Blockchain-based distributed storage method and system for intangible cultural heritage data and medium

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of data storage, and discloses a distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data based on a blockchain, which comprises the following steps: ICH data collection and preprocessing; data partitioning; content encryption in the partition; data fragmentation; distributed storage; and data hashing and chaining. In the application, the sharing requirement and the security requirement of the ICH data are considered, the single-point failure risk of centralized storage is avoided, long-term stable storage of the ICH data is ensured, the whole-process traceability of the data is realized, the authenticity of the ICH data is ensured, and the core requirement of digital protection of the ICH is met. The application also discloses a distributed storage system for ICH data based on the blockchain and a medium.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of data storage, such as a blockchain-based distributed storage method, system, and medium for intangible cultural heritage data. Background Technology

[0002] Intangible cultural heritage refers to the traditional cultural expressions passed down through generations by various ethnic groups. It encompasses core elements such as information on inheritors, promotion of inherited content, and demonstrations of intangible cultural heritage skills. As an important carrier of national cultural heritage, its digital protection and transmission have become a core direction of current cultural preservation efforts. With the acceleration of intangible cultural heritage digitization, the demand for the collection, storage, management, access, and traceability of intangible cultural heritage data is increasingly prominent. However, current intangible cultural heritage data storage technologies still have many shortcomings, failing to meet the core requirements of secure storage, precise control, traceability, and shareability of intangible cultural heritage data, severely restricting the quality and efficiency of intangible cultural heritage digital protection.

[0003] Currently, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data storage mainly adopts centralized storage or traditional distributed storage models. ICH data has the characteristics that some content needs to be publicly shared and core techniques need to be strictly kept confidential. Existing technologies do not accurately manage the hierarchical characteristics of ICH data, nor have they established reasonable differentiated encryption mechanisms. Either uniform encryption of all data affects the efficiency of public data sharing, or insufficient encryption of core confidential data leads to the leakage of techniques. It is impossible to balance the confidentiality and sharing needs of ICH data, and it is also difficult to guarantee the long-term security and stable storage of data, and it cannot adapt to the special needs of digital protection of ICH.

[0004] It is evident that how to balance the confidentiality and sharing needs of intangible cultural heritage data, and achieve secure, efficient, and standardized storage of intangible cultural heritage data, has become a technical problem that urgently needs to be solved by those skilled in the art.

[0005] It should be noted that the information disclosed in the background section above is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of this application, and therefore may include information that does not constitute prior art known to those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed embodiments, a brief summary is given below. This summary is not intended as a general commentary, nor is it intended to identify key / important components or describe the scope of protection of these embodiments, but rather as a prelude to the detailed description that follows.

[0007] This disclosure provides a blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data, a control method and apparatus for such a method, to address the technical problem of balancing the confidentiality and sharing requirements of intangible cultural heritage data and achieving secure, efficient and standardized storage of such data.

[0008] In some embodiments, a blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data includes: The system obtains the intangible cultural heritage data uploaded by the sub-nodes and the data type of the intangible cultural heritage data through the terminal device, performs standardized preprocessing on the intangible cultural heritage data, and calculates the hash value of the original data using the SHA-256 algorithm, where the data type is public data or confidential data; The intangible cultural heritage data is divided into partitions and bound with partition identifiers. All partition identifiers for public data are public identifiers, while some partition identifiers for confidential data are public identifiers and the rest are confidential identifiers. Based on the partition identifier, the preprocessed intangible cultural heritage data is divided into a public set and a confidential set. The data in the public set does not need to be encrypted, while the data in the confidential set is double-encrypted using the AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm and the RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithm to generate encrypted data packets. The consistent hashing algorithm is used to fragment the data in the public set and the encrypted data packets. The fragment size is set, the fragments are allocated to the corresponding storage nodes and backed up to at least 3 storage nodes, and the fragment association information is recorded. Start public and confidential nodes, store data fragments within the public set to public nodes, store data fragments within encrypted data packets to confidential nodes, and mark data fragments as non-overwriteable and non-deletable, reserving storage space for modification records for each original data; The original data hash value, partition identifier, encryption information and permission information are organized into transaction records, sent to the blockchain consortium nodes, and written into the blockchain ledger after being verified by PBFT consensus.

[0009] In some embodiments, a control method for a blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data includes: Obtain the PM2.5 concentration and / or microbial concentration at the windward side of the filter; The set voltage V between the positive and negative terminals of the power supply device is controlled according to the PM2.5 concentration and / or microbial concentration. Obtain the ozone concentration at the leeward side of the filter; Adjust the setting voltage V according to the ozone concentration.

[0010] In some embodiments, a blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data includes: application terminals, including terminals for inheritors, cultural institutions, administrators, and ordinary users, supporting the collection, entry, query, access, and modification of intangible cultural heritage data; the inheritor terminal supports offline storage of private keys; an application layer module, including a data collection unit, a data access unit, a permission management unit, a traceability query unit, and a modification request unit; the data collection unit supports data classification and labeling, and the permission management unit sets modification permissions and prohibits overwriting original data; and a data processing layer module, including a data preprocessing unit, a partitioned content encryption unit, a data sharding unit, and a data verification unit; the partitioned content encryption unit implements partition identification and differentiated encryption, and the data verification unit implements partition identification and differentiated encryption. The system verifies the integrity of the original data and the correlation of modification records. A distributed storage module includes multiple public and confidential data nodes. Each node deploys a storage unit, load balancing unit, redundancy backup unit, and modification record management unit. The modification record management unit enables independent storage and correlation of modification records. A blockchain module includes multiple consortium nodes. Each node deploys a consensus unit, ledger unit, smart contract unit, encryption unit, and traceability unit. The smart contract unit presets modification permissions and encryption control rules. The ledger unit stores transaction records of the original data and modification records. A communication module uses HTTPS and SSL encrypted communication protocols. Communication between confidential data nodes uses VPN encryption, enabling data transmission between units and nodes at each layer.

[0011] In some embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements any of the above-described blockchain-based distributed storage methods for intangible cultural heritage data.

[0012] The present disclosure provides a blockchain-based distributed storage method, system, and medium for intangible cultural heritage data, which can achieve the following technical effects: By classifying intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data by type, partitioning and binding identifiers, using differentiated encryption, consistent hashing and sharding storage, and verifying on the blockchain, the system addresses the characteristic that some ICH data needs to be public while others need to be kept confidential. Through partitioning and differentiated encryption, it balances the sharing and confidentiality requirements of ICH data. By using consistent hashing and sharding backup and the immutability of the blockchain, it avoids the single point of failure risk of centralized storage, ensures the long-term stable storage of ICH data, and achieves full-process traceability of data, ensuring the authenticity of ICH data and meeting the core requirements of digital protection of ICH.

