An intelligent mining three-dimensional display model for pre-controlling top-down medium-length hole open field subsequent filling

Abstract

This invention provides a three-dimensional intelligent mining demonstration model for pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole open-hole subsequent backfilling, belonging to the technical field of underground mining models. This invention integrates a surface hoisting and transportation system, a development and transportation system, a green paste backfilling system, an explosive pipeline safety transport system, a ventilation and safety system, a geological and hydrological system, a pre-cut top-down medium-deep hole mining system, a communication and intelligent monitoring system, and an auxiliary service system. By layering and recreating the actual spatial layout of the pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole mining preparation layout, ore extraction system, and support structure, it can intuitively present the entire process logic of the corresponding mining technology. It not only achieves a clear and visual display of the mining process, facilitating technical briefings and technology promotion, but also allows for simulation verification of mining procedures based on the physical model, assisting in optimizing the safety and efficiency of the mining plan.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of underground mining model technology, and in particular to an intelligent three-dimensional mining display model for pre-controlled top-down to medium-deep hole void filling, which integrates multiple systems such as paste filling, support, tunnel boring machine excavation, and explosive safe delivery. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, teaching, research demonstrations, and safety training on underground mining technology in metal mines mainly rely on planar diagrams, two-dimensional courseware, partial physical models, or virtual simulation systems to present the underground mining process. Existing physical models are mostly single-system models, such as only showing hoisting systems, ventilation systems, transportation systems, or partial stope structures, and cannot achieve an integrated, three-dimensional comprehensive display of the entire underground mining system from the surface to multiple levels.

[0003] For example, the invention patent with publication number CN102034391A discloses the production of mining models. It discloses the ability to produce static, dynamic and semi-dynamic mining models that reflect the production of mining sites at a certain scale for use in mining site production and teaching and training. However, this type of technical solution mainly focuses on general methods of "how to make various mining models" and does not construct a special display model structure with specific spatial hierarchy and multi-system coupling relationship for specific new mining processes.

[0004] Furthermore, regarding the mining process itself and aspects such as roof control and pre-splitting blasting, existing patents have proposed technical solutions such as methods for determining the borehole inclination angle for pre-splitting blasting of the working face. These solutions focus on addressing issues related to drilling parameters, roof pressure control, and safe production in actual engineering projects. However, they do not involve presenting the aforementioned processes in a systematic, modular, and three-dimensional manner using teaching aids or display models. Nor do they construct physical display models of integrated surface-aquifer-underground multi-level mining systems for teaching and comprehensive demonstration purposes. Moreover, they do not organically integrate the structure and operational relationships of the pre-cutting top-down medium-deep hole mining process, paste filling system, shield tunneling system, and explosive vertical pipeline delivery system within the same model.

[0005] Based on existing technologies, it can be seen that: 1. There is no dedicated demonstration model for the pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole open-hole subsequent filling mining process adapted to the top-cutting top: Existing demonstration models are mostly simplified teaching and demonstration models of traditional mining methods such as bottomless sublevel caving, open-hole method, and upward horizontal layered filling. There is no dedicated demonstration model for the pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole open-hole subsequent mining process for gently dipping, medium-thick ore bodies.

[0006] 2. Existing display model production only covers a single mining stage: Existing production methods are mostly aimed at a single mining stage, such as only making a simple hoisting system model or ventilation system model, lacking an integrated production process that integrates multiple digital and intelligent systems such as mining, filling, transportation, hoisting, and communication.

[0007] 3. The existing models mostly adopt a two-dimensional production method and the process display is rudimentary: The existing models mostly adopt a two-dimensional display method, using flat or semi-three-dimensional structures to display the mining process. The production method is relatively simple, and there is little to show the positional relationship between the ore body and the surrounding rock. The underground mining process is vaguely displayed and cannot present advanced technologies such as intelligent unmanned mining, paste filling, full-face shield tunneling, and explosive pipeline transportation.

[0008] 4. The materials and processes used are relatively traditional: the existing production methods mainly use traditional materials such as wood, plastic and acrylic sheets, and complete the model making through simple cutting and bonding processes. The model has insufficient accuracy and it is difficult to simulate the real situation of underground mining of metal mines.

[0009] The problems and shortcomings of the above-mentioned existing technologies are as follows: 1. Lack of system integration technology for underground mining models: Existing production methods cannot realize the coordinated display of multiple systems in underground metal mining models. There is a lack of technical solutions for integrating the relationship between strata and ore locations, development systems, ventilation systems, hoisting systems, transportation systems, communication systems, and other safety systems.

[0010] 2. Insufficient modeling of key mining processes: Existing modeling methods lack effective modeling technology for the pre-controlled top down-to-deep hole mining method, and cannot accurately demonstrate the mining process flow such as top-cutting horizontal drilling—blasting—ventilation—scraping—anchor mesh support—down-to-deep hole mining—ore transportation—stopover paste backfilling, as well as the relationship between the technological characteristics and the ore-rock space.

