Hydraulic structure and method for weakening the height of the first wave of a landslide surge

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of water conservancy structures and methods for weakening the first wave height of landslide surge, belong to the technical field of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, can solve the problem that existing blocking structure is difficult to selectively weaken the most destructive first wave.The water conservancy structure includes: guide mechanism, along the direction of the direction of the reservoir water body that slope is inclined to extend;Slip body, can slip along guide mechanism, for forming local wave field on the upstream side of dam when sliding into reservoir water body;Locking mechanism, for locking slip body in initial position under normal working condition, and release the locking of slip body under trigger working condition;Limiting mechanism, for limiting the movement of slip body after entering the reservoir water body along guide mechanism;Trigger mechanism is set at the trigger section of the dam upstream side at a predetermined distance from the dam, and is connected with locking mechanism, for applying unlocking action to locking mechanism when landslide surge first wave passes through trigger section.The application is used to weaken the first wave height of landslide surge.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a hydraulic structure and method for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, belonging to the field of water conservancy and hydropower engineering technology. Background Technology

[0002] During the operation of reservoir projects in mountainous river valleys or canyon hydropower stations, the reservoir bank soil and rock are susceptible to large-volume slope instability due to factors such as engineering excavation, reservoir water level fluctuations, and rainfall, which can then induce landslide surges into the reservoir area. Landslide surges are characterized by rapid rise, large initial wave height, and short duration. When the surge propagates downstream from the reservoir towards the dam, the initial wave height and run-up may exceed the original wave protection design margin of the dam, thus adversely affecting the safety of structures upstream of the dam and the stability of the dam crest and downstream slopes. For high dams and deep water reservoirs, traditional methods of simply raising the dam crest or installing wave walls often significantly increase engineering investment and construction difficulty, and there are also limitations in the space available for such installations under existing dam reinforcement and renovation conditions.

[0003] To mitigate the damage caused by landslide surges to dams, existing engineering measures often employ fixed retaining structures such as wave-breaking piers and walls in front of the dam, or energy-dissipating structures such as weirs and energy-dissipating grooves on the bank slope. Some methods also involve raising the dam crest and increasing the height of the wave-breaking walls to improve the safety elevation. These measures generally rely on static water-retaining structures, dispersing or dissipating wave energy through processes such as flow bypass, turbulence, and hydraulic jumps, which are effective in reducing surges. However, these methods all use passive structures, making it difficult to selectively weaken the most destructive initial wave. Furthermore, significantly raising the dam crest or adding large-scale fixed barriers occupies valuable space in front of the dam, increasing the engineering workload and potentially adversely affecting normal operation conditions such as navigation and flood discharge. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides a hydraulic structure and method for reducing the height of the first wave of a landslide surge, which can solve the problem that existing retaining structures are unable to selectively weaken the most destructive first wave, while occupying space in front of the dam and increasing the amount of engineering work.

[0005] On one hand, the present invention provides a hydraulic structure for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, the hydraulic structure comprising:

[0006] The guiding mechanism is set on the bank slope on the upstream side of the dam and extends at an angle along the bank slope in the direction of the reservoir water.

[0007] A sliding body is disposed on the guide mechanism and can slide along the guide mechanism. The sliding body is used to generate a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam when it slides into the water body of the reservoir area.

[0008] A locking mechanism is provided in the upper region of the guide mechanism to lock the sliding body in the initial position under normal working conditions and to release the locking of the sliding body under triggered working conditions.

[0009] A limiting mechanism is provided near the lower end of the guide mechanism and connected to the sliding body, and is used to limit the movement of the sliding body after it enters the water body of the reservoir along the guide mechanism;

[0010] The triggering mechanism is located at a triggering section on the upstream side of the dam at a preset distance from the dam, and is connected to the locking mechanism. It is used to apply an unlocking action to the locking mechanism when the first wave of the landslide surge passes through the triggering section.

[0011] Optionally, the hydraulic structure further includes:

[0012] A reset mechanism is provided in the upper region of the guide mechanism and connected to the sliding body, for pulling the sliding body back from the reservoir water to its initial position.

[0013] Optionally, the sliding body includes:

[0014] The box structure has multiple chambers, each of which is filled with filling material;

[0015] An action plate is fixed to the side wall of the box structure facing the water body of the reservoir. The length of the action plate is greater than the length of the box structure, and / or the height of the action plate is greater than the height of the box structure.

[0016] Optionally, the guiding mechanism includes:

[0017] A guide rail is installed on the bank slope and extends inclinedly along the bank slope in the direction pointing towards the water body of the reservoir area. The lower end of the guide rail extends below the perennial water level of the reservoir area.

[0018] Anchors are installed on the bank slope and connected to the guide rail for fixing the guide rail to the bank slope.

[0019] A support platform is mounted on the guide rail and can move along the guide rail, and the sliding body is fixed on the support platform.