[0013] The above general description and the description below are exemplary and illustrative only and are not intended to limit this application. Attached Figure Description

[0014] One or more embodiments are illustrated by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. These illustrations and drawings do not constitute a limitation on the embodiments. Elements having the same reference numerals in the drawings are shown as similar elements. The drawings are not to be scaled. And wherein: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data provided in an embodiment of this disclosure; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of another blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data provided in this disclosure embodiment; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of another blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data provided in this disclosure embodiment; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of another blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data provided in this disclosure embodiment; Figure 5 This is a structural block diagram of a blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data provided in this embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0015] To provide a more detailed understanding of the features and technical content of the embodiments of this disclosure, the implementation of the embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the embodiments of this disclosure. In the following technical description, for ease of explanation, several details are used to provide a full understanding of the disclosed embodiments. However, one or more embodiments may still be implemented without these details. In other cases, well-known structures and devices may be simplified in their depiction to simplify the drawings.

[0016] The terms "first," "second," etc., used in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this disclosure are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate for the embodiments of this disclosure described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0017] Unless otherwise stated, the term "multiple" means two or more.

[0018] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the character " / " indicates that the objects before and after it are in an "or" relationship. For example, A / B means: A or B.

[0019] The term "and / or" describes an association between objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B means: A or B, or A and B.

[0020] The term "correspondence" can refer to an association or binding relationship. The correspondence between A and B means that there is an association or binding relationship between A and B.

[0021] Combination Figure 1 As shown in the embodiments of this disclosure, a distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data based on blockchain is provided, including: S01, Collection and preprocessing of intangible cultural heritage data: The intangible cultural heritage data uploaded by the sub-nodes and the data type of the intangible cultural heritage data are obtained through the terminal device. The intangible cultural heritage data is standardized and preprocessed, and the hash value of the original data is calculated by using the SHA-256 algorithm. The data type is either public data or confidential data. S02, Data Partitioning: The intangible cultural heritage data is partitioned and bound with partition identifiers. All partition identifiers for public data are public identifiers, while some partition identifiers for confidential data are public identifiers and the rest are confidential identifiers. S03, Encryption of Content by Region: Based on the region identifier, the preprocessed intangible cultural heritage data is divided into a public set and a confidential set. The data in the public set does not need to be encrypted, while the data in the confidential set is double-encrypted using the AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm and the RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithm to generate encrypted data packets. S04, Data Sharding: The consistent hashing algorithm is used to shard the data in the public set and the encrypted data packets. The shard size is set, the shards are allocated to the corresponding storage nodes and backed up to at least 3 storage nodes. The shard association information is recorded. S05, Distributed Storage: Start public nodes and confidential nodes, store data fragments in the public set to public nodes, store data fragments in the encrypted data packet to confidential nodes, and mark the data fragments as unwriteable and undeletable, and reserve storage space for modification records for each original data. S06, Data Hash On-Chain: The original data hash value, partition identifier, encrypted information and permission information are organized into transaction records, sent to the blockchain consortium node, and written into the blockchain ledger after being verified by PBFT consensus.

[0022] This disclosure discloses a blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data. The method involves acquiring ICH data uploaded by sub-nodes and the data type of that data via a terminal device. After acquiring the ICH data, it undergoes standardized preprocessing to ensure data quality and consistency, facilitating subsequent storage and management. Then, the SHA-256 algorithm is used to calculate the hash value of the original data. This hash value serves as a unique digital fingerprint for verifying data integrity and immutability. Next, the ICH data is partitioned and bound with partition identifiers. These identifiers define the attributes of each partition. For public data, all partition identifiers are set to public, indicating that all parts of the data are publicly accessible. For confidential data, some partition identifiers are set to public, while the rest are set to confidential. Data within the public set, due to its public nature, does not require additional encryption and can be directly stored and accessed, improving sharing efficiency. Data within the confidential set requires strict encryption protection, enhancing its security. Finally, a consistent hashing algorithm is used to fragment the data within the public set and the encrypted data packets, dividing the large data file into multiple smaller, easier-to-manage and transmit data blocks. A consistent hashing algorithm is used to allocate these shards to corresponding storage nodes, with backups made to at least three storage nodes. This multi-backup mechanism ensures high availability and fault tolerance of the data. Then, by activating public and private nodes, data shards within the public set are stored on public nodes, while data shards within encrypted data packets are stored on private nodes. Public data shards stored on public nodes facilitate public access, while encrypted data packet shards stored on private nodes provide additional physical isolation and security. Furthermore, each data shard is marked as non-overwriteable and non-deletable. This marking ensures the integrity of the original data and the accuracy of historical records, while reserving storage space for modification records for each original data shard to record potential subsequent data modifications and to achieve data version management and traceability. Finally, the original data hash value, partition identifier, encryption information, and permission information are compiled into a transaction record. This transaction record is then sent to the blockchain consortium nodes. Within the consortium node network, this transaction record undergoes PBFT consensus verification, ensuring consistency among all participating nodes and preventing malicious nodes from tampering with the data. Once consensus verification is successful, the transaction record is written into the blockchain ledger, giving it the characteristics of being immutable and traceable, thus providing a strong guarantee for the preservation of intangible cultural heritage data.

[0023] Understandably, standardized preprocessing refers to performing operations such as format unification, content cleaning, and deduplication on the original intangible cultural heritage data to ensure data quality, consistency, and ease of subsequent processing.

[0024] The SHA-256 algorithm is a cryptographic hash function used to calculate a unique hash value for input data. This hash value has a fixed length, and even small changes to the input data will cause a significant change in the hash value, used to verify the integrity and immutability of data.

[0025] Partitioning refers to logically dividing intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data into different regions or parts based on its content purpose, sensitivity, or other pre-defined rules. For example, in ICH data, the data might be divided into two partitions based on whether it belongs to promotional purposes or to core crafts or techniques.

[0026] A partition identifier is a label used to mark the partition to which data belongs, indicating whether the data in that partition is public or confidential. A public identifier means the data is publicly accessible, while a confidential identifier means the data requires strict protection.

[0027] The public and confidential sets are logical groupings of preprocessed intangible cultural heritage data based on partition identifiers. Data in the public set can be accessed without special encryption, while data in the confidential set requires encryption.

[0028] AES-256 is an advanced encryption standard that uses a single key for data encryption and decryption, offering high efficiency and strong security.

