A method and device for thermal control of an alk-pem hybrid hydrogen production system

Abstract

The application relates to a heat control method and device of an ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system, and relates to the technical field of energy storage, wherein the method comprises the following steps: obtaining working mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system; the temperature data comprises pure water temperature of a PEM unit and alkali solution temperature of an ALK unit; according to the working mode data and the temperature data, a target heat control working condition of the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system is determined; the target heat control working condition comprises a first working condition of one-way heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second working condition of one-way heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side and a third working condition of heat discharge and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system; and a working condition switching module is controlled to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of heat exchange medium in a heat exchange pipeline, so as to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target heat control working condition.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The embodiments in this specification relate to the field of energy storage technology, specifically to a thermal control method and apparatus for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. Background Technology

[0002] Hydrogen energy, as a clean secondary energy source, is a core carrier for the consumption of new energy. The ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, integrating alkaline (ALK) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) units, offers both cost advantages and wide load adaptability, and has become the mainstream technology for wind-solar coupled hydrogen production. Both types of electrolyzers generate significant waste heat during operation; furthermore, the ALK unit requires additional energy for cold start-up and heating, while the PEM unit needs to maintain its temperature after shutdown to avoid excessive restart energy consumption.

[0003] In existing ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production systems, the PEM and ALK systems dissipate heat independently, and the heat generated during operation is directly discharged, resulting in low system energy efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the embodiments in this specification is to provide a thermal control method and apparatus for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, so as to overcome the problem of low energy efficiency of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system in the existing methods.

[0005] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this specification provides, in one aspect, a thermal control method for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, comprising: Obtain the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit. Based on the operating mode data and the temperature data, the target thermal control conditions of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system are determined; the target thermal control conditions include a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, and a third condition of heat emission and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

[0006] Furthermore, the temperature data also includes the pure water temperature change rate of the PEM unit and the alkali solution temperature change rate of the ALK unit. The step of determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the operating mode data and the temperature data includes: Based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate, determine the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state. Based on the alkaline solution temperature and the rate of change of alkaline solution temperature, the urgency of the preheating requirement for the ALK unit under cold start condition is determined. Based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data, the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system are determined.

[0007] Furthermore, determining the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate includes: Based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate, the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; The pure water temperature is used to determine the current temperature state i and its corresponding center temperature. ; The rate of change of pure water temperature is used to determine the desired drift amount. and asymmetric coefficients ; To predict the step size; This is the set of temperature states corresponding to a preset risk temperature range. and These are the center temperature and risk weight coefficient corresponding to the target temperature state j, respectively; Let be the Markov transition probability from the current temperature state i to the target temperature state j; The maximum expected cooling rate; This is an asymmetric Laplace correction term; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is a symbolic function.

[0008] Furthermore, determining the urgency of preheating requirements for the ALK unit under cold start conditions based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate includes: Based on the alkaline solution temperature and the rate of change of alkaline solution temperature, the urgency of preheating requirement for the ALK unit under cold start condition is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, To increase the urgency of preheating demand; The temperature of the alkali solution; The rate of change of temperature of the alkali solution; This is the remaining preheating time; To predict the expected completion time; This represents the maximum heating capacity currently available from the PEM unit. To heat the ALK unit to the target start-up temperature within a preset time. The required theoretical power; The asymmetric Laplace scaling coefficient; , , and This is a preset constant; This is an indicator function.

[0009] Furthermore, determining the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate includes: Based on the historical temperature decay data of the PEM unit, an exponential decay model of the difference between pure water temperature and ambient temperature is constructed. Based on the exponential decay model, a natural decay trajectory model of pure water temperature under conditions without external heating is constructed. Based on the natural decay trajectory model, the theoretical heat supply required to maintain the pure water temperature within the target insulation temperature range is determined. Based on the comparison between the theoretical heat supply and the actual heat supply, the basic insulation requirement is determined. Based on the heat exchange process model between the PEM unit and the external environment, the entropy change rate of the PEM unit is determined. When the entropy change rate is positive and exceeds the preset entropy increase threshold, a positive correction coefficient is applied to the basic insulation requirement; when the entropy change rate is negative, a negative correction coefficient is applied to the basic insulation requirement. The basic insulation requirement, corrected for entropy change rate, is taken as the urgency of insulation requirement.

[0010] Furthermore, determining the urgency of preheating requirements for the ALK unit under cold start conditions based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate includes: Based on historical temperature rise data of the ALK unit, a temperature rise response model of alkali solution under external heating conditions is constructed. Based on the temperature rise response model, a theoretical temperature rise trajectory model of the alkaline solution under preset heating conditions is constructed. Based on the theoretical heating trajectory model, the theoretical heat supply required to heat the alkaline solution to the target start-up temperature is determined. The basic preheating requirement is determined by comparing the maximum heating power of the PEM unit with the power required to complete the theoretical heating within the expected preheating time. The cumulative heating deviation is calculated based on the deviation between the rate of change of the alkali solution temperature and the preset expected heating rate. If the cumulative temperature deviation exceeds the preset deviation threshold, a positive correction coefficient will be applied to the basic preheating requirement. Based on the heating response model, the inertial delay compensation amount of the preheating process is determined; If the inertial delay compensation is greater than the preset inertial threshold, an advance compensation coefficient is applied to the basic preheating requirement. The preheating demand urgency is determined by the baseline preheating demand after temperature rise deviation correction and inertial delay compensation.

[0011] Furthermore, determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data includes: The time-series data of the urgency of heat preservation and the urgency of preheating are obtained according to the preset sampling period. The first and second time derivatives of the urgency of heat preservation and the urgency of preheating are calculated respectively. Based on the first and second time derivatives of the urgency of insulation demand, the remaining time when the urgency of insulation demand exceeds the fourth insulation threshold within the first prediction time window is predicted and used as an indicator for predicting insulation demand. Based on the first and second time derivatives of the preheating demand urgency, the remaining time when the preheating demand urgency exceeds the fourth preheating threshold within the second prediction time window is predicted and used as the preheating demand prediction indicator. If the predicted thermal insulation demand index is less than the first warning time threshold and the predicted preheating demand index is greater than the second warning time threshold, and the working mode data indicates that the ALK unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the preheating demand prediction index is less than the third early warning time threshold and the insulation demand prediction index is greater than the fourth early warning time threshold, and the working mode data indicates that the PEM unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK.

[0012] Furthermore, determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: Calculate the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of insulation demand, and the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of preheating demand, respectively. The strength of the trend in insulation demand is determined by the difference between the short-term moving average and the long-term moving average of the urgency of insulation demand. The strength of the trend in preheating demand is determined by the difference between the short-term moving average and the long-term moving average of the urgency of preheating demand. If the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth insulation threshold and the urgency of the preheating requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth preheating threshold, the operation condition priority arbitration mode will be entered. In the priority arbitration mode, if the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than that of the change in preheating demand, and the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the trend intensity of the preheating demand is greater than that of the insulation demand, and the trend intensity of the preheating demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK. If the absolute value of the difference between the intensity of the change in heat preservation demand and the intensity of the change in preheating demand is less than the preset trend difference threshold, the unit with the smallest thermal inertia time constant is selected as the heat receiving end based on the comparison results of the thermal inertia time constants of the PEM unit and the ALK unit.

[0013] Furthermore, determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the first thermal control condition, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side. The first thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is cold-starting. Furthermore, the temperature of the pure water is greater than or equal to the first preset temperature, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is less than the second preset temperature; Furthermore, the urgency of preheating demand is greater than or equal to the first preheating threshold, while the urgency of insulation demand is less than the first insulation threshold.

[0014] Furthermore, the control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: The temperature difference correction factor is determined based on the alkali solution temperature and the target start-up temperature of the ALK unit; The trend correction coefficient is determined based on the rate of change of the alkali solution temperature. The first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the PEM side heat exchanger to the ALK side heat exchanger, and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the first target flow rate.

[0015] Furthermore, determining the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient includes: Based on the urgency of preheating demand, temperature difference correction coefficient, and trend correction coefficient, the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, The primary target traffic; Based on the basic heating flow rate; To increase the urgency of preheating demand; This is the temperature difference correction factor; This is the trend correction coefficient; , , , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function.

[0016] Furthermore, determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the second thermal control conditions, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side. The second thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that both the PEM unit and the ALK unit are shut down. Furthermore, the temperature of the pure water is lower than the first preset temperature, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is greater than or equal to the second preset temperature; Furthermore, the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the second preheating threshold, and the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the second insulation threshold.

[0017] Furthermore, the control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: The temperature difference compensation coefficient is determined based on the pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature of the PEM unit. The trend inhibition coefficient is determined based on the rate of change of pure water temperature. The second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined based on the urgency of the insulation requirement, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend inhibition coefficient. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the ALK side heat exchanger to the PEM side heat exchanger, and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the second target flow rate.

[0018] Furthermore, determining the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend suppression coefficient includes: Based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend inhibition coefficient, the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, For the second target flow; Minimum sustaining flow; Maximum safe flow rate; Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; This is the temperature difference compensation coefficient; This is the trend suppression coefficient; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function; This is an indicator function.

[0019] Furthermore, determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the third thermal control condition, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the third working condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system for heat emission or heat recovery. The third thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is running; Furthermore, the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the third preheating threshold, and the urgency of the insulation requirement is less than the third insulation threshold.

[0020] Furthermore, the operating condition switching module includes a cooling branch connected in parallel with the heat exchange pipeline; The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: If the pure water temperature is greater than the third preset temperature, the alkaline solution temperature is greater than the fourth preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is greater than or equal to the fifth preset temperature, the total heat production of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined based on the heat production of the PEM unit and the heat production of the ALK unit. The heat dissipation demand coefficient is determined based on the ambient temperature and target heat dissipation temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The third target flow rate is determined based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient; The control mode switching module activates the cooling branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the third target flow rate.

[0021] Furthermore, determining the third target flow rate based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient includes: The third target flow rate is determined using the following formula based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient: ; In the formula, For the third target flow; Basic heat dissipation flow rate; Total heat production; This refers to the heat dissipation demand factor. The ambient temperature; For ambient reference temperature; The target heat dissipation temperature; The extreme tolerance temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function.

[0022] Furthermore, the operating condition switching module includes a heating branch connected in series with the heat exchange pipeline; The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: If the pure water temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, the alkaline solution temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is lower than the fifth preset temperature, the residual heat for heating is determined based on the heat generation of the PEM unit, the heat generation of the ALK unit, the heat loss of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, and the thermal stability reserve of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The degree of satisfaction of heating demand is determined based on the comparison between the user's heating demand and the surplus heating heat. Based on the heating demand satisfaction level, the fourth target flow rate is determined; The control mode switching module starts the heating branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the fourth target flow rate.

[0023] Furthermore, determining the fourth target flow rate based on the heating demand satisfaction includes: Based on the heating demand satisfaction level, the fourth target flow rate is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, The fourth target flow; Basic heating flow rate; To maximize available heat supply; To ensure the satisfaction of heating demand; The system temperature; This is the system reference temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function; It is an exponential function.

[0024] Furthermore, embodiments of this specification provide a thermal control device for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, comprising: The acquisition module is used to acquire the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit. The determination module is used to determine the target thermal control conditions of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the operating mode data and the temperature data. The control module is used to control the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline, so as to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

[0025] Furthermore, this specification provides a thermal control device for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, applied to the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system includes a PEM unit and an ALK unit; the thermal control device includes a PEM-side heat exchanger, an ALK-side heat exchanger, heat exchange pipelines connecting the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger, an operating condition switching module, and a controller; the controller is used to execute the above-mentioned thermal control method.

[0026] In another aspect, embodiments of this specification provide a computer storage medium storing computer program instructions that, when executed, implement the above-described thermal control method.

[0027] Furthermore, embodiments of this specification provide a computer program product comprising a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the aforementioned thermal control method.

[0028] As can be seen from the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this specification above, the embodiments of this specification can obtain the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit; based on the operating mode data and the temperature data, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined; the target thermal control condition includes a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, and a third condition of heat emission and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the operating condition switching module is controlled to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition. The first condition utilizes PEM waste heat to assist ALK cold start, reducing start-up energy consumption; the second condition utilizes ALK waste heat to maintain the PEM shutdown temperature, reducing restart energy consumption; and the third condition performs heat emission or recovery as needed, improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. The three operating conditions work together to achieve closed-loop heat management throughout the entire cycle, significantly improving the energy efficiency of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. Attached Figure Description

[0029] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments or prior art of this specification, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or prior art will be briefly introduced below.

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the thermal control device of an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system provided in the embodiments of this specification; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the overall process of the thermal control device of an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system provided in the embodiments of this specification; Figure 3 This is a flowchart of a thermal control method for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system provided in the embodiments of this specification; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structural composition of the thermal control device of an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system provided in the embodiments of this specification. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The technical solutions in the embodiments of this specification will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this specification, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in this specification, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of this specification.

[0032] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., used in this specification, claims, and the foregoing drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, apparatus, product, or device that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or devices.

[0033] This specification provides an embodiment of a thermal control device for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, referencing... Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown.

[0034] In some embodiments, the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system may include a PEM unit and an ALK unit; the thermal control device includes a PEM-side heat exchanger, an ALK-side heat exchanger, heat exchange pipelines connecting the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger, and an operating condition switching module.

[0035] The PEM unit uses a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen under electric drive.

[0036] The ALK unit uses an alkaline electrolyzer to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen under electric drive.

[0037] The PEM-side heat exchanger is installed in the pure water circulation system of the PEM unit to absorb the heat generated during the operation of the PEM unit or to provide heat to the PEM unit.

[0038] The ALK-side heat exchanger is installed in the alkali circulation system of the ALK unit to absorb the heat generated during the operation of the ALK unit or to provide heat to the ALK unit.

[0039] The heat exchange pipeline connects the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger. The heat exchange pipeline is filled with heat exchange medium, which circulates in the heat exchange pipeline to achieve heat transfer between the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger.

[0040] The operating condition switching module is installed in the heat exchange pipeline to control the flow path of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline.

[0041] By setting up heat exchange pipelines connecting the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger, heat exchange between the PEM unit and the ALK unit is realized, providing a hardware foundation for the coordinated utilization of heat from the two types of electrolyzers and avoiding energy waste caused by independent heat dissipation.

[0042] In some embodiments, the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system may also include an auxiliary heat exchange branch.

[0043] One end of the auxiliary heat exchange branch is connected to the heat exchange pipeline, and the other end is connected to the PEM-side heat exchanger or the ALK-side heat exchanger, forming an auxiliary heat exchange channel in parallel with the heat exchange pipeline. The auxiliary heat exchange branch is filled with heat exchange medium to provide an additional heat exchange path outside the heat exchange pipeline.

[0044] By adding auxiliary heat exchange branches, the heat exchange capacity between the PEM unit and the ALK unit is enhanced, and a diversion channel is provided when the heat load of one side heat exchanger is high, thereby improving the redundancy and operational reliability of the heat exchange system.

[0045] In some embodiments, the PEM-side heat exchanger is connected in series with the pure water circulation system of the PEM unit; the ALK-side heat exchanger is connected in series with the alkali circulation system of the ALK unit; and the heat exchange pipelines achieve heat transfer between the heat exchangers on both sides through the heat exchange medium.

[0046] The PEM-side heat exchanger and the pure water circulation system of the PEM unit are connected in series through pipelines. When the PEM unit is running, pure water flows in the pure water circulation system and exchanges heat with the heat exchange medium when it flows through the PEM-side heat exchanger.

[0047] The ALK side heat exchanger is connected in series with the alkali circulation system of the ALK unit through pipelines. When the ALK unit is running, the alkali flows in the alkali circulation system and exchanges heat with the heat exchange medium when it flows through the ALK side heat exchanger.

[0048] The heat exchange medium filled in the heat exchange pipeline includes, but is not limited to, ethylene glycol aqueous solution. The heat exchange medium circulates between the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger, transferring the heat absorbed on one side to the other side.

[0049] In some embodiments, the operating condition switching module may include a bidirectional flow regulating valve, a cooling branch, and a heating branch; the cooling branch is connected in parallel with the heat exchange pipeline for heat dissipation in summer; the heating branch is connected in series with the heat exchange pipeline for waste heat heating in winter; the bidirectional flow regulating valve is installed on the heat exchange pipeline and each branch to control the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium.

[0050] The cooling branch is connected in parallel with the heat exchange pipeline, and its end is connected to a cooling tower to discharge excess heat carried in the heat exchange medium into the atmosphere. The heating branch is connected in series with the heat exchange pipeline, and its end is connected to the user-side heating system to transfer waste heat carried in the heat exchange medium to the heating terminal. A bidirectional flow regulating valve is installed at the connection point between the heat exchange pipeline and the cooling and heating branches. The bidirectional flow regulating valve may include, but is not limited to, an electrically controlled three-way valve or a four-way valve, and is used to switch the flow direction of the heat exchange medium and regulate the flow distribution of each branch according to control commands.

[0051] By setting up cooling and heating branches, the thermal control system becomes seasonally adaptable. In summer, excess heat is discharged through a cooling tower, and in winter, the recovered waste heat is used for heating, thus improving the overall energy efficiency of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system throughout the year.

[0052] In some embodiments, the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system may also include multiple temperature sensors installed at the pure water outlet of the PEM unit, the alkali outlet of the ALK unit, and the inlet and outlet of the heat exchange pipeline.

[0053] Multiple temperature sensors are installed on the pure water outlet line of the PEM unit, the alkali outlet line of the ALK unit, and the inlet and outlet ends of the heat exchange lines. The temperature sensor installed on the pure water outlet line of the PEM unit is used to collect the pure water outlet temperature during PEM unit operation; the temperature sensor installed on the alkali outlet line of the ALK unit is used to collect the alkali outlet temperature during ALK unit operation; and the temperature sensors installed at the inlet and outlet ends of the heat exchange lines are used to collect the temperature of the heat exchange medium entering and leaving the heat exchanger.

[0054] By setting up multi-point temperature acquisition, real-time monitoring of the thermal state of the PEM unit, the thermal state of the ALK unit, and the thermal state of the heat exchange medium was achieved, providing a data foundation for subsequent refined control.