[0011] 3. Outdated mining technologies and processes: The existing mining models do not adequately showcase advanced technologies such as digitalization and intelligentization, especially lacking demonstrations of advanced technologies such as full-face shield tunneling, vertical pipeline delivery systems for explosives, paste filling systems, mechanized mining and support systems using trolleys, intelligent unmanned mining processes, and underground wireless network communication.

[0012] 4. Lack of spatial layering technology: Existing methods are insufficient to accurately reproduce the multi-layered spatial relationship between the surface and underground, and it is difficult to clearly show the relationship between the ore body and the surrounding rock, and the relationship between the tunnel engineering and the rock mass. There is a lack of systematic technology for three-dimensional fabrication.

[0013] 5. Limited production methods for functional demonstrations: Existing production methods produce models with limited functionality, failing to demonstrate the coordination and cooperation between different systems through model structure. Summary of the Invention

[0014] In view of this, to address the technical problems of low system integration, unclear spatial representation, insufficient display of key processes, and inability to reflect the latest green and intelligent mining concepts in existing underground mining demonstration models, this invention provides a three-dimensional intelligent mining demonstration model for pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole open space subsequent filling. By layering and recreating the actual spatial layout of the pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole mining preparation layout, ore extraction system, and support structure, it can intuitively present the entire process logic of the corresponding mining technology. This not only achieves a clear and visual display of the mining process, facilitating technical briefings and technology promotion, but also allows for simulation verification of mining procedures based on the physical model, assisting in optimizing the safety and efficiency of the mining plan.

[0015] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: This invention provides a three-dimensional display model for intelligent mining of pre-controlled top-down mid-deep borehole voids followed by backfilling, employing a layered, subsystem, modular integrated design, including: The model base, from top to bottom along the height direction, includes the surface layer, aquifer, upper segment layer, middle segment layer and lower segment layer; The surface hoisting and transportation system is used to demonstrate the working principle of ore and personnel hoisting systems; The mining and transportation system is used to demonstrate the complete process of tunnel development, tunneling, and ore transportation in a mine, from the surface layer to the upper, middle, and lower sub-layers. The green paste filling system is used to simulate the complete process of paste preparation, transportation, and subsequent filling of goaf areas. Explosive pipeline safety transport system is used to demonstrate the safety organization and protective measures for transporting explosives through vertical pipelines or dedicated channels. Ventilation safety system, used to simulate the overall layout and airflow organization of mine ventilation; Geological and hydrological systems are used to simulate the spatial relationship between the surrounding rock and the ore body, as well as the layout of shafts and tunnels in the surrounding rock. The pre-cut top-down medium-deep hole mining system is used to demonstrate the complete mining process of gently dipping medium-thick ore bodies using the down-down medium-deep hole open-field mining technology. The communication and intelligent monitoring system is used to demonstrate the precise positioning of personnel and equipment underground, as well as the composition and layout of the wireless communication and safety monitoring system. The auxiliary service system is used to demonstrate the layout of facilities for safety avoidance and emergency support in underground mines.

[0016] Preferably, the surface hoisting and transportation system includes a main shaft skip device, an auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device, and a derrick support structure installed on the surface layer. The main shaft skip device is used to simulate the hoisting of ore and waste rock, and the auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device includes upper and lower cages and a balancing wire rope system, used to demonstrate the counter-balancing operation process.

[0017] Preferably, the pioneering transportation system includes: The ramp, extending downwards at a 15° angle from the surface layer to the upper, middle, and lower sections, serves as a tunnel for vehicle transport, personnel passage, and ventilation. A model of a tunnel boring machine, arranged on the ramp, includes a cutting head, a propulsion system, and a segment assembly system, used to demonstrate the integrated construction technology of cutting, propulsion, and support in full-face shield tunneling. A trackless transportation system, located at the bottom of the ramp and in the lower segment layer, includes transport vehicles, a travel track, and loading and unloading equipment, and is used to simulate the trackless transportation process of ore in the lower segment layer.

[0018] Preferably, the green paste filling system includes: A surface filling station is set up in the surface layer. Inside it is a deep cone thickener model, which includes functional modules for stirring preparation, concentration and dehydration and conveying pumping, to simulate the paste preparation and conveying process. The filling pipeline network connects to the mining areas corresponding to the upper, middle, and lower segment layers; The filling borehole system, located at the top of the stope, transports paste to the goaf through boreholes to demonstrate the subsequent filling process.

[0019] Preferably, the explosive pipeline safety delivery system includes a dedicated explosive transport container, protective devices, and an independent explosive transport pipeline, which is arranged in a space physically isolated from other systems.

[0020] Preferably, the geological and hydrological system includes aquifers simulated with different colors and materials, a surrounding rock stratification structure of different rock layers, and an ore body structure set in the center of the surrounding rock.

