High-yield cultivation methods for cold-region rice: ultra-sparse sowing and dense planting, dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and enhancement of flower and grain yield.

Abstract

This invention relates to a high-yield cultivation method for cold-region rice using ultra-sparse sowing and high-density planting, dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and enhancement of flowering and grain size, belonging to the field of cold-region rice cultivation technology. Addressing problems such as unreasonable plant population structure, weak lodging resistance, and insufficient grain filling in cold-region rice, this invention includes steps such as dry-seedling cultivation, ultra-dense transplanting, dual control of tillering and plant height, dual promotion of flowering and grain size, and dual enhancement of foliar fertilizer. This is achieved by controlling the seeding rate to cultivate strong seedlings, precisely applying tillering and regulating fertilizers according to leaf age, synergistic application of panicle and grain-filling fertilizers, and multiple applications of amino acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizers after heading, combined with shallow irrigation, field drying to control tillering, cold damage prevention, and comprehensive plant protection measures. This invention optimizes the plant population structure, enhances lodging resistance, significantly increases the number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate, and thousand-grain weight, achieving high and stable yields of cold-region rice.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cold-region rice cultivation technology, specifically a high-yield cultivation method for cold-region rice with ultra-sparse sowing and dense planting, dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and enhancement of flower and grain yield. Background Technology

[0002] In cold-region rice-growing areas (such as Hegang area in Heilongjiang Province), the frost-free period is short, the temperature is low, and the effective accumulated temperature is low. The rice growth period is compact, and the requirements for cultivation techniques are extremely strict. Traditional rice cultivation methods often use conventional sowing rates and transplanting densities. Large sowing rates during the seedling stage can easily lead to weak seedlings, underdeveloped root systems, slow greening after transplanting, and delayed tillering. In field management, the timing of fertilization is often rough, often resulting in insufficient tillering in the early stage or excessive ineffective tillering in the later stage, dense canopy, and a high risk of lodging. Irrigation methods are mostly deep-water flooding, which results in low water temperature, poor root development, and a high risk of chilling injury. In addition, diseases (such as rice blast and sheath blight) occur frequently in cold-region rice-growing areas, and traditional control measures are often lagging behind. There is a lack of a precise fertilization and irrigation technology system based on leaf age diagnosis, which leads to the failure to fully realize yield potential and poor rice quality and yield stability.

[0003] Existing technologies include several high-yield rice cultivation regulations, such as the "Technical Regulations for Green Cultivation of High-Quality Rice" (DB2312 / T 067-2022) and the "Three-Stage High-Yield Rice Technical Regulations" (DB2308 / T 121-2022). However, these regulations either focus on green production or on stage-based management, failing to develop a systematic high-yield cultivation method that spans seedling raising, transplanting, fertilizer and water management, plant protection, and harvesting, specifically tailored to the unique climatic conditions and varietal characteristics of cold regions. In particular, there is a lack of a comprehensive cultivation system that organically integrates four key technologies: "ultra-sparse sowing and ultra-dense planting," "controlling tillering and controlling plant height," "promoting flowering fertilizer and promoting grain filling fertilizer," and "increasing the number of grains per panicle and increasing the thousand-grain weight." This system cannot simultaneously address core issues hindering yield improvement in cold-region rice, such as unreasonable population structure, weak lodging resistance, and insufficient grain filling. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a high-yield cultivation technology suitable for cold-region ecological zones, based on leaf age diagnosis, with precise full-process control. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In order to solve the problems of the prior art, this invention provides a high-yield cultivation method for cold-region rice with ultra-sparse sowing and dense planting, dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and improvement of flower and grain yield.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution: Firstly, a high-yield cultivation method for cold-region rice, involving ultra-sparse sowing and dense planting, dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and enhancement of flower and grain yields, includes the following steps: a. Dry-grown seedlings: The seedbed is acidified to pH 4.5-5.5, the seedbed soil is disinfected and fertilized, and the germinated seeds are sown in seedling trays at a rate of 100-110 grams per tray, covered with 0.5-0.7 cm of soil. After seedling management, medium seedlings with 3.1-3.5 leaves or large seedlings with 4.1-4.5 leaves are cultivated. Ultrasound-guided high-density transplanting: Transplanting density is 9-11 plants / hole, hole spacing is 10-13cm, and planting depth is 2cm; c. Control of tillering and plant height: Apply the first tillering fertilizer (26.5 kg / ha of pure nitrogen + 30-45 kg / ha of bio-organic fertilizer) after transplanting, and apply the second tillering fertilizer (6.6 kg / ha of pure nitrogen) at the 5.5-leaf stage, combined with alternating dry and wet field drying to control tillering; apply regulating fertilizer (11.04 kg / ha of pure nitrogen + 15 kg / ha of 54% compound fertilizer) and paclobutrazol at the jointing stage to control plant height at 95-105 cm; d. Promote both flowering and grain production: Apply panicle fertilizer (pure nitrogen 24 kg / ha, P2O 55.76 kg / ha, KCl 57.6 kg / ha) at the 9-9.5 leaf stage, and apply grain fertilizer (48% low nitrogen, high phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 15 kg / ha + bio-organic fertilizer 30 kg / ha) at the heading stage. e. Foliar fertilizer double enhancement: After the fruiting period, spray foliar fertilizer once every 7 days, for a total of ≥5 times. The first two times are a mixture of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen, and the last five times are 2.25 kg / hectare / time of 99% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

[0006] Preferably, in the dry-seedling raising and strengthening step: the seedbed needs to meet the standards of "high, deep, dry, flat, straight, clean, even, broken, and firm", and apply 2 kg of urea, 5 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 2.5 kg of potassium sulfate per 100 square meters, and spray with oxadixyl for disinfection; the nutrient soil is prepared by mixing 50 kg of organic fertilizer with the seedling strengthening agent per 360 square meters of greenhouse, with a pH of 4.5-5.5; before placing the seedlings, spread 1 cm of sieved fine soil mixed with the seedling strengthening agent on the seedbed, and the soil layer on the seedlings should be 2.2 cm thick with an error of ≤1 mm; before sowing, thoroughly water the bottom of the seedbed until it is saturated to 20-30 cm below the seedbed; after sowing, press the seeds down so that three sides are covered with mud; the seedbed management is carried out according to the five key periods of temperature and water control, and topdressing and acid adjustment at the 1.5-leaf and 2.5-leaf stages.

[0007] Preferably, the method also includes a soaking and germination step: using the conventional method (soaking at 11-12℃ for 6-7 days, accumulating temperature of 80-100℃, and germination at 25-28℃ for 24-36 hours) or the hydrogen peroxide rapid method (constant temperature at 32℃, ozone disinfection, continuous oxygen supply, soaking and germination for 36 hours), the standard for the buds is that the root and bud length is 1.5-2.0mm and the buds are in the form of "double mountain".

[0008] Preferably, it also includes the application of base fertilizer and field drying to control tillering: before the last irrigation and land preparation, apply 40% of the total nitrogen, 90% of the total phosphorus, 60% of the total potassium and 100% of the bio-silicon fertilizer, and harrow it into the soil to a depth of 8-10 cm; when the number of stems in the field reaches 80% of the planned number of stems, drain the water and dry the field for 3-5 days.

[0009] Preferably, it also includes irrigation management: shallow wet irrigation is adopted, with each irrigation being 3-5 cm deep, and the next irrigation is carried out only after the field surface is moist (there is water in the footwell); the irrigation quota for well irrigation areas is 300-350 cubic meters / mu, and for gravity irrigation areas it is 400-450 cubic meters / mu; when using well irrigation, comprehensive warming measures such as extending the waterway and using a water drying pond are adopted, and the water inlet is replaced every 7-10 days; when a low temperature forecast of below 17℃ occurs during the meiosis period, the water depth of 17-20 cm with a temperature above 18℃ is used for irrigation.

