Cement-based capacitor with self-power generation and electric energy storage and preparation method thereof

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of capacitor technology, and in particular to a cement-based capacitor with self-generating and energy storage capabilities, and its manufacturing method. The capacitor comprises, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and a seepage-proof sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer, from top to bottom, comprises a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealing film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealing film. The second sealing film has several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers. The energy storage layer is composed of porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to a first lead-out terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to a second lead-out terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to a third lead-out terminal. Using this structure, the invention can simultaneously complete the conversion of light energy to electrical energy and energy storage, and can be independently applied to remote outdoor infrastructure, smart roads, outdoor buildings, and other scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of capacitor technology, and in particular to a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage, and a method for its preparation. Background Technology

[0002] Cement-based materials are the most widely used building matrix materials in the field of civil engineering. They have advantages such as low cost, good formability, excellent mechanical properties, and high durability, and are widely used in infrastructure projects such as roads, buildings, bridges, and dams. Functional cement-based composite materials that combine structural load-bearing and energy regulation functions have become a research hotspot in the industry. At present, most existing functional cement-based energy storage materials are mainly focused on single energy storage functions. By doping conductive components into the cement matrix to prepare conductive cement electrodes, and combining them with electrolytes to form energy storage devices, electrical energy can be stored. However, these devices can only passively store and discharge energy and have no independent power supply capability, requiring external power grid supply during operation.

[0003] Furthermore, existing photovoltaic energy storage integrated building materials are mostly flexible, organic panel structures with low mechanical strength and poor wear and impermeability. They cannot be directly used as load-bearing structures and can only be used as auxiliary decorations or power generation panels. They are difficult to integrate deeply with cement-based building structures, resulting in low integration, poor fit, and a service life incompatible with the main building structure. In summary, there is currently a lack of cement-based capacitors on the market that integrate structural load-bearing, self-generated power, and energy storage. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and electrical energy storage and its preparation method, which can simultaneously complete the conversion of light energy to electrical energy and energy storage, and can be independently applied to remote outdoor infrastructure, smart roads, outdoor buildings and other scenarios.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage, comprising, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and an anti-seepage sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer comprises, from top to bottom, a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealing film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealing film. The second sealing film has several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers. The energy storage layer is composed of porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to a first lead-out terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to a second lead-out terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to a third lead-out terminal.

[0006] Preferably, the flexible photovoltaic chip includes one or more of thin and light flexible perovskite photovoltaic chips and flexible amorphous silicon photovoltaic chips, and the thickness of the flexible photovoltaic chip is 0.5-1.8 mm.

[0007] Preferably, the first sealing film is a polyolefin elastomer or polyvinyl butyral, and the thickness of both the first and second sealing films is 0.15-0.3 mm.

[0008] Preferably, the mass ratio of cement, conductive filler and functional fiber in the conductive support layer is 100:8-15:1.5-3.5.

[0009] Preferably, the conductive filler includes one or more of graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive carbon black, nickel boride, iron silicide, and iron(II,III) oxide.

[0010] Preferably, the functional fibers include one or more of polyvinyl alcohol fibers, chopped basalt fibers, carbon fibers, copper-plated steel fibers, and polypropylene fibers.

[0011] Preferably, the composite electrolyte comprises 20-25 wt% acrylamide, 0.1-0.5 wt% crosslinking agent, 0.2-0.5 wt% initiator, and the balance sodium hydroxide solution.

[0012] Preferably, the aperture of the titanium mesh base plate is 2-5mm, and the diameter of the titanium wire is 0.3-0.6mm.