[0020] Optionally, the guiding mechanism further includes:

[0021] A braking component, disposed at the end region of the guide rail and / or on the sliding body, is used to consume part of the kinetic energy of the sliding body during its end stroke.

[0022] Optionally, the sliding body is provided with a locking hole; the locking mechanism includes:

[0023] A docking support is provided in the upper region of the guide mechanism to support the sliding body under normal operating conditions;

[0024] A locking pin is fixed to the docking support;

[0025] A locking pin, one end of which is connected to the triggering mechanism, and the other end of which passes through the locking pin seat and is inserted into the locking hole, is used to lock the sliding body on the docking support, and is also used to disengage from the locking hole under the traction of the triggering mechanism to release the locking of the sliding body.

[0026] Optionally, the limiting mechanism includes:

[0027] A water inlet tank is arranged in the lower region of the guide mechanism to accommodate the sliding body when it enters the water.

[0028] Anchor blocks are fixed to the bank slope;

[0029] A cable, one end of which is connected to the sliding body and the other end of which is anchored to the anchor block, is used to limit the displacement of the sliding body when it slides along the guide mechanism to the end of the guide mechanism.

[0030] Optionally, the triggering mechanism includes:

[0031] The trigger buoy is set at a trigger section at a preset distance from the dam on the upstream side of the dam. It is used to float on the water surface under normal operating conditions and to generate an upward displacement when the first wave of the landslide surge reaches the trigger section.

[0032] A trigger cable, one end of which is connected to the trigger float and the other end of which is connected to the locking mechanism, is used to pull the locking pin away from the locking hole when the trigger float produces an upward displacement;

[0033] A guide rod is vertically positioned at the trigger section, and the trigger float is sleeved on the guide rod. The guide rod is used to limit the displacement direction of the trigger float.

[0034] Optionally, the triggering mechanism further includes:

[0035] A pulley is installed on the bank slope and near the upper area of ​​the guide mechanism, and the trigger cable is wound around the pulley;

[0036] An adjusting component, connected to the pulley, is used to drive the pulley to move in order to adjust the amount of extension at the end of the trigger cable.

[0037] On the other hand, the present invention provides a method for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, the method being applied to any of the aforementioned hydraulic structures for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, the method comprising:

[0038] The sliding body is locked in its initial position on the upper part of the guide mechanism using a locking mechanism;

[0039] When a landslide surge occurs and propagates toward the dam, a triggering mechanism is used to apply an unlocking action to the locking mechanism.

[0040] The guide mechanism is used to guide the sliding body so that it slides down the bank slope in the direction of the reservoir water and slides into the reservoir water, thereby forming a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam that overlaps with the first wave of the landslide surge.

[0041] After the sliding body slides into the reservoir water, a limiting mechanism is used to limit and dissipate the energy of the sliding body.

[0042] The beneficial effects that this invention can produce include:

[0043] The hydraulic structure provided by this invention weakens the initial wave height of landslide surges. Its triggering mechanism senses the occurrence and propagation of landslide surges at the triggering section and releases the locking mechanism from the sliding body, allowing it to be released from its initial position before the initial wave reaches the dam. Under the constraint of the guiding mechanism, the sliding body enters the reservoir water along a predetermined trajectory. After sliding into the water, the sliding body exerts strong pressure and disturbance on the surrounding water within a short period, forming a local wave field upstream of the dam that overlaps with the initial landslide surge wave. This alters the distribution of the wave field in front of the dam in both spatial and temporal dimensions, thereby weakening the initial wave height. This achieves the goal of actively intervening in the initial landslide surge wave using the gravitational potential energy and controlled motion of the sliding body, solving the problem of the initial landslide surge wave threatening dam safety. Attached Figure Description

[0044] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a hydraulic structure for reducing the initial wave height of a landslide surge, provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 2 for Figure 1 Enlarged view of region A in the middle;

[0046] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the triggering mechanism structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] Figure label:

[0048] 10. Sliding body; 11. Action plate; 20. Guide mechanism; 21. Guide rail; 22. Bearing platform; 23. Anchor; 30. Locking mechanism; 31. Locking pin; 32. Locking pin seat; 33. Stopping support; 40. Limiting mechanism; 41. Anchor block; 42. Cable; 43. Water inlet trough; 50. Triggering mechanism; 51. Triggering float; 52. Triggering steel cable; 53. Guide rod; 54. First pulley; 55. Second pulley; 56. Third pulley; 57. Adjusting component. Detailed Implementation

[0049] In the following description, specific details such as particular system architectures and techniques are set forth for illustrative purposes and not for limitation, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the invention can be implemented in other embodiments without these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, apparatuses, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary detail.

[0050] This invention provides a hydraulic structure for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, such as... Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the hydraulic structure includes:

[0051] The guiding mechanism 20 is set on the bank slope on the upstream side of the dam and extends inclinedly along the bank slope in the direction of the reservoir water.