[0055] In some embodiments, the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system may further include a controller; the controller is electrically connected to a temperature sensor, a bidirectional flow regulating valve, and the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system control system; the controller can switch heat exchange modes and adjust flow direction and flow rate according to the operating status to maintain the temperature stability of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system.

[0056] The controller is electrically connected to the temperature sensor, the bidirectional flow regulating valve, and the control system of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The controller receives temperature data collected by the temperature sensor, determines the current operating status of the PEM and ALK units based on the temperature data, and generates corresponding control commands, which are then sent to the bidirectional flow regulating valve. The bidirectional flow regulating valve adjusts its opening according to the control commands, controlling the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium to maintain the temperature of the PEM and ALK units within the preset operating temperature range.

[0057] Based on the pure water temperature of the PEM unit, the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit, the ambient temperature, and the start-up and shutdown status of the PEM and ALK units, the controller can switch the thermal control operation of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to one of the following modes: a mode in which heat is supplied unidirectionally from the PEM side to the ALK side when the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is cold-starting; a mode in which heat is supplied unidirectionally from the ALK side to the PEM side when the ALK unit is running and the PEM unit is shut down; and a seasonal adaptation mode in which heat is discharged or recovered based on the ambient temperature when the PEM and ALK units are running simultaneously.

[0058] By setting up a controller to achieve centralized control of each actuator, the thermal control system can automatically adjust the heat exchange path and intensity based on real-time temperature data, ensuring that the electrolytic cell operates within the optimal temperature range.

[0059] In some embodiments, the controller may include a network communication port, a processor, and a memory for storing processor-executable instructions, the structures being connected via internal cables so that the various structures can perform specific data interactions.

[0060] The processor can be specifically used to: acquire the ultrasonic signal of the battery after the battery charging and discharging is cut off; extract relaxation characteristic parameters characterizing the relaxation process of the battery after the charging and discharging is cut off based on the ultrasonic signal; and determine the state of the battery based on the relaxation characteristic parameters.

[0061] Specifically, the memory can be used to store the corresponding instruction program.

[0062] The network communication port can be a virtual port bound to different communication protocols, enabling it to send or receive different data. For example, the network communication port could be a port responsible for web data communication, an FTP data communication port, or an email data communication port. Furthermore, the network communication port can also be a physical communication interface or communication chip. For example, it could be a wireless mobile network communication chip, such as GSM or CDMA; it could also be a Wi-Fi chip; or it could be a Bluetooth chip.

[0063] The processor can be implemented in any suitable manner. For example, the processor can take the form of a microprocessor or processor and a computer-readable medium storing computer-readable program code (e.g., software or firmware) executable by the (micro)processor, logic gates, switches, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic controllers, and embedded microcontrollers, etc. This specification does not limit it.

[0064] The memory includes volatile memory and non-volatile memory. The memory can include multiple layers. In digital systems, anything that can store binary data can be considered memory. In integrated circuits, a circuit with storage function but no physical form is also called memory, such as RAM and FIFO. In a system, a storage device with a physical form is also called memory, such as a memory stick or TF card.

[0065] Corresponding to the aforementioned thermal control device, this specification provides a thermal control method for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, referring to... Figure 3 As shown, the specific implementation may include the following steps: S301: Obtain the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit.

[0066] In some embodiments, step S301 may specifically include: acquiring the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit.

[0067] Operating mode data can be information reflecting the current operating status of the PEM unit and ALK unit, including but not limited to power-on status, power-off status, standby status, power operation level, and cold start status.

[0068] The pure water temperature can be the temperature value of pure water at the inlet or outlet of the electrolytic cell during the electrolysis process of the PEM unit. This temperature value is obtained by a temperature sensor installed in the pure water pipeline of the PEM unit.

[0069] The alkali temperature can be the temperature value of the alkali at the inlet or outlet of the electrolytic cell during the ALK unit electrolysis process. This temperature value is obtained by a temperature sensor installed in the alkali pipeline of the ALK unit.

[0070] By acquiring temperature and operating mode data from the PEM and ALK units, basic input information is provided for determining subsequent thermal control conditions, enabling the thermal control system to monitor the thermal and operating status of the two types of electrolytic cells in real time.

[0071] S302: Based on the operating mode data and the temperature data, determine the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the target thermal control condition includes a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, and a third condition of heat emission and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system.

[0072] The first operating condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side refers to the direction of heat transfer being from the PEM unit to the ALK unit. After absorbing heat in the heat exchanger on the PEM side, the heat exchange medium is transported to the heat exchanger on the ALK side through the heat exchange pipeline to release heat.

[0073] The second operating condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side refers to the direction of heat transfer being from the ALK unit to the PEM unit. After absorbing heat in the heat exchanger on the ALK side, the heat exchange medium is transported to the heat exchanger on the PEM side through the heat exchange pipeline to release heat.

[0074] The third operating condition for heat emission and heat recovery in the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is when the PEM unit and the ALK unit are running simultaneously. Excess heat is then transferred to the cooling branch for emission or to the heating branch for recovery and reuse through the heat exchange pipeline.

[0075] In some embodiments, the temperature data further includes the pure water temperature change rate of the PEM unit and the alkali solution temperature change rate of the ALK unit. Based on this, step S302 may specifically include: determining the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in a shutdown state based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate; determining the urgency of the preheating requirement for the ALK unit in a cold start state based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate; and determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the heat preservation requirement urgency, the preheating requirement urgency, and the operating mode data.

[0076] The urgency of insulation requirements characterizes the degree of urgency for a PEM unit to receive external heat input to prevent excessive temperature drop during shutdown. This indicator is calculated based on the proximity of the pure water temperature to a preset dangerous temperature threshold and the rate of temperature decrease of the pure water temperature. The lower the pure water temperature and the faster the rate of temperature decrease, the higher the urgency of insulation requirements. The rate of change of pure water temperature reflects the thermal inertia characteristics of the PEM unit after shutdown and is used to predict future temperature trends.

[0077] The preheating requirement urgency can be used to characterize the urgency of an ALK unit's need for external heat input to quickly reach the start-up temperature during a cold start. This indicator is calculated based on the difference between the alkali solution temperature and the preset start-up temperature threshold, as well as the rate of increase of the alkali solution temperature. The lower the alkali solution temperature and the slower the heating rate, the higher the preheating requirement urgency value. The alkali solution temperature change rate reflects the thermal response characteristics of the ALK unit during cold start and is used to assess the adequacy of the current heating power.

[0078] The operating mode data includes the start-up status, shutdown status, and runtime information of the PEM and ALK units. When the operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is in operation and the ALK unit is in cold start mode, and the preheating urgency exceeds the first preset threshold while the insulation urgency is lower than the second preset threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined to be the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side. When the operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is in shutdown mode and the ALK unit is in operation mode, and the insulation urgency exceeds the third preset threshold while the preheating urgency is lower than the fourth preset threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined to be the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side. When the operating mode data indicates that both the PEM and ALK units are in stable operation mode, and both the insulation urgency and preheating urgency are lower than their respective fifth preset thresholds, the target thermal control condition is determined to be the third condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system performing heat emission or heat recovery.

[0079] By introducing two quantitative indicators—the urgency of insulation requirements and the urgency of preheating requirements—the criteria for determining thermal control conditions are upgraded from a single temperature threshold comparison to a multi-dimensional comprehensive evaluation. The urgency of insulation requirements integrates temperature level and cooling trend, while the urgency of preheating requirements integrates temperature difference and heating rate. This enables condition identification to effectively distinguish between instantaneous disturbances of temperature fluctuations and actual condition transition requirements, thereby improving the response accuracy and anti-interference capability of the thermal control system.

[0080] In some embodiments, step S302 may further include: constructing a thermal state feature space for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the pure water temperature and pure water temperature change rate of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature and alkaline solution temperature change rate of the ALK unit; inputting the thermal state feature space into a preset thermal control condition identification model to obtain a thermal control condition probability distribution; the thermal control condition identification model is used to characterize the mapping relationship between the multidimensional thermal state features of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system and the thermal control condition; and determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the thermal control condition probability distribution.

[0081] The thermal state feature space can be a four-dimensional vector space composed of the four feature parameters mentioned above. Each feature parameter is normalized and mapped to a uniform numerical range. The pure water temperature and the alkali solution temperature reflect the current thermal state levels of the PEM and ALK units, while the rates of change of the pure water temperature and the alkali solution temperature reflect the trends in the thermal state changes of the two units. Together, the four feature parameters constitute a feature vector describing the overall thermal state of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system.

[0082] The thermal control condition identification model can be based on a pre-built mathematical model using fuzzy logic reasoning algorithms or machine learning classification algorithms. This model characterizes the nonlinear mapping relationship between the multidimensional thermal state characteristics of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system and the thermal control conditions. The construction process of the thermal control condition identification model includes: collecting historical operating data as training samples, labeling each sample with a corresponding thermal control condition label, and fitting a mapping function from the feature space to the condition label using a training algorithm. The input of the thermal control condition identification model is the thermal state feature vector at the current moment, and the output is the probability value corresponding to each thermal control condition, with the sum of the probability values ​​being 1.

[0083] The thermal control condition corresponding to the maximum value in the probability distribution can be selected as the target thermal control condition. When the highest probability value is lower than the preset confidence threshold, the current condition is maintained or the default condition is switched to avoid frequent switching in the boundary area.

[0084] By constructing a thermal state feature space and employing an identification model for operating condition determination, automatic identification of complex thermal state patterns is achieved. The thermal state feature space integrates multiple thermal state parameters into a unified representation, and the identification model can capture the coupling relationships and nonlinear effects between feature parameters, effectively handling the ambiguity of operating condition boundaries under multi-feature coupling conditions. Compared to determination methods based on fixed thresholds, this method can automatically optimize the determination boundary based on historical operating data, adapting to changes in different environmental conditions and equipment characteristics, thereby improving the intelligence level of the thermal control system and the accuracy of operating condition identification.

[0085] S303: Control the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline, so as to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

[0086] In some embodiments, step S303 may specifically include: controlling the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline, so as to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

[0087] A condition switching module is a collection of devices used to control the flow path of the heat exchange medium in a thermal control system. The module consists of a bidirectional flow regulating valve, cooling branch valves, heating branch valves, and pipe interfaces connecting these valves. The bidirectional flow regulating valve is installed at the connection points between the heat exchange pipeline and each branch, used to switch the main flow direction of the heat exchange medium and distribute the flow ratio to each branch. The cooling branch valve is installed at the connection point between the cooling branch and the heat exchange pipeline, used to control whether the heat exchange medium flows into the cooling branch and the magnitude of the inflow. The heating branch valve is installed at the connection point between the heating branch and the heat exchange pipeline, used to control whether the heat exchange medium flows into the heating branch and the magnitude of the inflow. The condition switching module can change the flow path and flow distribution of the heat exchange medium by adjusting the on / off state and opening degree of each valve according to instructions sent by the controller, enabling the thermal control system to adapt to different thermal control conditions.

[0088] Flow direction control is the process of adjusting the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in a thermal control system. Flow direction control is executed by a bidirectional flow regulating valve, which receives flow direction commands from the controller and changes the flow path of the heat exchange medium by rotating its internal valve core. When the target thermal control condition requires heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, flow direction control causes the heat exchange medium to flow out of the PEM side heat exchanger and through the heat exchange pipeline to the ALK side heat exchanger. When the target thermal control condition requires heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, flow direction control causes the heat exchange medium to flow out of the ALK side heat exchanger and through the heat exchange pipeline to the PEM side heat exchanger. When the target thermal control condition requires heat discharge or recovery, flow direction control diverts the heat exchange medium from the heat exchange pipeline to cooling or heating branches. The purpose of flow direction control is to ensure that the heat exchange medium flows along the path required by the target condition, matching the heat transfer direction with system demand.

[0089] Flow control is the process of adjusting the flow volume of heat exchange medium per unit time in a thermal control system. Flow control is jointly executed by bidirectional flow regulating valves, cooling branch valves, and heating branch valves. Each valve receives flow commands from the controller and changes the flow cross-sectional area by adjusting the valve core opening, thereby controlling the volume of heat exchange medium flowing through the valve per unit time. Flow control is based on the heat transfer requirements of the target thermal control condition: the greater the heat to be transferred, the higher the target flow rate setpoint. During the execution of flow control, the controller corrects the valve opening commands based on feedback data from flow sensors installed at the inlet and outlet of the heat exchange pipeline, making the actual flow rate approach the target flow rate. The purpose of flow control is to ensure that the flow rate of the heat exchange medium meets the heat transfer requirements of the target operating condition, and that the heat transfer rate is precisely matched with the system requirements.

[0090] In some embodiments, determining the urgency of the heat preservation requirement of the PEM unit in the shutdown state based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate may further include: determining the urgency of the heat preservation requirement of the PEM unit in the shutdown state using the following formula based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate: ; In the formula, Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; The pure water temperature is used to determine the current temperature state i and its corresponding center temperature. ; The rate of change of pure water temperature is used to determine the desired drift amount. and asymmetric coefficients ; To predict the step size; This is the set of temperature states corresponding to a preset risk temperature range. and These are the center temperature and risk weight coefficient corresponding to the target temperature state j, respectively; Let be the Markov transition probability from the current temperature state i to the target temperature state j; The maximum expected cooling rate; This is an asymmetric Laplace correction term; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is a symbolic function.

[0091] The pure water temperature after the PEM unit shuts down can be discretized into multiple temperature states. Each temperature state corresponds to a central temperature value, and the central temperature interval between adjacent states is equal. The purpose of discretization is to map continuous pure water temperature values ​​to a finite state space, which facilitates the construction of a Markov chain model.

[0092] In the above formula, To assess the urgency of insulation requirements, this indicator quantifies the degree of urgency required to activate insulation measures after the PEM unit is shut down to prevent excessive temperature drop. The value ranges from 0 to 1, with a higher value indicating a greater degree of urgency.

[0093] Let be the pure water temperature, used to determine the current temperature state i. The current temperature state i is set such that | - The smallest discrete state, Let be the center temperature corresponding to state i.

[0094] The rate of change of pure water temperature is used to calculate the desired drift. and dynamically adjusting asymmetric coefficients . The prediction step size refers to the length of time the prediction is made in minutes or seconds, which is preset according to the response requirements of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system.

[0095] This is the set of temperature states corresponding to a preset risk temperature range. This set includes all discrete states where the center temperature is below the danger threshold, which is preset based on the device characteristics of the PEM unit and the restart energy consumption requirements.

[0096] The center temperature corresponding to the target temperature state j. Let be the risk weight coefficient for the target temperature state j. The lower the temperature of the discrete state, the larger the risk weight coefficient. The weight coefficient increases exponentially as the temperature decreases.

[0097] Let be the Markov transition probability from the current temperature state i to the target temperature state j. This transition probability is obtained by training with historical operating data and reflects the probability distribution of pure water temperature transitioning from one state to another under conditions of no external heating. The training process of the transition probability matrix includes: collecting a large amount of temperature time-series data under shutdown conditions, statistically analyzing the transition frequency between each state, and obtaining the probability values ​​after normalization.

[0098] The intensity coefficient is used to control the magnitude of the influence of the asymmetric Laplace correction term on the basic transition probability. The scaling parameter controls the overall dispersion of the asymmetric Laplace distribution. It is a normalization constant to ensure the normality of the correction term in a statistical sense. Based on the asymmetric coefficients, As a regulating factor, To achieve the maximum expected cooling rate, these three parameters are used together to dynamically adjust the asymmetry coefficient based on the cooling rate. .

[0099] This function distinguishes between shifts towards lower temperatures and shifts towards higher temperatures. When shifting towards lower temperatures, -1 is taken to make the denominator less than 1, thereby amplifying the correction term. The value is used to correct the thick tail in the cooling direction.

[0100] Asymmetric Laplace Correction The significance lies in the fact that, in the actual temperature evolution process, the probability of extreme cooling events is higher than that predicted by the normal distribution, and this heavy-tailed characteristic needs to be corrected by the asymmetric distribution. This represents the absolute value of the deviation between the predicted temperature change and the expected drift. The scale parameter represents the direction dependence. The scale parameter for the cooling direction is smaller, which increases the probability density corresponding to the same deviation.

[0101] By discretizing the pure water temperature into a Markov chain state space and introducing an asymmetric Laplace distribution to correct the thick-tailed transition probability of the cooling direction, accurate modeling of the temperature evolution process after PEM unit shutdown is achieved. The memoryless nature of the Markov chain aligns with the physical essence of thermodynamic systems, and the asymmetric Laplace correction overcomes the limitation of traditional Gaussian distributions in characterizing the thick-tailed cooling characteristics. The urgency of insulation requirements integrates the current temperature level, cooling rate, and the cumulative probability of entering a dangerous temperature region in the future. This allows for early identification of when insulation intervention is needed, avoiding increased restart energy consumption due to sudden temperature drops, and preventing accidental triggering of insulation actions within normal temperature fluctuation ranges.

[0102] In some embodiments, determining the urgency of the preheating requirement of the ALK unit under cold start conditions based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate may further include: determining the urgency of the preheating requirement of the ALK unit under cold start conditions using the following formula based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate: ; In the formula, To increase the urgency of preheating demand; The temperature of the alkali solution; The rate of change of temperature of the alkali solution; This is the remaining preheating time; To predict the expected completion time; This represents the maximum heating capacity currently available from the PEM unit. To heat the ALK unit to the target start-up temperature within a preset time. The required theoretical power; The asymmetric Laplace scaling coefficient; , , and This is a preset constant; This is an indicator function.

[0103] The preheating requirement urgency index is used to characterize the urgency of the ALK unit's need for external heat input to quickly reach the start-up temperature during the cold start process. The value ranges from 0 to 1, with the closer the value is to 1, the higher the urgency.

[0104] The temperature of the alkali solution. This represents the rate of change in the temperature of the alkali solution. The target start-up temperature for the ALK unit is preset based on the device characteristics and optimal operating temperature range of the ALK unit, such as between 50°C and 60°C.

[0105] The remaining preheating time refers to the minimum time required to heat the alkali solution from its current temperature to the target start-up temperature, given the current alkali solution temperature and heating rate. The remaining preheating time is calculated based on the ratio of the current temperature difference to the heating rate, but an asymmetric Laplace scaling factor is introduced. Uncertainty compensation is implemented.

