An ultra-wideband single-dual beam switching antenna system

Abstract

The application provides an ultra-wideband single / dual-beam switching antenna system, comprising an n-way power distribution network, the topology of which is a layered structure with i layers, the i-th layer of which comprises n antennas, the i-1-th layer of which comprises n ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters, and each of the other layers comprises two power dividers with a halved number; wherein the output end of each phase shifter is connected to one of the antennas, and the input end of each two phase shifters is connected to one output end of one power divider in the layer above; the input end of each two power dividers is connected to one output end of one power divider in the layer above, and the last layer comprises one power divider connected to a radio frequency signal.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of antennas, and in particular relates to an ultra-wideband single-beam / dual-beam switching antenna system. Background Technology

[0002] Modern wireless communication systems have an increasingly urgent need for advanced antenna systems with flexible beam control and wide coverage capabilities. Beam-switching antenna systems, with their flexible beam reconfiguration characteristics, can achieve high-quality directional radiation within a specific angular range and effectively suppress environmental interference, thus finding wide application in satellite communications, multi-functional radar, and other fields. In complex communication scenarios, high-gain single-beam systems can ensure excellent link quality, while dual-beam systems can achieve wide-area coverage, significantly improving system adaptability and communication performance.

[0003] Beamforming networks (BFNs), as a key component of beam-switched antenna systems, are widely used due to their compact structure and ease of fabrication. These networks typically consist of RF components such as couplers, power dividers, and phase shifters, achieving precise control of the antenna's radiation pattern by adjusting the amplitude and phase distribution of the signal. Common beamforming networks include Butler matrices (BM) and Nolen matrices (NM). To achieve dual-beam output, traditional methods often modify the topology of the Butler matrix of the excitation antenna array by introducing additional phase-shifting structures to give the output signal a 0° or 180° phase difference, thus forming a Hadamard matrix (HM). However, such schemes often require crossover structures, resulting in larger circuit sizes, more complex structures, and limited operating bandwidth.

[0004] To enhance beam switching flexibility, existing research often incorporates reconfigurable devices into the design to simplify the feed network topology. Examples include the proposed Hadamard matrix based on 0° / 180° couplers, the Nolan matrix based on reconfigurable couplers using coupling coefficients and phase differences, and the Nolan matrix based on reconfigurable power dividers. While these schemes enable flexible single / dual beam switching, they still face challenges due to the large number of internal cascaded components and complex signal transmission paths, resulting in narrow operating bandwidth and difficulty in scaling to large-scale arrays.

[0005] Currently, achieving broadband operation, good scalability, and compact structure simultaneously in single / dual-beam switching antenna systems remains a challenging task. Existing designs have significant shortcomings in terms of bandwidth performance and scalability, making it difficult to meet the urgent demands of modern communication systems for continuously improving RF device performance. Therefore, developing a single / dual-beam switching antenna system that combines broadband characteristics with easy scalability is of great significance. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention proposes an ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system, comprising an n-way power distribution network with a topology of an i-layer layered structure. The i-th layer includes n antennas, the (i-1)-th layer includes n ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters, and each of the other layers includes 2 power dividers, with the number of dividers halved. The output of each phase shifter is connected to one of the antennas, and the inputs of every two phase shifters are connected to the output of a power divider in the layer above them. The inputs of each pair of power dividers are connected to the output of one of the power dividers in the layer above them, until the last layer includes one power divider connected to the radio frequency signal.

[0007] Preferably, the phase shifter uses a switching diode to control the through end and the coupling end of the coupling line to achieve an open circuit or short circuit state, thereby generating a phase difference.

[0008] Preferably, the coupling line adopts a vertically mounted planar structure with strong coupling characteristics to achieve ultra-wideband characteristics. The through end and the coupling end of the coupling line are controlled by a switching diode to be in open-circuit and short-circuit states, and the phase shifter can generate a 180° phase difference in the two states.