[0052] The sliding body 10 is mounted on the guide mechanism 20 and can slide along the guide mechanism 20. The sliding body 10 is used to create a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam when sliding into the reservoir water.

[0053] The locking mechanism 30 is located in the upper region of the guide mechanism 20 and is used to lock the sliding body 10 in the initial position under normal working conditions and to release the lock on the sliding body 10 under triggered working conditions.

[0054] The limiting mechanism 40 is located near the lower end of the guide mechanism 20 and is connected to the sliding body 10. It is used to limit the movement of the sliding body 10 after it enters the reservoir water along the guide mechanism 20.

[0055] The triggering mechanism 50 is located at a triggering section at a preset distance from the dam on the upstream side of the dam and is connected to the locking mechanism 30. It is used to apply an unlocking action to the locking mechanism 30 when the first wave of the landslide surge passes through the triggering section.

[0056] The triggering mechanism 50 can sense the occurrence and propagation of landslide surge at the triggering section and release the lock on the sliding body 10 through the locking mechanism 30, allowing the sliding body 10 to be released from its initial position before the first wave of the surge reaches the dam. Under the constraint of the guiding mechanism 20, it enters the reservoir water body along a predetermined trajectory. After sliding into the water body, the sliding body 10 can generate strong compression and disturbance to the surrounding water body in a short period of time, forming a local wave field upstream of the dam that superimposes with the first wave of the landslide surge. This changes the distribution of the wave field in front of the dam in both spatial and temporal dimensions, thereby weakening the height of the first wave in front of the dam. This achieves the purpose of actively intervening in the first wave of the landslide surge by utilizing the gravitational potential energy and controlled motion of the sliding body 10, thus solving the problem of the first wave of the landslide surge threatening the safety of the dam.

[0057] Furthermore, hydraulic structures also include:

[0058] A reset mechanism is located in the upper region of the guide mechanism 20 and is connected to the sliding body 10. It is used to pull the sliding body 10 back from the reservoir water to its initial position.

[0059] In practical applications, the reset mechanism may include components such as an electric winch, a traction wire rope, and guide pulleys. The reset mechanism is located in the upper region of the guide mechanism 20. An electric winch is installed on the dam crest platform near the locking mechanism 30. The traction wire rope is wound on the winch drum and is arranged laterally along the guide mechanism 20. After its direction is changed by several guide pulleys arranged on the bank slope support, it connects to a traction lug pre-installed on the sliding body 10. The winch is equipped with a brake and a fall arrestor to ensure reliable stopping at any time during traction. A mechanical or electrical travel limit switch can be installed at the beginning of the traction wire rope or the end of the winch shaft to automatically stop the winch operation when the sliding body 10 returns to near its initial position, preventing overwinding. After the landslide surge event subsides and the reservoir water level returns to relative stability, operators start an electric winch on the dam crest or bank platform. The winch pulls the sliding body 10 upwards via a traction steel cable and guide pulley system, causing the sliding body 10, which has already slid into the reservoir water and is controlled by the limiting mechanism 40 near the end of the guide mechanism 20, to slowly slide back along the guide mechanism 20 in the opposite direction. After the sliding body 10 gradually overcomes its own weight and water resistance and returns to the upper area of ​​the guide mechanism 20, it is accurately stopped at the position of the locking mechanism 30 by a travel limit switch or on-site monitoring. The operator then re-inserts the locking pin 31 into the locking position to complete the locking. By setting a reset mechanism on the upper part of the guide mechanism 20, the sliding body 10 can be reliably recovered by ground machinery after each participation in weakening the initial wave of the landslide surge. This eliminates the need for underwater disassembly or large hoisting equipment, allowing for multiple cycles of use, significantly reducing the difficulty of operation and maintenance and long-term operating costs.

[0060] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 As shown, the sliding body 10 includes:

[0061] The box structure has multiple chambers, each of which is filled with filling material;

[0062] The action plate 11 is fixed on the side wall of the box structure facing the water body of the reservoir. The length of the action plate 11 is greater than the length of the box structure, and / or the height of the action plate 11 is greater than the height of the box structure.

[0063] The sliding body 10 has an internal box structure, and an action plate 11 facing the reservoir water is also installed on the sliding body 10. The box structure is divided into multiple chambers along the height and length of the sliding body 10, so that the weight and center of gravity of the sliding body 10 can be adjusted by adjusting the arrangement of the filling materials in each chamber; the action plate 11 is used to generate large-scale disturbances in the water to form a local wave field; wherein, the geometric parameters of the guiding mechanism 20 are matched with the distance from the triggering mechanism 50 to the dam and the water depth of the reservoir, so that the time from the unlocking of the locking mechanism 30 to the entry into the water stage of the sliding body 10 is on the same time scale as the time from the propagation of the first wave of the landslide surge from the triggering mechanism 50 to the front of the dam.