[0029] RSA-2048 is a public-key encryption algorithm that uses a pair of keys (public and private keys) for encryption and decryption. The public key is used for encryption, and the private key is used for decryption, providing greater flexibility in key management and enhanced security.

[0030] Encrypted data packets refer to confidential data that has undergone double encryption, along with its associated encryption information and partition identifiers.

[0031] Consistent hashing is a distributed hashing algorithm whose main function in distributed systems is to minimize data migration when the number of storage nodes changes, thereby improving system availability and stability.

[0032] Fragmentation refers to dividing a large data file or data set into multiple smaller, easier-to-manage and transmit data blocks.

[0033] Storage nodes are physical or logical units in a distributed storage system, responsible for actually storing data shards. Public nodes are dedicated to storing public data shards, while confidential nodes are dedicated to storing encrypted confidential data shards.

[0034] Blockchain consortium nodes are the participating nodes that make up a consortium blockchain network. These nodes jointly maintain the blockchain ledger and are responsible for transaction verification and consensus processes.

[0035] PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) is a practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm used in distributed systems to ensure that all honest nodes reach consensus on transaction records even in the presence of malicious nodes, thereby guaranteeing data consistency and security.

[0036] A blockchain ledger is a distributed, immutable database used to store all transaction records that have been verified through consensus, including data storage information, modification records, etc.

[0037] Optionally, the terminal device acquires the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data uploaded by sub-nodes and the data type of that ICH data. This includes prompting the user to select a data type while uploading the ICH data via the terminal device. If public data is selected, the user is prompted to select the data type multiple times. By introducing a mechanism for users to actively select data types when acquiring the ICH data uploaded by sub-nodes via the terminal device, and by providing multiple prompts for confirmation of public data types, the accuracy of data type classification is ensured. This guarantees the classification quality and storage security of ICH data from the source. The multiple prompts for confirmation of public data significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of data classification and reduce the risk of sensitive data being mistakenly disclosed.

[0038] Understandably, prompting users to select data types via terminal devices ensures their active participation in the data classification process, thereby improving the accuracy of data classification. For example, during the data upload process, a mandatory dialog box or guided interface could pop up, requiring users to explicitly check or confirm the selected data type before continuing to upload.

[0039] If the data is selected as public, the user will be prompted multiple times to confirm. This is to further reduce the risk of user error and improve the rigor of data classification by introducing a double confirmation mechanism for public data. For example, when a user first selects to mark the data as public, the system can immediately pop up a secondary confirmation box, explicitly asking the user, "Please note that public data will be visible to all users," and requiring the user to click the confirmation button again.

[0040] Optionally, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data can be partitioned and assigned partition identifiers. All partition identifiers for public data are public, while some partition identifiers for confidential data are public, and the remainder are confidential. This includes partitioning the ICH data according to its content purpose, such as recording inheritor information, promoting inheritance content, and showcasing ICH skills. In confidential data, the partition containing ICH skill demonstrations is assigned a confidential identifier, while other partitions are assigned public identifiers. This addresses the problem of varying sensitivity among different content modules within confidential data in distributed storage, making fine-grained management difficult. By partitioning the ICH data according to its content purpose and assigning different partition identifiers based on specific uses (e.g., recording inheritor information, promoting inheritance content, showcasing ICH skills), and assigning confidential identifiers to core skill-related parts of confidential data while assigning public identifiers to other non-sensitive parts, fine-grained management of confidential data is achieved. This not only ensures strict protection of sensitive information such as core ICH skills and inheritor privacy, avoiding the risk of information leakage, but also promotes the reasonable disclosure and dissemination of non-sensitive promotional content, improving the utilization efficiency of ICH data. This makes data protection more precise and effective, avoiding over-protection or under-protection, and thus better leveraging the social value of intangible cultural heritage data while ensuring data security.

[0041] Optionally, the partition identifier uses a binary identifier method, where the public identifier is 0 and the confidential identifier is 1, and the partition identifier is bound to the original data hash value. This makes the partition identifiers of intangible cultural heritage data more standardized, enabling the system to efficiently and accurately identify and process different types of data partitions. Furthermore, by binding the partition identifier to the original data hash value, the authenticity and immutability of the partition identifier are fundamentally guaranteed, effectively preventing the risk of malicious tampering or misjudgment of data classification attributes. This not only enhances the security of intangible cultural heritage data but also improves the level of automation in data management, ensuring the classification accuracy of intangible cultural heritage data in a distributed storage environment.

[0042] Optionally, the data within the confidential set is double-encrypted using both the AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm and the RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithm to generate an encrypted data packet. This includes: the system randomly generating a 256-bit AES symmetric key K and a 128-bit initialization vector IV; encrypting the plaintext data M using ECB mode to obtain ciphertext C = AES-256(M, K, IV); generating an RSA-2048 key pair; encrypting the AES symmetric key K using the public key e to obtain the key ciphertext Kc = RSA-2048(K, e, n); and calculating the hash value of the encrypted data packet using the SHA-256 algorithm: Hash_encrypt = SHA-256(C + Kc + partition identifier); binding C, Kc, partition identifier, Hash_original, and Hash_encrypt to generate the encrypted data packet. Thus, when encrypting the intangible cultural heritage data within the confidential collection, a dual encryption mechanism combining AES-256 symmetric encryption and RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption is employed. This not only leverages the efficiency advantage of symmetric encryption when processing large amounts of data but also enhances key security and distribution flexibility by securely encapsulating and managing the symmetric key through asymmetric encryption. Furthermore, by binding the ciphertext, encryption key, partition identifier, and original data hash value, and calculating the overall hash value of the encrypted data packet, the integrity of the encrypted data packet is effectively ensured, preventing data tampering during storage and transmission. This significantly improves the security and reliability of intangible cultural heritage data storage.