[0009] Preferably, the output of the phase shifter satisfies the following formula:

[0010] Where Z0 is the system impedance of 50Ω, and ZL is the load impedance at the end of the coupling line between the through end and the coupling end. When the switching diode is closed, the through end and the coupling end of the coupling line are short-circuited, and the load at the end... Z L(short) =0; however, when the switching diode is off, the straight-through end of the coupling line is open from the coupling end, and the load at the end... Z L(open) =∞, the phase difference and phase slope satisfy the following formula:

[0012] Preferably, the phase shifter has a horizontal substrate made of Rogers 4003C dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.813 mm, and a vertical substrate made of Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.381 mm. The switching diode is a MACOM MADP-000907 with parasitic parameters of Lp=30pH, Ron=7.8Ω and Coff=0.025pF.

[0013] Preferably, the horizontal substrate is a printed circuit board.

[0014] Preferably, the vertical substrate of the phase shifter is a Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm, and its isolation resistance is 470Ω.

[0015] Preferably, the n antennas have an element spacing of 70 mm and an operating bandwidth of 1.98 GHz to 3.06 GHz.

[0016] Preferably, the equivalent circuit of the power divider has a symmetrical structure, consisting of two coupling lines, two transmission lines, and two resistors. The coupling lines of the power divider adopt a vertical mounting plane structure with strong coupling characteristics to achieve ultra-wideband characteristics.

[0017] Preferably, the spacing between the antennas is 70 mm, and the operating bandwidth is 1.98 GHz to 3.06 GHz.

[0018] The method and system described above are lightweight open-set intrusion detection for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which can be adapted to the limited computing power and memory resources of industrial gateways and can be efficiently deployed in resource-constrained IIoT environments. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the topology of the ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system, showcasing the component composition of the proposed antenna system and demonstrating the flexible scalability of the topology.

[0020] Figure 2: ( Figure 2a 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter transmission line model; Figure 2b Schematic diagram of a 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter; Figure 2c A physical image of a 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter. This image showcases the theoretical model and actual design structure of the 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter, including structural details, connection methods, orientation layout, and key parameters of each component.

[0021] Figure 3: ( Figure 3a Simulation and test results of S-parameters in two states of the 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter; Figure 3b Simulation and test results of the phase difference in two states of a 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter. The matching and broadband characteristics of the 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter in the PIN diode closed and open states are shown, reflecting the characteristic that the phase shifter can achieve a broadband stable phase difference in the reconfigurable state.

[0022] Figure 4: ( Figure 4a Schematic diagram of an ultra-wideband 2-channel power divider topology; Figure 4b Reconfigurable feeder network structure diagram; Figure 4c The diagram shows a physical image of a reconfigurable power distribution network; it also presents the theoretical model of the power divider and the implementation method and specific design details of the actual design of the reconfigurable power distribution network.

[0023] Figure 5: Simulation and test results of the reconfigurable feeder network under different states. Figure 5a )-( Figure 5d ) respectively correspond to the S-parameters of states A to D, ( Figure 5e )-( Figure 5f The parameters represent the phase difference parameters corresponding to states A through D, respectively. This visually presents the matching status and phase difference effect of the feeder network, demonstrating the broadband performance and reconfigurability of the designed feeder network.

[0024] Figure 6: ( Figure 6a Antenna element structure diagram; Figure 6b Simulation and test results of the antenna array S-parameters; Figure 6c The antenna system test diagram shows the radiating elements of the antenna array, the overall measurement environment, and the broadband S-parameter performance of the antenna array.

[0025] Figure 7: Simulation and measured results of the radiation pattern of the antenna array at representative frequencies. Figure 7a )-( Figure 7d The corresponding frequencies are 2.1 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.7 GHz and 3 GHz, respectively; the radiation gain and radiation pattern performance of the antenna array are presented, and the broadband performance and single and dual beam switching characteristics of the designed reconfigurable feed network are verified. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below. The embodiments described below are implemented based on the technical solution of the present invention, and detailed implementation methods and specific operation processes are given. However, the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below.