[0021] Preferably, the ventilation safety system includes a ventilation shaft installed on the ground surface, which is connected to a ventilation network installed on the upper, middle and lower sections to form an intake and return air system.

[0022] Preferably, the pre-cutting top-down medium-deep hole mining system is located in the ore body region between the upper and middle sub-sub-layers, and includes: The pre-cutting top structure is set on the top of the mining area within the ore body, and is arranged along the entire length and width of the mining area. Inside, there are rock drilling rigs, shovel rigs, and anchor mesh rigs. An anchor mesh support structure is set on the top plate of the pre-cut top layer, and uses a detachable top plate and micro metal mesh to demonstrate the rock mass deformation and support measures after the top cutting and pressure relief. The downward-cutting medium-deep hole drilling system, arranged from the top layer downwards, is used to demonstrate the drilling space structure of a gently dipping medium-thick ore body using the downward-cutting medium-deep hole open-field mining process. Automated shoveling and transporting equipment is arranged in the upper and middle sections to simulate ore extraction operations.

[0023] Preferably, the communication and intelligent monitoring system includes a positioning base station arranged in the trackless transportation section of the lower segment layer, wireless base stations distributed in the underground space, and a monitoring network, used to demonstrate the precise positioning of underground personnel and equipment, as well as the composition and layout of the wireless communication and safety monitoring system.

[0024] Preferably, the auxiliary service system includes refuge chambers, compressed air and water supply self-rescue devices, and drainage system structures arranged at each mining level, which are used to demonstrate the layout of relevant facilities for safety refuge and emergency support in underground mines.

[0025] This invention constructs a three-dimensional model of underground metal mining that can be integrated and displayed across multiple mining levels, from the surface and aquifers to underground depths. It organically integrates and displays multiple systems, including development, mining, backfilling, ventilation, drainage, hoisting, communication, and remote control. The model accurately reflects the spatial structure and operational flow of key technical aspects in the pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole open-hole backfilling mining process, such as top cutting and pressure relief, anchor mesh support, bottom-down medium-deep hole layout, ore transportation, and stope paste backfilling. The invention integrates key processes such as full-face tunneling of the tunnel boring machine, a safe vertical pipeline delivery system for explosives, and a paste backfilling system within the same model, clearly demonstrating the synergistic relationships and safety protection measures between these processes through structural and modular design. Through a layered, subsystematic, and modular manufacturing concept and standardized interface design, this invention improves the standardization and reproducibility of model production, making the model easy to disassemble, display, maintain, and upgrade. Compared to existing technologies, it has the following beneficial effects: 1. High system integration: For the first time, this invention integrates the surface lifting and transportation system, development and transportation system, pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole mining system, green paste filling system, shield machine full-face tunneling, explosive safety vertical pipeline transportation system, ventilation and safety system, intelligent monitoring system and auxiliary service system on a single display platform. It can continuously display the complete mining process from the surface to the depths, and its performance is significantly better than conventional mining models that can only display a single system.

[0026] 2. Comprehensive demonstration of key processes: By integrating the pre-cutting top structure, downward medium-deep hole drilling layout, automated shoveling and transportation equipment and paste filling system, this invention can completely reproduce the pre-controlled top downward medium-deep hole open space subsequent filling mining process of gently dipping medium-thick ore bodies. The spatial relationship and operation process of key links such as top cutting and pressure relief, support, blasting, ore extraction and filling are clear at a glance.

[0027] 3. Clear spatial hierarchy: This invention adopts a three-dimensional layered structure (upper segment layer, middle segment layer and lower segment layer) of surface layer, aquifer and multiple underground mining levels, which can intuitively show the spatial correspondence between ore body, surrounding rock, shaft, roadway and various systems, making it easier to understand the spatial layout of mining engineering and the interaction between rock mass, ore body and roadway.

[0028] 4. Prominent Green and Intelligent Features: By integrating modules such as paste filling, safe and independent explosive delivery pipelines, intelligent positioning and monitoring, and wireless network communication into the model, this invention can systematically demonstrate the key technical features of green and intelligent mining in modern metal mines, which helps to promote the concept of safe, green, and efficient underground mining.