[0043] Optionally, a consistent hashing algorithm is used to fragment the data within the public set and the encrypted data packets. Fragment sizes are set, fragments are allocated to corresponding storage nodes and backed up to at least three storage nodes. Fragment association information is recorded, including: text data fragments are 10MB, image data fragments are 50MB, audio data fragments are 20MB, and video data fragments are 500MB. Each fragment is assigned a unique fragment ID = Hash_original + fragment sequence number. The SHA-256 algorithm is used to map data fragments to storage nodes ranging from 0 to 2². 56A hash ring with a value of -1 is used, where the node mapping value is SHA-256 (node ​​IP + port number). The shard hash value is calculated as SHA-256 (data content + shard ID). Using a clockwise, nearest-neighbor allocation principle, public data shards are assigned to public nodes, and encrypted data shards are assigned to confidential nodes. Each shard is backed up to the next two nodes on the hash ring, forming a shard association table that records the shard ID, original data hash value, partition identifier, storage node, and backup node information. This approach, by setting differentiated shard sizes for different data types, effectively avoids storage fragmentation and low transmission efficiency that can result from a single sharding strategy, optimizing storage resource utilization. Assigning a unique ID to each shard and calculating its hash value, combined with a consistent hashing algorithm, maps data shards to storage nodes, achieving uniform, efficient, and traceable data distribution in a distributed environment. Storing public data shards and encrypted data shards on public and confidential nodes respectively ensures physical isolation of data with different security levels, enhancing the security of confidential data. Each shard is backed up to at least the next two nodes on the hash ring, establishing a data redundancy mechanism and improving the system's fault tolerance. Even if some nodes fail, the data can be quickly recovered. Finally, by forming a detailed shard association table, the system can clearly record the storage location and backup information of each shard, providing precise basis for subsequent data retrieval, integrity verification, fault recovery, and traceability management, thereby comprehensively improving the overall performance of the distributed storage of intangible cultural heritage data.

[0044] Optionally, after starting public and confidential nodes, data fragments within the public set are stored on public nodes, and data fragments within encrypted data packets are stored on confidential nodes. Data fragments are marked as non-overwriteable and non-deletable. Storage space is reserved for modification records for each original data. The system also includes a compute node load value (Load = (storage utilization × 0.5) + (CPU utilization × 0.3) + (network latency / 100 × 0.2). When the load value is ≥ 0.7, some fragments of that node are migrated to nodes with a load value < 0.5. Data synchronization between storage nodes and backup nodes is performed every 10 minutes, and integrity checks are performed on all fragments every hour, comparing the fragment hash value with the hash value in the fragment association table. If the comparison is inconsistent, data is restored from the backup node. This effectively solves the performance bottleneck problem caused by uneven node load in a distributed storage environment and improves the storage reliability and integrity of intangible cultural heritage data through regular data synchronization and integrity checks.

[0045] Optionally, PBFT consensus verification includes: setting the number of consensus nodes N≥5 and odd, including 3 core nodes and N-3 ordinary nodes; transaction records are sent from the initiating node to all consensus nodes; each consensus node verifies the transaction record, and sends a preparation message upon successful verification; after receiving ≥2N / 3+1 preparation messages, the initiating node sends a commit message; after receiving ≥2N / 3+1 commit messages, each consensus node writes the transaction record into the blockchain ledger. This effectively addresses the challenges of efficiency, security, and reliability in the blockchain consensus process. Through a clearly defined node number setting and message passing mechanism, it ensures that even if some nodes malfunction or engage in malicious behavior, the transaction records of intangible cultural heritage data can still be securely and accurately written into the blockchain ledger, improving the stability of data on-chain. This consistent consensus mechanism facilitates the long-term preservation and reliable traceability of intangible cultural heritage data, avoiding the risk of data tampering or loss due to inconsistent consensus.

[0046] Optionally, the entire PBFT consensus verification process takes ≤500ms. All participating consortium nodes are deployed in the same data center or multiple geographically proximate data centers, interconnected via 10 Gigabit Ethernet or higher-speed fiber optic networks to keep the average network latency between nodes below 10 milliseconds. Each consensus node is configured with a high-performance server, such as one equipped with a multi-core Intel Xeon processor, at least 64GB of memory, and enterprise-grade NVMe SSDs, to ensure rapid completion of transaction verification, hash calculation, and encryption operations. Furthermore, in the PBFT algorithm implementation, efficient binary serialization protocols such as Protobuf or FlatBuffers can be used to encapsulate consensus messages, reducing message size and serialization / deserialization overhead. A small message batch size is also set, for example, processing no more than 100 transaction records per batch, to avoid excessively long processing times for individual batches. This effectively ensures that the end-to-end time of the PBFT consensus verification process is stably controlled within 500ms.

[0047] By strictly limiting the entire PBFT consensus verification process to within 500ms, the efficiency and response speed of the distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data in processing transaction records have been improved. This enables near real-time blockchain confirmation for operations such as the storage, modification, and traceability of intangible cultural heritage data, improving the user experience and ensuring that the blockchain ledger updates remain efficient and stable even as the amount of intangible cultural heritage data continues to grow. This effectively solves the system performance bottleneck caused by the excessively long consensus process.

[0048] Combination Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, the blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data further includes: S07, Data Access and Modification: After determining the user's access request and verifying their identity and permissions, provide public data access to ordinary users and public data access and confidential data decryption access to authorized users; after authorized users submit modification requests and the modifications are verified, the modified content is stored, a modification record is generated and uploaded to the blockchain, and the original data corresponding to the modified content is marked as historical data.

[0049] This approach enables refined access control of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data, ensuring that different user groups can only access data within their authorized scope. It also provides authorized users with the ability to decrypt confidential data, thus meeting the balance between protection and utilization of ICH data. Simultaneously, a data modification management mechanism is introduced. By generating modification records and uploading them to the blockchain, and marking original data as historical data, traceable modifications to ICH data are achieved without compromising the immutability of blockchain data. This not only addresses the potential update needs of ICH data in practical applications, preventing data stagnation, but also ensures transparency in data changes, enhancing the flexibility of ICH data management.

[0050] Optionally, authorized users submit modification requests, including changes to user identity identifiers, original data hash values, modified content, and reasons for modification. The system verifies modification permissions through a blockchain smart contract. The modified content is preprocessed, and the content is encrypted in partitions. The hash value of the modified data is calculated as Hash_modified = SHA-256 (modified content + partition identifier). A modification record is generated, including the modification subject, modification time, modification content, reason for modification, Hash_original, and Hash_modified. The hash value of the modification record is calculated as Hash_record = SHA-256 (modified record content). The modified data is sharded and stored on distributed nodes. The modification record is stored as an independent shard and associated with the original data shard. The modification record, Hash_record, and Hash_modified are packaged into a transaction record and uploaded to the blockchain. The original data shard remains unchanged. This ensures the security and transparency of the data modification process. Furthermore, by retaining the original data and generating detailed modification records, version management and traceability of intangible cultural heritage data throughout its entire lifecycle are possible, improving the efficiency of intangible cultural heritage data management.

[0051] Optionally, authorized users can decrypt the encrypted AES key using their own private key, and then use the same AES key to decrypt the ciphertext of the confidential data, thus enabling access to the confidential data. This ensures that only authorized users can securely access the confidential data. By combining the advantages of asymmetric and symmetric encryption, it achieves secure key distribution and efficient decryption, effectively preventing unauthorized third parties from obtaining confidential data. This provides strong security for accessing intangible cultural heritage confidential data, solves the problem of secure access to confidential data in multi-user, multi-node environments, and maintains the confidentiality and integrity of the data.

