the controllable guide hole based on the initial thermal field includes: In the three-dimensional spatial model, based on the initial thermal field, with the waste heat release area corresponding to each of the control sections as the starting position and the location of each controllable guide hole in the top waste dispersal channel as the target position, multiple spatially connected waste heat migration calculation paths are constructed along the tunnel axis and radial direction. In the initial thermal field, each waste heat migration calculation path is discretized according to a preset spatial step size to obtain multiple calculation nodes distributed along the waste heat migration calculation path; At each computing node, the temperature gradient parameters and airflow velocity vector parameters at the corresponding location are extracted, and the path segment length parameters are determined based on the spatial distance between adjacent computing nodes. Based on the temperature gradient parameters, airflow velocity vector parameters, and path segment length parameters extracted from the initial thermal field, each path segment on the same waste heat migration calculation path is calculated segment by segment to obtain the path waste transfer amount corresponding to the waste heat migration calculation path. In the initial thermal field, the waste heat transfer amount of multiple waste heat migration calculation paths pointing to the same controllable guide hole in the same control section is accumulated to obtain the waste heat transfer influence value of the section guide hole between the control section and the controllable guide hole; Based on the waste dispersion impact value of each section's guide hole, establish the waste dispersion impact correlation between the controllable section and the controllable guide hole; A ventilation control combination generation unit is used to generate multiple candidate ventilation control combinations based on the correlation between scattered waste and the preset ventilation safety constraints. The candidate ventilation control combination represents the opening and closing state of a set of controllable guide holes. The simulation evaluation unit is used to load each candidate ventilation control combination into the three-dimensional spatial model, perform computational fluid dynamics simulation calculations, and obtain ventilation indicators to characterize the tunnel's axial temperature uniformity and the suppression effect of local high-temperature zones. The target screening unit is used to compare and analyze each candidate ventilation control combination based on the ventilation index, and screen out the target ventilation control combination. The guide hole control unit is used to convert the opening and closing state of the controllable guide holes corresponding to the target ventilation control combination into guide hole control commands, and to control each controllable guide hole according to the guide hole control commands, so as to realize ventilation, waste dissipation and cooling of deep and long buried tunnels.

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