[0013] A method for preparing a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage, comprising the following steps: S1. Lay the titanium mesh flat and fix it at the bottom of the mold. Pour waterproof cement slurry into the bottom of the mold and cure at room temperature for 30-60 minutes to obtain the seepage-proof sealing layer and the titanium mesh bottom plate. Weld the third lead-out terminal to the edge of the titanium mesh bottom plate and lead the third lead-out terminal out to the outside of the mold. S2. Silicate cement, foaming agent and pore-forming agent are mixed evenly to obtain the first slurry, which is poured onto the titanium mesh base plate and cured at room temperature for 12-24 hours to obtain cement porous material. S3. Mix cement and conductive filler and stir for 3-5 minutes. Add functional fiber and continue stirring for 2-3 minutes. Add deionized water and stir to obtain the second slurry. Pour the second slurry onto the cement porous material, vibrate to defoam, and cure at room temperature for 12-24 hours to obtain the conductive support layer. S4. After removing the conductive support layer from the mold, place the second sealing film, flexible photovoltaic chip, first sealing film and silver nanowire mesh on top in sequence. Connect the first lead terminal to the edge of the silver nanowire mesh and the second lead terminal to the edge of the conductive support layer. The photovoltaic layer is obtained by low-temperature hot pressing. S5. Use transparent weather-resistant adhesive to lay the transparent top plate on the photovoltaic layer, press lightly to bond, and cure the whole under standard curing environment at room temperature and humidity for 7 days, and then cure naturally for 28 days. After sanding and dust removal, wrap the side wall with butyl tape and leave liquid injection micropores at the porous electrode material. S6. Prepare a composite electrolyte and inject it into the porous cement material through injection micropores under vacuum. Let it stand under normal pressure and perform free radical polymerization at 50-70℃. After taking it out, seal the injection micropores to obtain a cement-based capacitor.

[0014] Preferably, in S5, the transparent top plate is tempered glass with an ultraviolet coating.

[0015] Therefore, the present invention employs the above-mentioned cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage and its preparation method, the beneficial effects of which are: 1. The capacitor provided by this invention can simultaneously complete the conversion of light energy to electrical energy and energy storage, and can be independently applied to scenarios such as remote outdoor infrastructure, smart roads, and outdoor buildings; 2. The conductive support layer provided by the present invention serves as both the back electrode current collector of the photovoltaic layer and the upper electrode of the energy storage layer, eliminating the external wires and connection terminals between the photovoltaic layer and the energy storage layer, and reducing the loop resistance and energy loss. 3. The energy storage layer provided by this invention uses a porous cement material loaded with polyacrylamide-NaOH gel electrolyte, which completely eliminates the risk of liquid electrolyte leakage. It also has strong water retention, high ionic conductivity, and is chemically compatible with the alkaline environment of cement, ensuring the stability and safety of long-term operation.

[0016] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the compressive strength and flexural strength of the capacitors in Embodiments 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this invention should be understood in their ordinary sense by those skilled in the art. The features mentioned above or in the specific examples mentioned in this invention can be combined arbitrarily, and these specific embodiments are only used to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0019] This invention provides a cement-based capacitor with self-generating and energy storage capabilities, comprising, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and a seepage-proof sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer, from top to bottom, comprises a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealant film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealant film, the second sealant film having several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers, and the energy storage layer is composed of a porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to a first lead terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to a second lead terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to a third lead terminal.

[0020] The photovoltaic layer absorbs sunlight to generate direct current. The conductive support layer serves as both the back electrode of the photovoltaic layer and the upper current collector of the energy storage layer, while the titanium mesh substrate acts as the lower current collector. The second lead-out terminal is a shared negative / positive electrode for both the photovoltaic layer and the energy storage layer. The first and second lead-out terminals form the photovoltaic output port, and the second and third lead-out terminals form the supercapacitor port, achieving the integration of photoelectric conversion and charge storage. This allows for direct power supply to the load or self-charging.

[0021] In the photovoltaic layer, a silver nanowire mesh serves as a transparent front electrode to collect photovoltaic current. A first and second sealing film fully encapsulate the flexible photovoltaic chip, isolating it from water and oxygen. The second sealing film has several conductive channels, enabling longitudinal conductivity between the flexible photovoltaic chip and the conductive support layer, while providing lateral insulation to prevent short circuits.

[0022] The conductive support layer is a conductive cement composite material, which both carries photovoltaic current and serves as the electrode / current collector of the supercapacitor. The energy storage layer is a porous cement material framework filled with a gel electrolyte, within which ions can be transported. The titanium mesh base plate, serving as another electrode current collector, is embedded between the porous cement material and the impermeable sealing layer. This sandwich structure allows for a large-area solid-liquid interface between the capacitor electrodes and the electrolyte.