[0029] 5. High degree of modularity and standardization: The present invention adopts a hierarchical and subsystem modular design. Each module can be quickly disassembled and assembled through standard interfaces, which is convenient for transportation, installation and maintenance, and also convenient for expanding or replacing some modules according to teaching and training needs, effectively improving the flexibility and reproducibility of model making and application. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Figure 1 This is a model diagram of the present invention; In the diagram: 1. Main shaft skip device; 2. Auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device; 3. Derrick support structure; 4. Inclined ramp entrance; 5. Tunnel boring machine model; 6. Trackless transportation system; 7. Surface filling station; 8. Filling pipeline network; 9. Filling borehole system; 10. Explosives transport container; 11. Protective device; 12. Independent explosives delivery pipeline; 13. Ventilation shaft; 14. Ventilation network; 15. Aquifer; 16. Layered structure of surrounding rock; 17. 18. Ore body structure; 19. Pre-cut roof structure; 20. Anchor mesh support structure; 21. Downward medium-deep hole drilling system; 22. Automated shoveling and transport equipment; 23. Ore pass structure; 24. 680mL horizontal marker; 25. 800mL horizontal marker; 26. 980mL horizontal marker; 27. Positioning base station; 28. Wireless base station; 29. ​​Monitoring network; 30. Pump room; 31. Drainage pipe network; 32. Rest room; 33. Backfill body. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are merely some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] like Figure 1 As shown, this invention provides a three-dimensional intelligent mining demonstration model for pre-controlled top-down medium-deep hole open-hole subsequent filling. Through this demonstration model, viewers can clearly understand the spatial layout and operation process of the mining technology of lower medium-deep hole open-hole subsequent filling in a gently dipping medium-thick ore body under the conditions of pre-cutting top depressurization and support. They can also simultaneously observe the collaborative relationship between key systems such as paste filling, shield tunneling, explosive safety transportation, and intelligent monitoring, thereby improving the effectiveness of teaching, training, and technical exchange.

[0033] This model adopts a layered, subsystem, modular integrated design, connecting to pipelines via standard interfaces. It integrates each module into a three-dimensional display platform representing multiple mining levels from the surface to underground, including: The model base, preferably constructed with a high-strength steel frame and covered with transparent tempered glass, serves to support and showcase the internal systems and their spatial relationships. From top to bottom along the height, it includes the surface layer, the aquifer 15, and the upper segmented layer (such as...). Figure 1 The 680mL horizontal label 23), the middle segmented layer (such as Figure 1 The 800mL horizontal label 24) and the lower segmented layer (such as Figure 1 The 980mL horizontal marker 25 in the middle forms a multi-level spatial structure of surface-aquifer 15-deep mining level.

[0034] The surface hoisting and transportation system is used to demonstrate the working principle of an ore and personnel hoisting system. This system includes a main shaft skip device 1, an auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device 2, and a headframe support structure 3, all located at the surface. The main shaft skip device 1 includes a headframe structure, skip hoisting containers, and a winch model, simulating the hoisting of ore and waste rock. The auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device 2 includes upper and lower cages and a balancing wire rope system, demonstrating the counter-balancing operation process; when one cage rises, the other simultaneously descends.

[0035] The mining and haulage system demonstrates the complete process of tunnel development, excavation, and ore transportation in a mine, from the surface layer to the upper, middle, and lower subgrades. The mining and haulage system includes: A ramp (such as ramp entrance 4 set at the surface layer) extends downward from the surface layer to the upper, middle and lower segment layers at an inclination angle of 15°, and is used to demonstrate the functions of vehicle transportation, personnel passage and ventilation. Model 5 of the tunnel boring machine is arranged on the ramp or corresponding tunnel, including the cutting head, propulsion system and segment assembly system, to demonstrate the integrated construction technology of cutting, propulsion and support in full-face shield tunneling. The trackless transportation system 6 is located at the bottom of the ramp and in the lower segment layer, and includes transport vehicles, running tracks and loading and unloading equipment, used to simulate the trackless transportation process of ore in the lower segment layer.

[0036] A green paste filling system is used to simulate the complete process of paste preparation, transportation, and subsequent backfilling of goaf areas. This green paste filling system includes: Surface filling station 7 is located on the surface layer. Inside it is a deep cone thickener model, which includes modules for stirring preparation, concentration and dehydration and conveying pumping, to simulate the paste preparation and conveying process. A filling pipeline network 8 is set down from the filling station, and the filling body 32 inside it is connected to the mining areas corresponding to the upper segment layer, the middle segment layer and the lower segment layer by a combination of gravity flow and pump pressure transportation. The filling borehole system 9 is located at the top of the stope and transports paste to the goaf through boreholes to demonstrate the subsequent filling process.

[0037] An explosives pipeline safety transport system is used to demonstrate the safety organization and protective measures for transporting explosives through vertical pipelines or dedicated channels. This system includes a dedicated explosives transport container 10, protective devices 11, and an independent explosives transport pipeline 12. The independent explosives transport pipeline 12 is arranged in a space physically isolated from other systems, demonstrating the safety organization and protective measures for transporting explosives through vertical pipelines or dedicated channels.

[0038] A ventilation safety system is used to simulate the overall layout and airflow organization of mine ventilation. This ventilation safety system includes a ventilation shaft 13 located at the surface, which penetrates the aquifer 15 and the surrounding rock stratification structure 16. The ventilation shaft 13 is connected to a ventilation network 14 located in the upper, middle, and lower strata to form an intake and return air system, used to demonstrate the overall layout and airflow organization of mine ventilation.