[0106] In To prevent the elimination of zero small constants, calculation anomalies caused by a zero denominator are avoided when the rate of change of alkali solution temperature approaches zero.

[0107] This is the uncertainty compensation coefficient, used to control the amplification of the remaining preheating time by the asymmetric Laplace scaling coefficient. It is an asymmetric Laplace scaling factor, reflecting the amplification degree of fluctuations on the low-temperature side.

[0108] As the reference scale parameter, It is the asymmetric enhancement coefficient. This is an indicator function that takes a value of 1 when the alkali solution temperature is below the target start-up temperature, and a value of 0 otherwise. The introduction of this function enables conditional activation with asymmetric correction: the fluctuation weight on the low-temperature side is amplified only when the alkali solution temperature is below the target temperature. When the alkali solution temperature has reached or exceeded the target temperature, the indicator function takes a value of 0. = No further amplification of fluctuation weights will be applied.

[0109] The desired preheating completion time can be a preset target duration from the start of cold start to the completion of preheating. This duration is preset based on the system start-up and shutdown strategy and the fluctuation characteristics of new energy sources. This is the maximum heating power that the PEM unit can currently provide. This value is calculated based on the operating status of the PEM unit, the pure water temperature, and its own thermal stability requirements. The theoretical power required to heat the ALK unit to the target temperature within a preset time is calculated based on the total amount of alkali solution, the target temperature rise, and the desired preheating time.

[0110] Remaining preheating time The calculation introduces the asymmetric Laplace scaling coefficient. The significance lies in the fact that during actual cold start-up, the temperature of the alkali solution may fluctuate due to factors such as uneven stirring and delayed heat exchange. Fluctuations on the low-temperature side have a far greater impact on the preheating completion time than those on the high-temperature side. The remaining preheating time is amplified and compensated to make the estimation results more conservative and reliable, and to avoid insufficient preheating due to instantaneous temperature fluctuations.

[0111] The final formula for calculating the urgency of preheating demand It integrates two dimensions: time matching degree and power matching degree. This represents the ratio of the remaining preheating time to the expected completion time. A ratio greater than 1 indicates that preheating cannot be completed within the expected time at the current rate. This represents the ratio of the heating power that the PEM unit can provide to the theoretical power demand. A ratio less than 1 indicates insufficient heating capacity. The product of the two ratios is calculated using min(1, Cut off the urgency value so that it does not exceed 1.

[0112] By introducing an asymmetric Laplace distribution to weight and amplify fluctuations on the low-temperature side, the estimation of the remaining preheating time becomes more conservative, avoiding misjudgments of insufficient preheating due to instantaneous temperature fluctuations or measurement noise. The urgency of preheating demand integrates information from three dimensions: remaining preheating time, expected completion time, and matching degree of heating capacity; the closer the value is to 1, the more urgent the preheating demand. The controller can then... The numerical dynamic adjustment of the heat flow rate from the PEM unit to the ALK unit: when When the first threshold is exceeded, a small flow preheating is initiated. When the temperature exceeds a higher second threshold, the system switches to high-flow-rate rapid preheating, allowing the ALK unit to smoothly heat up to the start-up temperature within a preset time, thus avoiding thermal stress damage caused by excessively rapid heating or start-up failure caused by excessively slow heating.

[0113] In some embodiments, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data may further include: if the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data meet a first thermal control condition, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system as a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side; wherein the first thermal control condition includes: the operating mode data indicating that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is cold-starting, and the pure water temperature is greater than or equal to a first preset temperature, and the alkaline solution temperature is less than a second preset temperature; and the urgency of preheating requirements is greater than or equal to a first preheating threshold, and the urgency of insulation requirements is less than a first insulation threshold.

[0114] This system can determine the urgency of insulation and preheating requirements, and whether the operating mode data meets the first thermal control condition. The first thermal control condition identifies scenarios requiring the initiation of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM to the ALK side. The first thermal control condition includes five sub-conditions: The first sub-condition is that the operating mode data indicates the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is in a cold start state; this condition ensures a match between the heat source and the heat demand side. The second sub-condition is that the pure water temperature is greater than or equal to a first preset temperature; this condition ensures the PEM unit has sufficient heating capacity, and the first preset temperature is set based on the lower limit of the PEM unit's normal operating temperature. The third sub-condition is that the alkali solution temperature is less than a second preset temperature; this condition confirms that the ALK unit is indeed in a low-temperature state requiring heating, and the second preset temperature is set based on the ALK unit's cold start temperature threshold. The fourth sub-condition is that the urgency of the preheating requirement is greater than or equal to a first preheating threshold; this condition quantitatively confirms that the urgency of the preheating requirement has reached a level requiring external intervention. The fifth sub-condition is that the urgency of the insulation demand is less than the first insulation threshold. This condition ensures that the PEM unit itself does not have an urgent insulation demand and will not affect its own thermal stability due to external heat supply.

[0115] When all five sub-conditions are met simultaneously, the target thermal control condition for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the first condition, which involves unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side.

[0116] By setting multi-dimensional and multi-level first thermal control conditions, precise identification of the start-up timing of the first operating condition is achieved. Five sub-conditions comprehensively assess the situation from five perspectives: operating mode matching, heating capacity assurance, confirmation of demand authenticity, quantitative evaluation of urgency, and self-stabilization assurance, avoiding false triggering of the operating condition due to misjudgment of a single condition. The pure water temperature condition ensures that the PEM unit has sufficient waste heat available for utilization; the alkaline solution temperature condition confirms that the ALK unit indeed needs preheating; the preheating demand urgency threshold upgrades the preheating demand from a qualitative judgment to a quantitative assessment; and the insulation demand urgency threshold prevents the PEM unit from supplying heat externally when it is unable to maintain its own insulation. The synergistic effect of these five conditions ensures that the start-up of the first operating condition is both timely and safe.

[0117] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned control of the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition may further include: determining a temperature difference correction coefficient based on the alkali temperature and the target start-up temperature of the ALK unit; determining a trend correction coefficient based on the alkali temperature change rate; determining a first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient; controlling the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the PEM side heat exchanger to the ALK side heat exchanger, and adjusting the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the first target flow rate.

[0118] The temperature difference correction factor can be used to compensate for the difference between the current alkali solution temperature and the target start-up temperature. This factor can be calculated based on the difference between the alkali solution temperature and the target start-up temperature. The lower the alkali solution temperature and the farther away from the target start-up temperature, the larger the value of the temperature difference correction factor. The purpose of the temperature difference correction factor is to appropriately increase the heat supply flow rate when the alkali solution temperature is significantly low, thereby accelerating the preheating speed in the initial heating stage.

[0119] The trend correction factor is an adjustment factor used to suppress or compensate for abnormal alkali solution heating rates. This factor is calculated based on the deviation between the current rate of change of alkali solution temperature and the expected heating rate. When the heating rate is too slow, the trend correction factor is positive to increase flow compensation; when the heating rate is too fast, the trend correction factor is negative to actively limit the flow rate and prevent temperature overshoot due to thermal inertia. The purpose of the trend correction factor is to maintain the smoothness of the heating process and avoid thermal stress damage to the ALK unit caused by drastic temperature fluctuations.

[0120] The first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium can be determined based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient. The first target flow rate can be the required flow volume of the heat exchange medium per unit time under the first operating condition. The first target flow rate is calculated by weighting the preheating demand urgency as the primary control variable and the temperature difference correction coefficient and trend correction coefficient as auxiliary variables. The preheating demand urgency reflects the overall urgency of the preheating demand and determines the basic range of flow rate adjustment; the temperature difference correction coefficient compensates for the influence of static temperature differences; and the trend correction coefficient counteracts the influence of dynamic temperature rise anomalies.

[0121] The bidirectional flow regulating valve can be controlled to set the flow direction of the heat exchange medium from the PEM side heat exchanger to the ALK side heat exchanger, and adjust the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the first target flow rate.

[0122] Temperature difference correction coefficients compensate for temperature discrepancies, ensuring sufficient initial heat is obtained during the preheating phase; trend correction coefficients counteract abnormal temperature rise, maintaining a smooth and stable preheating process; and the urgency of preheating demand is used as the primary control variable to ensure that the flow rate adjustment range matches the urgency of the demand. The synergistic effect of these three parameters ensures that the heat transferred from the PEM unit to the ALK unit meets the requirements for rapid start-up without causing temperature instability in the PEM unit itself or thermal stress in the ALK unit due to excessive heat supply.

[0123] In some embodiments, determining the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient may further include: determining the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium using the following formula based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient: ; In the formula, The primary target traffic; Based on the basic heating flow rate; To increase the urgency of preheating demand; This is the temperature difference correction factor; This is the trend correction coefficient; , , , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function.

[0124] The aforementioned nonlinear coupling calculation formula can be used to integrate the preheating demand urgency, temperature difference correction coefficient, and trend correction coefficient into a first target flow rate. This calculation formula achieves nonlinear mapping through a hyperbolic tangent function, allowing flow rate regulation to remain gradual when demand urgency is low and to respond rapidly when demand urgency is high.

[0125] The first target flow rate represents the volume of heat exchange medium flowing per unit time that needs to be adjusted to achieve under the first operating condition.

[0126] The base heating flow rate represents the minimum flow rate required to maintain circulation when the preheating demand urgency is zero. The base heating flow rate is preset based on the system's minimum stable flow rate to ensure that the heat exchange medium circulates in the heat exchange pipelines under all circumstances, preventing pipeline stagnation.

[0127] The preheating requirement is determined by this variable, which is the main control variable and ranges from 0 to 1. The larger the value, the more urgent the preheating requirement. Nonlinear gain is achieved by mapping an exponential or linear function to a hyperbolic tangent function.

[0128] This is the urgency gain coefficient, used to control the overall impact of the urgency of preheating demand on the first target flow rate. The value is preset based on the ratio of the system's maximum heating capacity to the basic flow rate, ensuring that the flow rate does not exceed the system's upper limit under maximum urgency.

[0129] This is a nonlinear coefficient for urgency, used to adjust the steepness of the hyperbolic tangent function. The larger the value, the more the hyperbolic tangent function... The faster the rise at moderate values, the more sensitive the system is to moderate urgency.

[0130] This is the temperature difference correction factor, reflecting the difference between the current alkali solution temperature and the target start-up temperature. The value ranges from 0 to 1, and the lower the temperature of the alkali solution, the larger the value. The temperature difference correction intensity coefficient controls the contribution weight of the temperature difference correction coefficient to flow regulation.

[0131] This is a trend correction coefficient, reflecting the deviation between the current rate of change of alkali solution temperature and the expected rate of temperature increase. After normalization, the value ranges from 0 to 1. When the heating rate is too slow, the value is close to 1, and when the heating rate is normal, the value is close to 0. This is the trend suppression strength coefficient, which controls the suppression effect of the trend correction coefficient on flow regulation. The trend sensitivity coefficient adjusts the steepness of the hyperbolic tangent function's response to the trend correction coefficient.

[0132] The hyperbolic tangent function has an output range between -1 and 1, and is used to achieve smooth nonlinear mapping. In the formula, The urgency of preheating requirements is mapped to a non-linear gain value between 0 and 1. The trend correction coefficient is mapped to a non-linear suppression value between 0 and 1.

[0133] For the temperature difference compensation term, an additive coupling method is used to incorporate it into the formula. When this value increases, the flow rate also increases. As a trend suppression term, it is incorporated into the formula using a multiplicative coupling method. As the flow rate increases, the suppression term decreases, and the flow rate is compressed. The two coupling terms are multiplied by the nonlinear gain of the master variable, which together determine the final first target flow rate.

[0134] By introducing a nonlinear coupling calculation formula, a deep integration of preheating demand urgency, temperature difference correction coefficient, and trend correction coefficient is achieved. The introduction of the hyperbolic tangent function gives the flow rate regulation a smooth nonlinear characteristic, maintaining a base flow rate to avoid over-response when urgency is low, and rapidly increasing the flow rate to meet preheating demand when urgency is high. The temperature difference compensation term uses additive coupling to ensure that the larger the temperature difference, the stronger the compensation; the trend suppression term uses multiplicative coupling to ensure that the flow rate is compressed proportionally when there is abnormal temperature rise. The information from these three dimensions is organically integrated through nonlinear functions, so that the determination of the first target flow rate considers both the overall urgency of preheating demand and the influence of static temperature difference and dynamic temperature rise trend, achieving refined and intelligent control of the preheating process.

[0135] In some embodiments, under the first operating condition, the alkaline solution temperature is updated at preset time intervals; if the alkaline solution temperature is greater than or equal to the sixth preset temperature, or the urgency of preheating demand is less than the fourth preheating threshold, the system switches to the third operating condition.

[0136] Under the first operating condition, the controller periodically updates the alkali solution temperature data at preset time intervals. The alkali solution temperature refers to the temperature of the alkali solution in the ALK unit's alkali solution circulation system. The preset time interval is set according to the system response speed requirements.

[0137] The controller compares the updated alkali solution temperature with the sixth preset temperature. The sixth preset temperature is the target start-up temperature of the ALK unit, and this temperature value is preset according to the optimal operating temperature range of the ALK unit. When the alkali solution temperature reaches or exceeds the sixth preset temperature, it indicates that the ALK unit has completed the preheating process and is capable of independent operation.

[0138] The controller also compares the updated preheating demand urgency with the fourth preheating threshold. The preheating demand urgency is a quantitative indicator of how urgently the ALK unit needs external heat input. The fourth preheating threshold is a preset lower limit of urgency. When the preheating demand urgency is lower than this threshold, it indicates that the preheating demand of the ALK unit has been basically met.

[0139] When the temperature of the alkali solution is greater than or equal to the sixth preset temperature, or when the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the fourth preheating threshold, the controller determines that the preheating task of the first operating condition has been completed and controls the thermal control system to switch from the first operating condition to the third operating condition.

[0140] By setting exit conditions for the first operating condition, a smooth transition from preheating mode to stable operation mode is achieved. The temperature-target exit condition ensures that unidirectional heating stops as soon as the preheating task is completed, avoiding overheating and energy waste; the reduced urgency exit condition switches to the first operating condition in advance when the temperature is close to but not fully reached, utilizing the system's thermal inertia to complete the final heating process and reducing unnecessary heat input. The two conditions complement each other, making the timing of exiting the first operating condition both accurate and flexible.

[0141] In some embodiments, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data may further include: if the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data meet a second thermal control condition, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system as a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side; wherein the second thermal control condition includes: the operating mode data indicating that the PEM unit and the ALK unit are shut down, and the pure water temperature is less than a first preset temperature, and the alkaline solution temperature is greater than or equal to a second preset temperature; and the urgency of preheating requirements is less than a second preheating threshold, and the urgency of insulation requirements is greater than or equal to a second insulation threshold.

[0142] Keyi determines whether the urgency of insulation and preheating needs, along with the operating mode data, meets the second thermal control conditions. The second thermal control conditions identify scenarios requiring the initiation of a second operating condition involving unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side. The second thermal control conditions include five sub-conditions: The first sub-condition is that the operating mode data indicates the PEM unit is in a stopped state while the ALK unit is in a running state. This condition ensures that the heat demander is the PEM unit and the heat source is the ALK unit. The second sub-condition is that the pure water temperature is lower than the first preset temperature. This condition confirms that the PEM unit temperature has dropped to a level requiring external insulation intervention. The first preset temperature is set based on a temperature threshold that significantly increases energy consumption upon PEM unit restart. The third sub-condition is that the alkali solution temperature is greater than or equal to the second preset temperature. This condition ensures that the ALK unit has sufficient waste heat available for utilization. The second preset temperature is set based on the lower limit of the ALK unit's normal operating temperature. The fourth sub-condition is that the urgency of preheating needs is less than the second preheating threshold. This condition ensures that the ALK unit itself does not have an urgent preheating need and will not be affected by external heat supply during its startup preparation. The fifth sub-condition is that the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the second insulation threshold. This condition quantitatively confirms that the urgency of the insulation requirement of the PEM unit has reached a level that requires external intervention.

[0143] When all five sub-conditions are met simultaneously, the target thermal control condition for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the second condition, which involves unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side.

[0144] By setting multi-dimensional and multi-level secondary thermal control conditions, the precise identification of the start-up timing of the second operating condition is achieved. The five sub-conditions comprehensively assess the situation from five perspectives: operating mode matching, confirmation of demand authenticity, heating capacity assurance, self-stabilization assurance, and urgency quantification. The pure water temperature condition confirms that the PEM unit indeed requires insulation; the alkaline solution temperature condition ensures that the ALK unit has sufficient residual heat available for utilization; the preheating demand urgency threshold prevents the ALK unit from supplying heat externally when it may be about to start; and the insulation demand urgency threshold upgrades the insulation demand from a qualitative judgment to a quantitative assessment. The five conditions work together to ensure that the start-up of the second operating condition responds promptly to the insulation needs of the PEM unit without excessively consuming the heat reserves of the ALK unit and affecting its own operation.

[0145] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned control of the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition may further include: determining a temperature difference compensation coefficient based on the pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature of the PEM unit; determining a trend suppression coefficient based on the pure water temperature change rate; determining a second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend suppression coefficient; controlling the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the ALK side heat exchanger to the PEM side heat exchanger, and adjusting the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the second target flow rate.

[0146] The temperature difference compensation coefficient is used to compensate for the difference between the current pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature. This coefficient is calculated based on the difference between the pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature. The lower the pure water temperature and the farther away from the target insulation temperature, the larger the value of the temperature difference compensation coefficient. The purpose of the temperature difference compensation coefficient is to increase the insulation heating flow rate when the pure water temperature is significantly low, so as to raise the PEM unit temperature to a safe range as quickly as possible.

[0147] The trend suppression coefficient can be used to counteract the downward trend in pure water temperature. This coefficient is calculated based on the absolute value of the current rate of change in pure water temperature; the faster the cooling rate, the larger the trend suppression coefficient. The purpose of the trend suppression coefficient is to proactively adjust the heating flow rate to offset the effects of rapid heat dissipation and prevent the temperature from dropping further before the heating flow rate catches up.