[0010] Preferably, the method also includes weed control: applying pre-emergence herbicides such as chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor, or butachlor + pyrimisulfuron 5-7 days before transplanting; applying herbicides using toxic soil or toxic fertilizer 15-20 days after transplanting; using cyhalofop-butyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, or pyrimisulfuron for difficult-to-control weeds such as barnyardgrass, alisma, arrowhead, and bulrush; and prohibiting the use of acetochlor, metolachlor, alachlor, and their compound formulations.

[0011] Preferably, the treatment also includes disease control: hymexazol is used to control damping-off at the 1.5–2.5 leaf stage in the seedbed; tricyclazole is used for leaf blast; imazalil + cypermethrin is used to control neck blast 3–5 days before heading; oxadiazon·tebuconazole or thifluzamide is used to control sheath blight at the 10.1–10.2 leaf stage; when multiple diseases are being controlled simultaneously, a combination of 2% cypermethrin + 25% imazalil + 3% polyoxin is used; application conditions are wind speed < 4 m / s, air temperature ≤ 27℃, and relative humidity > 65%.

[0012] Preferably, it also includes pest control: imidacloprid or thiamethoxam for leaf miners; deltamethrin for mud beetles; chlorpyrifos for rice stem borers; and thiamethoxam or thiamethoxam for rice planthoppers.

[0013] Preferably, the method also includes harvesting: drainage begins 35 days after heading, and water is completely stopped 7-12 days before harvest; seeds are harvested at the late waxy maturity stage to the early fully mature stage, with a moisture content ≤14.5%; commercial grains are harvested directly when the yellowing maturity rate is ≥95%, with a moisture content ≤16% and a comprehensive loss rate ≤3%; or harvesting is carried out by cutting, drying and picking: cutting and drying at the early yellow maturity stage, drying for 3-5 days until the moisture content is 14%-15%, and picking up the grains, with a comprehensive loss <2%; the length of straw crushing is ≤10cm, and it is turned into the soil ≥10cm.

[0014] Preferably, it also includes field tillage: autumn plowing depth of 20-22cm, rotary tillage of 16-18cm; water-soaked fields, water preparation to meet the ten-character standard of "returning, straight, even, broken, transparent, level, uniform, clean, reduced, and mulching"; the height difference within the grid field is ≤3cm, after sedimentation, insert your index finger 2cm into the field surface to make furrows, and the soft mud slowly closes up to the appropriate time for transplanting rice.

[0015] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: 1. During the seedling stage, ultra-sparse sowing combined with precise bed soil treatment and temperature and humidity control cultivates robust seedlings with well-developed root systems and broad, flat stem bases, laying the foundation for rapid greening and low-position tillering after transplanting. During the transplanting stage, ultra-dense planting and strict control of planting depth ensure early determination of the number of effective panicles per unit area and a uniform starting point for the rice plant population. Based on this, tillering fertilizer is applied in stages according to the rice leaf age progression, combined with alternating dry and wet irrigation. Tillering is precisely controlled before the critical leaf age for effective tillering, avoiding ineffective tillering that consumes nutrients. During the jointing stage, regulating fertilizer is applied in combination with growth regulators to control plant height within an appropriate range, significantly enhancing stem mechanical strength and reducing the risk of lodging. These measures collectively promote a rational dynamic structure of the rice plant population, improve light energy utilization efficiency and plant ventilation and light penetration, laying a solid foundation for high and stable yields. 2. During the critical period of panicle differentiation, precise application of panicle fertilizer based on leaf age promotes branch differentiation and floret formation, increasing the number of grains per panicle. After heading, timely supplemental granulation fertilizer and multiple foliar fertilizer applications are applied. The first two applications combine amino acids and inorganic nitrogen to promote nitrogen metabolism in functional leaves, while subsequent applications use potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance the translocation and accumulation of photosynthetic products, extending the photosynthetic lifespan of functional leaves and improving the grain filling rate and thousand-grain weight. Simultaneously, combined with water management practices throughout the entire growth period, including shallow intermittent irrigation, field drying to strengthen roots, and deep irrigation with warm water for cold-damage-prone conditions, as well as comprehensive chemical control of major diseases such as rice blast and sheath blight, the photosynthetic function of leaves and root vitality are effectively protected, promoting efficient translocation of photosynthetic products to grains in the later stages of grain filling. The entire technical system, through precise fertilization driven by leaf age diagnosis, combined with scientific irrigation and plant protection measures, synergistically improves the number of grains per panicle, grain filling rate, and thousand-grain weight, achieving the high-yield target for cold-region rice. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the method flow of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0018] like Figure 1 The method shown is a high-yield cultivation method for cold-region rice, which involves ultra-sparse sowing and dense planting, dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and enhancement of flowering and grain production.

[0019] Example 1: This example provides a high-yield cultivation method for "four doubles" rice in cold regions, applicable to the third accumulated temperature zone of Hegang area. Taking the 11-leaf variety as an example, the target yield is 10.2 tons / hectare.

[0020] I. Dry-grown seedlings 1. Bed preparation When making seedbeds in autumn or spring, the seedbeds must meet the following nine standards: high, deep, dry, flat, straight, clean, neat, broken, and firm. The seedbeds should be 20-30 cm above the ground; the thaw depth should be at least 30 cm; there should be no standing water on the seedbed surface; the height difference within 10 square meters should not exceed 0.5 cm; the edges of the seedbeds should be neat and consistent, with an error of no more than 0.5 cm per 10 linear meters; the seedbed surface should be clean, free of stones larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and grass roots longer than 5 cm; the brick paths should be neatly arranged, with a height of approximately 2 cm between them and the seedbed trays; the seedbed soil should be finely broken, with no clods larger than 0.5 cm in diameter; the seedbed should be firm yet loose, with no footprints when stepped on.

[0021] Before placing the trays, thoroughly water the soil and measure the pH value of the bed. If the pH is higher than 5.5, apply a solid acidifier and rake it into the soil to a depth of 0-5 cm to bring the pH to 4.5-5.5. Simultaneously, apply 2 kg of urea, 5 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 2.5 kg of potassium sulfate per 100 square meters (crushed, mixed with fine soil, and rake into the soil to a depth of 0-5 cm). Then spray with a disinfectant: use 3-4 ml of 30% hymexazol aqueous solution per square meter, diluted in 3 kg of water. Control underground pests before placing the trays: use one of the following methods: 1. Mix 1.5 kg / mu of 3% thiamethoxam granules with soil (approximately 0.225 kg per 100 square meters, based on 1 mu ≈ 667 square meters); 2. Spray with a 500-fold dilution of 40% phoxim.

[0022] 2. Preparation of nutrient soil Use 50 kg of organic fertilizer per 360 square meters of greenhouse, mix it with seedling strengthening agent and 1 / 4 of sieved seedbed soil to make a small sample, then mix it thoroughly with the remaining seedbed soil, and adjust the pH to 4.5-5.5.

[0023] 3. Plating and Sowing When the seedbed has thawed to a depth of 30 cm or more, place the seedling trays. Before placing the trays, evenly spread 1 cm of sifted fine soil mixed with a seedling-strengthening agent on the seedbed (i.e., the "pad" standard). Then place the pot-shaped, blanket-style seedling trays (outer diameter 60 cm × 30 cm, inner diameter 58 cm × 28 cm), with a soil thickness of 2.2 cm in the trays, with an error not exceeding 1 mm. While filling the trays, use a wooden paddle to compact the soil, ensuring the trays are tightly joined together. Press the outermost trays together with fine soil, placing them on the outer side of the seedling trays. After placing the trays, cover them with a film to reduce the volatilization of pesticides, fertilizers, and acids from the soil and to prevent water droplets from causing pitting.