[0039] A geological hydrological system is used to simulate the spatial relationship between the surrounding rock and the ore body, as well as the arrangement of shafts and tunnels within the surrounding rock. This system uses different colors and materials to simulate aquifers (15), different rock strata within the surrounding rock (16), and the ore body structure (17) located in the center of the surrounding rock. Specifically: Aquifer 15 is located below the surface layer and is simulated using blue transparent material; the surrounding rock layer structure 16 uses different colors and materials to simulate different rock layers; the ore body structure 17 is set in the center of the surrounding rock using dark simulated material to show the spatial relationship between the surrounding rock and the ore body, as well as the arrangement of shafts and tunnels in the surrounding rock.

[0040] A pre-cut top-down medium-deep hole mining system is used to demonstrate the complete mining process of a gently dipping, medium-thick ore body using a down-down medium-deep hole open-stope mining technique. This pre-cut top-down medium-deep hole mining system is located in the ore body region between the upper and middle subdivisions, and includes: The pre-cutting top structure 18 is set on the top of the mining area within the ore body, arranged along the entire length and width of the mining area, with a top height of approximately 5m (scaled according to the model ratio), used to show the spatial range of the cutting top layer, and equipped with a rock drilling rig, a prying rig, and an anchor mesh rig inside. Anchor mesh support structure 19 is set on the top plate of the pre-cut top layer. It uses a detachable top plate and micro metal mesh to demonstrate the rock mass deformation and support measures after the top cutting and pressure relief. The downward medium-deep hole drilling system 20 is arranged from the top layer downwards, with the holes arranged according to a certain diameter and depth. It is used to demonstrate the drilling space structure of the gently dipping medium-thick ore body using the downward medium-deep hole open mining technology. An automated shovel and transport device 21 is arranged in the upper section layer (680 mL horizontal marker) and the middle section layer (800 mL horizontal marker) to simulate ore extraction operations.

[0041] The communication and intelligent monitoring system is used to demonstrate the precise positioning of personnel and equipment underground, as well as the composition and layout of the wireless communication and safety monitoring system. This system includes a positioning base station 26 deployed in the trackless transport section of the lower segment layer, wireless base stations 27 distributed throughout the underground space, and a monitoring network 28, serving to demonstrate the precise positioning of personnel and equipment underground, as well as the composition and layout of the wireless communication and safety monitoring system.

[0042] The auxiliary service system showcases the layout of safety and emergency response facilities in underground mines. This system includes refuge chambers located at each mining level, compressed air and water supply self-rescue devices, and drainage system structures, demonstrating the relevant facilities for safety and emergency response in underground mines. For example, a pump house 29 and drainage pipe network 30 are arranged at the lower section level (980 mL level marker) to demonstrate the composition of the underground drainage system; a rest room 31 and a double-layer cage system are also provided to demonstrate the auxiliary facilities for underground personnel living and navigating up and down the mine.

[0043] The systems described above in this invention form a complete spatial connection through a network of tunnels, shafts, and pipelines: the main shaft, auxiliary shaft, and ventilation shaft 13 penetrate the aquifer 15 and surrounding rock from the surface to reach each mining level; the inclined ramp descends from the surface and intersects with each horizontal tunnel; the filling pipeline, ventilation pipeline, and drainage pipeline are arranged in sequence to form a network; the explosives delivery channel is arranged independently and isolated from other systems; the intelligent monitoring system forms a communication and monitoring network in the underground space to realize comprehensive perception and management of the mining and transportation systems.

[0044] The model provided by this invention preferably adopts a layered, subsystem-based, modular manufacturing method, which mainly includes the following basic steps: 1. Construct the model base and transparent observation surface to determine the elevation and planar range of the surface layer, aquifer 15, and each mining level.

[0045] 2. Based on actual mine or typical engineering parameters, design the spatial location and dimensions of the main and auxiliary shafts, ventilation shaft 13, inclined ramps and each mining level roadway in proportion, and complete the arrangement of surrounding rock stratification and ore body structure 17.

[0046] 3. Modular components for systems such as hoisting, development, mining, filling, ventilation, and safety monitoring are manufactured using standardized interfaces, enabling the detachable installation of each module on the model base.

[0047] 4. For the pre-cut top-down medium-deep hole mining system, a detachable cutting top layer and weakened surface are preset in the ore body model, and medium-deep hole drilling structure and filling hole structure are arranged according to a certain hole spacing and hole diameter, so as to demonstrate the decompression, blasting, ore extraction and filling process under different working conditions.

[0048] 5. Micro-drive devices are installed in key parts such as filling stations, tunnel boring machines, and cage lifting to enable dynamic demonstration of typical process steps.

[0049] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and thoroughly described below with reference to specific examples, as follows: In this embodiment, the overall size of the model is approximately 1200 mm × 800 mm, and the total height is approximately 1000 mm. From top to bottom along the height direction, the model consists of the surface layer, 15 layers of aquifer with a thickness of approximately 150 mm, and three underground mining levels representing 680 mL, 800 mL, and 980 mL respectively. The vertical spacing between each level is set proportionally based on actual mine parameters to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the overall spatial relationship.