[0027] (I) Implementation of Ultra-Wideband Single / Dual Beam Switching Antenna System Topology Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the topology of an ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system, showcasing the component composition of an antenna system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention and demonstrating the flexible scalability of the topology.

[0028] As shown in the figure, it includes an n-way power distribution network with a layered topology of i layers. The i-th layer includes n antennas, the (i-1)-th layer includes n ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters, and each of the other layers includes 2 power dividers, half the number of antennas in each layer. The output of each phase shifter is connected to one of the antennas, and the inputs of every two phase shifters are connected to the output of a power divider in the layer above them. The inputs of each pair of power dividers are connected to the output of one of the power dividers in the layer above them, until the last layer includes one power divider connected to the radio frequency signal.

[0029] n reconfigurable phase shifters connected to the end of n power divider networks form the feed network of the antenna array, which can output in-phase or out-of-phase equal-amplitude signals, and finally realize single / dual beam radiation characteristics at the antenna array end.

[0030] (II) Implementation of Ultra-Wideband 0° / 180° Reconfigurable Phase Shifter Ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter design: its transmission line equivalent model is as follows Figure 2a As shown, it is based on a reflective phase shifter and uses a switching diode (PIN diode) to control the through and coupled ends of the coupling line to achieve open or short circuit states, thereby generating a phase difference. The structure diagram of the designed ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter is shown below. Figure 2b Figure 2c As shown, the coupling line employs a vertically installed planar (VIP) structure with strong coupling characteristics to achieve ultra-wideband performance. The open-circuit and short-circuit states of the through and coupled ends of the coupling line are controlled by PIN diodes, allowing the phase shifter to generate a 180° phase difference between the two states. Designed with a center frequency of 2.4 GHz, the horizontal substrate is made of Rogers 4003C dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.813 mm, while the vertical substrate is made of Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.381 mm. The switching diode is a MACOM MADP-000907 with parasitic parameters of [missing information]. L p =30pH R on =7.8Ω and C off =0.025pF. Figure 3a Figure 3b The simulation and test results of the phase shifter show that it achieves a 180° phase shift effect over a wide range. Under the bandwidth definition of 10 dB return loss and 180° ± 5° phase error, the designed phase shifter can achieve 100.8% (1.17 GHz - 3.55 GHz) of operating bandwidth, while the additional insertion loss does not exceed 1.76 dB.

[0031] Design of ultrawideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters (e.g.) Figure 2a It employs a reflective phase shifter structure. The through end and the coupling end are in an open-circuit or short-circuit state, thereby generating a phase difference.

[0032] Preferably, the coupling line adopts a vertically mounted planar structure with strong coupling characteristics to achieve ultra-wideband performance. The through end and coupled end of the coupling line are controlled by a switching diode to maintain their open-circuit and short-circuit states, respectively. In both states, the phase shifter can generate a 180° phase difference. A PIN diode is connected to the ends of the through end and coupled end of the coupling line to switch its grounding state, thereby changing the load impedance and generating a phase difference.

[0033] Under a high coupling coefficient coupling line, preferably, the output of the phase shifter satisfies the following formula:

[0034] Where Z0 is the system impedance of 50Ω, and ZL is the load impedance at the end of the coupling line between the through end and the coupling end. When the switching diode is closed, the through end and the coupling end of the coupling line are short-circuited, and the load at the end... Z L(short) =0; however, when the switching diode is off, the straight-through end of the coupling line is open from the coupling end, and the load at the end... Z L(open) =∞, the phase difference and phase slope satisfy the following formula:

[0036] Designed with a center frequency of 2.4 GHz, the designed ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter is as follows: Figure 2b Figure 2c As shown. The coupling line section adopts a VIP structure with a high coupling coefficient to ensure good matching under broadband conditions. The through end and coupling end of the coupling line are connected to the metal ground of the horizontal substrate by PIN diodes. The open circuit and short circuit states of the through end and coupling end of the coupling line are controlled by the PIN diodes, and the switching between the two states generates a 180° phase difference. The horizontal substrate is Rogers 4003C dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.813mm, and the vertical substrate is Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.381mm. The switching diode is MACOM MADP-000907, and its parasitic parameters are as follows. L p =30pH R on =7.8Ω and C off =0.025pF. Simulation and test results of the phase shifter with the PIN diode in ON and OFF states are as follows: Figure 3a Figure 3b As shown, it can be seen that within an additional interpolation loss of no more than 1.76 dB, a working bandwidth of 100.8% (1.17 GHz - 3.55 GHz) is achieved with a bandwidth defined by a return loss of 10 dB and a phase error of 180° ± 5°.