[0023] The titanium mesh base plate serves multiple functions, including current collection, reinforcement, and bonding with cement. The seepage-proof sealing layer uses waterproof cement slurry to prevent leakage of internal alkaline electrolyte and infiltration of external moisture, ensuring long-term chemical stability and safety. The design of the first, second, and third leads allows for flexible switching between photovoltaic power generation, capacitor energy storage, and external power supply modes, facilitating compatibility with external circuits.

[0024] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible photovoltaic chip includes one or more of thin and light flexible perovskite photovoltaic chips and flexible amorphous silicon photovoltaic chips. The thickness of the flexible photovoltaic chip is 0.5-1.8 mm. The flexible photovoltaic chip adapts to the slight deformation and thermal expansion and contraction of the cement matrix.

[0025] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first sealing film is a polyolefin elastomer or polyvinyl butyral, and the thickness of both the first and second sealing films is 0.15-0.3 mm. The first sealing film has high light transmittance and high adhesion, and encapsulates the photovoltaic chip by low-temperature hot-pressing. A vertical conductive channel is constructed within the second sealing film, and conductive micropillars are provided within the conductive channel to ensure unidirectional conductivity while maintaining encapsulation integrity and preventing lateral leakage current.

[0026] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers in the conductive support layer is 100:8-15:1.5-3.5. The conductive filler constructs a permeable conductive network, achieving a sudden change in volumetric conductivity. The functional fibers compensate for the strength loss and brittleness caused by the introduction of the conductive filler, improving bending resistance and crack resistance.

[0027] In some embodiments of the present invention, the conductive filler includes one or more of graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive carbon black, nickel boride, iron silicide, and magnetite. Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and conductive carbon black form a high specific surface area electronic conductive network, while nickel boride, iron silicide, and magnetite can provide Faraday pseudocapacitance and improve the interfacial bonding and conductive stability between the filler and the cement matrix. The combination of multiple fillers can easily achieve a conductive synergistic effect.

[0028] In some embodiments of the present invention, the functional fibers include one or more of polyvinyl alcohol fibers, chopped basalt fibers, carbon fibers, copper-plated steel fibers, and polypropylene fibers. These functional fibers bridge microcracks, improving the toughness, shrinkage resistance, and impact resistance of the cement matrix. Carbon fibers and copper-plated steel fibers are also conductive, aiding in the formation of a conductive network; polyvinyl alcohol fibers have good hydrophilicity and compatibility with cement; basalt fibers are alkali-resistant; and polypropylene fibers are low-cost and have good dispersion.

[0029] In some embodiments of the present invention, the composite electrolyte comprises 20-25 wt% acrylamide, 0.1-0.5 wt% crosslinking agent, 0.2-0.5 wt% initiator, and the balance sodium hydroxide solution. Acrylamide monomers undergo free radical polymerization in an alkaline NaOH solution to generate a polyacrylamide hydrogel network. NaOH provides OH-. - As charge carriers, the hydrogel network possesses high ionic conductivity; the polyacrylamide hydrogel framework has strong water retention and is quasi-solid, posing no risk of liquid leakage. The composite electrolyte is an alkaline gel electrolyte, chemically compatible with the alkaline environment in cement pores, preventing material degradation during long-term operation.

[0030] In some embodiments of the present invention, the aperture of the titanium mesh base plate is 2-5 mm, and the diameter of the titanium wire is 0.3-0.6 mm. The titanium mesh is highly stable and corrosion-resistant in alkaline environments. The mesh structure facilitates the penetration and encapsulation of cement slurry, ensuring tight anchoring, providing a continuous electronically conductive framework, and simultaneously enhancing interlayer bonding.