[0050] 1. The model base is constructed by welding rectangular hollow square steel tubes or channel steel into a grid-like steel structure frame. The preferred square steel specifications are 30 mm × 30 mm with a wall thickness of 2 mm. After sandblasting and rust removal, epoxy zinc-rich primer and polyurethane topcoat are sprayed sequentially on its surface to improve corrosion resistance. A 10 mm thick transparent tempered glass plate is laid on top of the steel structure frame and fixed to the frame with stainless steel pressure strips and countersunk bolts, thus forming a load-bearing and observation platform that can support internal components and facilitate observation from above.

[0051] 2. The surrounding rock layered structure 16 preferably uses high-density polyurethane foam board or expanded polystyrene board as the substrate. According to the designed stratigraphic interfaces, the foam board is cut into a layered structure with distinct bedding interfaces using a CNC engraving machine or 3D hot wire cutting equipment. Then, an epoxy resin coating containing different colored mineral fillers is brushed onto the surface of each layer to simulate different lithologies such as sandstone, shale, and limestone, and their joint development characteristics. The ore body structure 17 is located in the central area of ​​the surrounding rock layered structure 16. A continuous ore body zone is formed by pouring dark-colored epoxy mortar or resin mortar at corresponding locations. The width and thickness of the ore body are set at a scaled-down ratio of approximately 150 mm and 40 mm, respectively. A metallic ore simulation coating is sprayed onto the outer surface of the ore body to clearly distinguish it from the surrounding rock.

[0052] 3. Aquifer 15 is located at a depth of approximately 50–200 mm below the surface layer. It is formed by layering transparent or semi-transparent epoxy resin, with a small amount of blue or cyan pigment added to each layer to give the cast body a visual effect similar to aquifer 15. Before casting, plexiglass sleeves with an outer diameter of approximately 32 mm are pre-installed at the locations of the main shaft, auxiliary shaft, and ventilation shaft 13. During the casting process, the sleeves and resin are cured as a whole, forming a seepage-proof wall structure for the main shaft, auxiliary shaft, and ventilation shaft 13 to penetrate aquifer 15. The annulus of the penetration section is filled with transparent resin to demonstrate the structural characteristics of seepage-proof reinforcement in actual engineering.

[0053] 4. A main shaft skip device 1 and an auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device 2 are installed on the surface layer. The main and auxiliary shaft frames are made of stainless steel plates with a thickness of approximately 1.0 mm. The components are obtained by laser cutting and then bent into shape by a CNC bending machine. They are then assembled into a portal frame by spot welding and bolt connection. The height of the frame is set to approximately 400 mm according to the proportion. The main shaft skip is a box structure formed by bending and welding 0.5 mm thick brass plates. The top is connected to the winch drum installed on the top of the frame by a stainless steel wire rope with a diameter of approximately 0.5 mm. The auxiliary shaft is equipped with two layers of cages, each with a height of approximately 30 mm and a width of approximately 20 mm. Transparent acrylic windows are embedded in the side walls for observing the arrangement of personnel or materials inside. Metal counterweights are installed at the bottom of the cages to ensure that the upper and lower cages are in a balanced state under the action of the wire ropes.

[0054] 5. In the development and transportation system, a ramp entrance 4 is set on one side of the ground surface. The ramp extends downward from the ground surface at an angle of about 15°. The cross-section of the ramp is made of transparent acrylic sheet that is hot-bent into an arched plate and bonded to the bottom plate. The inner width of the tunnel is preferably set to about 60-70 mm. A shield machine model 5 is set up. The shield machine has a total length of about 180 mm and an outer diameter of about 50 mm. A disc-type cutting head is set at the front end. The cutting head is 3D printed from ABS material and fixed on the output shaft of a micro motor. A spring-guide rail mechanism for simulating propulsion is set at the rear of the shield machine. Several micro prefabricated segments and a simplified robotic arm structure are set at the tail end to demonstrate the integrated construction process of "tunneling-propulsion-segment assembly".

[0055] 6. In the 980 mL horizontal trackless transport section, the width of the horizontal tunnel is about 70 mm and the height is about 50 mm. One or more aluminum alloy linear guide rails are fixed on the tunnel floor. The loader model and the mining truck model are placed on the guide rails. The vehicle body is 3D printed using PLA or ABS materials.

[0056] 7. The pre-controlled top-down deep hole open space subsequent filling mining unit is set in the ore body area between the two mining levels of 680 mL and 800 mL. A pre-cut top structure 18 is arranged on the upper part of the ore body. The pre-cut top structure 18 is formed by splicing several detachable top plate units. The top plate unit is about 150 mm long, about 30 mm wide, and about 20-30 mm thick. Each top plate unit is made of medium density fiberboard or high density polyurethane board. Bolts and metal mesh are pre-embedded in the surrounding rock layered structure 16 at the top plate position to simulate the anchor mesh support structure 19. At the same time, a skid trolley and an anchor mesh trolley support equipment are placed.