[0052] Optionally, modification requests submitted by authorized users require dual confirmation through administrator review and blockchain smart contract permission verification before modification can be performed. Administrator review refers to the manual review and approval of modification requests submitted by authorized users by personnel with specific permissions and responsibilities. This dual confirmation mechanism, involving administrator review and blockchain smart contract permission verification, effectively compensates for the shortcomings of single verification methods, enhancing the security and credibility of intangible cultural heritage data modification operations. The administrator's manual review professionally ensures the reasonableness and compliance of the modified content, preventing inappropriate modifications. Simultaneously, the automated permission verification of the blockchain smart contract provides decentralized and tamper-proof objective evidence, ensuring strict enforcement of modification permissions and effectively preventing abuse of permissions and malicious tampering. Together, these mechanisms construct a reliable data modification process, enhancing the credibility of the entire distributed storage of intangible cultural heritage data.

[0053] Combination Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data further includes: S08, Data Traceability: Based on the traceability request submitted by the user, query the original data transaction records and all modification records in the blockchain ledger, and obtain the data storage and access trajectory by combining the sharded association table, and provide feedback to the user in a visual form.

[0054] This approach provides better traceability for intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data, allowing users to clearly understand every step of the data's creation, modification, storage, and access, making any data operation traceable and verifiable. When combined with the immutability of blockchain ledgers and the detailed storage of sharded relational tables, it effectively solves the problems of data being difficult to trace and historical versions to verify in a distributed environment, thereby improving the efficiency and security of data management.

[0055] Optionally, the visualization can take the form of a timeline or a node graph, providing a clear visual representation of the entire process of original data entry, modification, storage, and access. Presenting the traceability results of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data in the form of a timeline and node graph allows users to understand the entire process of ICH data entry, modification, storage, and access in a more intuitive way. The timeline provides a clear view of the sequence of events, helping users quickly grasp the historical process of data evolution; the node graph reveals the complex relationships between data entities and the physical logic of distributed storage, enabling users to understand the mechanism of data flow. This effectively solves the problem that traditional traceability information presentation methods struggle to comprehensively and intuitively display complex data trajectories, significantly improving users' trust and understanding of the authenticity, integrity, and flow process of ICH data, and enhancing the transparency and trustworthiness of ICH data protection and inheritance.

[0056] Combination Figure 4 As shown, in some embodiments, the blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data further includes: S09, Authorization Management: When a data hash value mismatch, node failure, or unauthorized access is detected, the system automatically triggers a tiered warning to notify the administrator and relevant authorized users; tampered data is restored through backup nodes, faulty nodes are quickly switched over through redundant backups, and unauthorized access is immediately terminated and the operation trajectory is recorded.

[0057] In this way, by detecting anomalies such as data hash value mismatches, node failures, and unauthorized access in real time or periodically, potential risks can be identified. An automatically triggered tiered early warning mechanism ensures that administrators and authorized users receive timely notifications and take action. Automated response mechanisms are provided for different types of anomalies: tampered data can be quickly restored via backup nodes, ensuring data integrity and authenticity; faulty nodes can be quickly switched over through redundant backups, ensuring service continuity; unauthorized access is immediately terminated and the operation trajectory is recorded, effectively preventing illegal activities and providing a basis for security audits. This reduces the risk of data loss, damage, or leakage, thereby ensuring the long-term inheritance and utilization of intangible cultural heritage data.

[0058] In specific examples, such as cultural institutions needing to digitize intangible cultural heritage data on traditional wood carving techniques, if the techniques used in transmitting this intangible cultural heritage data are classified as confidential, then high-resolution images of wood carving works and public interview videos of wood carving inheritors are classified as public data, while detailed teaching documents on wood carving techniques are classified as confidential data. If the techniques used in transmitting this intangible cultural heritage data can also be made public and do not need to be classified, then all the data it contains is public data.

[0059] First, the intangible cultural heritage data is acquired through terminal devices. During the upload process, User A marks the entire intangible cultural heritage data of the traditional wood carving technique as confidential data. However, according to the rules, marking the entire intangible cultural heritage data as confidential does not mean that all the data contained within it needs to be kept confidential. In order to facilitate the promotion of intangible cultural heritage, some data still needs to be made public. Therefore, during the data upload process, the images of the wood carving works and the interview videos are automatically marked as public data, while the wood carving technique teaching documents are marked as confidential data. After uploading, all data undergoes standardized preprocessing. For example, images are uniformly converted to PNG format, videos are uniformly encoded, and documents are uniformly converted to PDF format, and watermarks are removed. Next, the system uses the SHA-256 algorithm to calculate the hash value of each piece of raw data as its unique digital fingerprint.

[0060] Secondly, these intangible cultural heritage data were partitioned and labeled. Images of wood carving works were divided into a "Works Display" section and labeled as publicly available. Interview videos were divided into "Inheritor Introduction" and "Interview Content" sections and labeled as publicly available. Wood carving technique teaching documents were divided into a "Core Techniques" section and labeled as confidential.

[0061] Next, based on these partition identifiers, the system categorizes wood carving images and interview videos into the public set, requiring no encryption. Wood carving technique instructional documents, however, are categorized into the confidential set. For data within the confidential set, the system first encrypts it using the AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm, then encrypts the AES key using the RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithm, ultimately generating an encrypted data packet.

[0062] Subsequently, the system employs a consistent hashing algorithm to fragment the image data in the public set and the encrypted data packets in the private set. For example, the image fragment size is set to 50MB, the video fragment size to 500MB, and the document fragment size to 10MB. These fragments are allocated to storage nodes located in different regions and backed up to at least three nodes to ensure high data availability. Simultaneously, the system records the ID of each fragment, its original data hash value, the storage node address, and the backup node information, forming a fragment association table.

[0063] Then, public and confidential nodes are activated. Fragments of wood carving images and interview videos are stored on the public node for public access. Encrypted fragments of wood carving technique instructional documents are stored on the confidential node for a higher level of security. All stored data fragments are marked as unalterable and undeletable to ensure the original state of the data is not tampered with. Furthermore, the system reserves storage space for modification records for each piece of original data, allowing for the recording of any future modifications.

[0064] Finally, the system compiles the original data hash value, partition identifier, encryption information, and permission information into a transaction record. This transaction record is sent to the blockchain consortium nodes. Within the consortium node network, the transaction record undergoes PBFT consensus verification. Once consensus is reached, the transaction record is securely written into the blockchain ledger. This process ensures the immutability of the evidence information for intangible cultural heritage data and provides a reliable foundation for subsequent data traceability.