[0031] In some embodiments of the present invention, a method for preparing a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage includes the following steps: S1. Lay the titanium mesh flat and fix it at the bottom of the mold. Pour waterproof cement slurry into the bottom of the mold and cure at room temperature for 30-60 minutes to obtain the seepage-proof sealing layer and the titanium mesh bottom plate. Weld the third lead-out terminal to the edge of the titanium mesh bottom plate and lead the third lead-out terminal out to the outside of the mold. S2. Silicate cement, foaming agent and pore-forming agent are mixed evenly to obtain the first slurry, which is poured onto the titanium mesh base plate and cured at room temperature for 12-24 hours to obtain cement porous material. S3. Mix cement and conductive filler and stir for 3-5 minutes. Add functional fiber and continue stirring for 2-3 minutes. Add deionized water and stir to obtain the second slurry. Pour the second slurry onto the cement porous material, vibrate to defoam, and cure at room temperature for 12-24 hours to obtain the conductive support layer. S4. After removing the conductive support layer from the mold, place the second sealant, flexible photovoltaic chip, first sealant and silver nanowire mesh on top in sequence. Connect the first lead terminal to the edge of the silver nanowire mesh and the second lead terminal to the edge of the conductive support layer. Then, perform low-temperature hot pressing to obtain the photovoltaic layer. S5. Use transparent weather-resistant adhesive to lay the transparent top plate on the photovoltaic layer, press lightly to bond, and cure the whole under standard curing environment at room temperature and humidity for 7 days, and then cure naturally for 28 days. After sanding and dust removal, wrap the side wall with butyl tape and leave liquid injection micropores at the porous electrode material. S6. Prepare a composite electrolyte and inject it into the porous cement material through injection micropores under vacuum. Let it stand under normal pressure and perform free radical polymerization at 50-70℃. After taking it out, seal the injection micropores to obtain a cement-based capacitor.

[0032] In some embodiments of the present invention, in S5, the transparent top plate is tempered glass with an ultraviolet coating.

[0033] Example 1 A cement-based capacitor with self-generating and energy storage capabilities includes, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and a seepage-proof sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer, from top to bottom, comprises a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealing film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealing film, the second sealing film having several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers, while the energy storage layer is composed of a porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to a first lead terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to a second lead terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to a third lead terminal.

[0034] S1. Lay the titanium mesh flat and fix it to the bottom of the mold. Pour waterproof cement slurry into the bottom of the mold and cure at room temperature for 40 minutes to obtain the seepage-proof sealing layer and the titanium mesh base plate. Weld the third lead-out terminal to the edge of the titanium mesh base plate and lead the third lead-out terminal out to the outside of the mold.

[0035] S2. Silicate cement, foaming agent, and pore-forming agent are mixed evenly at a mass ratio of 100:0.8:10 to obtain the first slurry, which is then poured onto a titanium mesh base plate and cured at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain a cement porous material.

[0036] S3. In the conductive support layer, the mass ratio of cement, conductive filler, and functional fiber is 100:8:1.5. Cement and conductive filler (nickel boride) are mixed and stirred for 4 minutes. Functional fibers (carbon fiber and polypropylene fiber mixed at a mass ratio of 7:3) are added and stirring continues for 3 minutes. Deionized water is then added and stirred to obtain the second slurry. The second slurry is poured onto the porous cement material, vibrated to defoam, and cured at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain the conductive support layer.

[0037] S4. After removing the conductive support layer from the mold, place the second sealing film, the thin and flexible perovskite photovoltaic chip, the first sealing film polyolefin elastomer, and the silver nanowire mesh on top in sequence. Connect the first lead-out terminal to the edge of the silver nanowire mesh and the second lead-out terminal to the edge of the conductive support layer. The photovoltaic layer is obtained by low-temperature hot pressing.

[0038] S5. Use transparent weather-resistant adhesive to lay the tempered glass with UV coating on the photovoltaic layer of the transparent top plate, press lightly to bond, and cure the whole under standard curing environment at room temperature and humidity for 7 days, and then cure naturally for 28 days. After sanding and dust removal, wrap the side wall with butyl tape and leave liquid injection micropores at the porous electrode material.