[0024] Water the seedbed 1-2 days before sowing, ensuring it is level, even, thorough, and replenished. To avoid the soil shifting due to watering impact, a layer of permeable non-woven fabric can be laid on the surface of the soil. The seedbed should be watered evenly from all sides, and the bottom water should be thoroughly watered in several stages. The standard is that the soil within 20-30 cm below the seedbed is saturated. Before sowing, replenish water as needed according to the softness of the soil in the seedbed, and sow the seeds after there is no standing water on the surface of the soil.

[0025] Sow germinated seeds (germination rate ≥85%) at a rate of 100-110 grams per tray, approximately 3800-4500 seeds per tray. Use an electric precision seeder. Pre-sowing setup: Lay a tarpaulin or agricultural film on a level surface outside the seedbed or greenhouse where the trays are not yet placed. Place the seeder track, evenly arranging nine 100-square-centimeter inoculation boxes within the track. Repeat the sowing test three times. Seeding can proceed only when the error in the number of seeds per box from the designed number does not exceed 1%. During sowing, the seeder should operate at a constant speed without stopping, ensuring accurate seeding rate, even sowing, and no empty holes, missed sowing, double sowing, or overlapping. After sowing, first use a seed conditioner (a wooden stick with goose feathers tied to it) to condition the seeds, then use seed pressing charcoal (charcoal) to press the seeds into the soil so that three sides are covered with mud. Then cover with 0.5-0.7 cm of soil (use fine soil mixed with organic fertilizer, without adding chemical fertilizer or seedling growth promoters). The soil covering should be of uniform thickness, covering all edges and corners, and be tightly covered.

[0026] 4. Rice paddy management Two calibrated thermometers are placed inside the greenhouse (20 meters from both ends of the greenhouse and 30 centimeters from the central walkway; placed under the plastic film on the seedbed after sowing, and 1 centimeter below the leaves after emergence). Management is divided into five key periods: Seed root development period (from sowing to the emergence of incomplete leaves, approximately 7-9 days): Control the temperature; the surface temperature of the soil in the pot should not exceed 35℃. If it does, ventilate the shoulders and close the vents between 4-5 pm. After watering the soil thoroughly, generally do not water again. If additional water is needed, never use cold water below 10℃. When more than 80% of the seedlings have emerged, remove the mulch film before 8 am or after 4 pm, taking care to prevent scorching of the seedlings during high-temperature periods. If the seedlings emerge unevenly at both ends (sides) of the greenhouse, cover them with mulch film appropriately to retain moisture and increase temperature to ensure uniform seedling emergence.

[0027] During the first full leaf elongation period (approximately 5-7 days): the temperature should be controlled at 25-28℃, with a minimum of 10℃; ventilation should begin to harden the seedlings according to the weather conditions. If frost damage occurs, ventilation should be carried out early in the morning to alleviate the withering of frozen leaves; water management generally involves watering sparingly or not at all, and when watering areas of the seedbed that are too dry, water below 15℃ must not be used; water should be drained from the drainage ditches around the greenhouse in a timely manner to prevent excessive water from soaking the seedbed and causing wet seedling cultivation.

[0028] Weaning period (from the emergence of the second leaf to the unfolding of the third leaf, approximately 10-14 days): Maintain a temperature of 22-25℃ during the 2-leaf stage and 20-22℃ during the 3-leaf stage, with a minimum of 10℃. During this period, ensure ample ventilation to harden the seedlings. Ventilate even on rainy days when humidity is high. After a period of low temperatures, ventilate early when the weather clears to prevent damping-off disease. Ventilate early during hot weather to prevent excessive growth. During the 2.5-leaf stage, ventilation can be provided day and night when the minimum temperature exceeds 10℃. Strictly adhere to the "three checks" for watering: 1) Check if the seedbed surface is white and observe root growth; 2) Check if water is being expelled from the leaf tips in the morning and evening, and the size of the water droplets; 3) Check if the central leaves are curling during midday high temperatures. If watering is necessary, water thoroughly with warm water above 20℃ (optimal 22-25℃) around 8 am. Never use water below 18℃ to water the seedlings. Apply herbicides at the 1.5-leaf stage and the 2-3 leaf stage of barnyard grass: 40-60 ml / mu of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EC, or a mixture of 150 ml / mu of 48% fenvalerate, diluted in 10-15 liters of water for foliar application, avoiding post-sowing herbicides. Apply herbicides to the seedbed once each at the 1.5-leaf and 2.5-leaf stages: 1-1.5 ml / m² of 30% metalaxyl-M·methyl methacrylate aqueous solution or 15-20 ml / m² of 3% metalaxyl-M·methyl methacrylate, diluted in 3 liters of water for spraying, simultaneously washing the seedlings. Apply fertilizer and acidity adjustment once each at the 1.5-leaf and 2.5-leaf stages: Apply 1 gram of nitrogen per tray, mixing the fertilizer and solid acidity adjuster with an appropriate amount of sifted fine soil according to the instructions, then immediately spray with clean water to wash the seedlings. At the 2.5-leaf stage, the greenhouse temperature should not exceed 25℃ (“double 25” standard) to prevent premature heading.

[0029] During the fourth leaf elongation period (dry-grown seedlings, approximately 6-8 days): the temperature should not exceed 20℃; uncover the seedlings during the day and cover them at night; strictly manage water according to the "three-look" watering standard and water in a timely manner to prevent the seedlings from wilting.

[0030] Pre-transplanting preparation period (3-4 days): Control watering to encourage seedling growth and root development. Simultaneously, implement the following three pre-transplanting measures: One day before transplanting, apply 125-150 grams of 64% diammonium phosphate per square meter of seedbed, spraying a small amount of water to adhere the fertilizer to the seedbed; spray 6-8 grams of 70% imidacloprid or 25% thiamethoxam per 100 square meters, diluted in 3 kg of water, to prevent leaf miners; spray 2 grams of 0.15% natural brassinolide per greenhouse or use bio-fertilizer according to the instructions. Seedling lifting and transportation should be carried out according to the daily transplanting schedule; do not lift or transplant seedlings left overnight.

[0031] Standards for medium-sized seedlings: 3.1-3.5 leaves, 35 days old, approximately 13 cm tall, over 3 grams dry weight per 100 plants, over 10 roots, above-ground parts in a 3:3:1:1:8 ratio; stems flat, wide, and robust; roots white and vigorous; firmly rooted; sturdy; leaves of moderate color; uniform and neat plant population. Standards for large seedlings: 4.1-4.5 leaves, 35-40 days old, 17 cm tall, over 4 grams dry weight per 100 plants, with 1-2 tillers, over 20 roots, above-ground parts in a 3:3:1:1:1:8:11 ratio.

[0032] II. Seed soaking and germination Method 1 (Conventional centralized soaking and germination) Seed quality standards: germination rate ≥90%, germination potential ≥85%, purity ≥99%, awn removal rate >98%, moisture content ≤14.5%, brown rice rate <1%, green grain rate <0.5%. Seed mechanical coating: Under the premise of ensuring that the salt water selection rate is less than 2%, the seeds are directly coated with seed coating agent, air-dried for more than 3 days until the chemical film solidifies, and then soaked.