[0065] After completing the storage of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data through the above steps, users are allowed to access or request the data. When an ordinary user initiates an access request for an ICH skills promotional video through a terminal device, the system first verifies the user's identity. After successful verification, the system checks the partition identifier of the requested data. Since the promotional video is marked as public data, the system directly obtains the corresponding video segments from the public nodes and transmits them to the ordinary user for playback. When an ICH inheritor (authorized user) submits an application to modify their personal profile through a terminal device, the system first verifies the inheritor's identity and modification permissions. If the inheritor has the permission to modify their personal profile, the system will accept the new contact information submitted. The system does not directly modify the original personal profile data stored on the distributed nodes, but integrates the new contact information with the original profile content to form a new personal profile data. Subsequently, the system generates a detailed modification record for this modification, which includes information such as the modification time, the modifier's identity identifier, the hash value of the original personal profile data, and the hash value of the modified personal profile data. This modification record is packaged into a transaction record, sent to the blockchain consortium nodes, and written into the blockchain ledger after verification by PBFT consensus. Meanwhile, existing personal profile data is automatically marked as historical versions by the system, while new personal profile data becomes the current valid version and is sharded and stored on distributed nodes. When other authorized users need to access the successor's personal profile, the system will prioritize providing the latest version of the data, but they can also trace back to historical versions of the data by querying the modification records on the blockchain.

[0066] Combination Figure 5 As shown in the embodiments, this disclosure also provides a blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data, used to implement the aforementioned blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data. The blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data includes: an application terminal, an application layer module, a data processing layer module, a distributed storage module, a blockchain module, and a communication module.

[0067] The application terminals include terminals for inheritors, cultural institutions, administrators, and ordinary users. They support the collection, entry, query, access, and modification of intangible cultural heritage data. The inheritor terminal supports offline storage of private keys, ensuring the security of core skill information.

[0068] The application layer module includes a data acquisition unit, a data access unit, a permission management unit, a traceability query unit, and a modification application unit. The data acquisition unit supports data classification and labeling, and the permission management unit sets modification permissions and prohibits overwriting the original data, thus realizing refined management of intangible cultural heritage data.

[0069] The data processing layer module includes a data preprocessing unit, a partitioning and content encryption unit, a data sharding unit, and a data verification unit. The partitioning and content encryption unit implements partition identification and differentiated encryption, enabling efficient sharing of public data without encryption, while confidential data is secured through a dual encryption mechanism. The data verification unit verifies data integrity and the correlation of modification records, ensuring data reliability. Specifically, the partitioning and content encryption unit partitions the intangible cultural heritage data according to its content and purpose, performing no encryption on public data, thus improving data sharing efficiency; while confidential data is dual-encrypted using both AES-256 symmetric encryption and RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithms, enhancing data security.

[0070] The distributed storage module comprises multiple public and confidential nodes. Each node deploys a storage unit, a load balancing unit, a redundancy backup unit, and a modification record management unit. The modification record management unit enables independent storage and association of modification records, ensuring data integrity while supporting historical version management. Public nodes store public data fragments, while confidential nodes store encrypted confidential data fragments, achieving physical-level isolation protection. The load balancing unit dynamically adjusts node load; when a node's load value is ≥0.7, some fragments from that node are migrated to nodes with load values ​​<0.5, ensuring high system availability.

[0071] The blockchain module comprises multiple consortium nodes, each deploying a consensus unit, ledger unit, smart contract unit, encryption unit, and traceability unit. The smart contract unit has preset modification permissions and encryption control rules, while the ledger unit stores transaction records of the original data and modifications, ensuring the immutability and traceability of the data.

[0072] The communication module employs HTTPS and SSL encrypted communication protocols, while secure node communication uses VPN encryption, ensuring secure data transmission between units and nodes at each layer. The smart contract unit also presets anomaly warning rules; when a data hash value mismatch, node failure, or unauthorized access is detected, the system automatically triggers tiered warnings, notifying administrators and relevant authorized users.

[0073] The blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage (ICH) data provided in this disclosure combines a partitioned content encryption unit with a blockchain module in a systematic architecture to achieve refined hierarchical storage and management of ICH data. The partitioned content encryption unit identifies the ICH data based on its intended use, leaving public data unencrypted to improve sharing efficiency, while employing a dual encryption mechanism to ensure security for confidential data. The blockchain module, through smart contracts and distributed ledger technology, implements strict control and full traceability of data modifications. This effectively solves the problem of balancing confidentiality and sharing needs in ICH data storage, achieving secure and efficient storage of ICH data. Through the physical isolation design of public and confidential nodes, combined with historical version management implemented by the modification record management unit, both the integrity of the original data and the support for dynamic data updates are ensured, providing reliable technical support for the digital protection of ICH.

[0074] Optionally, the partitioned content encryption unit includes a partition identification unit, a public data processing unit, a confidential data encryption unit, and an encryption verification unit. The partition identification unit is responsible for partitioning the intangible cultural heritage data. Its concept is to assign a unique identifier to different parts of the data for subsequent classification, processing, and storage. The public data processing unit is specifically responsible for processing intangible cultural heritage data identified as public. Its role is to ensure that public data can be processed in a standardized manner according to established procedures without encryption, thereby improving processing efficiency and reducing system resource consumption. The confidential data encryption unit is responsible for encrypting intangible cultural heritage data identified as confidential. Its role is to ensure the confidentiality and security of confidential data and prevent unauthorized access. The encryption verification unit is responsible for verifying the integrity of the encryption process. Its role is to ensure that no errors or tampering occur during the encryption process, thereby guaranteeing the reliability of the encrypted data. In this way, the partitioned content encryption unit can perform refined classification processing and differentiated encryption of intangible cultural heritage data. The partition identification unit binds the data hash value to a binary identifier, ensuring the accuracy and immutability of the data partition identification, providing a reliable basis for subsequent classification processing. The public data processing unit standardizes the format of public data without performing encryption, improving processing efficiency and system resource utilization. The confidential data encryption unit employs a dual encryption mechanism of AES-256 symmetric encryption and RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption, enhancing the confidentiality and security of confidential data and effectively resisting unauthorized access and data leakage risks. The encryption verification unit performs hash verification on encrypted data packets using the SHA-256 algorithm, ensuring the integrity of the encryption process and data reliability, and promptly detecting and preventing data corruption caused by encryption errors or tampering. This elevates the entire blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data to a higher level in data classification, security encryption, and integrity assurance, effectively solving the challenge of balancing security and efficiency in the storage and management of intangible cultural heritage data.