[0148] The second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium can be determined based on the urgency of the insulation demand, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend suppression coefficient. The second target flow rate refers to the volume of heat exchange medium flowing per unit time that needs to be adjusted to achieve under the second operating condition. The second target flow rate is calculated by weighting the urgency of the insulation demand as the primary control variable and the temperature difference compensation coefficient and trend suppression coefficient as auxiliary variables. The urgency of the insulation demand reflects the overall urgency of the insulation requirement and determines the basic range of flow rate adjustment; the temperature difference compensation coefficient compensates for the influence of static temperature differences; and the trend suppression coefficient counteracts the influence of dynamic cooling trends.

[0149] The bidirectional flow regulating valve can be controlled to set the flow direction of the heat exchange medium from the ALK side heat exchanger to the PEM side heat exchanger, and adjust the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the second target flow rate.

[0150] The temperature difference compensation coefficient addresses existing temperature differences and is a static compensation mechanism; the trend suppression coefficient counteracts ongoing cooling trends and is a dynamic proactive adjustment mechanism. The urgency of insulation demand, as the primary control variable, ensures that the flow rate adjustment matches the urgency of the demand. The synergistic effect of these three parameters ensures that the heat transferred from the ALK unit to the PEM unit effectively prevents further temperature drops without causing excessive cooling of the ALK unit itself or excessively rapid heating of the PEM unit, which could lead to thermal stress.

[0151] In some embodiments, determining the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of insulation demand, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend suppression coefficient may specifically include: determining the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium using the following formula based on the urgency of insulation demand, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend suppression coefficient: ; In the formula, For the second target flow; Minimum sustaining flow; Maximum safe flow rate; Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; This is the temperature difference compensation coefficient; This is the trend suppression coefficient; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function; This is an indicator function.

[0152] The aforementioned nonlinear attenuation compensation formula can be used to integrate the urgency of insulation demand, temperature difference compensation coefficient, and trend suppression coefficient into a second target flow rate. This formula achieves a nonlinear response to the urgency of insulation demand through an exponential attenuation function and differentiates the suppression of cooling rate through an asymmetric trend damping term.

[0153] The second target flow rate represents the volume of heat exchange medium flowing per unit time that needs to be adjusted to achieve under the second operating condition.

[0154] Minimum sustaining flow rate represents the basic flow rate required to maintain minimum circulation in the heat exchange piping when the insulation requirement is zero. The minimum sustaining flow rate is preset based on the system's minimum stable flow rate, ensuring that the heat exchange medium circulates in the heat exchange piping under all circumstances, preventing stagnation that could hinder timely heat transfer.

[0155] The maximum safe flow rate represents the upper limit of the flow rate that can be adjusted when the urgency of insulation demand reaches its maximum. The maximum safe flow rate is constrained by both the heating capacity of the ALK unit and the receiving capacity of the PEM unit, ensuring that the flow rate adjustment will not exceed the physical limits of the system.

[0156] The variable representing the urgency of insulation needs is the main control variable, with a value ranging from 0 to 1. The larger the value, the more urgent the insulation needs. A non-linear mapping of urgency is achieved through exponential operations. For the non-linear exponent of urgency, when > The high-urgency area is magnified at time 1. When the urgency level is less than 1, the low-urgency area is compressed.

[0157] The urgency gain coefficient controls the sensitivity of the exponential decay function to the urgency of insulation requirements. This constitutes an exponentially decaying response function, the output of which ranges from 0 to 1. When the output is small, it is close to 0. When the output increases, it quickly approaches 1, achieving the control characteristic of no response under low urgency and fast response under high urgency.

[0158] This is the temperature difference compensation coefficient, reflecting the difference between the current pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature. The value ranges from 0 to 1, and the lower the temperature of the pure water, the larger the value. The temperature difference compensation intensity coefficient controls the contribution weight of the temperature difference compensation coefficient to flow regulation. The term is incorporated into the formula using an additive coupling method, when When this value increases, the flow rate also increases.

[0159] The trend suppression coefficient reflects the absolute value of the current rate of change in pure water temperature. Its value ranges from 0 to 1, and the value increases as the cooling rate increases. This is a trend nonlinearity index used to adjust the sensitivity of the trend suppression coefficient to the cooling rate. > 1 hour is more sensitive to rapid cooling. When the temperature is less than 1, it is more sensitive to slow cooling. This is the trend damping coefficient, which controls the overall strength of trend suppression.

[0160] For indicator functions, when The value < 0 indicates that the value is 1 when the pure water temperature is decreasing, and 0 otherwise. The introduction of this function realizes asymmetric trend damping: the trend suppression term is activated only when the temperature decreases, and the trend suppression term is 1 (no suppression effect) when the temperature rises or remains constant. This constitutes an exponential trend damping term; the faster the cooling rate, the smaller this term becomes, and the more significant the flow rate compression.

[0161] By introducing a nonlinear attenuation compensation calculation formula, a deep integration of the urgency of insulation requirements, temperature difference compensation coefficient, and trend suppression coefficient is achieved. Exponential attenuation response function. The flow rate regulation maintains a baseline flow rate when the insulation demand is low, avoiding over-response; when the urgency exceeds a threshold, the flow rate is rapidly increased to ensure timely intervention in the insulation process. Temperature difference compensation item. Additive coupling is employed to ensure that the greater the temperature difference, the stronger the compensation. Asymmetric trend damping term. Multiplicative coupling activates only when the temperature decreases, and the damping strengthens as the cooling rate increases, embodying the proactive control principle that faster cooling leads to faster active suppression. The three components, through multiplicative fusion, jointly determine the second target flow rate: the exponential decay component determines the basic form of the urgency response, the temperature difference compensation component performs linear correction based on the static temperature difference, and the trend damping component performs nonlinear suppression based on the dynamic cooling trend. This fusion mechanism ensures that the determination of the second target flow rate considers both the overall urgency of the insulation requirement and the influence of the static temperature difference and the dynamic cooling trend. This achieves refined and proactive control of the shutdown insulation process, effectively preventing excessive temperature drops in the PEM unit and significantly reducing heating energy consumption and waiting time during restart.

[0162] In some embodiments, under the second operating condition, the pure water temperature is updated at preset time intervals; if the pure water temperature is less than the sixth preset temperature, the heat exchange flow rate is increased; if the pure water temperature is greater than or equal to the sixth preset temperature and less than or equal to the second preset temperature, a low flow rate heat exchange is maintained.

[0163] In the second operating condition, the controller periodically updates the pure water temperature data at preset time intervals. The pure water temperature represents the temperature of the pure water in the pure water circulation system after the PEM unit is shut down, and is obtained through temperature sensors installed in the pure water pipeline. The preset time interval is set according to the accuracy requirements of the insulation control.

[0164] The controller compares the updated pure water temperature with the sixth preset temperature and the second preset temperature. The sixth preset temperature is the target insulation temperature of the PEM unit, which is preset based on the temperature range with the lowest restart energy consumption of the PEM unit. The second preset temperature is the lower limit of the normal operating temperature of the PEM unit, which is higher than the target insulation temperature.

[0165] When the updated pure water temperature is lower than the sixth preset temperature, it indicates that the PEM unit temperature has dropped below the target insulation temperature, and the heat supply flow needs to be increased to prevent the temperature from continuing to drop. The controller accordingly increases the flow rate of the heat exchange medium, increasing the heat supply rate from the ALK unit to the PEM unit, so that the pure water temperature can quickly rise back to the target insulation range.

[0166] When the updated pure water temperature is greater than or equal to the sixth preset temperature and less than or equal to the second preset temperature, it indicates that the PEM unit temperature is within the ideal insulation range, requiring neither rapid heating nor emergency insulation. Based on this, the controller maintains a low flow rate for heat exchange, providing only basic insulation heat to compensate for natural heat loss and maintain temperature stability.

[0167] By setting a segmented flow regulation strategy for the second operating condition, precise control of the temperature of the PEM unit during shutdown is achieved. When the temperature is lower than the target insulation temperature, the flow is actively increased for rapid temperature recovery, demonstrating the timeliness of insulation control; when the temperature is within the ideal range, a small flow rate is maintained for stable insulation, demonstrating the energy efficiency of insulation control. Segmented regulation keeps the PEM unit temperature consistently near the target range, avoiding both excessively low temperatures leading to increased restart energy consumption and overheating causing energy waste.

[0168] In some embodiments, under the second operating condition, the PEM operating mode is updated at preset time intervals; if the PEM is started, the system switches to the first or second operating condition.

[0169] In the second operating condition, the controller periodically updates the operating mode data of the PEM unit at preset time intervals. The operating mode data refers to information reflecting the current operating status of the PEM unit, including stop status, standby status, start status, and running status.

[0170] When the updated operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit has changed from a stopped state to a started state, it means that the PEM unit is ready to be put back into operation. The controller re-determines the target thermal control conditions based on the operating mode data of the ALK unit at this time, as well as the latest values ​​of the urgency of insulation and preheating requirements.

[0171] If the ALK unit is running and the insulation requirement is still higher than the threshold, while the preheating requirement is lower, the system may switch back to the enhanced insulation mode of the second operating condition to provide heat support for PEM startup. If the ALK unit is in a cold start state and the preheating requirement is high, the system may switch to the first operating condition, where the PEM unit, after startup, provides preheating heat to the ALK unit.

[0172] By monitoring changes in the operating mode of the PEM unit, dynamic switching response between operating conditions is achieved. When the PEM unit starts from a stopped state, the system no longer mechanically executes the insulation strategy, but reassesses the heat demand based on the latest system state and selects the target operating condition most suitable for the current scenario. This dynamic switching mechanism enables the thermal control system to flexibly respond to changes in system state, avoiding response lag or energy mismatch caused by executing fixed operating conditions.

[0173] In some embodiments, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data may further include: if the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data meet a third thermal control condition, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system as a third operating condition for heat emission or heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; wherein the third thermal control condition includes: the operating mode data indicating that the PEM unit is operating, and the ALK unit is operating; and the urgency of preheating requirements is less than a third preheating threshold, and the urgency of insulation requirements is less than a third insulation threshold.

[0174] The system can determine whether the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data meet the third thermal control condition. The third thermal control condition identifies scenarios requiring the activation of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system's heat emission or heat recovery in a third operating condition. The third thermal control condition includes four sub-conditions: The first sub-condition is that the operating mode data indicates the PEM unit is in operation, ensuring that the PEM unit is producing heat. The second sub-condition is that the operating mode data indicates the ALK unit is in operation, ensuring that the ALK unit is producing heat. The third sub-condition is that the urgency of preheating requirements is less than the third preheating threshold, confirming that the ALK unit does not have an urgent preheating requirement and will not be affected by heat transfer. The fourth sub-condition is that the urgency of insulation requirements is less than the third insulation threshold, confirming that the PEM unit does not have an urgent insulation requirement and will not be affected by heat transfer in its thermal stability.

[0175] When all four sub-conditions are met simultaneously, the target thermal control condition for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined as the third condition in which the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system performs heat emission or heat recovery.

[0176] By setting a third thermal control condition, accurate identification of scenarios where the dual systems are operating stably and there is no urgent thermal demand is achieved. Two operating state conditions ensure that the system actually has heat available for discharge or recovery, and two urgency threshold conditions ensure that heat transfer will not affect the stable operation of the PEM unit and ALK unit themselves. The four conditions work together to ensure that the third operating condition is activated only when the system has sufficient heat and there is no urgent demand, providing an accurate triggering time for subsequent seasonally adaptive thermal management.

[0177] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned control of the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition may further include: if the pure water temperature is greater than a third preset temperature, the alkali solution temperature is greater than a fourth preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is greater than or equal to a fifth preset temperature, determining the total heat production of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the heat production of the PEM unit and the heat production of the ALK unit; determining the heat dissipation demand coefficient based on the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system and the target heat dissipation temperature; determining the third target flow rate based on the total heat production and the heat dissipation demand coefficient; controlling the operating condition switching module to open the cooling branch and adjusting the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the third target flow rate.

[0178] It can be determined whether the entry conditions for the summer heat dissipation sub-mode are met. The entry conditions for the summer heat dissipation sub-mode include three sub-conditions: The first sub-condition is that the pure water temperature is greater than the third preset temperature. This condition confirms that the PEM unit temperature is too high and requires heat dissipation. The third preset temperature is set according to the upper limit of the normal operating temperature of the PEM unit. The second sub-condition is that the alkaline solution temperature is greater than the fourth preset temperature. This condition confirms that the ALK unit temperature is too high and requires heat dissipation. The fourth preset temperature is set according to the upper limit of the normal operating temperature of the ALK unit. The third sub-condition is that the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is greater than or equal to the fifth preset temperature. This condition confirms that the external ambient temperature is high, and natural heat dissipation is not possible, requiring forced cooling. The fifth preset temperature is set according to the seasonal transition threshold, between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius.

[0179] When all three sub-conditions are met simultaneously, the summer heat dissipation sub-mode is entered.

[0180] The total heat production of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system can be determined based on the heat production of the PEM unit and the ALK unit. The heat production of the PEM unit is calculated based on the operating power and efficiency of the PEM unit, and the heat production of the ALK unit is calculated based on the operating power and efficiency of the ALK unit. The total heat production is the sum of the two.

[0181] The heat dissipation demand coefficient can be determined based on the ambient temperature and the target heat dissipation temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The heat dissipation demand coefficient characterizes the degree to which the current ambient temperature deviates from the target heat dissipation temperature. This coefficient is calculated based on the difference between the ambient temperature and the target heat dissipation temperature; the higher the ambient temperature, the larger the value of the heat dissipation demand coefficient. The target heat dissipation temperature is preset according to the design conditions of the cooling tower, such as between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius.

[0182] The third target flow rate can be determined based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient. The third target flow rate represents the volume of heat exchange medium that needs to be adjusted to reach per unit time in the summer heat dissipation sub-mode. The larger this flow rate, the more heat is dissipated through the cooling tower per unit time.

[0183] The system can control the operation mode switching module to open the cooling branch, allowing the heat exchange medium to be diverted from the heat exchange pipeline into the cooling tower. It controls the bidirectional flow regulating valve to adjust the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the third target flow rate, and dynamically corrects the valve opening based on feedback data from temperature sensors installed at the inlet and outlet of the cooling branch, ensuring that the actual heat dissipation effect matches the demand.

[0184] By comprehensively assessing the heat dissipation demand using three conditions—pure water temperature, alkaline solution temperature, and ambient temperature—the cooling branch is ensured to be activated only when the system truly requires heat dissipation. The total heat generation determines the basic scale of the heat dissipation demand, while the heat dissipation demand coefficient determines the urgency of the demand. Together, these factors determine the third target flow rate, dynamically matching the heat dissipation capacity with the heat generation and ambient temperature, thus avoiding energy waste due to excessive heat dissipation or system overheating due to insufficient heat dissipation.

[0185] In some embodiments, determining the third target flow rate based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient may specifically include: determining the third target flow rate using the following formula based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient: ; In the formula, For the third target flow; Basic heat dissipation flow rate; Total heat production; This refers to the heat dissipation demand factor. The ambient temperature; For ambient reference temperature; The target heat dissipation temperature; The extreme tolerance temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function.

[0186] The aforementioned nonlinear thermal balance coupling calculation formula can be used to integrate the total heat generation and heat dissipation demand coefficient into a third target flow rate. This calculation formula achieves a nonlinear response to heat dissipation demand through an exponential function and enhances heat dissipation capacity under extreme high-temperature conditions through an ambient temperature compensation term.

[0187] The third target flow rate represents the volume of heat exchange medium flowing per unit time that needs to be adjusted to achieve in the summer heat dissipation sub-mode.

[0188] The base heat dissipation flow rate represents the minimum flow rate required to maintain circulation in the cooling branch when heat dissipation demand is zero. The base heat dissipation flow rate is preset based on the minimum stable operating flow rate of the cooling tower, ensuring that the cooling branch has heat exchange medium circulation under all circumstances and preventing pipe stagnation.

[0189] The total heat production of the system is obtained by adding the heat production of the PEM unit and the heat production of the ALK unit. This indicates the range of flow rates that can be used for heat dissipation regulation. As the total heat generation increases, the adjustable flow rate range expands accordingly.

[0190] This is the heat dissipation demand factor, calculated based on the difference between the ambient temperature and the target heat dissipation temperature, with a value ranging from 0 to 1. When the ambient temperature is lower than or equal to the target heat dissipation temperature, The value is 0; when the ambient temperature reaches the limit tolerance temperature, The value is set to 1; the intermediate temperature is calculated through linear interpolation. A non-linear mapping of heat dissipation requirements is achieved through exponential operations. It is a non-linear exponent, when > 1 hour, the area with high heat dissipation demand is amplified, when When the temperature is less than 1, the area with low heat dissipation requirements is compressed.

[0191] The coupling strength coefficient controls the overall impact of heat dissipation requirements on flow regulation. This constitutes an exponential heat dissipation demand response function, the output of which ranges from 0 to 1. When the output is small, it is close to 0. As the value increases, the output rapidly approaches 1.

[0192] The ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is collected by a temperature sensor installed outside the system. The ambient reference temperature can be used as the target heat dissipation temperature value. The maximum temperature rise range refers to the difference between the extreme tolerance temperature and the target heat dissipation temperature. The value represents the degree of deviation from the ambient temperature, ranging from 0 to 1 (when...). If the temperature exceeds the limit tolerance temperature, treat as in step 1. This is the margin compensation coefficient, which controls the additional gain intensity under extreme high temperatures. This constitutes an ambient temperature compensation term, which increases when the ambient temperature rises, further amplifying the input of the exponential function and enhancing the heat dissipation flow.

[0193] The output of an exponential function decreases as the input increases, therefore The output increases as the input increases. In this formula, the input incorporates the heat dissipation demand coefficient and its nonlinear mapping, as well as the ambient temperature compensation term, and is ultimately mapped to a heat dissipation adjustment factor between 0 and 1 through an exponential function.

[0194] By introducing a nonlinear thermal balance coupling calculation formula, a deep integration of total heat generation and heat dissipation demand coefficient is achieved. The basic heat dissipation flow rate ensures a minimum cycle. This allows for a dynamic match between heat dissipation capacity and heat generation. (Heat dissipation demand response function) Smooth nonlinear adjustment is achieved through exponential mapping: the response is gradual when heat dissipation demand is low, avoiding frequent adjustments; the response spikes sharply when heat dissipation demand approaches its limit, ensuring heat dissipation capacity under extreme temperatures. Ambient temperature compensation term. When the ambient temperature approaches the limit tolerance temperature, the heat dissipation demand is further amplified, providing additional safety margin. The synergistic effect of the three parts enables the third target flow rate to be dynamically and adaptively adjusted according to the heat generation and ambient temperature, ensuring the system's heat dissipation needs under high-temperature conditions while avoiding excessive heat dissipation and energy waste under low-temperature conditions.