[0057] 8. Multiple rows of downward-facing medium-deep hole models are arranged along the dip direction of the ore body inside the pre-cut top layer. The spacing between each row of holes is set to 20–30 mm, corresponding to the actual spacing of medium-deep holes. A single hole corresponds to a reduced length of approximately 50–100 mm in the model, representing an actual medium-deep hole length of 10–50 m. The hole walls are constructed using transparent rigid PVC or plexiglass pipes with an outer diameter of 3–5 mm, inserted into the ore body structure 17. Different colored silicone strips or plastic rods are inserted inside the pipes as a charge indication. The bottom of the stope is connected to the vertical ore pass structure 22. The inner wall of the ore pass is made of plexiglass pipes. The ore blasted in the upper section can be simulated as colored particles or small balls, rolling from the upper section's "mining chamber" through the ore pass to the receiving bin in the 980 mL horizontal trackless transport section, and then transported out by trackless transport vehicles. This demonstrates a continuous process of "pre-cut top—downward medium-deep hole blasting—ore extraction—ore pass—trackless transport."

[0058] 9. In the paste filling system, a filling station is set up at the surface layer, and a deep cone thickener model is installed inside the filling station. The deep cone thickener is formed by bonding a transparent acrylic cylinder with a diameter of approximately 80 mm and an acrylic cone with a height of approximately 100 mm. The filling station contains a mixing station and industrial pumps. The plant outlet pipe is connected to the main filling pipeline through a transparent flexible PVC pipe with a diameter of approximately 6-8 mm. The main filling pipeline runs down along the main shaft and branches out at three mining levels: 680 mL, 800 mL, and 980 mL. Each branch pipeline is connected to a filling borehole at the top of the corresponding stope through a transparent rigid plastic pipe. The lower end of the filling borehole opens into the transparent cavity inside the goaf. The paste simulation material is a reusable light gray gel, which flows into each goaf cavity and gradually accumulates to simulate the paste filling process.

[0059] 10. The explosives safety transport system is located in an independent space physically isolated from the vehicle and personnel access roads. The transport channel uses flame-retardant rigid PVC or flame-retardant polycarbonate pipes with an outer diameter of approximately 21 mm. The channel is covered with a thin-walled aluminum alloy or stainless steel sheath, and metal clamps are installed at elbows, tees, and other locations to secure the pipe position. Transparent pipe sections are installed on some straight sections to allow observation of the trajectory of the explosives transport container 10. The explosives transport container 10 uses a flame-retardant ABS injection-molded shell, thus comprehensively demonstrating the safety transport mode of "dedicated container + independent channel + multi-level protection".

[0060] 11. In the ventilation system, ventilation shaft 13 is represented by an acrylic cylinder with a diameter of about 50 mm. A miniature axial flow fan is installed on the top of ventilation shaft 13. The ventilation pipelines of each mining level underground are laid on the top of the roadway using flexible corrugated pipes or thin-walled hoses. The intake airway and return airway are distinguished by different colors or markings to visually demonstrate the organization and airflow direction of the mine ventilation system.

[0061] 12. In the underground communication and intelligent monitoring system, positioning base stations 26 and wireless base stations 27 are deployed in the middle section of the 980 mL trackless transport system and near several key intersections. The base station shells are made of small ABS boxes or 3D printed shells, and the interiors are equipped with WiFi markers, LED indicator lights, and other components. A remote operation control room is set up on the surface to simulate remote intelligent control of the underground trackless equipment.

[0062] Through the aforementioned structural design and material selection, this invention enables the demonstration model to clearly and continuously display the spatial relationships and mining process flow from the surface to multiple mining levels within a limited space. In particular, it provides a three-dimensional and intuitive demonstration of the entire process of pre-controlled top-down to mid-deep hole open-hole subsequent backfilling mining technology, including top cutting and pressure relief, support, mid-deep hole layout, blasting ore extraction, and paste backfilling. Simultaneously, it integrates key systems such as shield tunneling, explosive safety delivery, aquifer 15 seepage prevention, ventilation and drainage, and intelligent monitoring, significantly enhancing the visualization and systematic demonstration capabilities of green and intelligent underground metal mining technologies in teaching, training, and technical exchanges.