[0075] Optionally, the confidential data encryption unit is also responsible for the generation, storage, and association of AES-256 and RSA-2048 key pairs, and the keys are bound to the identity of the authorized entity to ensure key security. The generation of AES-256 and RSA-2048 key pairs refers to the creation of cryptographic keys used for encryption and decryption operations. An AES-256 key is a 256-bit symmetric key used for fast encryption and decryption of confidential data. An RSA-2048 key pair contains a public key and a private key, where the public key is used to encrypt the AES key, and the private key is used to decrypt the AES key. This effectively solves the technical problem of data leakage due to improper encryption key management in a distributed storage environment. By strictly binding the generation and storage of AES-256 and RSA-2048 key pairs to the identity of the authorized entity, the entire lifecycle of the keys is ensured to be within a controlled and secure scope. This not only prevents unauthorized access to and misuse of keys, but also provides a solid security foundation for access to intangible cultural heritage confidential data. Even if encrypted data packets are intercepted, they cannot be decrypted without a legitimate key and authorized identity, thereby enhancing the security of intangible cultural heritage confidential data.

[0076] Optionally, the encrypted storage array of the confidential node employs hardware encryption technology to perform secondary encryption on the stored confidential data fragments; all storage media support data redundancy backup to ensure long-term data storage without loss. Thus, by using hardware encryption technology in the encrypted storage array of the confidential node to perform secondary encryption on the already encrypted confidential data fragments, the physical storage security of confidential data is improved. Even if an attacker bypasses the software-level encryption and directly accesses the storage media, the data is still protected by hardware encryption, increasing the difficulty of data leakage. At the same time, the support for data redundancy backup on all storage media effectively mitigates the risks of storage media failure, data corruption, or accidental loss.

[0077] Optionally, public nodes employ a storage method combining hard disk drives (HDDs) and cloud storage, while confidential nodes utilize a storage method combining solid-state drives (SSDs) and encrypted storage arrays. Modification records are stored on SSDs, and all storage media support dynamic expansion and read-only locking. This allows for the selection of the most suitable storage media and strategy based on the different attributes and needs of intangible cultural heritage data. Public data leverages the cost advantages of HDDs and the elasticity of cloud storage to achieve cost-effective, efficient, and highly available storage; confidential data benefits from the high performance of SSDs and the hardware-level security of encrypted storage arrays, achieving fast access and ultimate protection; and modification records are ensured by the high-speed write speed and read-only locking capabilities of SSDs, guaranteeing their integrity, traceability, and immutability. Furthermore, the dynamic expansion of all storage media effectively addresses the storage pressure caused by the continuous growth of intangible cultural heritage data and ensures the long-term stability and maintainability of the system.

[0078] Optionally, the data processing layer module and blockchain module can be deployed on cloud servers or local servers, while the nodes of the distributed storage module are distributed across different regions. The data processing layer module is responsible for core operations such as preprocessing, partitioning, encrypting, sharding, and verifying the intangible cultural heritage data. This flexible deployment of the data processing layer module and blockchain module on cloud servers or local servers, along with the geographically dispersed nodes of the distributed storage module, significantly improves the adaptability and robustness of the entire intangible cultural heritage data distributed storage system.

[0079] Optionally, the smart contract unit can also be used to preset anomaly warning rules, enabling automatic warnings for abnormal situations such as data tampering and unauthorized access. The smart contract unit is a self-executing computer program deployed on the blockchain network. Its core function is to automatically execute, control, or record relevant events and operations according to preset rules. This unit typically serves as a core component of the blockchain module, responsible for managing and executing on-chain logic. This effectively addresses the security risks that intangible cultural heritage data may face during distributed storage, such as data tampering and unauthorized access. The anomaly warning rules preset by the smart contract unit enable the system to proactively detect and respond to security threats. When data integrity is threatened or unauthorized access occurs, the system can quickly issue an alarm, promptly notifying relevant management personnel to buy time for remedial measures and preventing data loss or leakage due to security vulnerabilities.

[0080] This disclosure also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the aforementioned blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data.

[0081] The aforementioned computer-readable storage medium may be a transient computer-readable storage medium or a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.

[0082] The technical solutions of this disclosure can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes one or more instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the method described in this disclosure. The aforementioned storage medium can be a non-transitory storage medium, including: a USB flash drive, a portable hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a disk, or an optical disk, and other media capable of storing program code. It can also be a transient storage medium.

[0083] The foregoing description and accompanying drawings fully illustrate embodiments of this disclosure to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may include structural, logical, electrical, procedural, and other changes. The embodiments represent only possible variations. Individual components and functions are optional unless explicitly required, and the order of operation may vary. Parts and features of some embodiments may be included in or replace parts and features of other embodiments. Moreover, the terminology used in this application is for describing embodiments only and is not intended to limit the claims. As used in the description of embodiments and claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to equally include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the term “and / or” as used in this application means including one or more of the associated listed items and all possible combinations thereof. Additionally, when used in this application, the term "comprise" and its variations "comprises" and / or "comprising" refer to the presence of stated features, integrals, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integrals, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprises a..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, or apparatus that includes said element. In this document, each embodiment may focus on the differences from other embodiments, and similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to mutually. For methods, products, etc., disclosed in the embodiments, if they correspond to the method section disclosed in the embodiments, the relevant parts can be referred to the description of the method section.

[0084] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the units and algorithm steps of the various examples described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware, or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are implemented in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered beyond the scope of the embodiments of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art will clearly understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, the specific working processes of the systems, devices, and units described above can be referred to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0085] The methods and products disclosed in the embodiments herein (including but not limited to devices and equipment) can be implemented in other ways. For example, the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For instance, the division of units may be merely a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. In addition, the mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces, and the indirect coupling or communication connection of devices or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to implement this embodiment according to actual needs. In addition, the functional units in the embodiments of this disclosure may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may exist physically separately, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit.