[0033] When packing seeds, separate different varieties, leaving a 10-15 cm gap from the edge of the box and a minimum 10 cm gap between seed stacks. The top layer of seeds should be at least 30 cm from the top of the germination box. Soak seeds in water at a depth of 20 cm, with a water temperature of 11-12℃. Perform aerobic circulation twice daily, from 8:00-10:00 and 20:00-22:00. Soak for 6-7 days, accumulating 80-100℃ of temperature. The seed germination temperature is 32℃, and the germination time is 25-28℃ for 24-36 hours. After germination, allow the sprouts to air dry indoors at room temperature for ≤24 hours, avoiding direct sunlight and preventing excessively long or dried sprouts. Sow when the sprouts are no longer sticky to the touch. Sprout standards: roots and sprouts 1.5-2.0 mm long, forming a "double-mountain" shape, uniform and neat.

[0034] Method 2 (hydrogen peroxide rapid seed soaking and germination) Fill the hot water tank with water (meeting GB5084 requirements), ensuring the water level is at least 20 cm from the top, and heat to 32-35℃. Pour the warm water into the pre-packed germination boxes, ensuring the water level is about 10 cm above the top layer of seeds. Turn on the air compressor and ozone generator, injecting ozone and air. After aeration through micropores, a double-film structure forms on the seed surface. Stop injecting ozone after 3-4 hours, then restart the ozone generator for 2-3 hours every 10 hours for multiple sterilization cycles. Maintain a constant temperature of 32℃ in the water bath and a continuous air supply; no tarpaulin covering is required. Record the temperature for the first time after 2 hours of soaking, and calibrate every 4 hours. After 24 hours of soaking, the seeds complete the imbibition and enter the bud break stage. After 36 hours, varieties with strong bud vigor begin to sprout. Take samples hourly for observation. When the required bud break stage is reached, transfer the warm water to a heated water tank for later use. After removing the seeds from the box, allow them to air dry at a low temperature until the sprouts can be squeezed together without clumping. Unsown seeds should be spread out to a thickness of 10 cm and stored in a dark environment at 0-5℃. During the waiting period, a small amount of water at 0-5℃ can be sprayed on them.

[0035] III. Honda Preparation and Transplantation 1. Honda Construction and Farming Single-row, single-irrigation system is implemented. Irrigation canals are above-ground, with a bottom width, top width, and depth of 60, 80, and 40 centimeters respectively; drainage canals are underground, with a bottom width, top width, and depth of 40, 80, and 60 centimeters respectively. Each strip of paddy field is 50 meters wide, and each grid field is approximately 15 mu (about 1 hectare) in size, achieving integrated facilities for fields, ponds, roads, canals, and embankments. Pond embankments are horizontally and vertically straight, with a curvature of ≤10 centimeters per 100 meters: main embankments are 60 centimeters wide at the bottom, 40 centimeters wide at the top, and 40 centimeters high; secondary embankments are 40 centimeters wide at the bottom, 30 centimeters wide at the top, and 25 centimeters high. Water-drying ponds occupy 2%–3% of the paddy field area, are neatly arranged, and are free of weeds year-round. The "five-edge" standard applies: embankments are 50 centimeters from the ditch edge, 50 centimeters from the forest edge, 50 centimeters from the utility pole edge, 30 centimeters from the road edge, and 30 centimeters from the field edge. Transformation of old paddy fields: straightening and widening irrigation ditches, filling in gaps and improving the height of the fields, filling in depressions and improving the quality of the fields, connecting the fields to the edge, and actively promoting laser leveling technology.

[0036] The main farming method is plowing, supplemented by rotary tillage, with the promotion of plowing followed by rotary tillage. Autumn plowing depth is 20-22 cm, and rotary tillage depth is 16-18 cm, requiring tight clods, consistent depth, no overlap or gaps, and no uncultivated clods. During autumn plowing, all curved ridges that do not meet the straightness standard are plowed, rotary tilled, and rebuilt to straighten them. For clods that meet the straightness standard, efforts are made to prevent damage to the pond ridges. 100% of the area of ​​autumn-built ridges and pond ridges is repaired to ensure that rainwater and snowmelt remain within the clods and do not run off.

[0037] For paddy fields, use a water depth of 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the ridge height, or for dry, flat land, the water depth should be the same as the ridge height. Land preparation should adhere to the ten-character standard of "returning, straightening, evenness, fragmentation, permeability, leveling, uniformity, cleanliness, reduction, and mulching." Return: During the autumn harvest, all straw should be returned to the field, crushed to a length of 5-10 cm, and plowed to a depth of 20-22 cm. All straw should be buried under the clods, leaving no stubble.

[0038] Straight: The pond embankment is horizontal and vertical.

[0039] Qi: The direction of land preparation is parallel to the irrigation canal, and the grid of fields is neat and uniform around the perimeter.

[0040] Break up: Use large plows, rotary tillers, bulldozers, etc. to loosen and break up the soil, and improve the structure of the topsoil.

[0041] Thorough: Before flooding the fields, dry the land first, and after 3-5 days the soil is thoroughly soaked, then flood the land.

[0042] Leveling: Combining laser leveling and mechanical leveling, the height difference within the grid is ≤3 cm, extending to the edge of the grid, expanding to 5-10 mu.

[0043] Uniform: The entire field is prepared evenly and consistently, with a smooth surface and loose soil underneath, reducing the number of times high-powered machinery is used.

[0044] Clean: Remove all plant residue from the field and dispose of it properly.

[0045] Reduce: Use water-saving irrigation methods to reduce the use of herbicides, fertilizers, and leaf miner control.

[0046] Improve soil fertility by combining soil testing and formula application, side-deep fertilization, and organic fertilizer substitution.

[0047] Sedimentation standard: After water preparation, insert your index finger into the field to a depth of about 2 cm to make a furrow. The best sedimentation state is when the soft mud around it slowly closes in, which is the appropriate time for transplanting rice seedlings.

[0048] 2. Transplanting Transplanting should begin when the average daily temperature consistently exceeds 13℃ and the mud temperature consistently exceeds 15℃. Mechanical transplanting is recommended to be completed before May 20th. The water level in the paddy field should be adjusted to 1-2 cm (Huada water) the day before transplanting. Transplanting depth should be approximately 2 cm, with a density of 30 × (10-12) cm, 25-33 hills / square meter, 9-11 seedlings per hill, and a basic seedling density of 225-275 seedlings / square meter. The standard for mechanical transplanting is the eight-character standard: "appropriate, dense, shallow, upright, straight, uniform, full, and supportive." This means timely transplanting to ensure most seedlings are planted within the high-yield period; reasonable dense planting to ensure a sufficient number of seedlings in the field; transplanting depth within 2 cm, with consistent depth; upright planting; straight rows with accurate back-and-forth joints; regular hill spacing with uniform seedling numbers per hill; transplanting to the ends and edges of the plot, filling all four corners completely; and timely watering after transplanting to protect the seedlings from flooding.

[0049] Simultaneously, nine synchronizations should be implemented: rice transplanting and weed control in the paddy field should be synchronized; rice transplanting and post-planting management of the seedbed should be synchronized; rice transplanting and the "three-belt" pre-transplanting should be synchronized; rice transplanting and the application of tillering fertilizer should be synchronized; water outlets should be opened simultaneously with rice transplanting and slow irrigation to protect seedlings; rice transplanting and leaf age tracking should be synchronized; rice transplanting and leafminer control should be synchronized; rice transplanting and replanting should be synchronized; and rice transplanting, seedling lifting, and seedling transportation should be synchronized, without transplanting overnight seedlings.