[0039] S6. Prepare a composite electrolyte by mixing 20wt% acrylamide, 0.1wt% crosslinking agent, 0.2wt% initiator and the balance sodium hydroxide solution. Inject the electrolyte into the porous cement material through injection micropores under vacuum. Let it stand under normal pressure and perform free radical polymerization at 60°C. After removal, seal the injection micropores to obtain a cement-based capacitor.

[0040] Example 2 A cement-based capacitor with self-generating and energy storage capabilities includes, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and a seepage-proof sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer, from top to bottom, comprises a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealing film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealing film, the second sealing film having several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers, while the energy storage layer is composed of a porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to a first lead terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to a second lead terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to a third lead terminal.

[0041] S1. Lay the titanium mesh flat and fix it to the bottom of the mold. Pour waterproof cement slurry into the bottom of the mold and cure at room temperature for 40 minutes to obtain the seepage-proof sealing layer and the titanium mesh base plate. Weld the third lead-out terminal to the edge of the titanium mesh base plate and lead the third lead-out terminal out to the outside of the mold.

[0042] S2. Silicate cement, foaming agent, and pore-forming agent are mixed evenly at a mass ratio of 100:0.8:10 to obtain the first slurry, which is then poured onto a titanium mesh base plate and cured at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain a cement porous material.

[0043] S3. In the conductive support layer, the mass ratio of cement, conductive filler, and functional fiber is 100:15:3.5. The cement and conductive filler (graphene and iron silicide mixed at a mass ratio of 2:1) are mixed and stirred for 4 minutes. Then, functional fibers (copper-plated steel fibers and polypropylene fibers mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1) are added and stirring continues for 3 minutes. Deionized water is then added and stirred to obtain the second slurry. This second slurry is poured onto the porous cement material, vibrated to defoam, and cured at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain the conductive support layer.

[0044] S4. After removing the conductive support layer from the mold, place the second sealing film, the thin and flexible perovskite photovoltaic chip, the first sealing film polyolefin elastomer, and the silver nanowire mesh on top in sequence. Connect the first lead-out terminal to the edge of the silver nanowire mesh and the second lead-out terminal to the edge of the conductive support layer. The photovoltaic layer is obtained by low-temperature hot pressing.

[0045] S5. Use transparent weather-resistant adhesive to lay the tempered glass with UV coating on the photovoltaic layer of the transparent top plate, press lightly to bond, and cure the whole under standard curing environment at room temperature and humidity for 7 days, and then cure naturally for 28 days. After sanding and dust removal, wrap the side wall with butyl tape and leave liquid injection micropores at the porous electrode material.

[0046] S6. Prepare a composite electrolyte by mixing 25wt% acrylamide, 0.5wt% crosslinking agent, 0.5wt% initiator and the balance sodium hydroxide solution. Inject the electrolyte into the porous cement material through injection micropores under vacuum. Let it stand under normal pressure and perform free radical polymerization at 60℃. After removal, seal the injection micropores to obtain a cement-based capacitor.

[0047] Example 3 A cement-based capacitor with self-generating and energy storage capabilities includes, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and a seepage-proof sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer, from top to bottom, comprises a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealing film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealing film, the second sealing film having several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers, while the energy storage layer is composed of a porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to a first lead terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to a second lead terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to a third lead terminal.

[0048] S1. Lay the titanium mesh flat and fix it to the bottom of the mold. Pour waterproof cement slurry into the bottom of the mold and cure at room temperature for 40 minutes to obtain the seepage-proof sealing layer and the titanium mesh base plate. Weld the third lead-out terminal to the edge of the titanium mesh base plate and lead the third lead-out terminal out to the outside of the mold.

[0049] S2. Silicate cement, foaming agent, and pore-forming agent are mixed evenly at a mass ratio of 100:0.8:10 to obtain the first slurry, which is then poured onto a titanium mesh base plate and cured at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain a cement porous material.

[0050] S3. In the conductive support layer, the mass ratio of cement, conductive filler, and functional fiber is 100:12:2.5. The cement and conductive filler (graphene, carbon nanotubes, and conductive carbon black mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:1) are mixed and stirred for 4 minutes. Then, functional fibers (polyvinyl alcohol fiber and carbon fiber mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1) are added and stirring continues for 3 minutes. Deionized water is added and stirred to obtain the second slurry. The second slurry is poured onto the porous cement material, vibrated to defoam, and cured at room temperature for 15 hours to obtain the conductive support layer.