[0195] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned control of the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition may further include: if the pure water temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, the alkali solution temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is lower than the fifth preset temperature, determining the residual heat for heating based on the heat generation of the PEM unit, the heat generation of the ALK unit, the heat loss of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, and the thermal stability reserve of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; determining the heating demand satisfaction based on the comparison result between the user's heating demand and the residual heat for heating; determining the fourth target flow rate based on the heating demand satisfaction; controlling the operating condition switching module to open the heating branch and adjusting the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the fourth target flow rate.

[0196] It can be determined whether the entry conditions for the winter heating sub-mode are met. The entry conditions for the winter heating sub-mode include three sub-conditions: The first sub-condition is that the pure water temperature is lower than the first preset temperature. This condition confirms that the PEM unit temperature is within the normal range and there is residual heat available for utilization. The first preset temperature is set according to the lower limit of the PEM unit's normal operating temperature. The second sub-condition is that the alkali solution temperature is lower than the first preset temperature. This condition confirms that the ALK unit temperature is within the normal range and there is residual heat available for utilization. Here, the first preset temperature also represents the lower limit of the normal operating temperature. The third sub-condition is that the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is lower than the fifth preset temperature. This condition confirms that the external ambient temperature is low and there is a heating demand. The fifth preset temperature is set according to the seasonal transition threshold, between 10 and 15 degrees Celsius.

[0197] When all three sub-conditions are met simultaneously, the system will enter the winter heating sub-mode.

[0198] The surplus heating capacity can be determined based on the heat output of the PEM unit, the heat output of the ALK unit, the heat loss of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, and the thermal stability reserve of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The surplus heating capacity represents the remaining heat available for external heating while ensuring the thermal stability of the PEM and ALK units themselves. The heat output of the PEM and ALK units is calculated based on their respective operating power and efficiency. The heat loss is estimated based on the system's insulation performance and ambient temperature. The thermal stability reserve is a pre-set reserve of heat based on the system's thermal inertia. The formula for calculating the surplus heating capacity is: Surplus heating capacity = Heat output of PEM unit + Heat output of ALK unit - Heat loss - Thermal stability reserve.

[0199] Heating demand satisfaction can be determined by comparing user-side heating demand with surplus heating capacity. User-side heating demand refers to the heat power required by the user's heating system, calculated based on the difference between the user's target temperature and the actual temperature, as well as the heat dissipation characteristics of the heating pipes. Heating demand satisfaction is the ratio of user-side heating demand to surplus heating capacity. A ratio less than 1 indicates sufficient available heat, greater than 1 indicates insufficient available heat, and equal to 1 indicates a balance between supply and demand.

[0200] The fourth target flow rate can be determined based on the satisfaction of heating demand. The fourth target flow rate represents the volume of heat exchange medium that needs to be adjusted to achieve per unit time in the winter heating sub-mode. The larger this flow rate, the more heat is delivered to the user side per unit time.

[0201] The system can control the operation mode switching module to open the heating branch, allowing the heat exchange medium to be diverted from the heat exchange pipeline into the user-side heating system. It controls the bidirectional flow regulating valve to adjust the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the fourth target flow rate, and dynamically corrects the valve opening based on feedback data from temperature sensors installed at the inlet and outlet of the heating branch, ensuring that the actual heating effect matches the user's needs.

[0202] Heating feasibility is assessed by comprehensively considering three conditions: pure water temperature, alkaline solution temperature, and ambient temperature, ensuring that heating branches are activated only when the system has residual heat and there is external demand. The calculation of residual heat prioritizes ensuring the system's own thermal stability, using only the residual heat after deducting self-stabilization reserves for heating. Heating demand satisfaction involves a quantitative comparison between user demand and system supply capacity, providing a basis for subsequent flow adjustment.

[0203] In some embodiments, determining the fourth target flow rate based on the heating demand satisfaction level may specifically include: determining the fourth target flow rate using the following formula based on the heating demand satisfaction level: ; In the formula, The fourth target flow; Basic heating flow rate; To maximize available heat supply; To ensure the satisfaction of heating demand; The system temperature; This is the system reference temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function; It is an exponential function.

[0204] The heating demand satisfaction can be integrated into a fourth target flow rate using the aforementioned supply-demand coupling-thermal inertia compensation calculation formula. This formula achieves nonlinear adjustment of supply-demand matching through a hyperbolic tangent function, and ensures the priority of system thermal stability through an exponential thermal inertia compensation term.

[0205] The fourth target flow rate represents the volume of heat exchange medium flowing per unit time that needs to be adjusted to achieve under the winter heating sub-mode.

[0206] The base heating flow rate represents the minimum flow rate required to maintain circulation in the heating branch when heating demand satisfaction is zero. The base heating flow rate is preset based on the minimum stable operating flow rate of the heating pipeline, ensuring that the heating branch has heat exchange medium circulation under all circumstances and preventing pipeline stagnation.

[0207] Maximum available heating capacity refers to the maximum flow rate that can be used for heating under current operating conditions. This limit is calculated from surplus heating capacity to ensure that flow rate adjustments do not exceed the system's physical supply capacity. This indicates the flow rate range that can be used for heating regulation.

[0208] The heating demand satisfaction level is represented by the ratio of user-side heating demand to surplus heating capacity, ranging from 0 to 2. When S > 1, it indicates insufficient available heating capacity; when S ≤ 1, it indicates sufficient available heating capacity. A non-linear mapping of demand satisfaction is achieved through exponential calculation. It is a non-linear exponent, when > 1 hour high demand areas are amplified, when When the demand is less than 1, low-demand areas are compressed.

[0209] The coupling strength coefficient controls the overall impact of heating demand satisfaction on flow regulation. This constructs a hyperbolic tangent coupling function, whose output ranges from 0 to 1; the larger the input, the closer the output is to 1. The hyperbolic tangent function achieves a smooth nonlinear mapping, avoiding sudden changes in flow.

[0210] The system temperature is the weighted average temperature of the PEM and ALK elements, reflecting the current thermal state of the system. The system reference temperature is the median of the normal operating temperatures of the PEM and ALK cells. When... < The time value is - Otherwise, the value is 0. This function only activates thermal inertia compensation when the system temperature is below the reference temperature.

[0211] The thermal inertia compensation coefficient represents the intensity of the control system's own thermal state's suppression of the heating flow rate. This constitutes an exponential thermal inertia compensation term. When the system temperature is lower than the reference temperature, this term is less than 1, and the larger the temperature difference, the smaller the term becomes, thus actively compressing the heating flow. When the system temperature is higher than or equal to the reference temperature, this term is 1, and has no inhibitory effect.

[0212] The overall meaning is: the heating demand satisfaction S, after being nonlinearly mapped, is multiplied by a thermal inertia compensation term, and then mapped to an adjustment factor between 0 and 1 through a hyperbolic tangent function. This adjustment factor is multiplied by the available flow range and added to the basic heating flow to obtain the final fourth target flow.

[0213] By introducing a supply-demand coupling-thermal inertia compensation calculation formula, intelligent adjustment of heating demand satisfaction is achieved. The hyperbolic tangent function tanh achieves smooth nonlinear coupling, maintaining basic heating to avoid over-response when demand satisfaction is low, and rapidly increasing heating flow to meet user needs when demand satisfaction approaches or exceeds 1. An exponential thermal inertia compensation term is used. A negative feedback mechanism based on the system's own thermal state is introduced: when the system temperature is too low, the thermal inertia compensation term automatically compresses the heating flow rate, prioritizing the system's own thermal stability recovery; when the system temperature returns to normal, the compensation term is released, and the heating flow rate returns to normal regulation. This self-stabilization-first control mechanism ensures that the system will not fall into its own thermal collapse due to excessive heating while providing external heating.

[0214] In some embodiments, under the third operating condition, the pure water temperature, alkaline solution temperature and ambient temperature are updated at preset time intervals; at the same time, the urgency of heat preservation requirement and the urgency of preheating requirement are updated; if the urgency of heat preservation requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth heat preservation threshold, or the urgency of preheating requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth preheating threshold, the third operating condition is exited.

[0215] In the third operating condition, the controller periodically updates the pure water temperature, alkali solution temperature, and ambient temperature data at preset time intervals, while also updating the urgency of insulation and preheating requirements. The pure water temperature reflects the thermal state of the PEM unit, the alkali solution temperature reflects the thermal state of the ALK unit, the ambient temperature reflects the external heat exchange conditions, and the urgency of insulation and preheating requirements reflects the degree of urgency of the thermal requirements of the two units.

[0216] The controller compares the updated insulation demand urgency with the fourth insulation threshold and the updated preheating demand urgency with the fourth preheating threshold. The fourth insulation threshold and the fourth preheating threshold are the upper limits of the urgency of the insulation demand and the preheating demand, respectively. When the urgency exceeds the corresponding threshold, it indicates that the system has a thermal demand that requires emergency intervention.

[0217] When the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth insulation threshold, or the urgency of the preheating requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth preheating threshold, the controller determines that the system is no longer suitable to continue executing the third operating condition. It exits the third operating condition and, based on the latest urgency and operating mode data, re-determines the target thermal control operating condition, potentially switching to the first or second operating condition to meet the urgent thermal demand.

[0218] By setting a third operating condition for overall shutdown, a rapid response to urgent heat demands is achieved. During stable operation of the dual systems, the urgency of insulation and preheating demands is at a low level. When an urgency suddenly increases due to external disturbances or changes in system state, the overall shutdown condition ensures that the system can promptly interrupt the current heat emission or recovery state to prioritize meeting urgent heat demands, reflecting the safety-first principle of the thermal control system.

[0219] In some embodiments, under the third operating condition, if the summer heat dissipation sub-mode is in effect and the updated ambient temperature is less than the fifth preset temperature and continues for more than the first preset duration, or the pure water temperature is less than or equal to the third preset temperature and the alkaline solution temperature is less than or equal to the fourth preset temperature, the cooling branch is shut down and the heat dissipation state is exited.

[0220] The controller monitors whether the ambient temperature is lower than the fifth preset temperature and remains below it for more than the first preset duration. The fifth preset temperature is a seasonal transition threshold used to distinguish between summer heat dissipation mode and winter heating mode. The first preset duration is the required time for the ambient temperature to remain below the threshold, used to exclude instantaneous fluctuations in ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is lower than the fifth preset temperature and the duration exceeds the first preset duration, it indicates that the external environment has cooled down and forced heat dissipation is no longer needed.

[0221] The controller simultaneously monitors whether the pure water temperature is less than or equal to a third preset temperature, and whether the alkali solution temperature is less than or equal to a fourth preset temperature. The third preset temperature is the temperature threshold at which the PEM unit stops dissipating heat, set as the median of the PEM unit's normal operating temperature. The fourth preset temperature is the temperature threshold at which the ALK unit stops dissipating heat, set as the median of the ALK unit's normal operating temperature. When both the pure water temperature and the alkali solution temperature drop below their respective thresholds, it indicates that the system's own temperature has returned to the normal range, and no further heat dissipation is needed.

[0222] When the ambient temperature conditions are met, or when both the pure water temperature and the alkaline solution temperature conditions are met simultaneously, the controller determines that the heat dissipation requirement has been eliminated. At this time, the control mode switching module shuts down the cooling branch, stops supplying heat exchange medium to the cooling tower, and the system exits the summer heat dissipation sub-mode.

[0223] By setting multi-dimensional exit conditions, the intelligent termination of the summer heat dissipation sub-mode is achieved. Ambient temperature conditions ensure that the heat dissipation mode is synchronized with the external climate, avoiding energy waste caused by continued heat dissipation after the weather cools down; system temperature conditions ensure that heat dissipation stops promptly once the system's temperature returns to normal, avoiding excessive cooling that would require additional heating later. These two conditions work together to ensure that the exit timing of the heat dissipation sub-mode is matched to both environmental and system state changes.

[0224] In some embodiments, under the third operating condition, if the winter heating sub-mode is in effect and the updated ambient temperature is greater than or equal to the fifth preset temperature and continues for more than the second preset duration, or the heating demand satisfaction is less than the fourth preset threshold, the heating branch is shut down and the heating state is exited.

[0225] The controller monitors whether the ambient temperature is greater than or equal to the fifth preset temperature and remains above the second preset duration. The second preset duration is the required time for the ambient temperature to remain above a threshold, used to exclude instantaneous fluctuations in ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is higher than the fifth preset temperature and the duration exceeds the second preset duration, it indicates that the external environment has warmed up and external heating is no longer needed.

[0226] The controller simultaneously monitors whether the heating demand satisfaction rate is lower than the fourth preset threshold. The heating demand satisfaction rate refers to the ratio of user-side heating demand to the system's available surplus heat, and the fourth preset threshold is the lower limit of the heating demand satisfaction rate. When the heating demand satisfaction rate is lower than this threshold, it indicates that the user-side heating demand has been basically met or the system's available heat has been significantly reduced, and continuing to provide heating is not very meaningful.

[0227] When the ambient temperature or heating demand satisfaction condition is met, the controller determines that the heating demand has been eliminated or that heating conditions are no longer available. At this time, the control mode switching module shuts down the heating branch, stops supplying heat exchange medium to the user-side heating system, and the system exits the winter heating sub-mode.

[0228] By setting multi-dimensional exit conditions, intelligent termination of the winter heating sub-mode is achieved. Ambient temperature conditions ensure that the heating mode is synchronized with the external climate, avoiding energy waste caused by continuing heating after the weather warms up. Heating demand satisfaction conditions ensure that heating is stopped promptly once user demand is met, or that the system avoids overheating and affecting its stability when available heat is insufficient. These two conditions work together to ensure that the timing of the heating sub-mode's exit considers both changes in external demand and changes in system supply capacity.

[0229] In some embodiments, under the third operating condition, after both the heat dissipation state and the heating state are exited, the system returns to the standby monitoring state and waits for the next operating condition determination.

[0230] In the third operating condition, after both the summer heat dissipation sub-mode and the winter heating sub-mode are exited, the controller will switch the thermal control system to standby monitoring state.

[0231] In standby monitoring mode, the heat exchange pipeline maintains a basic circulation flow rate to ensure that the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger maintain a basic heat exchange capacity. Both the cooling branch valves and the heating branch valves are closed, and the heat exchange medium circulates only within the heat exchange pipeline.

[0232] The controller continuously collects data on pure water temperature, alkaline solution temperature, and ambient temperature, and continuously calculates the urgency of insulation and preheating requirements. The system does not actively engage in large-scale heat exchange; it only maintains temperature equilibrium between the heat exchangers on both sides through a basic circulation, while waiting for the trigger conditions for the next operating condition determination.

[0233] When the urgency of heat preservation or preheating demand exceeds the corresponding threshold again, or when the working mode data changes, the controller re-executes the working condition judgment process to determine the new target thermal control working condition and execute the corresponding flow control.

[0234] By setting a standby monitoring state, the thermal control system achieves closed-loop management throughout its entire lifecycle. When neither emergency heat exchange nor seasonal thermal management is required, the system enters a low-power standby mode, reducing unnecessary energy consumption. In standby mode, key parameters are continuously monitored to ensure timely response to changes in thermal demand, demonstrating the complete working logic of the thermal control system, which can both proactively adjust and intelligently hibernate.

[0235] In some embodiments, determining the urgency of insulation requirements for the PEM unit under shutdown conditions based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate may further include: constructing an exponential decay model of the difference between the pure water temperature and the ambient temperature based on historical temperature decay data of the PEM unit; constructing a natural decay trajectory model of the pure water temperature under conditions without external heating based on the exponential decay model; determining the theoretical heat supply required to maintain the pure water temperature within the target insulation temperature range based on the natural decay trajectory model; determining the basic insulation requirement based on the comparison between the theoretical heat supply and the actual heat supply; determining the entropy change rate of the PEM unit based on a heat exchange process model between the PEM unit and the external environment; applying a positive correction coefficient to the basic insulation requirement when the entropy change rate is positive and exceeds a preset entropy increase threshold; applying a negative correction coefficient to the basic insulation requirement when the entropy change rate is negative; and using the basic insulation requirement corrected for the entropy change rate as the urgency of insulation requirements.

[0236] Historical temperature decay data for the PEM unit can be a sequence of pure water temperature changes over time, collected by temperature sensors during previous shutdowns. The exponential decay model describes the natural decrease in pure water temperature over time without external heating; this model uses a first-order exponential decay function: ΔT(t) = ΔT0 exp(-t / τ), where ΔT(t) is the difference between the pure water temperature and the ambient temperature at time t, ΔT0 is the initial temperature difference, and τ is the thermal time constant. The thermal time constant is obtained by fitting historical decay data and reflects the thermal inertia characteristics of the PEM unit. The larger the thermal time constant, the better the system's thermal insulation performance and the slower the temperature decreases.

[0237] The natural decay trajectory model can predict the numerical sequence of pure water temperature at future times based on the current pure water temperature and ambient temperature, following an exponential decay law. Starting from the current time, the model extrapolates forward at a preset time step to generate a time trajectory of the natural decay of the pure water temperature. The purpose of the natural decay trajectory model is to assess when the pure water temperature will drop to a dangerous temperature range without external heating, providing a benchmark for quantifying insulation requirements.

[0238] The theoretical heat supply is the heat input required per unit time to offset heat loss caused by natural decay and maintain the pure water temperature within the target insulation temperature range. The calculation process for the theoretical heat supply includes: calculating the time required for the pure water temperature to drop from its current value to the lower limit of the target insulation temperature under no-heating conditions, based on the natural decay trajectory model; and converting the total heat loss within this time interval into the average heat power required to compensate per unit time. The target insulation temperature range is preset based on the temperature range with the lowest restart energy consumption of the PEM unit.