[0050] IV. Fertilizer Management 1. Fertilizer response line principle: When fertilizing rice at the N-leaf stage, the fertilizer effect is less noticeable at the N+1 leaf stage and more noticeable at the N+2 leaf stage. Fertilizer should be applied scientifically according to the leaf age progression. For example, applying fertilizer at the 3.5-leaf stage after the rice has turned green will result in the peak tillering stage at the 5.5-leaf stage.

[0051] 2. Base Fertilizer: Before the final irrigation and land preparation, apply 40% of the total nitrogen fertilizer, 90% of the total phosphorus fertilizer, 60% of the total potassium fertilizer, and 100% of the bio-silicon fertilizer. Based on a target yield of 10 tons / ha (total pure nitrogen 129.6 kg / ha, P2O5 57.6 kg / ha, K2O 144 kg / ha), apply 51.84 kg / ha of pure nitrogen (approximately 112.7 kg of 46% urea), 51.84 kg / ha of pure phosphorus (approximately 112.7 kg of 64% diammonium phosphate), and 86.4 kg / ha of pure potassium (approximately 144 kg of 60% potassium chloride) as base fertilizer, along with 150 kg / ha of bio-silicon fertilizer. Incorporate the fertilizer into the soil at a depth of 8-10 cm during mixing and rakeing. Phosphate fertilizer should not be applied topically to avoid inducing Spirogyra.

[0052] 3. Tillering fertilizer: 30% of the total nitrogen fertilizer. Apply the first tillering fertilizer during the greening stage after transplanting (approximately 4-leaf stage): 26.5 kg / ha of pure nitrogen (approximately 57.6 kg of 46% urea), simultaneously applying 30-45 kg / ha of bio-organic fertilizer (effective live bacteria ≥ 100 million / gram). Apply the second tillering fertilizer at the 5.5-leaf stage: 6.6 kg / ha of pure nitrogen (approximately 14.3 kg of 46% urea), applying it to weak, yellow areas of the field. While maintaining the total tillering fertilizer amount, 3-4 kg / ha of 21% ammonium sulfate can be applied.

[0053] 4. Adjusting fertilizer (relay fertilizer): 10% of the total nitrogen fertilizer. At the jointing stage (before the 7.5 leaves, around the time of the 4th leaf from the bottom, about 30 days before heading), when the functional leaves have faded by 2 / 3, apply 11.04 kg / ha of pure nitrogen (about 24 kg of 46% urea) and 15 kg / ha of 54% compound fertilizer (18-18-18).

[0054] 5. Topdressing: Apply when the second leaf tip emerges to half-grown (9-9.5 leaf stage). Apply 24 kg / ha of pure nitrogen (approximately 52.2 kg of 46% urea), 55.76 kg / ha of P2O (approximately 12.5 kg of 64% diammonium phosphate), and 57.6 kg / ha of KCl (approximately 96 kg of 60% potassium chloride), combined with 45 kg / ha of bio-organic fertilizer. Before applying nitrogen, check three things: whether yellowing occurs during jointing (if not, delay application); whether the lower leaves are wilted (if so, water the field first to strengthen the roots); and whether leaf blight is present (if present, dry the field or prevent disease before applying).

[0055] 6. Granular fertilizer: For high-yield pilot fields, apply 15 kg / ha of 48% low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (14-16-18) within 8 days after heading, along with 30 kg / ha of bio-organic fertilizer (effective live bacteria ≥ 100 million / gram).

[0056] 7. Foliar fertilizer: Spray once every 7 days from heading to fruiting stage, for a total of no less than 5 times. First two times: 1.5 liters / ha of amino acid solution (free amino acids ≥100g / L), plus 0.23 kg / ha of pure nitrogen (e.g., 0.5 kg of urea), diluted 70 times, sprayed in the morning or evening when there is dew. Next five times: 2.25 kg / ha / time of 99% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

[0057] V. Irrigation Management 1. Irrigation quota: 300-350 cubic meters / mu for well irrigation areas, and 400-450 cubic meters / mu for gravity irrigation areas.

[0058] 2. Shallow irrigation: Irrigate 3-5 cm each time, and wait for the water to naturally evaporate and the field surface to become moist (no water on the surface, but shallow water in the footwells) before irrigating again, forming a cycle of several irrigations and water drops. The interval between two irrigations depends on the paddy field's water retention capacity, soil fertility, seedling condition, and rainfall, with the lower limit being 80% of the field capacity of the soil surface moisture content.

[0059] 3. Comprehensive warming of well water: Extend waterways, clear weeds from both sides of the channels, improve channel structure (shallow and wide type), and set up water-drying ponds (occupying 2%–3% of the area). When irrigating with wells, avoid large-scale, forceful irrigation, and do not irrigate with water that has already passed through a pond or flowed continuously. For plots smaller than 300 mu, irrigate during the hottest part of the day; for plots larger than 300 mu, irrigate plots closer to the water source at night, irrigate plots farther from the water source during the day, and irrigate plots of moderate distance during the midday heat to ensure a uniform water temperature across the entire field.

[0060] 4. Field Drying: When the number of stems in the field reaches 80% of the planned number, drain the water and dry the field for 3-5 days to allow for aeration, strengthen roots, and control tillering. If less than 80% has been reached, the drying time should be appropriately delayed. The degree of field drying should be determined by three factors: 1) Seedlings (fields with sufficient stems, dark leaves, and vigorous growth should be dried earlier and more thoroughly); 2) Soil (fertile fields, low-lying fields, and cold fields should be dried more thoroughly; waterlogged fields should not be dried); 3) Weather (sunny days with higher temperatures require shorter drying times; cloudy or rainy days require earlier drying times and longer drying times). Rapid drainage and irrigation are required during field drying. In case of continuous rainfall, drain the water promptly. After drying, re-irrigate intermittently to gradually build up a water layer.

[0061] 5. Prevention of chilling injury: SOD enzyme biological agents can be sprayed on rice during the booting stage to enhance its resistance to chilling injury. During the tetrad stage of meiosis microspores (when the distance between the auricles of the flag leaf is ±5cm from the auricle of the lower leaf, or 10.7-10.8 leaf stage for 11-leaf varieties), if a low temperature of below 17℃ is forecast for more than 6 consecutive hours, irrigate with water at a depth of 17-20cm at a temperature above 18℃. Irrigation with cold water below 17℃ is strictly prohibited to avoid causing human-induced chilling injury.

[0062] 6. Inlet and outlet management: After transplanting, promptly pad the outlet with a height of 5 cm to prevent deep water from flooding the seedlings, which can induce leaf miners and cause premature root aging. In well-irrigated areas, a fan-shaped area of ​​2-3 square meters is prone to cold damage at the inlet. Replace the inlet every 7-10 days to avoid excessive vegetative growth and delayed maturity.

[0063] VI. Weed Control 1. Application methods: Use the toxic soil method, toxic fertilizer method, or spraying method. The original pesticide bottle must not be used for spraying. Packaging waste must be recycled and disposed of after application.

[0064] 2. Weed control in rice paddies: When rice is at the 1.5-2.5 leaf stage and barnyard grass is at the 2-3 leaf stage, spray the stems and leaves with 40-60 ml / mu of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EC diluted in 10-15 liters of water; or mix 40-60 ml / mu of 10% cyhalofop-butyl with 150 ml / mu of 48% chlorpyrifos diluted in 15 liters of water. Avoid post-sowing weed control in the seedbed.

[0065] 3. Weed control in Honda Pre-treatment before soil preparation: Apply 100-130 g / mu of 60% butachlor EC + 15-20 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron, or 80-100 g / mu of 85% butachlor EC + 15-20 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron, diluted with 10-20 kg of water per hectare.