[0064] Specifically, the sliding body 10 adopts an internal box structure. The interior of the sliding body 10 is divided into multiple chambers along its height and length by partition plates. Each chamber can be selectively filled with different materials such as concrete, gravel, water, or metal counterweights. By changing the filling combination and arrangement of each chamber, the total weight and center of gravity of the sliding body 10 can be finely adjusted, ensuring that the sliding body 10 has the expected acceleration curve and entry posture when sliding along the guide mechanism 20. An action plate 11 is integrally installed on the side of the sliding body 10 facing the reservoir water. The action plate 11 maintains large-area contact with the water throughout the sliding body 10's entry into the water and its subsequent descent along the guide mechanism 20. The planar or curved shape of the action plate 11 exerts a strong pushing and flow around the water, forming a large-scale local wave field. To ensure that the local wave field coincides with the action of the first wave of the landslide surge in front of the dam in time, the geometric parameters of the guiding mechanism 20, including its tilt angle along the bank slope, total length, and elevation difference between the upper and lower ends, are designed to match the horizontal distance from the triggering mechanism 50 to the dam and the water depth of the reservoir area. During the engineering design phase, the propagation time scale of the first wave of the landslide surge from the triggering section to the front of the dam is estimated based on the typical water depth of the reservoir area. At the same time, the sliding time required for the sliding body 10 to slide from the initial position to the water entry stage along the guiding mechanism 20 after unlocking is considered. By adjusting the filling scheme of the box structure and the geometric arrangement of the guiding mechanism 20, the time from the unlocking of the locking mechanism 30 to the entry of the action plate 11 into the water entry stage is made to be on the same time scale as the propagation time of the first wave of the landslide surge from the location of the triggering mechanism 50 to the front of the dam. It is preferred to control it to be basically the same or slightly earlier. Thus, when the first wave of the landslide surge reaches the dam front, the local wave field induced by the sliding body 10 and its action plate 11 is developing or has just reached a relatively strong intensity. The two superimpose at the dam front section, and part of the energy of the first wave is transferred and dispersed by propelling the movement of the sliding body 10 and stimulating local fluctuations, thereby achieving a significant reduction in the height of the first wave without significantly increasing the amount of fixed structures in front of the dam. In this embodiment, the trigger section refers to a water section selected at a preset distance from the dam on the upstream side, where the triggering mechanism 50 is arranged. When the first wave of the landslide surge propagates to the triggering section, the water level at that location rises significantly and the flow velocity increases significantly in a short period of time. The triggering mechanism 50 responds to the significant changes in the above-mentioned hydrodynamic parameters and converts these changes into an unlocking action of the locking mechanism 30, thereby initiating the sliding process of the sliding body 10 in advance.

[0065] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 As shown, the guide mechanism 20 includes:

[0066] The guide rail 21 is set on the bank slope and extends inclinedly along the bank slope in the direction of the reservoir water body. The lower end of the guide rail 21 extends below the normal water level of the reservoir.

[0067] Anchor 23 is installed on the bank slope and connected to guide rail 21 to fix guide rail 21 on the bank slope;

[0068] The support platform 22 is mounted on the guide rail 21 and can move along the guide rail 21. The sliding body 10 is fixed on the support platform 22.

[0069] To ensure the stability of the guide rail 21 under the weight of the sliding body 10 and the sliding load, anchors 23 are pre-installed in the bank slope. The anchors 23 are firmly connected to the guide rail 21 through anchor rods, embedded steel plates, etc., reliably transferring the load of the sliding body 10 to the bank slope soil or the interior of the dam main structure. The sliding body 10 does not directly contact the guide rail 21, but achieves rolling cooperation with the guide rail 21 through the bearing platform 22. The bearing platform 22 is installed on the guide rail 21 as a movable support unit. Its upper end is fixedly connected to the sliding body 10, and its lower end contacts the guide rail 21 through wheel sets or sliding supports. This allows the sliding body 10 to start smoothly and slide continuously along the guide rail 21 under the triggering condition, while under normal operating conditions, it is kept stationary by the locking mechanism 30. The combination of guide rail 21, anchor 23, and bearing platform 22 enables the guiding mechanism 20 to form a high-rigidity and reliable sliding path throughout the entire movement phase. This not only ensures that the sliding body 10 enters the water along a predetermined trajectory in the upstream area of ​​the dam, but also reduces the risk of deviation caused by track deformation or local damage, thus helping to maintain the stability of the relationship between the local wave field and the position of the dam-front swell. In practical applications, guide rail 21 can be made of steel rail.

[0070] Furthermore, the guidance mechanism 20 also includes:

[0071] A braking component is provided at the end region of the guide rail 21 and / or on the sliding body 10 to consume part of the kinetic energy of the sliding body 10 during its end stroke.