[0239] The actual heat supply can be the actual heat power delivered to the PEM unit through the ALK-side heat exchanger under the current operating conditions. This value is calculated based on the flow rate, specific heat capacity, and inlet / outlet temperature difference of the heat exchange medium. The basic insulation requirement refers to the initial insulation requirement index without considering thermodynamic irreversibility correction. Its calculation formula is: Basic insulation requirement = Theoretical heat supply / (Actual heat supply + Preset zero constant). When the actual heat supply is less than the theoretical heat supply, the basic insulation requirement is greater than 1, indicating that heating needs to be increased; when the actual heat supply is greater than the theoretical heat supply, the basic insulation requirement is less than 1, indicating that heating can be appropriately reduced.

[0240] The entropy change rate is the increase in entropy generated per unit time during the heat exchange between the PEM unit pure water system and the external environment. It is a physical quantity that measures the irreversibility of the heat exchange process. The heat exchange process model is established using the second law of thermodynamics, and the formula for calculating the entropy change rate is: dS / dt = Q_dot / Tpem - Q_dot / T_amb, where dS / dt is the entropy change rate, Qdot is the heat exchange power (a positive value indicates that the system releases heat to the environment, and a negative value indicates that the environment supplies heat to the system), Tpem is the pure water temperature, and Tamb is the ambient temperature. A positive entropy change rate indicates that the heat exchange process is irreversible and the system entropy increases; a negative entropy change rate indicates that the system entropy decreases and there is a negative entropy flow.

[0241] The preset entropy increase threshold is set based on the system's maximum allowable irreversible loss, ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 watts per Kelvin. The positive correction coefficient is a value greater than 1, used to increase the urgency of insulation requirements when the entropy change rate is high. The magnitude of the positive correction coefficient is positively correlated with the degree to which the entropy change rate exceeds the threshold; the greater the exceedance, the larger the correction coefficient. The physical meaning of positive correction is that when irreversible losses in the heat exchange process are significant, the actual required heating power is higher than the theoretically calculated value, thus necessitating increased urgency to compensate for irreversible losses.

[0242] The negative correction coefficient is a value less than 1, used to reduce the urgency of insulation requirements when the entropy change rate is negative. The magnitude of the negative correction coefficient is negatively correlated with the absolute value of the entropy change rate; the larger the absolute value of the entropy change rate (the larger the negative value), the smaller the correction coefficient. The physical meaning of the negative correction is that when the system is in a negative entropy flow state (e.g., the ambient temperature is higher than the pure water temperature, and the system absorbs heat from the environment), the external environment helps maintain the system temperature, thus appropriately reducing the need for active insulation.

[0243] The final formula for calculating the urgency of insulation requirements is: Upem = Ubase Kentropy, where Ubase is the basic insulation requirement, is the entropy rate correction factor. The correction factor is determined based on the value and direction of the entropy rate according to the following rule: when dS / dt > ε, kentropy = 1 + ζ (dS / dt - ε); when dS / dt < 0, kentropy = 1 / (1 + η) |dS / dt|); when 0 ≤ dS / dt ≤ ε, k_-entropy = 1. Here, ε is the preset entropy increase threshold, ζ is the positive correction coefficient, and η is the negative correction coefficient.

[0244] By introducing an exponential decay model and an entropy rate correction mechanism, a refined calculation of the urgency of insulation demand is achieved. The exponential decay model, built based on historical data, accurately reflects the actual thermal inertia characteristics of the PEM unit, making the calculation of theoretical heat supply more realistic. The entropy rate correction mechanism incorporates the second law of thermodynamics, including the irreversibility of the heat exchange process in the urgency assessment. This ensures that insulation demand considers not only the quantity of heat but also the loss of heat quality. When irreversible losses are significant, the urgency is proactively increased to compensate for efficiency losses; when environmental heating is favorable, the urgency is appropriately reduced to save energy consumption for active heating. This thermodynamically based correction method allows the urgency of insulation demand to more accurately reflect the actual heat demand state of the system, providing a more reliable basis for subsequent operating condition switching and flow regulation.

[0245] In some embodiments, determining the urgency of preheating requirements for the ALK unit under cold start conditions based on the alkali temperature and the alkali temperature change rate may further include: constructing a temperature rise response model for the alkali temperature under external heating conditions based on historical temperature rise data of the ALK unit; constructing a theoretical temperature rise trajectory model for the alkali temperature under preset heating conditions based on the temperature rise response model; determining the theoretical heat supply required to heat the alkali temperature to the target start-up temperature based on the theoretical temperature rise trajectory model; determining the basic preheating requirement based on a comparison between the maximum heating power of the PEM unit and the power required to complete the theoretical heat supply within the expected preheating time; calculating the cumulative temperature rise deviation based on the deviation between the alkali temperature change rate and the preset expected temperature rise rate; applying a positive correction coefficient to the basic preheating requirement if the cumulative temperature rise deviation exceeds a preset deviation threshold; determining the inertial delay compensation amount for the preheating process based on the temperature rise response model; applying an advance compensation coefficient to the basic preheating requirement if the inertial delay compensation amount is greater than a preset inertial threshold; and using the basic preheating requirement after temperature rise deviation correction and inertial delay compensation as the preheating requirement urgency.

[0246] The historical temperature rise data for the ALK unit can be a sequence of data on the change of alkali solution temperature over time, collected by a temperature sensor during previous cold starts, along with the corresponding heating power data of the PEM unit. The temperature rise response model is used to describe the dynamic response characteristics of the alkali solution temperature under external heating excitation. This model adopts the form of a first-order inertial element transfer function with pure time delay: G(s) = (K / (τs + 1)). e^(-θs), where G(s) is the transfer function, K is the steady-state gain, reflecting the final impact of unit heating power on the alkaline solution temperature, τ is the thermal inertia time constant, reflecting the time required for the alkaline solution temperature to rise from its initial value to a stable value (e.g., 63.2%), and θ is the pure time delay, reflecting the time delay from the application of heating power to the alkaline solution temperature starting to respond. The steady-state gain K, thermal inertia time constant τ, and pure time delay θ are obtained by fitting historical temperature rise data using a system identification method. These three parameters together describe the thermal response characteristics of the ALK unit.

[0247] The theoretical temperature rise trajectory model can predict a sequence of future alkali solution temperature values ​​based on the current alkali solution temperature, current heating power, and a temperature rise response model. This model uses the current heating power as input and recursively calculates the predicted trajectory of alkali solution temperature changes over time using the difference equation of the temperature rise response model. The purpose of the theoretical temperature rise trajectory model is to assess when the alkali solution temperature will reach the target start-up temperature under current heating conditions, providing a benchmark for quantifying preheating demand and serving as a basis for judging whether the heating power is sufficient.

[0248] Theoretical heat supply refers to the heat input per unit time required to heat the alkali solution from its current temperature to the target start-up temperature under the current alkali solution temperature conditions, measured in kilowatts (kW). The calculation process for theoretical heat supply includes: predicting the time required for the alkali solution temperature to reach the target start-up temperature under the current heating power based on the theoretical temperature rise trajectory model; if this predicted time exceeds the expected preheating time, then calculating the total heat required based on the difference between the target start-up temperature and the current alkali solution temperature, the total amount of alkali solution, and the specific heat capacity of the alkali solution, and then dividing this total heat supply by the expected preheating time to obtain the lower limit of the theoretical heat supply.

[0249] The maximum heating power of the PEM unit refers to the maximum heat power that the PEM unit can safely and stably transfer to the ALK unit under the current operating conditions. This value is constrained by the heat output of the PEM unit itself, the pure water temperature, and the thermal stability allowance. The basic preheating demand refers to the initial preheating demand index without considering temperature rise deviation and inertial delay. Its calculation formula is: Basic preheating demand = Power required to complete the theoretical heat supply within the expected preheating time / (Maximum heating power of the PEM unit + Preset zero-constant). When the required power is greater than the maximum heating power of the PEM unit, the basic preheating demand is greater than 1, indicating insufficient heating capacity and requiring increased urgency to prioritize preheating; when the required power is less than or equal to the maximum heating power of the PEM unit, the basic preheating demand is less than or equal to 1, indicating sufficient heating capacity.

[0250] The preset desired heating rate refers to the ideal rate of temperature increase per unit time during the process of heating the alkali solution from the current temperature to the target start-up temperature. The cumulative heating deviation refers to the time integral of the deviation between the actual heating rate and the desired heating rate, calculated using the formula: Etemp = (dTalk / dt - Rdesired) dt, where Etemp is the cumulative temperature deviation, dTalk / dt is the actual rate of change of alkali solution temperature, and Rdesired is the preset expected temperature rise rate. A positive cumulative temperature deviation indicates that the actual temperature rise rate is consistently lower than the expected value, and there is a decrease in efficiency or abnormal heat loss in the preheating process; a negative value indicates that the actual temperature rise rate is consistently higher than the expected value, and there may be a risk of overheating in the preheating process.

[0251] The preset deviation threshold is set based on the system's maximum allowable preheating time deviation. The positive correction coefficient is a value greater than 1, used to increase the urgency of preheating requirements when the temperature rise continues to lag. The magnitude of the positive correction coefficient is positively correlated with the degree to which the accumulated temperature rise deviation exceeds the threshold; the greater the accumulated deviation, the larger the correction coefficient. The positive correction coefficient is calculated using the following formula: kdeviation = 1 + ξ max(0, Etemp - Ethreshold), where kdeviation is the temperature rise deviation correction coefficient, ξ is the correction intensity coefficient, and Ethreshold is the preset deviation threshold. The physical meaning of positive correction is that when the actual temperature rise continuously lags behind the expected temperature rise, it indicates that the heat transfer efficiency has decreased or the heat loss is abnormal, and it is necessary to increase the urgency to compensate for the efficiency loss and ensure that the preheating task is completed on time.

[0252] Inertia delay compensation refers to the amount of advance adjustment required to overcome the response lag caused by thermal inertia. Its value is calculated based on the thermal inertia time constant τ and the pure lag time θ in the heating response model. The formula for calculating inertia delay compensation is: Cineria = (τ + θ) / Tdesired, where Tdesired is the desired preheating time. This ratio reflects the proportion of thermal inertia and pure lag time relative to the desired preheating time; a larger proportion indicates a greater need for advance compensation.

[0253] The preset inertia threshold is set according to the system's requirements for preheating response speed. The advance compensation coefficient is a value greater than 1, used to increase the urgency of preheating demand in advance when thermal inertia is high, so that the heating power begins to increase before the actual response of the alkaline solution temperature. The advance compensation coefficient is calculated using the following formula: kinertia = 1 + ψ (Cinertia - Cthreshold), where kinertia is the inertia delay compensation coefficient, ψ is the advance compensation intensity coefficient, and Cthreshold is the preset inertia threshold. The physical meaning of advance compensation is that the larger the thermal inertia time constant, the slower the response of the alkaline solution temperature to changes in heating power. Therefore, it is necessary to increase heating in advance before the expected demand arrives to overcome the response lag.

[0254] The final formula for calculating the urgency of preheating demand is: Ualk = Ubase kdeviation kinertia is a formula where Ubase is the base preheating demand, kdeviation is the temperature rise deviation correction factor, and kinertia is the inertial delay compensation factor. The product of these three factors gives the preheating demand urgency, which comprehensively reflects information from three dimensions: heating capacity matching, heating process efficiency, and thermal inertia.

[0255] By introducing a temperature rise response model and a dual correction mechanism, a refined calculation of the preheating demand urgency is achieved. The temperature rise response model, built based on historical data, includes three key parameters: steady-state gain, thermal inertia time constant, and pure lag time. This accurately reflects the actual thermal response characteristics of the ALK unit, making the calculation of theoretical heat supply more realistic. The temperature rise deviation accumulation correction mechanism monitors efficiency changes during the preheating process in real time. When heat transfer efficiency decreases or heat loss is abnormal, it proactively increases the urgency to compensate for efficiency losses, ensuring the preheating task is completed on time. The inertia delay compensation mechanism increases the urgency in advance for systems with high thermal inertia, overcoming response lag and avoiding insufficient preheating due to thermal inertia. This method, based on dynamic correction of thermal inertia and heat transfer efficiency, allows the preheating demand urgency to more accurately reflect the actual heat demand state of the system and the dynamic characteristics of the preheating process. This provides a more reliable basis for subsequent heat supply flow adjustment and effectively avoids preheating failure or time exceedances caused by decreased heat transfer efficiency or thermal inertia lag.

[0256] In some embodiments, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation demand, the urgency of preheating demand, and operating mode data may further include: acquiring time-series data of the urgency of insulation demand and the urgency of preheating demand according to a preset sampling period; calculating the first and second time derivatives of the urgency of insulation demand and the urgency of preheating demand, respectively; predicting the remaining time within a first prediction time window when the urgency of insulation demand exceeds the fourth insulation threshold based on the first and second time derivatives of the urgency of insulation demand, using this as an indicator of insulation demand prediction; and predicting the remaining time within a first prediction time window when the urgency of insulation demand exceeds the fourth insulation threshold based on the first and second time derivatives of the urgency of preheating demand. The time derivative is used to predict the remaining time within the second prediction time window when the urgency of preheating demand exceeds the fourth preheating threshold, serving as the preheating demand prediction index. If the insulation demand prediction index is less than the first warning time threshold and the preheating demand prediction index is greater than the second warning time threshold, and the operating mode data indicates that the ALK unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the preheating demand prediction index is less than the third warning time threshold and the insulation demand prediction index is greater than the fourth warning time threshold, and the operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK.

[0257] The preset sampling period refers to the time interval at which the controller continuously collects and stores the urgency values ​​of insulation and preheating requirements, set according to the system response speed requirements. Time-series data refers to a sequence of urgency values ​​arranged in chronological order of sampling time, with each value corresponding to a sampling moment. The purpose of time-series data is to provide a data foundation for subsequent derivative calculations and trend analysis; multiple sets of continuous sampling points can reflect the dynamic characteristics of urgency changes over time.

[0258] The first-order time derivative refers to the rate of change of urgency over time, reflecting the direction and speed of change in urgency. The formula is: dU / dt ≈ (U(t) - U(t-Δt)) / Δt, where U(t) is the urgency value at the current sampling moment, U(t-Δt) is the urgency value at the previous sampling moment, and Δt is the sampling period. A positive first-order derivative indicates that urgency is increasing, while a negative first-order derivative indicates that urgency is decreasing; a larger absolute value indicates a faster change. The second-order time derivative refers to the rate of change of the first-order derivative over time, reflecting the acceleration of change in urgency. A positive second-order derivative indicates that the rate of change is accelerating, while a negative second-order derivative indicates that the rate of change is slowing down. The first and second derivatives together constitute a complete description of the trend of urgency change and are used to predict the evolution trajectory of urgency in the future.

[0259] The first prediction time window refers to the length of time before the prediction, and is set according to the system's allowed advance warning. The fourth insulation threshold is the critical value of the urgency of insulation demand. When the urgency exceeds this threshold, the system should activate insulation measures. This threshold is pre-calibrated based on the mapping relationship between the urgency of insulation demand and the temperature drop rate of the PEM unit.

[0260] The calculation process for the thermal insulation demand forecast index is as follows: Assuming the first derivative of the thermal insulation demand urgency at the current moment is U'pem and the second derivative is U''pem, the urgency value at future moments is predicted using a second-order Taylor expansion: Upem(t + ΔT) = Upem(t) + U'pem ΔT + 0.5 U''pem ΔT ΔT. Solve the equation Upem(t + ΔT) = Uthresholdpem, and take the smallest positive root as the insulation demand forecast index Tpemremain. When the second derivative is zero, it simplifies to linear prediction; when the second derivative is positive, the forecast urgency increases rapidly, and the remaining time is shorter than that of linear prediction; when the second derivative is negative, the forecast urgency increases at a slower rate, and the remaining time is longer than that of linear prediction. This forecast index reflects how long it will take for the insulation demand urgency to reach the critical value requiring intervention without changing the current control strategy.

[0261] The second prediction time window refers to the length of time predicted in advance, and can be the same as the first prediction time window or set separately according to the characteristics of the preheating process. The fourth preheating threshold is a critical value for the urgency of preheating demand. When the urgency exceeds this threshold, the system should start preheating measures. This threshold is pre-calibrated according to the mapping relationship between the urgency of preheating demand and the temperature rise demand of the ALK unit.

[0262] The calculation process for the preheating demand forecast index is similar to that for the insulation demand forecast index: a second-order Taylor expansion is used to predict the future value of the preheating demand urgency, the equation Ualk(t + ΔT) = Uthresholdalk is solved, and the smallest positive root is taken as the preheating demand forecast index Talkremain. This forecast index reflects how long it will take for the preheating demand urgency to reach the critical value requiring intervention without changing the current control strategy.

[0263] The first warning time threshold refers to the critical value of the insulation demand prediction index. When the remaining time is less than this threshold, it indicates that the insulation demand is about to reach a level of urgency requiring intervention. The second warning time threshold refers to the critical value of the preheating demand prediction index. When the remaining time is greater than this threshold, it indicates that the preheating demand is not yet urgent and will not conflict with the insulation demand for resources. When both conditions are met simultaneously, the system determines that the insulation demand is about to reach a critical state, while the preheating demand is not yet urgent. Therefore, the target operating condition is determined in advance as the second operating condition, utilizing the waste heat of the currently operating ALK unit to provide insulation heat to the PEM unit.

[0264] The third early warning time threshold refers to the critical value of the preheating demand prediction index. When the remaining time is less than this threshold, it indicates that the preheating demand is about to reach a level of urgency requiring intervention. The fourth early warning time threshold refers to the critical value of the insulation demand prediction index. When the remaining time is greater than this threshold, it indicates that the insulation demand is not yet urgent and will not conflict with the preheating demand for resources. When both conditions are met simultaneously, the system determines that the preheating demand is about to reach a critical state, while the insulation demand is not yet urgent. Therefore, the target operating condition is determined in advance as the first operating condition, utilizing the waste heat of the running PEM unit to provide preheating heat for the ALK unit.

[0265] By introducing time-series prediction and trend analysis mechanisms, proactive prediction of thermal control conditions is achieved. Traditional condition determination methods, based on comparing the current urgency value with a fixed threshold, are lagging judgments, often only responding after the urgency has already exceeded the threshold, resulting in response delays. By calculating the first and second derivatives of urgency and using second-order Taylor expansion to predict the evolution trajectory of urgency in the future, this method can predict when urgency will exceed the threshold before it is reached. When it is predicted that the insulation demand is about to reach a critical level while the preheating demand is not yet urgent, the system switches to the second condition in advance, allowing insulation measures to intervene before the temperature drops excessively; when it is predicted that the preheating demand is about to reach a critical level while the insulation demand is not yet urgent, the system switches to the first condition in advance, allowing preheating measures to start as soon as the cold start demand becomes apparent. This proactive prediction mechanism effectively shortens the response time of condition switching, avoids temperature exceedances caused by lagging responses, and upgrades the thermal control system from passive response to active prediction, significantly improving the system's dynamic response performance and control accuracy.