[0037] (III) Implementation of Ultra-Wideband Reconfigurable Feeder Network The antenna system's feed network is an n-way power distribution network with 0° / 180° phase switching capability. The n-way power distribution network consists of multiple 2-way power dividers (such as...). Figure 4a The power divider consists of n channels, with the 0° / 180° phase switching function implemented by a reconfigurable phase shifter cascaded at the end of the power divider. The input signal is evenly divided into n signals by the power divider network. Each signal is output in phase or out of phase via a 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifter, allowing for multiple 0° / 180° phase difference states at adjacent output ports of the overall power divider network. This topology offers high scalability; depending on the size of the antenna array, the number of power dividers and phase shifters can be flexibly selected to achieve phase control effects at any port. The power divider within the feed network also employs a VIP structure, enabling ultra-wideband characteristics.

[0038] Taking the feeding of a 1×4 antenna array as an example, the designed feeding network (such as...) Figure 4b Figure 4c The antenna array consists of three VIP 2-way power dividers and four 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters. Controlling the switching state of the 0° / 180° phase shifters (represented as "1" or "-1") achieves four states (state A to state D) with equal amplitude but different phases. Under these four states, the antenna array can achieve one single-beam and three dual-beam radiation characteristics. Designed with a center frequency of 2.4 GHz, the power dividers also employ a VIP structure. The vertical substrate is made of Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm, and an isolation resistance of 470 Ω. The four-way power divider network, formed by cascading the three 2-way power dividers, is connected to the 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters at its end, forming the designed reconfigurable feed network. Its structure is compact, with overall dimensions of 0.98λg × 1.84λg × 0.06λg. The simulation test results of this feed network are as follows... Figures 5a-5h Under the bandwidth definitions of 10-dB return loss, isolation, 1-dB amplitude imbalance, and ±10.5° phase error, the four states (state A to state D) achieved relative bandwidths of 87.2%, 88%, 92.7%, and 98.9%, respectively, with additional interpolation loss of less than 2.4-dB.

[0039] The preferred embodiments described above realize an ultra-wideband reconfigurable feeder network.

[0040] The feed network for the antenna system is implemented using an n-way power distribution network with 0° / 180° phase selection capability. This n-way power distribution network consists of multiple ultra-wideband 2-way power dividers, while the 0° / 180° phase switching function is achieved through ultra-wideband reconfigurable phase shifters connected to the ends of the power dividers. The overall feed network can output various equal-amplitude signals with a 0° / 180° phase difference. Furthermore, this feed topology is simple and highly scalable; by selecting only the appropriate number of power dividers and phase shifters, it can accommodate antenna arrays of different sizes.

[0041] A four-port output ultrawideband reconfigurable feeder network with a center frequency of 2.4 GHz was designed, consisting of four ultrawideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters and a four-way power divider network. The four-way power divider network consists of three two-way ultrawideband power dividers. Figure 4a The equivalent circuit of an ultra-wideband 2-way power divider is shown. This symmetrical structure consists of two coupled lines, two transmission lines, and two resistors. The coupled lines employ a high-coupling VIP structure to provide ultra-wideband performance. Figure 4b Figure 4c Four ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters are connected to the ends of four power dividers to form the designed reconfigurable feeder network. The overall circuit dimensions are 0.98λg × 1.84λg × 0.06λg.