[0072] A braking zone is set in a section of the track near the end of the guide rail 21. Multiple elastically loaded friction blocks are fixedly installed on the side or bottom of the guide rail 21 in this braking zone. The friction blocks can be made of wear-resistant rubber, composite friction material, or metal pads, and their backs are pressed against the braking contact surface on the support platform 22 by springs or adjustable preload bolts. When the support platform 22 carries the sliding body 10 into the braking zone, the friction blocks gradually press against the support platform 22, generating stable and controllable frictional resistance during relative sliding. Furthermore, a set of hydraulic dampers or friction dampers can be connected in series between the support platform 22 and the sliding body 10. When the sliding body 10 reaches a large speed at the end of its stroke, the support platform 22 undergoes a slight displacement relative to the sliding body 10. The oil in the hydraulic damper flows through the throttling orifice, generating resistance and further absorbing some kinetic energy. By changing the characteristics of the friction material or the size of the damper's throttling orifice, the end braking force and deceleration distance can be optimized and adjusted according to the actual engineering conditions. Under the action of such braking components, as the sliding body 10 slides from the upper part to the lower end of the guide mechanism 20, the front section can still be basically in a state of gravity acceleration to ensure the strength of water entry disturbance. When the sliding body 10 enters the braking zone at the end of the guide rail 21, the friction block and damper begin to work significantly, smoothly converting part of its kinetic energy into frictional heat energy and damping internal energy before the sliding body 10 approaches the limiting mechanism 40, thereby effectively reducing the peak impact of the limiting mechanism 40 and the guide mechanism 20 under extreme working conditions and improving the overall safety margin of the structure.

[0073] Furthermore, such as Figure 2 As shown, the sliding body 10 is provided with a locking hole; the locking mechanism 30 includes:

[0074] The docking support 33 is located in the upper area of ​​the guide mechanism 20 and is used to support the sliding body 10 under normal working conditions.

[0075] Locking pin seat 32 is fixed on the docking support 33;

[0076] The locking pin 31 has one end connected to the triggering mechanism 50 and the other end passing through the locking pin seat 32 and inserted into the locking hole. It is used to lock the sliding body 10 onto the docking support 33, and also to disengage from the locking hole under the traction of the triggering mechanism 50 to release the lock on the sliding body 10.

[0077] The locking mechanism 30 is located in the upper region of the guide mechanism 20. Its main body is a docking support 33, which is connected to the bank slope or dam to form a platform for supporting the sliding body 10. The sliding body 10 is placed on the docking support 33 via the bearing platform 22, forming the initial state of the sliding body 10 at this position. A locking pin seat 32 is provided on the docking support 33. The locking pin seat 32 and the corresponding locking hole on the sliding body 10 form a through hole or mating groove. The locking pin 31 passes through the locking pin seat 32 and, in the inserted state, passes through the locking hole of the sliding body 10, so that the sliding body 10 is rigidly connected to the docking support 33, thus preventing accidental slippage even under normal working conditions affected by wind, waves and temperature changes. The other end of the locking pin 31 is connected to the triggering mechanism 50 via a force transmission component. When the first wave of the landslide surge acts on the triggering mechanism 50, the triggering mechanism 50 is displaced and applies tension to the locking pin 31 through the force transmission component. This overcomes the resistance between the locking pin 31 and the locking pin seat 32, pulling the locking pin 31 out of the locking pin seat 32 and the locking part of the sliding body 10. This releases the rigid constraint between the sliding body 10 and the resting support 33, allowing the sliding body 10 to immediately enter the state of sliding down the guide mechanism 20 under the action of gravity. Through the cooperation of the resting support 33, the locking pin seat 32, and the locking pin 31, the locking mechanism 30 provides reliable static support and mechanical locking for the sliding body 10 under normal working conditions. Under triggering conditions, it achieves instantaneous unlocking through mechanical coupling with the triggering mechanism 50, enabling the entire unlocking process to be completed automatically by hydrodynamics and mechanical chains without the need for electricity or a complex control system.

[0078] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 As shown, the limiting mechanism 40 includes:

[0079] The water inlet trough 43 is arranged in the lower area of ​​the guide mechanism 20 and is used to accommodate the sliding body 10 when it enters the water.

[0080] Anchor block 41 is fixed on the bank slope;

[0081] The cable 42, one end of which is connected to the sliding body 10 and the other end is anchored to the anchor block 41, is used to limit the displacement of the sliding body 10 when it slides along the guide mechanism 20 to the end of the guide mechanism 20.