[0066] Apply a pre-emergence herbicide 5-7 days before transplanting: 50-60 ml / mu of 30% chlorpyrifos EC, or 50-60 ml / mu of 50% pretilachlor EC, or 100-130 ml / mu of 60% butachlor EC, or 6 g / mu of 80% propyzamide WP, diluted in 15 kg / mu of water and applied by smearing or soil treatment. Maintain a water level of 3-5 cm for 5-7 days after application. Do not apply immediately after water preparation.

[0067] 15-20 days after transplanting: 50-60 ml / mu of 30% chlorpyrifos + 15-20 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron, or 50-60 ml / mu of 50% pretilachlor + 15-20 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron, or 100-130 ml / mu of 60% butachlor + 15-20 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron, using toxic soil or toxic fertilizer method, retain water for 5-7 days.

[0068] For mature barnyard grass (5-7 leaves): 50 ml / mu of 30% chlorpyrifos + 30-50 g / mu of 50% quinclorac, spray as stems and leaves; or 40-50 g / mu of 50% quinclorac, diluted in 10-15 kg of water; or 80-120 ml / mu of 10% cyhalofop-butyl + 180-200 ml / mu of 48% fenvalerate. Before application, fill the area with a shallow layer of water so that the weeds are above the surface. After application, refill the water to a depth of 3-5 cm for 5-7 days.

[0069] Difficult-to-control weeds: For barnyard grass: apply pre-planting herbicides and post-planting herbicides as above; when barnyard grass has 2-5 leaves after planting, apply 80-120 ml / mu of 10% cyhalofop-butyl (adjust dosage according to leaf age) diluted with water for spraying.

[0070] For Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sagittaria sagittifolia, and Dieffenbachia oleracea: 5-7 days before planting, apply 20 g / mu of 10% ethoxysulfuron + 50-60 ml / mu of 30% cypermethrin, or 20-30 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron, or 6 g / mu of 80% propyzamide; 15-20 days after planting, apply 1000 g / mu of 5% nitrosulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor EC, using toxic soil or toxic fertilizer methods. The use of bensulfuron-methyl is prohibited.

[0071] Water onion (Bletilla striata): 5-7 days before planting, apply 50-60 ml / mu of 30% chlorpyrifos or 20-25 g / mu of 10% pyrimisulfuron; 15-20 days after planting, apply 50-60 ml / mu of 30% chlorpyrifos + 20 g / mu of 33% pyrimisulfuron, or 1000 g / mu of 5% nitrosulfuron-propargyl, using toxic soil or fertilizer methods, maintaining water at 3-5 cm for 5-7 days. Note that excessive application, low temperatures, and low-lying areas are prone to herbicide damage.

[0072] For reeds: Apply 10 times dilution of 15% chlorpyrifos or 10.8% chlorpyrifos at a dilution. Apply on days without rain or strong winds.

[0073] Spirogyra: On the basis of deep plowing and deep application of phosphate fertilizer, 7-15 days after transplanting, use 10% pyrimisulfuron at 10-15 g / mu or 10% cyclosulfuron at 16-17 g / mu to toxic soil or fertilizer, and keep water for 5-7 days; or during the peak period of Spirogyra, spread dry wood ash and keep water for 5 days.

[0074] 4. Weed control on pond embankments: Before transplanting, use 200 ml of 90% acetochlor EC + 100 ml of 2,4-D butyl ester EC per acre; after transplanting, use 100-150 ml of 74.7% glyphosate EC per acre, or 200-300 ml of 41% glyphosate per acre, or 150-200 ml of 47% glyphosate·2,4-D chlorpyrifos per acre, diluted with water and sprayed with a sprayer equipped with a cover. Apply the pesticide in the early morning or late evening when there is no wind.

[0075] 5. Precautions: The following pesticides are prohibited: acetochlor, metolachlor, alachlor, alachlor + bensulfuron-methyl + acetochlor + bensulfuron-methyl, acetochlor + bensulfuron-methyl + metsulfuron-methyl, and metsulfuron-methyl. The land must be leveled and completely dry. Pre-planting sealing should not be applied immediately after watering and land preparation; it should be applied 5-7 days before planting.

[0076] VII. Disease Prevention and Control 1. Rice damping-off: After preparing the seedbed and disinfecting the soil by adjusting the acidity, strictly control the temperature and humidity. When the central diseased plant is found in the seedbed, at the 1.5-2.5 leaf stage, use 1-1.5 ml / m² of 30% metalaxyl-M·methrin aqueous solution or 15-20 ml / m² of 3% metalaxyl-M·methrin, diluted in 3 liters of water for spraying, while washing the seedlings.

[0077] 2. Rice seedling blight: Select disease-free seed fields and coat the seeds with seed dressing agents or soak them in pesticides.

[0078] 3. Rice blast; Agricultural measures: Select disease-resistant varieties, apply fertilizers rationally (increase the application of potassium and silicon fertilizers), remove weeds from pond banks in a timely manner, strengthen water layer management, allow the fields to dry to strengthen roots, and plant at reasonable density.

[0079] Seedling blight: 5-7 days before transplanting, if diseased plants are found in the seedbed, spray the stems and leaves with 40-50 ml / mu of 40% tricyclazole suspension or 100 ml / mu of 20% tricyclazole diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0080] Leaf blight: Leaf blight lesions are found in 11-leaf varieties at the 9.1-9.5 leaf stage. Spray with 40% tricyclazole at 40-50 ml / mu, or 20% tricyclazole at 100 ml / mu, or 75% tricyclazole at 20-30 g / mu.

[0081] Neck blast: 3-5 days before heading, apply 80-100 ml / mu of 25% imazalil EC (or 50 ml / mu of 45% imazalil) + 80 ml / mu of 2% gluten-reducing agent, diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0082] Grain blast and branch blast: 10-15 days after heading, use the same pesticide as for neck blast.

[0083] 4. Sheath rot: During the booting, heading, and full heading stages, spray with 80-100 ml / mu of 25% prochloraz, or 100 g / mu of 70% thiophanate-methyl, or 70-100 ml / mu of 50% iprodione, diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0084] 5. Bacterial brown spot: For 11-leaf varieties at the 9.1-9.5 leaf stage, booting stage, and heading stage, spray with 15-30 g / mu of 72% agricultural streptomycin or 60-70 g / mu of 10% chloramphenicol diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0085] 6. Brown ear: Eliminate grassy weeds on and around the pond embankment. At the late heading stage or full heading stage, apply 80 ml / mu of 3% polyoxin or 50-60 ml / mu of 5% polyoxin, diluted in 5 liters of water for spraying.

[0086] 7. Rice sheath blight: After eliminating diseased plant debris and collecting sclerotia, at the 10.1-10.2 leaf stage, apply 15-20 g / mu of 75% azoxystrobin·tebuconazole water-dispersible granules, or 20 ml / mu of 20% hexaconazole·pyraclostrobin, or 15-20 g / mu of 75% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole, or 15-20 ml / mu of 24% thifluzamide, or 100 g / mu of 10% Jinggang·Bacillus cereus, diluted in 5 liters of water for spraying. The first treatment can be combined with leaf blast control.

[0087] 8. Prevention of multiple diseases simultaneously: When controlling rice neck blast, use 80 ml of 2% Jiashoumi + 80-100 ml of 25% prochloraz (or 40-50 ml of 45% prochloraz) + 80 ml of 3% polyoxin (or 60 ml of 5% polyoxin) per hectare, diluted in 5 liters of water for aerial spraying. This can also control rice blast, sheath rot, sesame spot disease, browning panicle, etc.

[0088] 9. Precautions for application: Application conditions: wind speed less than 4 m / s, air temperature not exceeding 27℃, relative humidity greater than 65%. Apply on sunny days from 3:00 to 10:00 (powder requires dew, liquid can be applied after the dew dries) and from 16:00 to 20:00.