[0042] The ultrawideband reconfigurable feeder network is fabricated using printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The horizontal substrate is made of Rogers 4003C dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.813 mm, while the vertical substrate is made of Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm / 0.381 mm. The connection between the horizontal and vertical substrates is achieved through soldering. The circuit includes solder pad positions and positioning marks for the vertical substrate to ensure the soldering accuracy of the vertical and horizontal substrates.

[0043] The input signal of the designed ultra-wideband reconfigurable feed network is divided into four paths by a power divider and then phase-controlled by a reconfigurable phase shifter. States "1" and "-1" are defined as equal-amplitude, out-of-phase signals. By switching the reconfigurable phase shifter states, four signals are output: State A (1, 1, 1, 1), State B (1, -1, 1, -1), State C (1, 1, -1, -1), and State D (1, -1, -1, 1). Under these four excitation states, the antenna array can achieve single-beam and three dual-beam radiation characteristics. Figures 5a-5hThis paper presents the measurement and simulation results of the feeder network's performance parameters, including input return loss, insertion loss, phase difference, and isolation, under four states. The bandwidth is defined by 10-dB return loss, isolation, 1-dB amplitude imbalance, and ±10.5° phase error. In state A, the operating frequency range is 1.37GHz to 3.49GHz (87.2%). At 3.49GHz, the output of port 2 exhibits a maximum additional loss of 1.7-dB compared to the simulation results. Regarding phase characteristics, at the center frequency of 2.4GHz, the phase differences between adjacent ports are -4.1° (port 2–port 3), 6.9° (port 3–port 4), and -2.6° (port 4–port 5). At 3.49GHz, the maximum phase difference error between ports 4 and 5 is 10.4°. In state B, the operating frequency range is 1.17GHz to 3.01GHz, corresponding to a bandwidth of 88%. The simulation results show that the maximum additional loss at output port 3 at 1.17GHz is 2.1dB. Regarding phase difference, the phase difference between adjacent ports at 2.4 GHz is: -177.8° between ports 2 and 3, -185.6° between ports 3 and 4, and -173.2° between ports 4 and 5. The maximum error is a phase difference of 10.4° between ports 2 and 3 at 3.01 GHz; in state C, its operating frequency range is 1.25 GHz to 3.41 GHz, with a relative bandwidth of 92.7%. The maximum additional loss compared to the simulation results is 2.1 dB for output port 3 at 1.25 GHz. Regarding phase difference, the phase differences between adjacent ports at 2.4 GHz are: -3.1° between ports 2 and 3, -180.4° between ports 3 and 4, and 0.7° between ports 4 and 5. The maximum phase difference error of 10.4° occurs between ports 3 and 4 at 3.11 GHz; in state D, its operating frequency covers 1.15 to 3.4 GHz (98.9%). Within this frequency band, compared to the simulated values, the maximum additional loss is 2.4 dB at output port 5 at 3.24 GHz. At 2.4 GHz, the measured phase differences between adjacent ports are: -172.5° between ports 2 and 3, -5.3° between ports 3 and 4, and -181.4° between ports 4 and 5. At 2.95 GHz, the maximum phase difference error between ports 4 and 5 is 10.4°. In summary, the designed reconfigurable feeder network achieves 87.2% bandwidth, realizing ultra-wideband performance.

[0044] (iv) Ultra-wideband antenna array A series-fed dual-dipole antenna is selected as the radiating element to construct an ultra-wideband antenna array. The antenna element structure is as follows: Figure 6a As shown. The element spacing in the antenna array is 70 mm, and the operating bandwidth is 1.98 GHz - 3.06 GHz (e.g., Figure 6bThe antenna array is connected to the designed reconfigurable feed network via four coaxial cables. Figure 6c The PIN diode bias voltage is provided by a 9V battery. Four representative frequency points—2.1GHz, 2.4GHz, 2.7GHz, and 3GHz—were selected for simulation, verification, and testing of the radiation patterns in four states (states A through D). Figures 7a-7d The antenna system achieved radiation characteristics of 0°, ±55°, ±20°, and ±30° respectively, indicating that the designed antenna system can achieve good single / dual beam switching function.