[0082] In practical applications, specialized energy-dissipating components can be added in the middle of the cable 42 or at the connection point between the cable 42 and the sliding body 10. Specifically, the cable 42 is made of high-strength steel wire rope or steel strand, arranged along the bank slope or underwater. One end of the cable is anchored in the anchor block 41 by an anchor, which can be a reinforced concrete anchor block embedded in the bank slope or dam body. The other end of the cable 42 is connected to the pre-set lifting lug on the sliding body 10 via a connecting plate. On the side of the cable 42 near the sliding body 10, a hydraulic energy dissipator or a metal yielding energy dissipation device can be connected in series. When the sliding body 10 continues to slide downwards at the end of its stroke, the cable 42 is gradually tightened and drives the energy dissipation device to work. The hydraulic energy dissipator consumes energy through oil throttling during piston movement, while the metal yielding component dissipates energy through plastic deformation during tensile yielding. The inlet trough 43 can be excavated or cast underwater at the end of the guide mechanism 20. The bottom of the trough is paved with a crushed stone cushion or energy dissipation blocks, and the trough walls are clad with concrete or reinforced concrete to guide and constrain the lateral displacement of the sliding body 10 after it enters the water. When the sliding body 10 slides along the guide mechanism 20 into the inlet trough 43, the movement path of the sliding body 10 in the trough is constrained by the trough walls to prevent it from deflecting too much underwater. At the same time, as the sliding body 10 slides further, the cable 42 is tightened and applies a reverse tension to the sliding body 10 through the energy dissipation components, so that the end velocity of the sliding body 10 gradually decreases within a certain distance. By introducing a hydraulic energy dissipator or yielding energy dissipation element into the cable 42, and combining it with the spatial constraint of the water inlet 43 on the water inlet area of ​​the sliding body 10, after the sliding body 10 completes the large-scale disturbance of the reservoir water, its remaining kinetic energy is absorbed by the cable 42 and the energy dissipation component, while the endpoint of the movement is limited to a safe distance from the dam, thus taking into account both the requirements of kinetic energy dissipation and spatial limitation.

[0083] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, the triggering mechanism 50 includes:

[0084] The triggering buoy 51 is set at the triggering section at a preset distance from the dam on the upstream side of the dam. It is used to float on the water surface under normal operating conditions and to generate an upward displacement when the first wave of the landslide surge reaches the triggering section.

[0085] The trigger cable 52 is connected at one end to the trigger float 51 and at the other end to the locking mechanism 30. It is used to pull the locking pin 31 out of the locking hole when the trigger float 51 produces an upward displacement.

[0086] The guide rod 53 is set vertically at the trigger section, and the trigger float 51 is sleeved on the guide rod 53. The guide rod 53 is used to limit the displacement direction of the trigger float 51.

[0087] The triggering mechanism 50 is located at a predetermined distance from the dam on the upstream side of the dam. The triggering buoy 51 can be a steel cylindrical buoy or a high-strength plastic buoy. The buoy is connected to the anchorage at the bottom of the reservoir via an anchor chain. The anchor chain is equipped with a swivel joint and shackles to adapt to water level changes and wave swaying. The triggering cable 52 is made of galvanized steel wire rope or stainless steel wire rope. Its first end is connected to the lower part or side of the triggering buoy 51 via a rigging, and its second end is connected to the locking pin 31 in the locking mechanism 30 via a connector. Several underwater guide pulleys and bank slope guide pulleys are installed along the path of the triggering cable 52 to change the direction of the cable, allowing it to bypass other structures in the reservoir area and eventually reach the locking mechanism 30 near the dam. An adjustable tensioning device, such as a turnbuckle or tensioner, can be connected in series near the end of the cable to adjust the initial tension of the cable after installation. This ensures that the displacement caused by the waves on the buoy is insufficient to unlock under normal operating conditions, while the violent displacement generated when the first wave of the landslide surge arrives is sufficient to trigger the unlocking action. The guide rod 53 can be made of steel pipe or I-beam column, vertically fixed to the bottom of the reservoir or near the pontoon anchor and threaded onto the end of the trigger pontoon 51. The trigger pontoon 51 can also be sleeved on the outside of the guide rod 53 through a guide ring, so that the trigger pontoon 51 moves mainly in the vertical or controlled direction when the water level changes abruptly, reducing the risk of large horizontal displacement causing the steel cable to deviate from the design force direction. By using the triggering mechanism 50, which is composed of pontoons, anchor chains, steel wire ropes, guide pulleys, tensioning devices and guide rods, when the first wave of the landslide surge propagates to the trigger section, the sudden change in local water level and flow velocity will directly cause the pontoon to produce a significant displacement, which is transmitted through the steel cable as a tension force on the locking mechanism 30, realizing reliable passive triggering of the structure under conditions of no power and severe disasters.

[0088] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 As shown, the triggering mechanism 50 also includes:

[0089] A pulley is installed on the bank slope and near the upper part of the guide mechanism 20, and the trigger cable 52 is wound around the pulley;

[0090] Adjustment component 57, connected to pulley, is used to drive the pulley to move in order to adjust the amount of extension at the end of trigger cable 52.

[0091] refer to Figure 3 As shown, the pulley may include a first pulley 54, a second pulley 55 and a third pulley 56. The second pulley 55 is disposed on the adjusting member 57 and is displaced under the drive of the adjusting member 57 to adjust the extension amount of the end of the trigger cable 52.