[0051] S4. After removing the conductive support layer from the mold, place the second sealing film, the flexible amorphous silicon photovoltaic chip, the first sealing film polyolefin elastomer, and the silver nanowire mesh on top in sequence. Connect the first lead-out terminal to the edge of the silver nanowire mesh and the second lead-out terminal to the edge of the conductive support layer. Then, perform low-temperature hot pressing to obtain the photovoltaic layer.

[0052] S5. Use transparent weather-resistant adhesive to lay the tempered glass with UV coating on the photovoltaic layer of the transparent top plate, press lightly to bond, and cure the whole under standard curing environment at room temperature and humidity for 7 days, and then cure naturally for 28 days. After sanding and dust removal, wrap the side wall with butyl tape and leave liquid injection micropores at the porous electrode material.

[0053] S6. A composite electrolyte is prepared by mixing 22wt% acrylamide, 0.3wt% crosslinking agent, 0.3wt% initiator and the balance sodium hydroxide solution. The electrolyte is injected into the porous cement material through injection micropores under vacuum. The material is allowed to stand under normal pressure and then subjected to free radical polymerization at 60°C. After removal, the injection micropores are sealed to obtain a cement-based capacitor.

[0054] Comparative Example 1 The difference between this comparative example and Example 3 is that no functional fibers were added in S3, while the rest of the steps are the same as in Example 3, resulting in a capacitor.

[0055] Comparative Example 2 The difference between this comparative example and Example 3 is that the mass ratio of cement, conductive filler and functional fiber in the conductive support layer is 100:3:1.5, while the rest of the steps are the same as in Example 3, to obtain a capacitor.

[0056] Comparative Example 3 The difference between this comparative example and Example 3 is that no anti-seepage sealing layer was set, and the composite electrolyte is 25% NaOH, 5% ZnO and the balance is deionized water. The rest of the steps are the same as in Example 3, and a capacitor is obtained.

[0057] Performance testing The capacitors obtained in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were subjected to the following tests.

[0058] External quantum efficiency (EQE) tests were conducted by leading out the first and second leads as the positive and negative electrodes of the photovoltaic output. The capacitor was fixed so that the monochromatic light spot was incident perpendicularly onto the surface of the transparent top plate. The size of the light spot had to fall completely within the effective area of ​​the flexible photovoltaic chip covered by the silver nanowire mesh. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0059] Test the total conversion efficiency η of photoelectric to energy storage overall Before each test, short-circuit the second and third leads with a resistor until the voltage drops below 5mV and stabilizes, ensuring the capacitor starts from a zero-charge state. Place the capacitor under the sunlight simulator with the illuminated side facing the light source and the light spot covering the mask window. Calibrate the light intensity to 100mW / cm² using a standard cell. 2 Ensure that the first lead-out terminal is short-circuited to the third lead-out terminal, and connect the voltmeter to the second lead-out terminal and the third lead-out terminal. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0060] Under pressurized inverted conditions, pH test paper was used to check whether alkaline liquid seeped out from the micropores, sidewalls, or interlayers. The evaluation results were categorized as either seeping or not seeping, as shown in Table 1.

[0061] Compressive strength and flexural strength tests were conducted, and the results are as follows: Figure 1 As shown.

[0062] Table 1 Performance data of capacitors in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3

[0063] From Table 1 and Figure 1 It can be seen that in Comparative Example 1, the external quantum efficiency and total photoelectric-to-energy storage conversion efficiency both decreased significantly without the addition of functional fibers, indicating that functional fibers provide mechanical support while improving conductivity. In Comparative Example 2, the performance of the conductive filler and functional fibers with too low a mass ratio was significantly lower than that of Examples 1-3. In Comparative Example 3, leakage led to a decrease in capacitor performance.

[0064] Therefore, the present invention adopts the above-mentioned cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and electrical energy storage and its preparation method, which can simultaneously complete the conversion of light energy to electrical energy and energy storage, and can be independently applied to remote outdoor infrastructure, smart roads, outdoor buildings and other scenarios.