[0045] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the above-described preferred embodiments of the present invention are as follows: (1) Superior bandwidth performance: Based on an ultra-wideband reconfigurable phase shifter, the system achieves an operating bandwidth of over 87.2% in all four states of the power supply network. It also achieves stable single / dual beam radiation performance at representative frequency points across a wide frequency range, making it suitable for various broadband and ultra-wideband communication scenarios.

[0046] (2) High scalability: The antenna system's feed network consists of an n-way power divider network equipped with 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters. The n-way power dividers are composed of two-way power dividers cascaded together. The number and layout of its ports can be flexibly adjusted. Expansion only requires loading an appropriate number of two-way power dividers and reconfigurable phase shifters for simple cascading, which can be used for feeding antenna arrays of any size.

[0047] (3) Flexible and wide radiation range: Through actual testing, it was verified that the antenna system can achieve stable single / dual beam radiation in a wide range. The antenna system can radiate a high-gain single beam at 0° and achieve dual beam radiation at ±55°, ±20° and ±30°, which can meet the needs of a variety of communication application scenarios.

[0048] The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above. It should be understood that those skilled in the art can make numerous modifications and variations based on the concept of the present invention without creative effort. Therefore, all technical solutions that can be obtained by those skilled in the art based on the concept of the present invention through logical analysis, reasoning, or limited experimentation on the basis of existing technology should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims

1. An ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system, characterized in that, It includes an n-way power distribution network with a layered topology of i layers. The i-th layer includes n antennas, the (i-1)-th layer includes n ultra-wideband 0° / 180° reconfigurable phase shifters, and each of the other layers includes 2 power dividers, half the number of antennas. The output of each phase shifter is connected to one of the antennas, and the inputs of every two phase shifters are connected to the output of a power divider in the layer above them. The inputs of each pair of power dividers are connected to the output of one of the power dividers in the layer above them, until the last layer includes one power divider connected to the radio frequency signal.

2. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 1, wherein, The phase shifter uses a switching diode to control the through end and coupling end of the coupling line to achieve an open circuit or short circuit state, thereby generating a phase difference.

3. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 2, wherein, The coupling line adopts a vertically mounted planar structure with strong coupling characteristics to achieve ultra-wideband characteristics. The through end and the coupling end of the coupling line are controlled by a switching diode to be in open-circuit and short-circuit states. In the two states, the phase shifter can generate a 180° phase difference.

4. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 1, wherein, The output of the phase shifter satisfies the following formula: in, Z 0 represents the system impedance of 50Ω. Z L The load impedance at the end of the coupling line is Ω, which represents the short circuit between the straight-through and coupled ends when the switching diode is closed. Z L(short) =0; however, when the switching diode is off, the straight-through end of the coupling line is open from the coupling end, and the load at the end... Z L(open) =∞, the phase difference and phase slope satisfy the following formula: 。 5. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 3, wherein, The phase shifter has a horizontal substrate made of Rogers 4003C dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.813 mm, and a vertical substrate made of Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.381 mm. The switching diode is a MACOM MADP-000907 with parasitic parameters of Lp=30pH, Ron=7.8Ω and Coff=0.025pF.

6. In the ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 1, the horizontal substrate is a printed circuit board.

7. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 3, wherein, The phase shifter has a vertical substrate made of Rogers RT / Duroid 5880 dielectric material with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm, and an isolation resistance of 470Ω.

8. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 1, wherein, The n antennas have an element spacing of 70 mm and an operating bandwidth of 1.98 GHz to 3.06 GHz.

9. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 1, wherein, The equivalent circuit of the power divider has a symmetrical structure, consisting of two coupling lines, two transmission lines, and two resistors. The coupling lines of the power divider adopt a vertical mounting plane structure with strong coupling characteristics to achieve ultra-wideband characteristics.

10. The ultra-wideband single / dual beam switching antenna system according to claim 1, wherein, The spacing between the antennas is 70 mm, and the operating bandwidth is 1.98 GHz to 3.06 GHz.

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