[0092] The trigger cable 52 is wound sequentially around a first pulley 54, a second pulley 55, and a third pulley 56 along the path from the locking mechanism 30 to the trigger buoy 51. The first pulley 54 and the third pulley 56 are positioned on either side, while the second pulley 55 is positioned in the middle, creating a roughly U-shaped return path for the trigger cable 52 in space. The first pulley 54 and the third pulley 56 are jointly fixed to an integral fixed base, which is reliably installed at a predetermined position on the bank slope or dam structure via anchor bolts or welding. This fixed base remains unchanged during operation, providing two stable turning points. The second pulley 55 is mounted on a slider, which slides along the fixed base or a guide rail provided thereon. The slider is connected to the fixed base via a lead screw in an adjusting component 57. Specifically, the adjusting component 57 includes a lead screw arranged along the length of the fixed base, a slider threadedly engaged with the lead screw, and a fixed base connected to the foundation. The second pulley 55 is mounted on the slider, which is restricted by a guide structure to reciprocate in a direction parallel to the screw axis. The screw is supported at both ends by bearing seats, and a handwheel or an electric drive device is provided at one end. By rotating the screw, the slider can be moved back and forth along the fixed seat, thereby changing the specific position of the second pulley 55 relative to the first pulley 54 and the third pulley 56. After the trigger cable 52 is led out from the trigger float 51, it passes in sequence around the third pulley 56 on one side of the fixed seat, the second pulley 55 on the middle slider, and the first pulley 54 on the other side of the fixed seat, and is then led to the connection point of the locking mechanism 30. As the position of the second pulley 55 changes, the length distribution of each segment of the cable and the effective extension of the entire cable change accordingly. With this structural arrangement, the extension and tension of the trigger cable 52 can be continuously adjusted without interrupting the cable connection or disassembling the pontoon and locking mechanism 30. This allows for precise setting of the trigger threshold of the triggering mechanism 50 based on changes in reservoir water level, distance from the trigger section to the dam, and expected landslide scale, ensuring sufficient responsiveness to the first wave of a real landslide surge while avoiding false triggering.

[0093] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, the method being applied to any of the above-described hydraulic structures for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, the method comprising:

[0094] The locking mechanism 30 is used to lock the sliding body 10 in the initial position on the upper part of the guide mechanism 20;

[0095] When a landslide surge occurs and propagates toward the dam, the triggering mechanism 50 applies an unlocking action to the locking mechanism 30.

[0096] The guide mechanism 20 is used to guide the sliding body 10 so that the sliding body 10 slides down along the bank slope in the direction pointing to the reservoir water and slides into the reservoir water, so as to form a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam that overlaps with the first wave of the landslide surge.

[0097] After the sliding body 10 slides into the reservoir water, the limiting mechanism 40 is used to limit and dissipate the energy of the sliding body 10.

[0098] Specifically: First, a guiding mechanism 20 is installed on the upstream bank slope of the dam. The guiding mechanism 20 is extended at an angle along the bank slope towards the reservoir water. The sliding body 10 is placed at the initial position on the upper end of the guiding mechanism 20, and the sliding body 10 is locked by the locking pin 31 in the locking mechanism 30. Under normal operating conditions, the sliding body 10 remains stationary. When the landslide enters the reservoir and forms a surge wave that propagates towards the dam, the water level at the triggering mechanism 50 at the upstream triggering section rises sharply and the flow velocity increases. The triggering float 51 floats up under the action of hydrodynamics, and the locking mechanism 30 is pulled by the triggering steel cable 52, causing the locking pin 31 to disengage. The sliding body 10 is released from the initial position and slides along the guiding mechanism 20 towards the reservoir water under the action of gravity and enters the reservoir. During the entry of the sliding body 10 into the water, the action plate 11 exerts strong compression and disturbance on the reservoir water, forming a local wave field upstream of the dam that overlaps with the first wave of the landslide surge, thereby weakening the wave height of the first wave in front of the dam. As the sliding body 10 continues to move, the cable 42 and the anchor block 41 in the limiting mechanism 40 arranged at the end of the guide mechanism 20 limit and dissipate the displacement and kinetic energy of the sliding body 10, so that the sliding body 10 eventually stops stably at the predetermined end position.

[0099] In the specific operation of the hydraulic structure of this invention, the sliding body 10 is locked to the upper end of the guide mechanism 20 above the bank slope by the locking mechanism 30, while the limiting mechanism 40 and the triggering mechanism 50 remain stationary. After the landslide enters the reservoir and forms a surge, the first wave propagates towards the dam. At the upstream trigger section, the triggering mechanism 50 is activated first. The triggering mechanism 50 pulls the locking mechanism 30 through the force transmission component to unlock the sliding body 10, which is then released and accelerates down the guide mechanism 20 under the action of gravity. The sliding body 10 generates strong pushing and disturbance to the reservoir water in the terminal region, forming a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam that overlaps with the first wave of the landslide surge, thereby reducing the height of the first wave in front of the dam. Subsequently, the sliding body 10 continues to move, its terminal stroke is limited by the limiting mechanism 40 and gradually dissipated by the cable 42 and energy-dissipating components, stabilizing and stopping in a safe position. After the surge event ends, the reset mechanism pulls the sliding body 10 back to the upper end along the guide mechanism 20, where it is relocked by the locking mechanism 30, and the system returns to its initial state.