[0063] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention. However, the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A pre-control intelligent mining three-dimensional display model for subsequent filling of an upward medium-length hole in an open stope, characterized in that, The design adopts a layered, subsystem, and modular integrated approach, including: The model base, from top to bottom along the height direction, includes the surface layer, aquifer, upper segment layer, middle segment layer and lower segment layer; The surface hoisting and transportation system is used to demonstrate the working principle of ore and personnel hoisting systems; The mining and transportation system is used to demonstrate the complete process of tunnel development, tunneling, and ore transportation in a mine, from the surface layer to the upper, middle, and lower sub-layers. The green paste filling system is used to simulate the complete process of paste preparation, transportation, and subsequent filling of goaf areas. Explosive pipeline safety transport system is used to demonstrate the safety organization and protective measures for transporting explosives through vertical pipelines or dedicated channels. Ventilation safety system, used to simulate the overall layout and airflow organization of mine ventilation; Geological and hydrological systems are used to simulate the spatial relationship between the surrounding rock and the ore body, as well as the layout of shafts and tunnels in the surrounding rock. The pre-cut top-down medium-deep hole mining system is used to demonstrate the complete mining process of gently dipping medium-thick ore bodies using the down-down medium-deep hole open-field mining technology. The communication and intelligent monitoring system is used to demonstrate the precise positioning of personnel and equipment underground, as well as the composition and layout of the wireless communication and safety monitoring system. The auxiliary service system is used to demonstrate the layout of facilities for safety avoidance and emergency support in underground mines.

2. The intelligent mining stereoscopic display model for pre-controlling the subsequent filling of the upward medium-length hole empty field according to claim 1, characterized in that, The surface hoisting and transportation system includes a main shaft skip device, an auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device, and a derrick support structure installed on the surface layer. The main shaft skip device is used to simulate the hoisting of ore and waste rock. The auxiliary shaft double-layer cage device includes upper and lower cages and a balancing wire rope system, which is used to demonstrate the counter-balancing operation process.

3. The intelligent mining stereoscopic display model for pre-controlling the subsequent filling of the upward medium-length hole empty field according to claim 1, characterized in that, The development and transportation system uses a tunnel boring machine (TBM) to excavate an inclined ramp, extending downwards from the surface layer at a 15° angle. The TBM includes a cutting head, a propulsion system, and a segment assembly system, and is used to demonstrate the integrated construction technology of cutting, propulsion, and support in full-face shield tunneling.

4. The intelligent three-dimensional display model for pre-controlled top-down filling of the void in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The green paste filling system includes: A surface filling station is set up in the surface layer. Inside it is a deep cone thickener model, which includes functional modules for stirring preparation, concentration and dehydration and conveying pumping, to simulate the paste preparation and conveying process. The filling pipeline network connects to the mining areas corresponding to the upper, middle, and lower segment layers; The filling borehole system, located at the top of the stope, transports paste to the goaf through boreholes to demonstrate the subsequent filling process.

5. The intelligent three-dimensional display model for pre-controlled top-down filling of the void in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The explosive pipeline safety delivery system includes a dedicated explosive transport container, protective devices, and an independent explosive transport pipeline, which is arranged in a space physically isolated from other systems.

6. The intelligent three-dimensional display model for pre-controlled top-down filling of the void in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The geological and hydrological system includes aquifers simulated with different colors and materials, a surrounding rock stratification structure of different rock layers, and an ore body structure set in the center of the surrounding rock.

7. The intelligent three-dimensional display model for pre-controlled top-down filling of the void in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ventilation safety system includes ventilation shafts installed on the ground surface, which are connected to ventilation networks installed in the upper, middle, and lower sections to form an intake and return air system.

8. The intelligent three-dimensional display model for pre-controlled top-down filling of the void in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pre-cutting top-down medium-deep hole mining system is located in the ore body region between the upper and middle sub-sub-layers, and includes: The pre-cutting top structure is set on the top of the mining area within the ore body, and is arranged along the entire length and width of the mining area. Inside, there are rock drilling rigs, shovel rigs, and anchor mesh rigs. An anchor mesh support structure is set on the top plate of the pre-cut top layer, and uses a detachable top plate and micro metal mesh to demonstrate the rock mass deformation and support measures after the top cutting and pressure relief. The downward-cutting medium-deep hole drilling system, arranged from the top layer downwards, is used to demonstrate the drilling space structure of a gently dipping medium-thick ore body using the downward-cutting medium-deep hole open-field mining process. Automated shoveling and transporting equipment is arranged in the upper and middle sections to simulate ore extraction operations.

9. A three-dimensional intelligent mining demonstration model for pre-controlled top-down filling of voids in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The communication and intelligent monitoring system includes a positioning base station deployed in the trackless transportation section of the lower segment layer, wireless base stations distributed in the underground space, and a monitoring network, used to demonstrate the precise positioning of underground personnel and equipment, as well as the composition and layout of the wireless communication and safety monitoring system.

10. A three-dimensional intelligent mining demonstration model for pre-controlled top-down filling of voids in medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The auxiliary service system includes refuge chambers, compressed air and water supply self-rescue devices, and drainage system structures arranged at each mining level, which are used to demonstrate the layout of relevant facilities for safety refuge and emergency support in underground mines.

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