[0266] In some embodiments, determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation demand, the urgency of preheating demand, and operating mode data may further include: calculating the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of insulation demand and the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of preheating demand; determining the intensity of the trend in insulation demand based on the difference between the short-term and long-term moving averages of insulation demand; determining the intensity of the trend in preheating demand based on the difference between the short-term and long-term moving averages of preheating demand; and entering the operating condition priority adjustment stage if the urgency of insulation demand is greater than or equal to the fourth insulation threshold and the urgency of preheating demand is greater than or equal to the fourth preheating threshold. Arbitration mode; In the priority arbitration mode, if the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than that of the change in preheating demand, and the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM; if the trend intensity of the change in preheating demand is greater than that of the change in insulation demand, and the trend intensity of the change in preheating demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK; if the absolute value of the difference between the trend intensity of insulation demand and the trend intensity of preheating demand is less than the preset trend difference threshold, based on the comparison of the thermal inertia time constants of the PEM unit and the ALK unit, the unit with the smallest thermal inertia time constant is selected as the heat receiving end.

[0267] Moving averages are a signal processing method used to smooth time series data and eliminate short-term fluctuations. A short-term moving average is the arithmetic average of urgency values ​​over a relatively short time window, reflecting the recent level of urgency. The time window length is set according to the system's sensitivity to rapid changes. A long-term moving average is the arithmetic average of urgency values ​​over a relatively long time window, reflecting the long-term trend of urgency. The time window length is set according to the system's need to grasp steady-state trends. Short-term moving averages are more sensitive to current changes, while long-term moving averages are more stable. Comparing short-term and long-term moving averages can reveal the direction of the urgency trend.

[0268] The strength of a trend refers to the degree of deviation of the short-term moving average from the long-term moving average. The formula is: ΔUpem = SMApem - LMApem, where SMApem is the short-term moving average of the urgency of insulation demand, and LMApem is the long-term moving average. When ΔUpem is positive, it indicates that the urgency of insulation demand is on the rise, with the short-term level higher than the long-term average; when ΔUpem is negative, it indicates a downward trend, with the short-term level lower than the long-term average. The larger the absolute value of ΔUpem, the stronger the trend. The purpose of the strength of the trend is to quantitatively determine whether the urgency is rising or falling rapidly, providing trend information for selecting operating conditions.

[0269] The formula for calculating the strength of a trend is: ΔUalk = SMAalk - LMAalk, where SMAalk is the short-term moving average of the urgency of preheating demand, and LMAalk is the long-term moving average. A positive ΔUalk indicates an upward trend in the urgency of preheating demand; a negative ΔUalk indicates a downward trend. The larger the absolute value of ΔUalk, the stronger the trend.

[0270] When both the insulation requirement and preheating requirement are greater than or equal to the fourth insulation threshold and the preheating requirement, respectively, the system enters the operating condition priority arbitration mode. The fourth insulation threshold is the critical value for the urgency of the insulation requirement; when the urgency exceeds this threshold, it indicates that the PEM unit requires external heat input to prevent excessive temperature drop. The fourth preheating threshold is the critical value for the urgency of the preheating requirement; when the urgency exceeds this threshold, it indicates that the ALK unit requires external heat input to quickly reach its startup temperature. When both urgency levels simultaneously exceed their respective thresholds, the system faces a conflict in operating condition selection: it needs to supply heat to the PEM unit to meet the insulation requirement, and it also needs to supply heat to the ALK unit to meet the preheating requirement. In this case, the system enters the operating condition priority arbitration mode, and subsequent steps determine which requirement should be prioritized.

[0271] If the trend of change in insulation demand is stronger than that of change in preheating demand, and the trend of change in insulation demand is greater than a preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. The preset trend difference threshold refers to the minimum discriminant value of the difference in trend intensity, used to eliminate misjudgments caused by measurement noise or small fluctuations. When ΔUpem > ΔUalk and ΔUpem > ΔT_diff, it indicates that the insulation demand is not only urgent, but its urgency is also rapidly increasing, while the trend of change in preheating demand is relatively flat or decreasing. At this time, the system judges that the urgency of the insulation demand is intensifying, and prioritizes the second condition, using the waste heat of the running ALK unit to provide insulation heat to the PEM unit, preventing the insulation demand from deteriorating further.

[0272] If the trend of preheating demand is stronger than that of insulation demand, and the trend of preheating demand is greater than a preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the first condition for unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK. When ΔUalk > ΔUpem and ΔUalk > ΔT_diff, it indicates that the preheating demand is not only urgent but also rapidly increasing, while the trend of insulation demand is relatively flat or decreasing. In this case, the system judges that the urgency of the preheating demand is intensifying, prioritizes the first condition, and utilizes the waste heat from the operating PEM unit to provide preheating heat to the ALK unit, preventing further deterioration of the preheating demand.

[0273] If the absolute value of the difference between the trend intensity of the heat preservation demand and the trend intensity of the preheating demand is less than a preset trend difference threshold, the unit with the smallest thermal inertia time constant is selected as the heat receiving end based on the comparison results of the thermal inertia time constants of the PEM and ALK units. When |ΔUpem - ΔUalk| < ΔT_diff, it indicates that the trend intensities of the two urgency levels are similar, and priority cannot be determined by trend difference. At this time, the system introduces the thermal inertia time constant as an auxiliary decision-making basis. The thermal inertia time constant refers to the response speed parameter of the unit temperature to changes in heat input. The smaller the thermal inertia time constant, the faster the temperature response to heat changes. The thermal inertia time constant of the PEM unit is pre-determined based on the heat capacity and heat exchange efficiency of the pure water system, and the thermal inertia time constant of the ALK unit is pre-determined based on the heat capacity and heat exchange efficiency of the alkaline solution system. When the trend intensities of the two urgency levels are similar, the unit with the smallest thermal inertia time constant is selected as the heat receiving end, that is, heat is preferentially supplied to the unit with the faster response speed, so that its temperature can be effectively regulated in a shorter time, improving heating efficiency and avoiding energy waste caused by response lag.

[0274] By introducing a dual arbitration mechanism based on trend strength and thermal inertia, the conflict in operating condition selection when insulation and preheating demands are simultaneously urgent is resolved. Traditional methods only compare current urgency values; when both exceed thresholds, there is a lack of effective prioritization criteria, potentially leading to unreasonable operating condition selection or system oscillations. By calculating the difference between short-term and long-term moving averages, the static comparison of urgency values ​​is upgraded to a dynamic comparison of trend strength. This accurately identifies which demand is rapidly deteriorating, prioritizing the demand with the faster deterioration and preventing further escalation of urgency. When trend strengths are similar, the thermal inertia time constant is introduced as an auxiliary decision-making criterion, selecting the unit with the faster response speed for priority heating, improving energy utilization efficiency. This priority arbitration mechanism based on both trend and inertia upgrades operating condition selection from a single threshold judgment to multi-dimensional dynamic decision-making, significantly improving the intelligence and adaptability of the thermal control system and effectively avoiding control failures or resource misallocation caused by conflicting operating conditions.

[0275] In some embodiments, the first preset temperature, the second preset temperature, the fifth preset temperature, the sixth preset temperature, the third preset temperature, and the fourth preset temperature increase sequentially, i.e., the fifth preset temperature < the sixth preset temperature < the second preset temperature < the first preset temperature < the third preset temperature < the fourth preset temperature.

[0276] The aforementioned temperature thresholds are used to determine the thermal state of the PEM unit and the ALK unit. They serve as the direct basis for further refining the execution of flow regulation and mode switching after determining the macroscopic thermal control conditions (first condition, second condition, and third condition).

[0277] The fifth preset temperature represents the ambient temperature for seasonal transitions, used to distinguish between summer heat dissipation mode and winter heating mode. When the ambient temperature is below this value, the system determines to enter the winter heating sub-mode; when the ambient temperature is above this value, the system determines to enter the summer heat dissipation sub-mode. For example, the fifth preset temperature is set to 5 degrees Celsius.

[0278] The sixth preset temperature represents the target insulation temperature of the PEM unit, which is the ideal maintenance temperature for the PEM unit during shutdown insulation under the second operating condition. When the pure water temperature is below this value, the second operating condition initiates high-flow insulation; when the pure water temperature recovers to above this value, it switches to low-flow insulation. The sixth preset temperature also serves as the preheating target temperature for the ALK unit during the initial cold start. For example, the sixth preset temperature is set to 30 degrees Celsius.

[0279] The second preset temperature represents the cold start-up and exit temperature of the ALK unit, and is the target threshold for the ALK unit to complete preheating under the first operating condition. When the alkali solution temperature reaches this value, it indicates that the ALK unit has completed preheating, and the system switches from the first operating condition to the third operating condition. The second preset temperature also serves as a reference value for the lower limit of the normal operating temperature of the PEM unit. For example, the second preset temperature is set to 40 degrees Celsius.

[0280] The first preset temperature represents the lower limit of the PEM unit's normal operating temperature and is the starting point where the thermal status of the PEM unit needs to be monitored. When the pure water temperature is below this value, if the PEM unit is in operation, it is necessary to appropriately reduce external heating or strengthen its own insulation; if the PEM unit is in shutdown mode, the urgency of insulation requirements begins to increase significantly. For example, the first preset temperature is set to 60 degrees Celsius.

[0281] The third preset temperature represents the upper limit of the PEM unit's normal operating temperature and is the starting point where the PEM unit needs to enhance heat dissipation. When the pure water temperature exceeds this value, heat dissipation measures should be activated or strengthened under the third operating condition to prevent the PEM unit temperature from continuing to rise and affecting the membrane electrode life. For example, the third preset temperature is set to 75 degrees Celsius.

[0282] The fourth preset temperature represents the upper limit of the safe temperature of the ALK unit and is the trigger threshold for forced cooling of the system. When the alkali solution temperature exceeds this value, it indicates that the ALK unit is at risk of overheating, and powerful cooling must be activated. In the summer cooling sub-mode of the third operating condition, the cooling tower should be fully activated for forced cooling. For example, the fourth preset temperature is set to 85 degrees Celsius.

[0283] As can be seen from the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this specification above, the embodiments of this specification can obtain the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit; based on the operating mode data and the temperature data, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined; the target thermal control condition includes a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, and a third condition of heat emission and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the operating condition switching module is controlled to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition. The first condition utilizes PEM waste heat to assist ALK cold start, reducing start-up energy consumption; the second condition utilizes ALK waste heat to maintain the PEM shutdown temperature, reducing restart energy consumption; and the third condition performs heat emission or recovery as needed, improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. The three operating conditions work together to achieve closed-loop heat management throughout the entire cycle, significantly improving the energy efficiency of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system.

[0284] The following are three specific embodiments of this specification: Example 1: Stable operation of PEM and ALK (summer heat dissipation).

[0285] 1. Operating conditions: PEM electrolyzer (200 Nm³ / h) operating power 1000 kW, pure water temperature 78℃; ALK electrolyzer (1000 Nm³ / h) operating power 5000 kW, alkali solution temperature 72℃; ambient temperature 32℃ (summer). 2. Parameter acquisition: The temperature monitoring module acquired T1=78℃ and T2=72℃, both of which are outside the stable range; 3. Heat exchange control: The controller starts the cooling tower branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange pipeline to 8m³ / h, so that excess heat can be discharged through the cooling tower; 4. Implementation results: After 15 minutes of operation, T1 dropped to 73℃ and T2 dropped to 68℃, both stabilizing within the set range; the energy consumption of the cooling tower was reduced by 35% compared to traditional independent heat dissipation, and the overall energy efficiency of the system was improved by 18%.

[0286] Example 2: PEM running, ALK cold start.

[0287] 1. Operating conditions: PEM electrolyzer (200 Nm³ / h) operates stably with pure water temperature of 75℃; ALK electrolyzer (1000 Nm³ / h) is cold-started with initial alkali solution temperature of 5℃. 2. Parameter Acquisition: The temperature monitoring module acquires T1=75℃ and T2=5℃; 3. Heat exchange control: The controller starts the unidirectional heat transfer mode, adjusts the flow rate to 6 m³ / h, and controls the ALK alkali solution heating rate to 0.5℃ / min; 4. Implementation results: After 50 minutes of operation, T2 rose to 30℃, meeting the rated operating temperature requirements of ALK; cold start energy consumption was reduced by 65% ​​compared with traditional electric heating, and start-up time was shortened by 42%; the PEM system temperature remained stable at 72℃, unaffected.

[0288] Example 3: PEM stopped, ALK running (heat preservation).

[0289] 1. Operating conditions: The ALK electrolyzer (1000 Nm³ / h) is operating stably with an alkaline solution temperature of 68℃; the PEM electrolyzer is shut down with an initial pure water temperature of 32℃. 2. Parameter acquisition: The temperature monitoring module acquires T2=68℃ and T3=32℃; 3. Heat exchange control: The controller activates the reverse heat transfer mode, adjusts the flow rate to 3 m³ / h, and maintains the insulation of the PEM system; 4. Results: After running continuously for 2 hours, the PEM pure water temperature stabilized at 36℃; upon restarting, it only took 8 minutes to heat up to 60℃, which is 55% shorter than the state without insulation, and the restart energy consumption was reduced by 38%.

[0290] Based on the above-described thermal control method, this specification also provides embodiments of a thermal control device. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the thermal control device 400 may specifically include the following modules: The acquisition module 401 is used to acquire the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit. The determination module 402 is used to determine the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the operating mode data and the temperature data. The control module 403 is used to control the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline, so as to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

[0291] In some embodiments, the temperature data further includes the pure water temperature change rate of the PEM unit and the alkali solution temperature change rate of the ALK unit.

[0292] Based on this, the aforementioned determining module 402 can also be used for: Based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate, determine the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state. Based on the alkaline solution temperature and the rate of change of alkaline solution temperature, the urgency of the preheating requirement for the ALK unit under cold start condition is determined. Based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data, the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system are determined.

[0293] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: Based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate, the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; The pure water temperature is used to determine the current temperature state i and its corresponding center temperature. ; The rate of change of pure water temperature is used to determine the desired drift amount. and asymmetric coefficients ; To predict the step size; This is the set of temperature states corresponding to a preset risk temperature range. and These are the center temperature and risk weight coefficient corresponding to the target temperature state j, respectively; Let be the Markov transition probability from the current temperature state i to the target temperature state j; The maximum expected cooling rate; This is an asymmetric Laplace correction term; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is a symbolic function.

[0294] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: Based on the alkaline solution temperature and the rate of change of alkaline solution temperature, the urgency of preheating requirement for the ALK unit under cold start condition is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, To increase the urgency of preheating demand; The temperature of the alkali solution; The rate of change of temperature of the alkali solution; This is the remaining preheating time; To predict the expected completion time; This represents the maximum heating capacity currently available from the PEM unit. To heat the ALK unit to the target start-up temperature within a preset time. The required theoretical power; The asymmetric Laplace scaling coefficient; , , and This is a preset constant; This is an indicator function.

[0295] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: Based on the historical temperature decay data of the PEM unit, an exponential decay model of the difference between pure water temperature and ambient temperature is constructed. Based on the exponential decay model, a natural decay trajectory model of pure water temperature under conditions without external heating is constructed. Based on the natural decay trajectory model, the theoretical heat supply required to maintain the pure water temperature within the target insulation temperature range is determined. Based on the comparison between the theoretical heat supply and the actual heat supply, the basic insulation requirement is determined. Based on the heat exchange process model between the PEM unit and the external environment, the entropy change rate of the PEM unit is determined. When the entropy change rate is positive and exceeds the preset entropy increase threshold, a positive correction coefficient is applied to the basic insulation requirement; when the entropy change rate is negative, a negative correction coefficient is applied to the basic insulation requirement. The basic insulation requirement, corrected for entropy change rate, is taken as the urgency of insulation requirement.

[0296] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: Based on historical temperature rise data of the ALK unit, a temperature rise response model of alkali solution under external heating conditions is constructed. Based on the temperature rise response model, a theoretical temperature rise trajectory model of the alkaline solution under preset heating conditions is constructed. Based on the theoretical heating trajectory model, the theoretical heat supply required to heat the alkaline solution to the target start-up temperature is determined. The basic preheating requirement is determined by comparing the maximum heating power of the PEM unit with the power required to complete the theoretical heating within the expected preheating time. The cumulative heating deviation is calculated based on the deviation between the rate of change of the alkali solution temperature and the preset expected heating rate. If the cumulative temperature deviation exceeds the preset deviation threshold, a positive correction coefficient will be applied to the basic preheating requirement. Based on the heating response model, the inertial delay compensation amount of the preheating process is determined; If the inertial delay compensation is greater than the preset inertial threshold, an advance compensation coefficient is applied to the basic preheating requirement. The preheating demand urgency is determined by the baseline preheating demand after temperature rise deviation correction and inertial delay compensation.

[0297] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: The time-series data of the urgency of heat preservation and the urgency of preheating are obtained according to the preset sampling period. The first and second time derivatives of the urgency of heat preservation and the urgency of preheating are calculated respectively. Based on the first and second time derivatives of the urgency of insulation demand, the remaining time when the urgency of insulation demand exceeds the fourth insulation threshold within the first prediction time window is predicted and used as an indicator for predicting insulation demand. Based on the first and second time derivatives of the preheating demand urgency, the remaining time when the preheating demand urgency exceeds the fourth preheating threshold within the second prediction time window is predicted and used as the preheating demand prediction indicator. If the predicted thermal insulation demand index is less than the first warning time threshold and the predicted preheating demand index is greater than the second warning time threshold, and the working mode data indicates that the ALK unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the preheating demand prediction index is less than the third early warning time threshold and the insulation demand prediction index is greater than the fourth early warning time threshold, and the working mode data indicates that the PEM unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK.