[0100] The above descriptions are merely a few embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications or alterations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the technical solution of the present invention using the disclosed technical content are equivalent to equivalent implementation cases and fall within the scope of the technical solution.

Claims

1. A hydraulic structure for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, characterized in that, The hydraulic structure includes: The guiding mechanism is set on the bank slope on the upstream side of the dam and extends at an angle along the bank slope in the direction of the reservoir water. A sliding body is disposed on the guide mechanism and can slide along the guide mechanism. The sliding body is used to generate a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam when it slides into the water body of the reservoir area. A locking mechanism is provided in the upper region of the guide mechanism to lock the sliding body in the initial position under normal working conditions and to release the locking of the sliding body under triggered working conditions. A limiting mechanism is provided near the lower end of the guide mechanism and connected to the sliding body, and is used to limit the movement of the sliding body after it enters the water body of the reservoir along the guide mechanism; The triggering mechanism is located at a triggering section at a preset distance from the dam on the upstream side of the dam and is connected to the locking mechanism. It is used to apply an unlocking action to the locking mechanism when the first wave of the landslide surge passes through the triggering section. The sliding body is provided with a locking hole; the locking mechanism includes: a stop support, disposed in the upper region of the guide mechanism, for supporting the sliding body under normal working conditions; a locking pin seat, fixed on the stop support; and a locking pin, one end of which is connected to the triggering mechanism, and the other end passes through the locking pin seat and is inserted into the locking hole, for locking the sliding body on the stop support, and also for disengaging from the locking hole under the traction of the triggering mechanism to release the locking of the sliding body; The triggering mechanism includes: a triggering buoy, located at a predetermined distance from the dam on the upstream side of the dam, for floating on the water surface under normal operating conditions and generating an upward displacement when the first wave of the landslide surge reaches the triggering section; a triggering steel cable, one end of which is connected to the triggering buoy and the other end of which is connected to the locking mechanism, for pulling the locking pin away from the locking hole when the triggering buoy generates an upward displacement; and a guide rod, vertically arranged at the triggering section, with the triggering buoy sleeved on the guide rod, the guide rod being used to limit the displacement direction of the triggering buoy.

2. The hydraulic structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydraulic structure also includes: A reset mechanism is provided in the upper region of the guide mechanism and connected to the sliding body, for pulling the sliding body back from the reservoir water to its initial position.

3. The hydraulic structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sliding body includes: The box structure has multiple chambers, each of which is filled with filling material; An action plate is fixed to the side wall of the box structure facing the water body of the reservoir. The length of the action plate is greater than the length of the box structure, and / or the height of the action plate is greater than the height of the box structure.

4. The hydraulic structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The guiding mechanism includes: A guide rail is installed on the bank slope and extends inclinedly along the bank slope in the direction pointing towards the water body of the reservoir area. The lower end of the guide rail extends below the perennial water level of the reservoir area. Anchors are installed on the bank slope and connected to the guide rail for fixing the guide rail to the bank slope. A support platform is mounted on the guide rail and can move along the guide rail, and the sliding body is fixed on the support platform.

5. The hydraulic structure according to claim 4, characterized in that, The guiding mechanism also includes: A braking component, disposed at the end region of the guide rail and / or on the sliding body, is used to consume part of the kinetic energy of the sliding body during its end stroke.

6. The hydraulic structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The limiting mechanism includes: A water inlet tank is arranged in the lower region of the guide mechanism to accommodate the sliding body when it enters the water. Anchor blocks are fixed to the bank slope; A cable, one end of which is connected to the sliding body and the other end of which is anchored to the anchor block, is used to limit the displacement of the sliding body when it slides along the guide mechanism to the end of the guide mechanism.

7. The hydraulic structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The triggering mechanism further includes: A pulley is installed on the bank slope and near the upper area of ​​the guide mechanism, and the trigger cable is wound around the pulley; An adjusting component, connected to the pulley, is used to drive the pulley to move in order to adjust the amount of extension at the end of the trigger cable.

8. A method for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, characterized in that, The method is applied to the hydraulic structure described in any one of claims 1 to 7 for reducing the initial wave height of landslide surges, and the method comprises: The sliding body is locked in its initial position on the upper part of the guide mechanism using a locking mechanism; When a landslide surge occurs and propagates toward the dam, a triggering mechanism is used to apply an unlocking action to the locking mechanism. The guide mechanism is used to guide the sliding body so that it slides down the bank slope in the direction of the reservoir water and slides into the reservoir water, thereby forming a local wave field on the upstream side of the dam that overlaps with the first wave of the landslide surge. After the sliding body slides into the reservoir water, a limiting mechanism is used to limit and dissipate the energy of the sliding body.

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