[0086] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the accompanying drawings illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to embodiments of this disclosure. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, or portion of code containing one or more executable instructions for implementing a specified logical function. In some alternative implementations, the functions marked in the blocks may occur in a different order than that shown in the drawings. For example, two consecutive blocks may actually be executed substantially in parallel, and they may sometimes be executed in reverse order, depending on the functions involved. In the descriptions corresponding to the flowcharts and block diagrams in the accompanying drawings, the operations or steps corresponding to different blocks may also occur in a different order than disclosed in the description, and sometimes there is no specific order between different operations or steps. For example, two consecutive operations or steps may actually be executed substantially in parallel, and they may sometimes be executed in reverse order, depending on the functions involved. Each block in a block diagram and / or flowchart, and combinations of blocks in a block diagram and / or flowchart, can be implemented using a dedicated hardware-based system that performs the specified function or action, or using a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

Claims

1. A distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data based on blockchain, characterized in that, include: The system obtains the intangible cultural heritage data uploaded by the sub-nodes and the data type of the intangible cultural heritage data through the terminal device, performs standardized preprocessing on the intangible cultural heritage data, and calculates the hash value of the original data using the SHA-256 algorithm, where the data type is public data or confidential data; The intangible cultural heritage data is divided into partitions and bound with partition identifiers. All partition identifiers for public data are public identifiers, while some partition identifiers for confidential data are public identifiers and the rest are confidential identifiers. Based on the partition identifier, the preprocessed intangible cultural heritage data is divided into a public set and a confidential set. The data in the public set does not need to be encrypted, while the data in the confidential set is double-encrypted using the AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm and the RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithm to generate encrypted data packets. The consistent hashing algorithm is used to fragment the data in the public set and the encrypted data packets. The fragment size is set, the fragments are allocated to the corresponding storage nodes and backed up to at least 3 storage nodes, and the fragment association information is recorded. Start public and confidential nodes, store data fragments within the public set to public nodes, store data fragments within encrypted data packets to confidential nodes, and mark data fragments as non-overwriteable and non-deletable, reserving storage space for modification records for each original data; The original data hash value, partition identifier, encrypted information and permission information are organized into transaction records, sent to the blockchain consortium nodes, and written into the blockchain ledger after being verified by PBFT consensus.

2. The distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data based on blockchain according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process involves starting public and confidential nodes, storing data fragments from the public set on public nodes, storing data fragments from encrypted data packets on confidential nodes, marking data fragments as non-overwriteable and non-deletable, reserving storage space for modification records for each original data set, and further including: The compute node load value is calculated as (storage utilization × 0.5) + (CPU utilization × 0.3) + (network latency / 100 × 0.2). When the load value is ≥ 0.7, some shards of the node are migrated to nodes with a load value < 0.

5. Data synchronization between storage nodes and backup nodes is achieved every 10 minutes. Integrity verification is performed on all shards every hour, comparing the shard hash value with the hash value in the shard association table. If the comparison is inconsistent, data is restored from the backup node.

3. The distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data based on blockchain according to claim 1, characterized in that, PBFT consensus verification includes: Set the number of consensus nodes N≥5 and be odd, including 3 core nodes and N-3 ordinary nodes. Transaction records are sent from the initiating node to all consensus nodes. Each consensus node verifies the transaction record. After successful verification, it sends a preparation message. After receiving ≥2N / 3+1 preparation messages, the initiating node sends a commit message. After each consensus node receives ≥2N / 3+1 commit messages, it writes the transaction record into the blockchain ledger.

4. The blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, Also includes: After determining the user's access request and verifying their identity and permissions, the system provides public data access to ordinary users and public data access as well as decrypted access to confidential data to authorized users. Authorized users submit modification requests. Once verified, the modifications are stored, modification records are generated and uploaded to the blockchain, and the original data corresponding to the modifications is marked as historical data.

5. The blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data according to claim 4, characterized in that, Authorized users submit modification requests. After verification, the modifications are stored, a modification record is generated and uploaded to the blockchain, and the original data corresponding to the modifications is marked as historical data, including: Authorized users submit modification requests, which include modifying the user's identity identifier, the original data hash value, the content to be modified, and the reason for the modification. The system verifies the modification permission through a blockchain smart contract. The modified content is preprocessed, the content is encrypted by partition, and the hash value of the modified data is calculated as Hash_modified=SHA-256(modified content + partition identifier). Generate a modification record, including the modification subject, modification time, modification content, modification reason, Hash_original, and Hash_modified, and calculate the modification record hash value Hash_record=SHA-256 (modification record content); The modified data shards are stored on distributed nodes. The modified record is stored as an independent shard and associated with the original data shard. The modified record, Hash_record, and Hash_modified are packaged into a transaction record and uploaded to the chain. The original data shard remains unchanged.

6. The blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, Also includes: Based on the traceability request submitted by the user, the system queries the original data transaction records and all modification records in the blockchain ledger, and combines the sharded association table to obtain the data storage and access trajectory, which is then presented to the user in a visual format.

7. A blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data, used to implement the method described in any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, include: The application terminals include those for inheritors, cultural institutions, administrators, and ordinary users, supporting the collection, entry, query, access, and modification of intangible cultural heritage data. The inheritor terminal supports offline storage of private keys. The application layer module includes a data acquisition unit, a data access unit, a permission management unit, a source tracing and query unit, and a modification application unit. The data acquisition unit supports data classification and labeling, and the permission management unit sets modification permissions and prohibits overwriting the original data. The data processing layer module includes a data preprocessing unit, a partitioning and content encryption unit, a data sharding unit, and a data verification unit. The partitioning and content encryption unit implements partition identification and differentiated encryption, and the data verification unit verifies data integrity and the correlation of modification records. The distributed storage module includes multiple public data nodes and confidential data nodes. Each node is equipped with a storage unit, a load balancing unit, a redundancy backup unit, and a modification record management unit. The modification record management unit enables independent storage and association of modification records. The blockchain module includes multiple consortium nodes. Each node deploys a consensus unit, a ledger unit, a smart contract unit, an encryption unit, and a traceability unit. The smart contract unit has preset modification permissions and encryption control rules, and the ledger unit stores the original data and transaction records of the modification records. The communication module uses HTTPS and SSL encrypted communication protocols, and VPN encryption is used for secure data node communication to realize data transmission between units and nodes at each layer.

8. The blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data according to claim 7, characterized in that, The partitioned content encryption unit includes: The partition identifier unit uses a binary identifier method to partition and identify the data, binding the identifier to the data hash value; The public data processing unit performs format standardization processing on public data, but does not perform encryption operations; The confidential data encryption unit uses both AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm and RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption algorithm to achieve double encryption and generate encrypted data packets. The encryption verification unit uses the SHA-256 algorithm to calculate the hash value of the encrypted data packet and verify the integrity of the encryption process.

9. The blockchain-based distributed storage system for intangible cultural heritage data according to claim 7, characterized in that, Public data nodes use a combination of mechanical hard drives and cloud storage, while confidential data nodes use a combination of solid-state drives and encrypted storage arrays. Modification records are stored on solid-state drives, and all storage media support dynamic expansion and read-only locking.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the blockchain-based distributed storage method for intangible cultural heritage data as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

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