[0089] Application rate: 1.7-2 liters / acre for aerial spraying.

[0090] Application timing: Prevention is the primary focus, emphasizing early application. For rice sheath blight and rice blast, apply the treatment 2-3 times according to the leaf age progression.

[0091] Forecasting and prediction: Leverage the role of biological early warning, and make scientific predictions by combining pathogen monitoring, climate conditions, and field growth.

[0092] VIII. Pest Control 1. Rice leafminer: Maintain shallow irrigation and investigate about one week after transplanting. In the early stage of larval emergence, spray the stems and leaves with 4-6 grams of 70% imidacloprid water-dispersible granules or 6-8 grams of 25% thiamethoxam water-dispersible granules diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0093] 2. Rice leaf beetle: After manually sweeping away and clearing weeds around the field and on the pond embankment, if the larval damage worsens, spray with 15-30 ml / mu of 2.5% deltamethrin EC or 30 ml / mu of 2.5% deltamethrin diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0094] 3. Rice stem borer: During the early instar of the larvae, spray with 40-60 ml / mu of 480 g / L chlorpyrifos EC or 20 ml / mu of 2.5% deltamethrin diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0095] 4. Rice planthoppers: When there are more than 10 planthoppers per clump during the tillering stage and more than 5 planthoppers per clump during the booting stage, spray the stems and leaves with 25-35 g / mu of 25% thiamethoxam wettable powder or 16-20 g / mu of 25% thiamethoxam water-dispersible granules diluted in 5 liters of water.

[0096] 5. Insect control precautions: Choose long-residual insecticides registered by the Institute for Drug Control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; apply pesticides promptly, accurately, and evenly, avoiding over-application or leakage; irrigate with shallow water to keep leaves upright; promptly remove weeds from the pond banks and surrounding areas to eliminate insect sources.

[0097] IX. Harvest Drainage should begin 35 days after heading, and water should be completely stopped 7-12 days before harvest. If the ripeness is uneven, about 1 / 3 of the area can be cut and dried to promote balanced moisture.

[0098] 1. Seed harvesting and storage Harvest period: Late waxy ripening stage to early full ripening stage.

[0099] Harvesting requirements: We recommend sun-drying or semi-feeding harvesting to reduce the brown rice percentage. After harvesting, promptly clean, dry, remove awns and husks, process, coat, and package.

[0100] Seed storage: When the moisture content is ≤14.5%, store at room temperature; when the moisture content is >14.5%, store in a warm warehouse at a temperature of 5-10℃.

[0101] 2. Harvesting of commercial grain Mechanical cutting and drying: In the early stage of yellow ripening, the stubble height is 15-20 cm, and the laying angle is 70°-90° with the direction of transplanting, forming a fish-scale pattern. The seedlings should be laid neatly, without collapsing, scattering, or running in the same direction, and the panicle heads should not touch the ground to prevent grain breakage. Plant horizontally and cut vertically.

[0102] Mechanical harvesting: After harvesting and drying for 3-5 days, harvest the rice promptly when the moisture content drops to 14%-15%. The rice should not be flattened or lost ears; it should be picked cleanly, with a total threshing loss of less than 2% and less than 1% of unhulled rice.

[0103] Mechanical direct harvesting: The yellowing and maturity rate reaches over 95%, the stubble height is 15-20 cm, the grain moisture content is below 16%, there is no ear drop, the threshing is clean, the grain and straw are completely separated, and the grain is not wrapped. The comprehensive loss of direct harvesting is less than 3%, and the brown rice rate is less than 2%.

[0104] 3. Straw Returning to the Field: 100% of the straw should be crushed and returned to the field, with a length of about 10 cm. Harvesting machinery must be equipped with spreaders to ensure even spreading and prevent accumulation. Apply 3 kg / ha of urea during autumn plowing to accelerate straw decomposition. Plow to a depth of at least 20 cm, burying the straw at least 10 cm underground. For fields severely affected by sheath blight and rice blast, strengthen pest and disease control measures the following year.

[0105] 10. Honda Management and Others 1. Drainage and ventilation: Honda sets up circulation ditches and ventilation ditches to ensure oxygen supply to the roots; rice-fish farming can also enhance oxygen content.

[0106] 2. Land leveling: Autumn plowing and land preparation, and spring land preparation, to ensure even irrigation.

[0107] 3. Agricultural timing control: Greenhouse film covering: to be completed before March 5th.

[0108] Seed soaking and germination: Sprouts will be distributed on April 1st, and conventional seedling cultivation will end on April 15th.

[0109] Seedling sowing: Local air temperature should be consistently above 5℃, and the soil temperature inside the greenhouse (with plastic film) should be consistently above 12℃. Sowing before April 5th requires triple-layer film covering.

[0110] Water preparation for land preparation: Complete water preparation before May 1st.

[0111] Transplanting period: The average daily temperature is consistently above 13℃ and the mud temperature is consistently above 15℃. Mechanical transplanting should be completed before May 20th.

[0112] Drying the field to control tillering and strengthen roots: When the critical leaf age for effective tillering (8 leaves for 11-leaf varieties, 9 leaves for 12-leaf varieties) reaches about 80% of the planned number of stems in the field, remove the water and dry the field for 3-5 days.

[0113] Heading period: Before July 25 for 11-leaf varieties, and before July 30 for 12-leaf varieties.

[0114] Safe ripening period: Before September 15, the yellowing and ripening rate of ears in the whole field should be over 95%.

[0115] Harvesting and preparations for next year's production: Seed harvesting will take place from September 20th to October 5th, and harvesting and drying will be completed before October 1st. The harvesting of commercial grain will be completed before October 16th. Autumn plowing, autumn tillage, satellite leveling, autumn ridge building, autumn bed making, and autumn soil preparation will be completed before October 25th.

[0116] 4. Seed Standards: Germination rate ≥90%, germination vigor ≥85%, purity ≥99%, awn removal rate >98%, moisture content ≤14.5%, brown rice rate <1%, green grain rate <0.5%. Variety Maturity Ratio: For the upper limit of the third accumulated temperature zone, varieties with 11 or 12 leaves are preferred; for the lower limit of the third accumulated temperature zone, varieties with 10 or 11 leaves are preferred, supplemented by high-quality 12-leaf varieties (requiring stacked tray seedling raising or ultra-early pot seedling raising techniques). The main cultivated varieties should be early-maturing, high-quality, high-yielding, tolerant of dense planting, and highly resistant to adverse conditions, guided by market demand.

[0117] 5. Construction standards for centralized seedling raising bases: Two ditches and one greenhouse, with the greenhouse platform 65 meters long and 10-11 meters wide. The ditches between the greenhouses are 3 meters wide at the top, 2 meters wide at the bottom, and 1 meter deep. The seedbeds are 8 meters wide and 0.3 meters high. The greenhouse is 60 meters long, 7 meters wide, and 2.7 meters high, with 6-point diameter hot-dip galvanized pipes and 80-centimeter spacing between the arched pipes. Two dovetail grooves are installed on each side of the greenhouse, and two sets of roller shutters are provided. The centralized seedling raising base is equipped with roads, drainage ditches, and culverts. The main road is 10-12 meters wide, the auxiliary road is 8 meters wide, and the ditches at the greenhouse entrances are 3 meters wide. All roads and ditches are interconnected. Wells, watering ponds, and micro-sprinkler irrigation facilities are also provided. A nutrient soil preparation area is also constructed.