[0298] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: Calculate the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of insulation demand, and the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of preheating demand, respectively. The strength of the trend in insulation demand is determined by the difference between the short-term moving average and the long-term moving average of the urgency of insulation demand. The strength of the trend in preheating demand is determined by the difference between the short-term moving average and the long-term moving average of the urgency of preheating demand. If the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth insulation threshold and the urgency of the preheating requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth preheating threshold, the operation condition priority arbitration mode will be entered. In the priority arbitration mode, if the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than that of the change in preheating demand, and the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the trend intensity of the preheating demand is greater than that of the insulation demand, and the trend intensity of the preheating demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK. If the absolute value of the difference between the intensity of the change in heat preservation demand and the intensity of the change in preheating demand is less than the preset trend difference threshold, the unit with the smallest thermal inertia time constant is selected as the heat receiving end based on the comparison results of the thermal inertia time constants of the PEM unit and the ALK unit.

[0299] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the first thermal control condition, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side. The first thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is cold-starting. Furthermore, the temperature of the pure water is greater than or equal to the first preset temperature, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is less than the second preset temperature; Furthermore, the urgency of preheating demand is greater than or equal to the first preheating threshold, while the urgency of insulation demand is less than the first insulation threshold.

[0300] In some embodiments, the control module 403 described above can also be used for: The temperature difference correction factor is determined based on the alkali solution temperature and the target start-up temperature of the ALK unit; The trend correction coefficient is determined based on the rate of change of the alkali solution temperature. The first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the PEM side heat exchanger to the ALK side heat exchanger, and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the first target flow rate.

[0301] In some embodiments, the control module 403 described above can also be used for: Based on the urgency of preheating demand, temperature difference correction coefficient, and trend correction coefficient, the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, The primary target traffic; Based on the basic heating flow rate; To increase the urgency of preheating demand; This is the temperature difference correction factor; This is the trend correction coefficient; , , , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function.

[0302] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the second thermal control conditions, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side. The second thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that both the PEM unit and the ALK unit are shut down. Furthermore, the temperature of the pure water is lower than the first preset temperature, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is greater than or equal to the second preset temperature; Furthermore, the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the second preheating threshold, and the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the second insulation threshold.

[0303] In some embodiments, the control module 403 described above can also be used for: The temperature difference compensation coefficient is determined based on the pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature of the PEM unit. The trend inhibition coefficient is determined based on the rate of change of pure water temperature. The second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined based on the urgency of the insulation requirement, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend inhibition coefficient. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the ALK side heat exchanger to the PEM side heat exchanger, and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the second target flow rate.

[0304] In some embodiments, the control module 403 described above can also be used for: Based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend inhibition coefficient, the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, For the second target flow; Minimum sustaining flow; Maximum safe flow rate; Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; This is the temperature difference compensation coefficient; This is the trend suppression coefficient; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function; This is an indicator function.

[0305] In some embodiments, the determining module 402 may also be used for: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the third thermal control condition, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the third working condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system for heat emission or heat recovery. The third thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is running; Furthermore, the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the third preheating threshold, and the urgency of the insulation requirement is less than the third insulation threshold.

[0306] In some embodiments, the operating condition switching module includes a cooling branch connected in parallel with the heat exchange pipeline.

[0307] Based on this, the aforementioned control module 403 can also be used for: If the pure water temperature is greater than the third preset temperature, the alkaline solution temperature is greater than the fourth preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is greater than or equal to the fifth preset temperature, the total heat production of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined based on the heat production of the PEM unit and the heat production of the ALK unit. The heat dissipation demand coefficient is determined based on the ambient temperature and target heat dissipation temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The third target flow rate is determined based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient; The control mode switching module activates the cooling branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the third target flow rate.

[0308] In some embodiments, the control module 403 described above can also be used for: The third target flow rate is determined using the following formula based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient: ; In the formula, For the third target flow; Basic heat dissipation flow rate; Total heat production; This refers to the heat dissipation demand factor. The ambient temperature; For ambient reference temperature; The target heat dissipation temperature; The extreme tolerance temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function.

[0309] In some embodiments, the operating condition switching module includes a heating branch connected in series with the heat exchange pipeline.

[0310] Based on this, the aforementioned control module 403 can also be used for: The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: If the pure water temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, the alkaline solution temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is lower than the fifth preset temperature, the residual heat for heating is determined based on the heat generation of the PEM unit, the heat generation of the ALK unit, the heat loss of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, and the thermal stability reserve of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The degree of satisfaction of heating demand is determined based on the comparison between the user's heating demand and the surplus heating heat. Based on the heating demand satisfaction level, the fourth target flow rate is determined; The control mode switching module starts the heating branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the fourth target flow rate.

[0311] In some embodiments, the control module 403 described above can also be used for: Based on the heating demand satisfaction level, the fourth target flow rate is determined using the following formula: ; In the formula, The fourth target flow; Basic heating flow rate; To maximize available heat supply; To ensure the satisfaction of heating demand; The system temperature; This is the system reference temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function; It is an exponential function.

[0312] As can be seen from the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this specification above, the embodiments of this specification can obtain the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit; based on the operating mode data and the temperature data, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined; the target thermal control condition includes a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, and a third condition of heat emission and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the operating condition switching module is controlled to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition. The first condition utilizes PEM waste heat to assist ALK cold start, reducing start-up energy consumption; the second condition utilizes ALK waste heat to maintain the PEM shutdown temperature, reducing restart energy consumption; and the third condition performs heat emission or recovery as needed, improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. The three operating conditions work together to achieve closed-loop heat management throughout the entire cycle, significantly improving the energy efficiency of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system.

[0313] Furthermore, embodiments of this specification also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described... Figure 3 The instructions for the thermal control method are shown.

[0314] Furthermore, embodiments of this specification provide a computer program product comprising a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described... Figure 3 The thermal control method shown.

[0315] It should be understood that in the various embodiments of this specification, the sequence number of each process does not imply the order of execution. The execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of this specification.

[0316] It should also be understood that, in the embodiments of this specification, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this specification generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0317] Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, the present invention can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0318] This invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in one or more boxes.

[0319] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0320] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational tasks to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The task is a function specified in one or more boxes.

[0321] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and beneficial effects of the present invention. It should be understood that the above descriptions are merely specific embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A thermal control method for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, characterized in that, A thermal control device for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system includes a PEM unit and an ALK unit; the thermal control device includes a PEM-side heat exchanger, an ALK-side heat exchanger, heat exchange pipelines connecting the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger, and a working condition switching module. The method includes: Obtain the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit. Based on the operating mode data and the temperature data, the target thermal control conditions of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system are determined; the target thermal control conditions include a first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side, a second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side, and a third condition of heat emission and heat recovery of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temperature data also includes the pure water temperature change rate of the PEM unit and the alkali solution temperature change rate of the ALK unit. The step of determining the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the operating mode data and the temperature data includes: Based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate, determine the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state; Based on the alkaline solution temperature and the rate of change of alkaline solution temperature, the urgency of the preheating requirement for the ALK unit under cold start condition is determined. Based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data, the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system are determined.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The determination of the urgency of heat preservation requirements for the PEM unit in the shutdown state based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate includes: Based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate, the urgency of the heat preservation requirement for the PEM unit in the shutdown state is determined using the following formula: ； In the formula, Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; The pure water temperature is used to determine the current temperature state i and its corresponding center temperature. ; The rate of change of pure water temperature is used to determine the desired drift amount. and asymmetric coefficients ; To predict the step size; This is the set of temperature states corresponding to a preset risk temperature range. and These are the center temperature and risk weight coefficient corresponding to the target temperature state j, respectively; Let be the Markov transition probability from the current temperature state i to the target temperature state j; The maximum expected cooling rate; This is an asymmetric Laplace correction term; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is a symbolic function.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The determination of the urgency of preheating requirements for the ALK unit under cold start conditions based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate includes: Based on the alkaline solution temperature and the rate of change of alkaline solution temperature, the urgency of preheating requirement for the ALK unit under cold start condition is determined using the following formula: ； In the formula, To increase the urgency of preheating demand; The temperature of the alkali solution; The rate of change of temperature of the alkali solution; This is the remaining preheating time; To predict the expected completion time; This represents the maximum heating capacity currently available from the PEM unit. To heat the ALK unit to the target start-up temperature within a preset time. The required theoretical power; The asymmetric Laplace scaling coefficient; , , and This is a preset constant; This is an indicator function.

5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The determination of the urgency of heat preservation requirements for the PEM unit in the shutdown state based on the pure water temperature and the pure water temperature change rate includes: Based on the historical temperature decay data of the PEM unit, an exponential decay model of the difference between pure water temperature and ambient temperature is constructed. Based on the exponential decay model, a natural decay trajectory model of pure water temperature under conditions without external heating is constructed. Based on the natural decay trajectory model, the theoretical heat supply required to maintain the pure water temperature within the target insulation temperature range is determined. Based on the comparison between the theoretical heat supply and the actual heat supply, the basic insulation requirement is determined. Based on the heat exchange process model between the PEM unit and the external environment, the entropy change rate of the PEM unit is determined. When the entropy change rate is positive and exceeds the preset entropy increase threshold, a positive correction coefficient is applied to the basic insulation requirement; when the entropy change rate is negative, a negative correction coefficient is applied to the basic insulation requirement. The basic insulation requirement, corrected for entropy change rate, is taken as the urgency of insulation requirement.

6. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The determination of the urgency of preheating requirements for the ALK unit under cold start conditions based on the alkali solution temperature and the alkali solution temperature change rate includes: Based on historical temperature rise data of the ALK unit, a temperature rise response model of alkali solution under external heating conditions is constructed. Based on the temperature rise response model, a theoretical temperature rise trajectory model of the alkaline solution under preset heating conditions is constructed. Based on the theoretical heating trajectory model, the theoretical heat supply required to heat the alkaline solution to the target start-up temperature is determined. The basic preheating requirement is determined by comparing the maximum heating power of the PEM unit with the power required to complete the theoretical heating within the expected preheating time. The cumulative heating deviation is calculated based on the deviation between the rate of change of the alkali solution temperature and the preset expected heating rate. If the cumulative temperature deviation exceeds the preset deviation threshold, a positive correction coefficient will be applied to the basic preheating requirement. Based on the heating response model, the inertial delay compensation amount of the preheating process is determined; If the inertial delay compensation is greater than the preset inertial threshold, an advance compensation coefficient is applied to the basic preheating requirement. The preheating demand urgency is determined by the baseline preheating demand after temperature rise deviation correction and inertial delay compensation.

7. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The determination of the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data includes: The time-series data of the urgency of heat preservation and the urgency of preheating are obtained according to the preset sampling period. The first and second time derivatives of the urgency of heat preservation and the urgency of preheating are calculated respectively. Based on the first and second time derivatives of the urgency of insulation demand, the remaining time when the urgency of insulation demand exceeds the fourth insulation threshold within the first prediction time window is predicted and used as an indicator for predicting insulation demand. Based on the first and second time derivatives of the preheating demand urgency, the remaining time when the preheating demand urgency exceeds the fourth preheating threshold within the second prediction time window is predicted and used as the preheating demand prediction indicator. If the predicted thermal insulation demand index is less than the first warning time threshold and the predicted preheating demand index is greater than the second warning time threshold, and the working mode data indicates that the ALK unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the preheating demand prediction index is less than the third early warning time threshold and the insulation demand prediction index is greater than the fourth early warning time threshold, and the working mode data indicates that the PEM unit is in operation, the target thermal control condition is determined in advance as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK.

8. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: Calculate the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of insulation demand, and the short-term and long-term moving averages of the urgency of preheating demand, respectively. The strength of the trend in insulation demand is determined by the difference between the short-term moving average and the long-term moving average of the urgency of insulation demand. The strength of the trend in preheating demand is determined by the difference between the short-term moving average and the long-term moving average of the urgency of preheating demand. If the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth insulation threshold and the urgency of the preheating requirement is greater than or equal to the fourth preheating threshold, the operation condition priority arbitration mode will be entered. In the priority arbitration mode, if the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than that of the change in preheating demand, and the trend intensity of the change in insulation demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from ALK to PEM. If the trend intensity of the preheating demand is greater than that of the insulation demand, and the trend intensity of the preheating demand is greater than the preset trend difference threshold, the target thermal control condition is determined as the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from PEM to ALK. If the absolute value of the difference between the intensity of the change in heat preservation demand and the intensity of the change in preheating demand is less than the preset trend difference threshold, the unit with the smallest thermal inertia time constant is selected as the heat receiving end based on the comparison results of the thermal inertia time constants of the PEM unit and the ALK unit.

9. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the first thermal control condition, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the first condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the PEM side to the ALK side. The first thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is cold-starting. Furthermore, the temperature of the pure water is greater than or equal to the first preset temperature, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is less than the second preset temperature; Furthermore, the urgency of preheating demand is greater than or equal to the first preheating threshold, while the urgency of insulation demand is less than the first insulation threshold.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: The temperature difference correction factor is determined based on the alkali solution temperature and the target start-up temperature of the ALK unit; The trend correction coefficient is determined based on the rate of change of the alkali solution temperature. The first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined based on the urgency of preheating demand, the temperature difference correction coefficient, and the trend correction coefficient. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the PEM side heat exchanger to the ALK side heat exchanger, and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the first target flow rate.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, The determination of the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of preheating demand, temperature difference correction coefficient, and trend correction coefficient includes: Based on the urgency of preheating demand, temperature difference correction coefficient, and trend correction coefficient, the first target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined using the following formula: ； In the formula, The primary target traffic; Based on the basic heating flow rate; To increase the urgency of preheating demand; This is the temperature difference correction factor; This is the trend correction coefficient; , , , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function.

12. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the second thermal control conditions, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the second condition of unidirectional heat transfer from the ALK side to the PEM side. The second thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit and the ALK unit are both shut down. Furthermore, the temperature of the pure water is lower than the first preset temperature, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is greater than or equal to the second preset temperature; Furthermore, the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the second preheating threshold, and the urgency of the insulation requirement is greater than or equal to the second insulation threshold.

13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that, The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: The temperature difference compensation coefficient is determined based on the pure water temperature and the target insulation temperature of the PEM unit. The trend inhibition coefficient is determined based on the rate of change of pure water temperature. The second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined based on the urgency of the insulation requirement, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend inhibition coefficient. The control mode switching module adjusts the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline from the ALK side heat exchanger to the PEM side heat exchanger, and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium to the second target flow rate.

14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that, The determination of the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium based on the urgency of insulation requirements, temperature difference compensation coefficient, and trend suppression coefficient includes: Based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the temperature difference compensation coefficient, and the trend inhibition coefficient, the second target flow rate of the heat exchange medium is determined using the following formula: ； In the formula, For the second target flow; Minimum sustaining flow; Maximum safe flow rate; Due to the urgency of the need for insulation; This is the temperature difference compensation coefficient; This is the trend suppression coefficient; , , , , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function; This is an indicator function.

15. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of determining the target thermal control conditions for the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the urgency of insulation requirements, the urgency of preheating requirements, and the operating mode data also includes: If the urgency of the insulation requirement, the urgency of the preheating requirement, and the working mode data meet the third thermal control condition, the target thermal control condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined to be the third working condition of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system for heat emission or heat recovery. The third thermal control condition includes: The operating mode data indicates that the PEM unit is running and the ALK unit is running; Furthermore, the urgency of the preheating requirement is less than the third preheating threshold, and the urgency of the insulation requirement is less than the third insulation threshold.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that, The operating condition switching module includes a cooling branch connected in parallel with the heat exchange pipeline; The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: If the pure water temperature is greater than the third preset temperature, the alkaline solution temperature is greater than the fourth preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is greater than or equal to the fifth preset temperature, the total heat production of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is determined based on the heat production of the PEM unit and the heat production of the ALK unit. The heat dissipation demand coefficient is determined based on the ambient temperature and target heat dissipation temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The third target flow rate is determined based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient; The control mode switching module activates the cooling branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the third target flow rate.

17. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that, The determination of the third target flow rate based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient includes: The third target flow rate is determined using the following formula based on the total heat production and heat dissipation demand coefficient: ； In the formula, For the third target flow; Basic heat dissipation flow rate; Total heat production; This refers to the heat dissipation demand factor. The ambient temperature; For ambient reference temperature; The target heat dissipation temperature; The extreme tolerance temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is an exponential function.

18. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that, The operating condition switching module includes a heating branch connected in series with the heat exchange pipeline; The control module for switching operating conditions adjusts the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition, including: If the pure water temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, the alkaline solution temperature is lower than the first preset temperature, and the ambient temperature of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system is lower than the fifth preset temperature, the residual heat for heating is determined based on the heat generation of the PEM unit, the heat generation of the ALK unit, the heat loss of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, and the thermal stability reserve of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system. The degree of satisfaction of heating demand is determined based on the comparison between the user's heating demand and the surplus heating heat. Based on the heating demand satisfaction level, the fourth target flow rate is determined; The control mode switching module starts the heating branch and adjusts the flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline to the fourth target flow rate.

19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that, The determination of the fourth target flow rate based on the heating demand satisfaction includes: Based on the heating demand satisfaction level, the fourth target flow rate is determined using the following formula: ； In the formula, The fourth target flow; Basic heating flow rate; To maximize available heat supply; To ensure the satisfaction of heating demand; The system temperature; This is the system reference temperature; , and This is a preset constant; It is the hyperbolic tangent function; It is an exponential function.

20. A thermal control device for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, characterized in that, include: The acquisition module is used to acquire the operating mode data and temperature data of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the temperature data includes the pure water temperature of the PEM unit and the alkaline solution temperature of the ALK unit. The determination module is used to determine the target thermal control conditions of the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system based on the operating mode data and the temperature data. The control module is used to control the operating condition switching module to adjust the flow direction and flow rate of the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange pipeline, so as to adjust the ALK-PEM mixed hydrogen production system to the target thermal control condition.

21. A thermal control device for an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system, characterized in that, The method is applied to an ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system; the ALK-PEM hybrid hydrogen production system includes a PEM unit and an ALK unit; the thermal control device includes a PEM-side heat exchanger, an ALK-side heat exchanger, heat exchange pipelines connecting the PEM-side heat exchanger and the ALK-side heat exchanger, a condition switching module, and a controller; the controller is used to execute the method as described in any one of claims 1-19.

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