[0065] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent substitutions cannot cause the modified technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage, characterized in that: The device comprises, from top to bottom, a transparent top plate, a photovoltaic layer, a conductive support layer, an energy storage layer, a titanium mesh base plate, and an anti-seepage sealing layer. The photovoltaic layer consists of, from top to bottom, a silver nanowire mesh, a first sealing film, a flexible photovoltaic chip, and a second sealing film. The second sealing film has several conductive channels. The conductive support layer is composed of cement, conductive filler, and functional fibers. The energy storage layer is composed of porous cement material loaded with a composite electrolyte. The silver nanowire mesh is connected to the first lead-out terminal, the conductive support layer is connected to the second lead-out terminal, and the titanium mesh base plate is connected to the third lead-out terminal.

2. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Flexible photovoltaic chips include one or more of thin and light flexible perovskite photovoltaic chips and flexible amorphous silicon photovoltaic chips, with a thickness of 0.5-1.8 mm.

3. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The first sealing film is a polyolefin elastomer or polyvinyl butyral, and the thickness of both the first and second sealing films is 0.15-0.3 mm.

4. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of cement, conductive filler and functional fiber in the conductive support layer is 100:8-15:1.5-3.

5.

5. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Conductive fillers include one or more of graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive carbon black, nickel boride, iron silicide, and iron(II,III) oxide.

6. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that: Functional fibers include one or more of the following: polyvinyl alcohol fiber, basalt chopped fiber, carbon fiber, copper-plated steel fiber, and polypropylene fiber.

7. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that: The composite electrolyte comprises 20-25 wt% acrylamide, 0.1-0.5 wt% crosslinking agent, 0.2-0.5 wt% initiator, and the balance sodium hydroxide solution.

8. A cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that: The aperture of the titanium mesh base plate is 2-5mm, and the diameter of the titanium wire is 0.3-0.6mm.

9. A method for preparing a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage, characterized in that: The preparation of the cement-based capacitor as described in any one of claims 1-8 comprises the following steps: S1. Lay the titanium mesh flat and fix it at the bottom of the mold. Pour waterproof cement slurry into the bottom of the mold and cure at room temperature for 30-60 minutes to obtain the seepage-proof sealing layer and the titanium mesh bottom plate. Weld the third lead-out terminal to the edge of the titanium mesh bottom plate and lead the third lead-out terminal out to the outside of the mold. S2. Silicate cement, foaming agent and pore-forming agent are mixed evenly to obtain the first slurry, which is poured onto the titanium mesh base plate and cured at room temperature for 12-24 hours to obtain cement porous material. S3. Mix cement and conductive filler and stir for 3-5 minutes. Add functional fiber and continue stirring for 2-3 minutes. Add deionized water and stir to obtain the second slurry. Pour the second slurry onto the cement porous material, vibrate to defoam, and cure at room temperature for 12-24 hours to obtain the conductive support layer. S4. After removing the conductive support layer from the mold, place the second sealing film, flexible photovoltaic chip, first sealing film and silver nanowire mesh on top in sequence. Connect the first lead terminal to the edge of the silver nanowire mesh and the second lead terminal to the edge of the conductive support layer. The photovoltaic layer is obtained by low-temperature hot pressing. S5. Use transparent weather-resistant adhesive to lay the transparent top plate on the photovoltaic layer, press lightly to bond, and cure the whole under standard curing environment at room temperature and humidity for 7 days, and then cure naturally for 28 days. After sanding and dust removal, wrap the side wall with butyl tape and leave liquid injection micropores at the porous electrode material. S6. Prepare a composite electrolyte and inject it into the porous cement material through injection micropores under vacuum. Let it stand under normal pressure and perform free radical polymerization at 50-70℃. After taking it out, seal the injection micropores to obtain a cement-based capacitor.

10. A method for preparing a cement-based capacitor with self-generating power and energy storage according to claim 9, characterized in that: In S5, the transparent top panel is made of tempered glass with a UV coating.

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