[0118] Example 2 (Rapid seed soaking and germination with hydrogen peroxide) The procedure is basically the same as in Example 1, except that the seed soaking and germination process uses the hydrogen peroxide rapid method. For specific instructions, please refer to "II. Seed soaking and germination method two" in Example 1. The remaining steps (dry seedling cultivation, transplanting, fertilization, irrigation, plant protection, harvesting, etc.) are the same as in Example 1.

[0119] Example 3 (Cultivation of 12-leaf varieties) It is basically the same as Example 1, except that: Variety maturity period: Applicable to the upper limit of the third accumulated temperature zone, mainly 12-leaf varieties, and can be combined with stacked tray seedling raising technology or ultra-early pot raising technology.

[0120] Leaf age diagnosis should be adjusted accordingly: the critical leaf age for effective tillering is 9 leaves, and tillering control should be carried out when the number of stems reaches 80% of the planned number at the 9-leaf stage; the meiosis stage corresponds to the 11.7-11.8 leaf stage for 12-leaf varieties; the heading stage is before July 30.

[0121] The parameters such as seeding rate, transplanting density, and fertilizer application rate are the same as in Example 1.

[0122] The remaining operations (dry seedling cultivation, fertilization, irrigation, plant protection, harvesting, etc.) are the same as in Example 1.

[0123] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A high-yield cultivation method for cold-region rice using ultra-sparse sowing and dense planting, with dual control of tillering and plant height, and dual promotion and enhancement of flower and grain yields, characterized by: Includes the following steps: a. Dry-grown seedlings: The seedbed is acidified to pH 4.5-5.5, the seedbed soil is disinfected and fertilized, and the germinated seeds are sown in seedling trays at a rate of 100-110 grams per tray, covered with 0.5-0.7 cm of soil. After seedling management, medium seedlings with 3.1-3.5 leaves or large seedlings with 4.1-4.5 leaves are cultivated. Ultrasound-guided high-density transplanting: Transplanting density is 9-11 plants / hole, hole spacing is 10-13cm, and planting depth is 2cm; c. Control of tillering and plant height: Apply the first tillering fertilizer (26.5 kg / ha of pure nitrogen + 30-45 kg / ha of bio-organic fertilizer) after transplanting, and apply the second tillering fertilizer (6.6 kg / ha of pure nitrogen) at the 5.5-leaf stage, combined with alternating dry and wet field drying to control tillering; apply regulating fertilizer (11.04 kg / ha of pure nitrogen + 15 kg / ha of 54% compound fertilizer) and paclobutrazol at the jointing stage to control plant height at 95-105 cm; d. Promote both flowering and grain production: Apply panicle fertilizer (pure nitrogen 24 kg / ha, P2O 55.76 kg / ha, KCl 57.6 kg / ha) at the 9-9.5 leaf stage, and apply grain fertilizer (48% low nitrogen, high phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 15 kg / ha + bio-organic fertilizer 30 kg / ha) at the heading stage. e. Foliar fertilizer double-enhancement: After heading, spray foliar fertilizer once every 7 days, for a total of ≥5 times. The first two times are a mixture of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen, and the last five times are 2.25 kg / hectare / time of 99% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the dry-seedling cultivation process: the seedbed must meet the standards of "high, deep, dry, flat, straight, clean, even, broken, and firm". Apply 2 kg of urea, 5 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 2.5 kg of potassium sulfate per 100 square meters, and spray with oxadixyl for disinfection; the nutrient soil should be mixed with 50 kg of organic fertilizer and seedling strengthening agent per 360 square meters of greenhouse, with a pH of 4.5-5.5; before placing the seedlings, spread 1 cm of sieved fine soil mixed with seedling strengthening agent on the seedbed, and the soil layer should be 2.2 cm thick with an error of ≤1 mm; before sowing, thoroughly water the bottom of the seedbed until it is saturated to a depth of 20-30 cm; after sowing, press the seeds down so that three sides are covered with mud; the seedbed management should control temperature and water according to the five key periods, and apply fertilizer and adjust the acidity at the 1.5-leaf and 2.5-leaf stages.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes the soaking and germination steps: using the conventional method (soaking seeds at 11-12℃ for 6-7 days, accumulating temperature of 80-100℃, and germination at 25-28℃ for 24-36 hours) or the hydrogen peroxide rapid method (32℃ constant temperature, ozone disinfection, continuous oxygen supply, soaking and germination for 36 hours). The standard for the buds is that the root and bud length is 1.5-2.0mm and the buds are in the shape of "double mountains".

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes the application of base fertilizer and field drying to control tillering: before the last irrigation and land preparation, apply 40% of the total nitrogen, 90% of the total phosphorus, 60% of the total potassium and 100% of the bio-silicon fertilizer, and harrow it into the soil to a depth of 8-10 cm; when the number of stems in the field reaches 80% of the planned number of stems, drain the water and dry the field for 3-5 days.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes irrigation management: shallow wet irrigation is adopted, with each irrigation being 3-5 cm deep, and the next irrigation is carried out only after the field surface is moist (there is water in the footwell); the irrigation quota for well irrigation areas is 300-350 cubic meters / mu, and for gravity irrigation areas it is 400-450 cubic meters / mu; when using well irrigation, comprehensive warming measures such as extending the waterway and using a water drying pond are adopted, and the water inlet is replaced every 7-10 days; when the meiosis period is predicted to be below 17℃, irrigate with water at a depth of 17-20 cm above 18℃.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes weed control: pre-emergence herbicides such as chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor, or butachlor + pyrimisulfuron 5-7 days before transplanting; application of herbicides using toxic soil or toxic fertilizer 15-20 days after transplanting; use cyhalofop-butyl, mesosulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor, or pyrimisulfuron for difficult-to-control weeds such as barnyardgrass, alisma, arrowhead, and bulrush; and prohibit the use of acetochlor, metolachlor, alachlor, and their compound formulations.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes disease control: use hymexazol to control damping-off at the 1.5-2.5 leaf stage in the seedbed; use tricyclazole for leaf blast; use prochloraz + cypermethrin 3-5 days before heading to control neck blast; use azoxystrobin·tebuconazole or thifluzamide to control sheath blight at the 10.1-10.2 leaf stage; when multiple diseases are being controlled simultaneously, use a combination of 2% cypermethrin + 25% prochloraz + 3% polyoxin; the application conditions are wind speed < 4 m / s, air temperature ≤ 27℃, and relative humidity > 65%.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes pest control: imidacloprid or thiamethoxam for leaf miners; deltamethrin for leaf beetles; chlorpyrifos for rice stem borers; and thiamethoxam or thiamethoxam for rice planthoppers.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, This also includes harvesting: drainage should begin 35 days after heading, and water should be completely stopped 7-12 days before harvest; seeds should be harvested at the late waxy maturity stage to the early fully mature stage, with a moisture content of ≤14.5%; commercial grains should be harvested directly when the yellowing maturity rate is ≥95%, with a moisture content of ≤16% and a comprehensive loss rate of ≤3%; or harvesting should be done by cutting, drying and picking up: cutting and drying at the early yellow maturity stage, drying for 3-5 days until the moisture content is 14%-15%, and picking up the grains, with a comprehensive loss of <2%; the length of straw crushing should be ≤10cm, and the straw should be turned into the soil ≥10cm.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes field tillage: autumn plowing depth 20-22cm, rotary tillage 16-18cm; Huada water-soaked fields, water preparation to meet the "return, straight, even, broken, transparent, level, uniform, clean, reduced, and mulched" ten-character standard; the height difference within the grid field ≤3cm, after sedimentation, insert your index finger 2cm into the field surface to make furrows, and the soft mud slowly closes up to the appropriate time for transplanting rice.

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